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________________ 68 anusandhAna 45 'pitara' saMkalpanA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA DaoN. anItA sudhIra botharA prastAvanA : haiM vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA aura zramaNa paramparA- ye donoM paramparAe~ bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se samAntara rUpa meM pravAhita, alaga alaga paramparAe~ yaha satya vidvajjagat meM prAyaH mAnya huA hai / ina paramparAoM kI alagatA dikhAnevAle jo aneka choTe-bar3e tathya sAmane ubharakara Ate haiM, usameM 'pitara' saMkalpanA aura usase juDI huI zrAddha, tarpaNa tathA piNDa ye saMkalpanAe~ bhI AtI hai / - 1 jaina samAja Arambha se saMkhyA meM alpa hai / vividha kAraNavaza pUre bhAratabhara meM bar3e zaharoM se lekara choTe gA~va yA bastiyoM taka bikharA huA hai / ataeva hindu samAja kA dainandina sAnnidhya use prApta huA hai| dhArmika aura vyAvasAyika donoM kAraNoM se sahiSNu tathA zAntatApremI jaina samAja para, hinduoM kI aneka dhArmika rUDhiyoM kA tathA vidhividhAnoM kA prabhAva paDanA bahuta hI svAbhAvika bAta hai / isI vajaha se hindu saMskAra, vrata-vaikalya, pUjAarcA Adi karmakANDapradhAna vidhi-vidhAna, jainiyoM ne bhI thoDe saMkSipta rUpa meM tathA paMcaparameSThI kI mahattA kAyama rakha ke jaina dharmAnukUla banAe / hindu purANoM kI taraha, jaina purANoM kI racanA karake viziSTa ghaTanA, vyakti se sambandhita vividha vrata tathA aneka udyApana Adi bhI pracalita hue / tathApi 'pitara' saMkalpanA siddhAntoM ke bilakula hI viparIta hone ke kAraNa unhoMne nahIM apanAyI / 'pitara' saMkalpanA ke ullekha prAyaH sabhI zruti, smRti, purANa, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA pUrvamImAMsA darzana i. granthoM meM vipula mAtrA meM dikhAyI dete haiM / ina saMkalpanAoM para AdhArita svatantra grantho kI racanA bhI huI hai| brAhmaNa paramparA ke anekavidha granthoM ke pitarasambandhI ullekhoM ki sUci kRpayA oNla iNDiyA orieNTala kaoNnpharansa (AIOC), kurukSetra, adhivezana 44 julai 2008 meM prastuta kiyA gayA zodhapatra |
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________________ sapTembara 2008 69. pariziSTa meM dekhe / isase 'pitara' saMkalpanA kI dRDhamUlatA tathA vyApti dikhAyI detI hai| (a) kucha prAtinidhika granthoM meM ullikhita pitara sambandhI mAnyatAe~ : (1) Rgveda : Rgveda meM yama vaivasvata ko pitRsamrATa kahA hai / yama pitaroM kA mukhya hai / aMgirasa i. pitaroM ke kaI gaNa haiM / yama kA sambandha yajJa se joDA gayA hai| aneka prakAra ke pitara devatAoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM / purAtana pitaroM ko yama tathA varuNa kA darzana karane kI binatI kI hai / 'puNyavAna pitara svarloka meM jAe~ tathA svarloka ke pitara svasthAna meM jAe~ isa prakAra kI bhAvanA vyakta kI hai| yajJaphala dene meM pitaroM kA bhI sahabhAga hotA hai| bhaktoM kI pUjA se pitara santuSTa hote haiM tathA aparAdha se kruddha hote haiM / 'mRtadeha meM navIna jIva DAlakara tU pitaroM ko saupA de', isa prakAra kI prArthanA agni se kI hai / 'svacchanda' pitaroM ko pAcAraNa kiyA hai / (2) taittirIya brAhmaNa : taittirIya brAhmaNa meM pitara, piNDadAna, piNDapitRyajJa, pitRprasAda, pitRloka i. ke bAre meM vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / pitara devAtmaka aura