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Biology in Jaina Treatise on Reals
The existence of the corresponding physical and psychical sense is concommitant and uniform. The non-functioning of physical senses like eyes or ears due to genetic deficiency or diseases does not preclude the existence of corresponding psychical sense. The corresponding physique-making karma of class (or genus) still exists there.
4.
3.
The different systems express this two-fold general classification 'under different names. Ths Mīmānskas called the varieties as energised and individualised senses. Others call them physical and non-physical. The Jainas do not have any objection to these names as (a) the energised sense may be taken as attainmentally psychical or soul-spacepointally physical and (b) the individualised sense may be taken as psychical consciousness and physically a definite mattergical structure. The physcial and non-physical varieties are also acceptable to the Jainas as the psychical senses and soul-spacepointal structure is taken as non-physical.
5.
The five senses cause five different types of sensations. They have been pointed out even by Aristotle also. The current psychologists also agree to the five qualities of sensations in terms of touch, taste etc. They have characterised them through intensity, duration, extensivity and clarity whose values vary depending on stimulants.
However, there are two other types of sensations besides sensory ones. The sensory sensations are caused by external stimulants and received by extroceptors (i.e. sense organs) situated on the surface of the body. These are specific sensations. There are some sensations caused due to introceptors situated inside the body. These are known as organic or visceral sensations. There are some sensations caused by propioceptors situated in muscles and tendons. They may be called muscular sensations. This text deals only with specific sensations which are five in number reduced by psychologists to four only as taste and smell sensations are called chemical sensations. All of them have been experimentally studied and characterised. The text does not mention about other types of sensations indicated above. Philosophically, these sensations are caused by the functioning of cooperative effort of both- the physical and psychical senses.
6.
There are two varieties of each physical sense mentioned in the text. These varieties of physical sense structures are recognised by direct perception and inference. If they are not there, there will be no sensations and knowledge about the objects.
7. The physical sense is always in the form of mattergic aggregation. The primary structure is the internal structure of senses while the secondary structure is the protective one for primary structures.
The current scientific knowledge about these structures for different senses is now known. This shows that the primary internal structures of different senses are inside the systems and invisible to the naked eye. They are
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