manuSyAtmaka hai / 'devAtmaka pitara' pitRloka ke svAmI haiM / maraNa ke uparAMta pitRloka kA upabhoga lene ke lie jo pitRloka ko prApta hote haiM unako 'manuSyAtmaka pitara' kahate haiM / devAtmaka pitaroM kI tRpti ke bAda hI manuSyAtmaka pitaroM ko tRpta karanA cAhie / (3) manusmRti : manusmRti ke tIsare adhyAya ke AdhAra se nimnalikhita tathya dRggocara hote haiM - manusmRti ke kAla meM pitRtarpaNa tathA zrAddhavidhi samAja ke cAroM varNo dvArA kiye jAte the / saba logoM se vidhi karAnevAlA samAja, brAhmaNa purohita samAja thA / Rgveda meM pitaroM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara sAmAnya rUpa se kiyA huA AvAhana aba apane apane kula ke tIna mRta puruSoM ko 1. Rgveda 10.14;10.15; 10.16 2. taittirIya brAhmaNa prapAThaka 3, anuvAda 10, pR. 65 se 68
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________________ anusandhAna 45 [ kie hue AvAhana ke rUpa meM dikhAyI detA hai / brAhmaNapitara, kSatriyapitara, vaizyapitara tathA zUdrapitara isa prakAra kI pitaroM kI cAtuvarNavyavasthA kI gayI hai / pitRpUjA tathA zrAddhavidhi meM viziSTa annaviSayaka ullekha kI mAtrA bahuta hI baDha gayI hai jaba ki Rgveda meM usakA ullekha bhI nahIM hai / brAhmaNabhojana dvArA pitaroM ko tRpta karanA yaha saMkalpanA naye sire se uddhRta kI gayI hai pitaroM kI akSaya tRpti karAne hetu vividha prakAra ke mAMsa kA AhAra baharAne ke ullekha haiM / dainandina, mAsika, traimAsika tathA vArSika Adi zrAddha ke aneka prakAra diye haiM / pitRtarpaNa karAnevAle purohita kA zreSThatva baDha gayA hai| bhojana karate hue brAhmaNoM ko kina kina prANiyoM se tathA logoM se bacanA hai isake niyama, upaniyama diye haiN| zUdroM ko zrAddha bhojana ke ucchiSTa kA bhI adhikArI nahIM mAnA hai / zrAddha vidhi meM putra kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa pitaroM kI tRpti karAnevAle putra kI kAmanA kI hai / 3 1 (4) smRticandrikA : smRticandrikA ke 'zrAddhakANDa' ke antargata zrAddhamahimA, zrAddhabheda, zrAddhAdhikArI, zrAddhakAla, zrAddhabhojanIyabrAhmaNa, paitRkArcanavidhi, piNDadAnavidhi i. aneka viSaya vistAra se varNana kiye haiM / " (5) caturvargacintAmaNi : 70 caturvargacintAmaNi ke prathama bhAga ke 1 se 9 adhyAya meM zrAddhaviSayaka vicAra vistArapUrvaka prastuta kiye haiM / zrAddhavidhi, zrAddhamahAtmya, zrAddhakriyA, zrAddhatarpaNa, pitRtRti, pitRgaNa, pitaroM ke prakAra, piNDadAna, brAhmaNabhojana, zrAddhapadArtha i. viSaya carcita kiye haiM / 'zrAddha' zabda ko 'yogarUDha' zabda kahA hai / zrAddha para aneka AkSepa bhI upasthita kiye haiM aura apanI taraphase unakA nirAkaraNa karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA haiM / " (6) mArkaNDeyapurANa : mArkaNDeyapurANa meM adhyAya 28 se meM pitRpUjA tathA zrAddha kA vistRta varNana hai 30 tathA 92 se 94 ina adhyAyoM / usameM kahA hai ki cAroM varNoM I 5. caturvargacintAmaNi adhyAya 1 se 9 3. manusmRti adhyAya 3 4. smRticandrikA zrAddhakANDa (3)
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________________ sapTembara 2008 ke pitara alaga alaga haiM aura unake lie banAye jAnevAle annapadArtha bhI alaga alaga haiM / yahA~ pitRgaNoM kI saMkhyA 31 kahI gayI hai / vRkSasahita sabhI yoniyoM meM pitara jA sakate haiM isakA jikra kiyA gayA hai| 'ruci' nAmaka brahmacArI aura pitara inakA vistRta saMvAda diyA hai| isa saMvAda meM pitara, virakta svabhAva ke brahmacArI ruci ko vivAha aura putrotpatti kA mahattva batAte haiM / pitRtarpaNa kI mahattA pitaroM ke mukha se hI ruci ko batalAyI hai / manu ke janma kI kathA tathA svarga meM kiye gaye pitaroM kA zrAddha bhI isameM aMkita haiM / mAMsabhakSaNa kA bhI isameM ullekha haiM / (7) vAyupurANa : vAyupurANa meM pitaroM kA sambandha somarasa se joDA huA hai / pitaroM ke vividha prakAra diye haiM / agniSvAtta aura barhiSada ye pitaroM ke do prakAra prAyaH sabhI granthoM meM aMkita haiM / isake sivA 7 pitRgaNoM ke bhI nAma hai / 7 (8) matsyapurANa : I matsyapurANa meM pitaroM ke divyarUpa, divyamAlA, alaGkAra tathA kAmadeva samAna kAnti kA ullekha hai / yahA~ bhI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra aise cAra prakAra ke pitara diye gaye haiM / 'dhArmika pitara svarga se bhI Upara ke jyotiSmat nAma ke svarga meM basate haiM ' aisA kathana kiyA hai / " ( 9 ) kUrmapurANa : - kUrmapurANa meM kahA hai ki zrAddha ke dina pitRgaNoM kA usa sthAna para avataraNa hotA hai / ve vAyurUpa meM sthita hote haiM / brAhmaNoM ke sAtha bhojana karate haiN| bhojana ke uparAMta paramagati ko prApta hote haiM / zrAddhavidhi karAnevAle brAhmaNoM ke bAre meM yahA~ kucha nikaSa diye haiN| agara vipra duSTa hai to pitara pApabhojana karatA hai aura agara vipra kalahI hai to malabhojana karatA hai / " 71 isa prakAra kucha prAtinidhika grantha cunakara pitaraviSayaka vicAroM kA 6. mArkaNDeyapurANa adhyAya 28 se 30 tathA adhyAya 92 se 94 7. vAyupurANa 38.8, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 59, 61, 62, 85 se 88 8. matsyapurANa adhyAya 14, 15, 16 9. kUrmapurANa dvitIya khaNDa, adhyAya 21, 22
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________________ anusandhAna 45 jo saMkSipta citraNa prastuta kiyA hai usase mAlUma par3atA hai ki Rgveda meM yamarUpa pitara ko sarvAdhika mahattva hai / usakA yajJa se sambandha joDA hai / smRti tathA purANa granthoM meM dhIre dhIre pitaroM ke sAtha sAtha hI zrAddhavidhi, piNDa tathA tarpaNa kA mahattva bhI baDha gayA / usake anantara smRtisambandhI svataMtra granthoM meM zrAddha tathA usake upaprakAroM kI mAno bADha sI A gayI / (ba) pitarasambandhI mAnyatAoM meM susUtratA kA abhAva : brAhmaNa paramparA ke vividha mUlagAmI granthoM meM tathA svatantra granthoM meM pitara tathA pitRloka sambandhI vividha mata vyakta kiye haiM / vividha AzaMkAe~ upasthita kI haiM / atArkika evaM asambhava laganevAle vivecanoM kI upapatti lagAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / ina saba meM eka samAna dhAgA yahI hai ki kisI bhI do granthoM meM sAmya ke bajAya matabhinnatA hI adhika hai / nimnalikhita vAkyoM para agara najara DAlI jAe~ to isI tathya kI puSTi hotI . puNyavAna pitara svarloka meM jAe~ aura svarloka ke pitara svasthAna meM jAe~ / 10 isase yaha sUcita hotA hai ki kucha pitara hI svarloka meM jAte haiM aura usameM kucha pitara svatantra pitRloka meM jAte haiM / . he sarvajJa agnideva ! 'svadhApUrvaka' arpita mRtadeha meM nayA jIvana DAlakara tuma pitaroM ko de do (19 dagdha mRtadeha ko punaH jIvita banAkara agnideva pitaroM ko arpita karatA hai / atharvaveda meM deva, manuSya, asura, pitara aura RSi ina pA~ca samAjoM kA nirdeza hai / 12 taittirIya saMhitA ke eka mantra se yaha sUcita hotA hai ki deva, manuSya, pitara, asara, rAkSasa aura pizAca yaha 6 bhinna yoniyA~ haiN|12 pitaraviSayaka vaidika, smArta aura paurANika sAhitya kA AloDana karake zrI.nA. go. cApekarajI ne yaha siddhAnta sAmane rakhA hai ki deva aura manuSya ke samAna pitara nAma kA eka samAja thA / 14 lekina 10. Rgveda 10.15.1 13. taittirIya saMhitA 2.4 11. Rgveda 10.16.5 14. bhAratIya saMskRtikoza pR. 565 12. Rgveda 10.16.5
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________________ sapTembara 2008 vividha visaMgata ullekhoM ke kAraNa hama sunizcita rUpa se yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki yaha ihaloka meM honevAlA eka samAja hai yA aMtarikSa meM sthita pitRlokoM meM nivAsa karanevAlI eka yoni hai| - taittirIya brAhmaNa meM devoM ke, manuSyoM ke aura pitaroM ke AyurmAna ke bAre meM vivecana diyA hai / usake AdhAra se paM. gaNezazAstrI bhilavaDIkarajI isa niSkarSa taka pahuMcate haiM ki pitRloka isa bhUtalapara hone kI tanika bhI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / itanA hI nahIM to pitRloka hamAre sUryamAlA meM bhI hone kI saMbhAvanA bhI nahIM hai / anya sUryamAlA meM pitRloka ho sakatA hai / 5 pitRloka kA eka nizcita sthAna nirdiSTa na hone ke kAraNa abhyAsakoM meM bhI matabhinnatA dikhAyI detI hai| pitaroM kA vargIkaraNa anyAnya prakAra se diyA huA hai / bRhadAraNyaka meM ayonisambhava pitaroM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / 16 barhiSada, agniSvAtta Adi nAmanirdiSTa pitara haiM / isake alAvA somapa, havirbhuja, Ajyapa aura sukAli inakA cAra vargoM ke pitaroM ke rUpa meM nirdeza hai / ina cAroM ke pitA bhRgu, aMgirasa, pulastya aura vasiSTha batAe haiM / atriputra, bahiSada daitya, dAnava, yakSa, gandharva, sarpa, suparNa, rAkSasa aura kinnara inake pitara hai / 17 taittirIya saMhitA meM uttama, madhyama tathA kaniSTha aise tIna prakAra ke pitara batAe~ haiM / 18 taittirIya brAhmaNa19 meM tathA vAyupurANa20 meM devapitara aura manuSyapitara aise do prakAra bhI nirdiSTa kiye haiM / vividha granthoM meM Aye pitaroM ke varNanoM ke AdhAra se vidvAnoM ne pitaroM ke nitya, naimittika aura martya aise tIna bheda kiye haiM / isa vivecana se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki pitaroM ke prakAroM kA vivecana kisI . eka sUtra ke AdhAra se nahIM kiyA hai| 15. pitara va pitRloka pR. 2, 3 16. pitara va pitRloka pR. 13 17. manusmRti adhyAya 3, zloka 96, 97, 98 18. taittirIya saMhitA 2.6.12 19. taittirIya brAhmaNa prapAThaka 3, anuvAda 10, pR. 65 te 68 20, vAyupurANa 38.86 21. pitara va pitRloka pR. 12
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________________ anusandhAna 45 * bRhadAraNyaka meM batAyA hai ki pitRloka Anandamaya hai / 22 mArkaNDeyapurANa meM varNana kiyA hai ki pitara devaloka meM, tiryagyoni meM, manuSyoM meM tathA bhUtavargoM meM bhI hote haiM / koI puNyavAna to koI puNyahIna hote haiM / ve saba kSudhA ke kAraNa kRza tathA tRSNA se vyAkula hote haiM / karmaniSTha puruSa piNDodaka dAna se ina sabako tRpta kareM / 23 eka tarapha pitRloka ke AnandamayatA kI bAta karanA aura dUsarI tarapha piNDodaka dvArA unake tRpti kI bAta karanA isameM kataI tAlamela nahIM hai| brAhmaNoM ke lie nitya paMcamahAyajJoM kA vidhAna hai| unameM eka pitRyajJa bhI hai / 24 isakA matalaba yaha huA ki brAhmaNoM ke pitaroM kI nitya tRpti kA vidhAna hai / kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra pitaroM ke bAre meM isa prakAra kA vidhAna nahIM hai / isa prakAra kI tathA kaI anya prakAra kI brAhmaNa pakSapAtitA ina granthoM meM spaSTataH dikhAyI detI hai| 0 vedakAla meM yaha mAnA jAtA thA ki mRtAtmA pretadahana ke bAda tatkAla pitarapada prApta karatA hai / gRhyasUtroM ke kAla meM isa kalpanA meM parivartana Aye / usameM kahA gayA hai ki deha choDane ke bAda mRtAtmA pretayoni meM eka sAla taka rahatA hai| isa avasthA meM ananta yAtanAoM kA bhAgI hotA hai / usako pIDAmukta karane ke lie ekoddiSTa, sapiNDIkaraNa i. zrAddhoM kA vidhAna hai| paurANika kAla meM eka anya saMkalpanA sAmane AyI / unake anusAra mRtAtmA zarIradahana ke bAda 'ativAhika' nAma kA sUkSma zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai| isa avasthA meM usako kSudhA, tRSNA Adi kleza hote haiM / piNDadAna Adi ke bAda ativAhika avasthA se mukta hokara use 'pretazarIra' prApta hotA hai| usake bAda ekoddiSTa Adi karane se pretazarIra naSTa hokara pitarapada ko prApta hotA hai / 25 mRtAtmA pitara banane kI prakriyA ke bAre meM vaidika paramparA meM itane sAre badalAva dikhAyI dete haiM / 7 matsyapurANa meM pitaroM ke vAyurUpa hone kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / 26 22. pitara va pitRloka pR. 13 25. bhAratIya saMskRtikoza pR. 567 23. mArkaNDeyapurANa 23.49 te 52 26. matsyapurANa 17.18 24. taittirIya saMhitA 2.4; manusmRti 3.82
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________________ sapTembara 2008 27 mArkaNDeyapurANa meM prArthanA ke anantara pitaroM kA teja bAhara nikalanA aura unake puSpa, gandha, anulepana se bhUSita hone kA nirdeza kiyA hai / paNDita bhilavaDIkarajI ne kahA hai ki pitara mukhyata: amUrta aura vAyurUpa hote haiM aura tarpaNa tathA zrAddha ke samaya mUrtimAna banakara Ate haiM |28 (ka) 'pitara' saMkalpanA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA : Rgveda se lekara purANoM taka tathA atiprAcIna kAla se Ajataka pUre bhArata varSa meM pitara, tarpaNa, piNDa tathA zrAddha ye kalpanAe~ dRDhamUla dikhAyI detI hai / jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se lekara Ajataka apane AcAravyavahAra meM ina saMkalpanAoM ko avasara nahIM diyA hai / isake mukhyataH do kAraNa hai / 9. pitara saMkalpanA kA suvyavasthita na honA / 2. jaina dArzanika pRSThabhUmi isa vyavahAra ke lie anukUla na honA / ina donoM kAraNoM kA vizeSa UhApoha yahA~ kiyA hai / 75 ( 1 ) susUtratA kA abhAva : isake pUrva kiye hue vistRta vivecana meM isa mudde para acchI taraha prakAza DAlA hai / ataH yahA~ punarukti nahIM kara rahe haiM / (2) yajJoM kI pradhAnatA : Rgveda meM pitaroM kA sambandha yajJa se joDA huA hai / manusmRti meM to paMcamahAyajJoM meM pitRyajJa kA spaSTataH ullekha hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne yajJIya paramparA kA jamakara virodha kiyA hai / 'vyAkhyAprajJapti' ke 8 ve zataka meM aura 'sthAnAMga' ke 4 the sthAna meM narakagati ke bandha ke cAra kAraNa diye haiM / (1) mahAArambha ( amaryAdita hiMsA) karanese (2) mahAparigraha 27. mArkaNDeyapurANa adhyAya 94, zloka 14, 15 28. pitara va pitRloka pR. 13
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________________ 76 anusandhAna 45 ( amaryAdita saMgraha) karane se, (3) paMcendriya jIvoM kA vadha karane se, (4) mAMsabhakSaNa se [29 yahA~ yajJanindA spaSTa rUpa meM nahIM kI hai| lekina 'dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa' meM ina cAra kAraNoM kA sambandha spaSTataH yajJIya kRti se joDakara usakI nindA kI hai / 30 (3) vedAdhyayana, vedoM kA tArakatva tathA brAhmaNabhojana kA mahattva : uttarAdhyayana ke 14 ve iSukArIya adhyayana meM eka purohita ke do putroM kA saMvAda prastuta kiyA hai / purohita apane virakta putroM se kahatA haiahijja vee parivissa vippe, putte pariTThappa hiMsi jAyA ! | bhoccANa bhoe saha itthiyAhiM, AraNNagA hoha muNI pasatthA // 31 isa gAthA meM vedAdhyayana kA mahattva, brAhmaNabhojana, putrotpatti Adi gRhasthasambandhI kriyAoM kI anivAryatA purohita ke vacanadvArA darzAyI hai / purohitaputra javAba dete haiM ki veyA ahIyA na havaMti tANaM, bhuttA diyA niMti tamaM tameNa / jAyA ya puttA na havaMti tANaM, ko NAma te aNumannejja eyaM ? // 32 isa gAthA ke dvArA vedoM kA tAraNasvarUpa na honA, bhojana diye hue brAhmaNoM kA adhikAdhika ajJAnadvArA yajamAna ko gumarAha karanA, gRhasthAzrama kI anivAryatA na honA i. bAteM spaSTa rUpa se kahI haiM / brAhmaNoM ko diyA huA bhojana pitaroM taka pahu~cakara ve tRpta ho jAte haiM isa mAnyatA meM jo atArkikatA aura asambhavanIyatA hai usakA nirdeza isa saMvAda meM spaSTataH dikhAyI detA hai| isalie yadyapi yahA~ pitaroM kA spaSTataH nirdeza nahIM hai tathApi usa saMkalpanA kA niSedha hI yahA~ antarbhUta yA sUcita hai / 29. vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatIsUtra ) 8.425 sthAnAMga 4.628 30. dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa pR. 30-31 31. uttarAdhyayana 14.9 32. uttarAdhyayana 14.12
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________________ sapTembara 2008 ( 4 ) bhojanasambandhI mAnyatA : brAhmaNa paramparA ke vividha vrata vaikalya tathA udyApana aura vizeSata: zrAddhavidhi meM bhojana kI pracuratA hotI hai / zrAddha ke dina pitaroM ko arpita kiyA huA bhojana kisa prakAra kA honA cAhie, kisa prakAra kA nahIM honA cAhie isakI vistArapUrvaka carcA smRti tathA purANa granthoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / pitaroM ko zrAddhAna arpita karake urvarita anna tathA brAhmaNoM ke ucchiSTa anna kA ullekha bhI pAyA jAtA hai / jaina paramparA meM jo bhI dhArmika vidhividhAna yA vrata hai usameM prAya: japa, tapa, svAdhyAya, sAmAyika tathA upavAsa Adi kI pradhAnatA hotI hai / 33 yadyapi Adhunika kAla meM jainiyoM meM bhI vrata ke udyApana ke dina bhojana Adi banAe~ jAte haiM tathApi unako prAcIna granthAdhAra nahIM hai / ye prathAe~ spaSTataH brAhmaNa paramparA ke samparka se pracalita huI hai / gRhasthoM ne khuda ke lie bhojana banAkara Izvara ko arpaNa karanA tathA isa prathA kA pracalana jaina paramparA bhojana arpita karanA tathA usakA prasAda ke rUpa meM usakA grahaNa karanA meM nahIM hai / ataH mRta pitaroM ko prasAdasvarUpa grahaNa karanA bhI unako mAnya nahIM hai / (5) 'brAhmaNa' zabda kA vizeSa arthaH 77 brAhmaNa paramparA meM Rgveda se lekara purANoM taka tathA Aja bhI pitRtarpaNa tathA zrAddhavidhi brAhmaNoM ke dvArA hI mantrapUrvaka kiye jAte haiM / dharmasambandhI kAryoM meM brAhmaNa purohitoM kA madhyastha honA, jaina tathA bauddha donoM zramaNa paramparAoM ko kataI mAnya nahIM thA / zramaNa paramparA meM yaha bAra-bAra nirdiSTa kiyA hai ki 'brAhmaNatva' jAti ke AdhAra se nahIM pAyA jAtA / 24 uttarAdhyayana meM 'use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM' (taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM) isa prakAra ke ullekha karake sacce brAhmaNoM ke lakSaNa diye haiM / krodhavijayI, anAsakta, alolupa, anagAra, akiMcana tathA brahmacarya kA pAlana karanevAle vyakti ko 33. dazavaikAlika 8.61, 62 I 34. uttarAdhyayana 25. 33
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________________ anusandhAna 45 hI uttarAdhyayana meM brAhmaNa kahA hai 135 brAhmaNa zabda kA viziSTa jAtivAcaka artha badalane se yahI siddha hotA hai ki brAhmaNoM dvArA saMskRta mantroccAraNapUrvaka pitRzrAddha Adi vidhi kA jainiyoM meM pracalana na honA bilakula hI svAbhAvika (6) jAtipradhAna varNavyavasthA : manusmRti tathA mArkaNDeyapurANa meM pitaroM kI jAtipradhAna varNavyavasthA kA jikra kiyA hai / 36 brAhmaNagranthoM meM nihita jAtipradhAna varNavyavasthA ke badale jaina paramparAne karmapradhAna varNavyavasthA ko mahattva diyA hai / isase bhI baDhakara vizva ke samUce jIvoM ko AdhyAtmika pragati ke adhikArI mAnakara eka dRSTi se anokhI samAnatA pradAna kI hai 138 jaina paramparA ke anusAra mRta jIva apane karmAnusAra naraka, tiryaMca, manuSya tathA deva Adi gatiyoM meM jAkara saMsArabhramaNa karatA hai|9 ataH jAtipradhAna yA jAtivihIna kisI bhI varNavyavasthA meM una jIvoM ko nahIM DhAlA jAtA / (7) 'piNDa' zabda kA viziSTArthabodhaka prayoga : _ 'piNDa' zabda kA mUlagAmI artha 'golaka' hai / lokarUDhi meM yaha zabda kisI bhI annapadArtha ke aura mukhyata: cAvala ke golaka ke lie prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / brAhmaNa paramparA meM pitaroM ko zrAddha ke samaya arpaNa kiye gaye cAvala ke golaka ke lie hI vaha mukhyataH prayukta huA hai / caturvargacintAmaNi grantha meM isa zabda ko 'yogarUDha' hI mAnA hai| brAhmaNa paramparA meM piNDa zabda ke sAtha pitara saMkalpanA, zrAddha saMkalpanA nikaTatA se juDI huI hai| 35. uttarAdhyayana 25. 19 se 32 36. manusmRti 3.96 se 99; mArkaMDeyapurANa adhyAya 93.20 se 23 37. uttarAdhyayana 25.33 38. AcArAMga 1.2.3.65; 1.4.2.23; uttarAdhyayana 19.26; dazavaikAlika 6.10; mUlAcAra 2.42 39. sthAnAMga 4.285 40. caturvargacintAmaNi adhyAya 4, pR. 270
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________________ sapTembara 2008 'piNDa' zabda se juDe hue brAhmaNa paramparA ke saba pitarasambandhI arthavalaya jaina paramparAne dUra kiye haiM / sAdhu prAyogya prAzuka AhAra ko hI 'piNDa' kahA hai / jaina sAhitya ke prAcInatama ardhamAgadhI granthoM meM, piNDa zabda kA 'sAdhuprAyogya bhojana', isa artha meM prayoga dikhAyI detA hai| AcArAMga aura dazavaikAlika donoM granthoM meM 'piNDeSaNA' nAmaka svatantra adhyayanoM kI yojanA kI gayI hai / unameM sAdhuprAyogya AhAra kI vizeSa cikitsA kI gayI hai / 41 A. bhadrabAhu dvArA viracita 'piNDaniryukti' grantha meM bhI isI artha meM piNDa zabda kA prayoga huA hai / sAdhu ke uddezya se na banAyA huA, zuddha aura prAsuka AhAra sAdhu pANipAtra meM athavA eka hI bhikSApAtra meM ikaTThA hI grahaNa karate haiM / ataH vividha prakArake bhojana kA mAnoM piNDa hI bana jAtA hai / rasAsvAda kI dRSTi se pare rahakara hI, nirAsakta dRSTi se sAdhu piNDa kA AhAra karate haiM / 79 'piNDa' zabda ke isa vizeSa artha meM kiye hue prayoga se yaha sApha dikhAyI detA hai ki pitaroM ke uddezya se bane hue piNDa tathA mUlataH pitara saMkalpanA hI jainiyoM ko mAnya nahIM hai / (8) 'zraddhA' tathA 'zrAddha' zabda ke artha : caturvargacintAmaNi grantha ke caturtha adhyAya meM, smRticandrikA, manusmRti, bauddhAyanasUtra tathA viSNudharmottarapurANa ina granthoM meM zrAddha zabda kI vyutpatti vistAra se dI hai / vahA~ spaSTataH batAyA hai ki jo bhI kArya zraddhApUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai vaha 'zrAddha' hai / usake anantara tila, darbha, maMtra, havirbhAga, piNDadAna Adi zraddhApUrvaka dene kA vidhAna hai / jaina paramparA ne zraddhA aura zrAddha donoM zabdoM kA prayoga vipula mAtrA meM kiyA hai| zraddhA meM nihita mUlagAmI artha ko hI prAdhyAna diyA hai / udaka, tila, darbha Adi padArtha dene ke vidhi ko kahIM bhI zrAddha nahIM kahA hai / jaina paramparA meM jinapratipAdita tattva para zraddhA rakhanevAlo ko 'saDDI' yAne 'zraddhAvAna' kahA hai / yadyapi yaha vizeSaNa sAdhu aura gRhastha donoM ke lie 41. AcArAMga 2.1.1 se 11: dazavaikAlika adhyAya 5, uddezaka 1 aura 2
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________________ anusandhAna 45 ucita hai tathApi 'sanI' zabda kA prayoga pramukhatA se zrAvaka, upAsaka yA gRhastha ke lie hI huA hai 142 'zrAddhapratikramaNasUtra' meM zrAvaka ke dvArA nitya Acarita anuSThAnoM kA hI vivecana hai / brAhmaNa paramparA meM pracalita zabdoM ko svIkAra karake unako naye artha pradAna karane kI prathA jaina paramparA meM kAphI mAtrA meM dikhAyI detI hai| (9) mRta jIvoM kA vividha gatiyoM meM gamana : ___mArkaNDeyapurANa meM spaSTataH kahA hai ki mRta manuSya devaloka meM, tiryagyoni meM, manuSyagati meM tathA anya bhUtavarga meM bhI jAte haiM / 43 'marA huA pratyeka jIva pahale pitRloka meM hI jAtA hai', isa prakAra kA niHsandigdha kathana brAhmaNa paramparA ke kisI bhI grantha meM nahIM hai| isake sivAya manuSyetara jIva mRtyu ke uparAnta pitRloka meM jAte haiM yA nahIM isakA bhI nirdeza brAhmaNa granthoM meM nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra gatiyA~ cAra haiN| isake atirikta pitRgati nAma kI alaga gati yA pitRloka nAma kA alaga loka nahIM batAyA hai / jainiyoM ke karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra pratyeka jIva usake karma ke anusAra ucita gati prApta karatA hai / 5 pitaroM ke kucha kucha ullekhoM se yaha sambhrama utpanna hotA hai ki pitRloka ko eka prakAra kA devaloka kyoM nahIM mAnA jAya ? jaina paramparA meM devoM ke aneka prakAra, upaprakAra tathA alaga alaga nivAsasthAna nirdiSTa haiM / 46 jaise ki manusmRti meM nirdiSTa hai / prAyaH usI prakAra jaina zAstra meM bhI kinnara, kimpuruSa, mahoraga, gandharva, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta aura pizAca ye ATha vyantaranikAya mAne gaye haiM / 48 tathA jyotiSka devoM kA bhI nirdeza hai !49 pitRgatiprApta kucha puNyavAna pitaroM ko agara viziSTa prakAra 42. AcArAMga 1.3.80, 1.5.96 sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.60; 2.1.15 43. mArkaNDeyapurANa 23.49 se 52 44. sthAnAMga 4.285 47. manusmRti adhyAya 3.96 45. tattvArthasUtra 6.16 se 20 48. tattvArtha 4.12 46. tattvArthasUtra adhyAya 4 | 49. tattvArtha 4.13