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________________ jainaoNlaoNjI - paricaya ( 4 ) jainadharma kI mUlabhUta jAnakArI aTTapAhuDa- sAra : praznasaMca prAkRta-vyAkaraNa saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI sanmati - tIrtha prakAzana, puNe 4 jUna 2012
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________________ jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya (4) jainadharma kI mUlabhUta jAnakArI aTThapAhuDa-sAra : praznasaMca prAkRta vyAkaraNa sahasaMpAdana DaoN. kaumudI baladoTA DaoN. anItA botharA saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI sanmati-tIrtha prakAzana, puNe 4 jUna 2012
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________________ * jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya (4) * lekhana aura saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI mAnada nidezaka, sanmati-tIrtha * sahasaMpAdana DaoN.anItA botharA DaoN. kaumudI baladoTA * prakAzaka sanmati-tIrtha (jainavidyA adhyApana evaM saMzodhana saMsthA) 844, zivAjInagara, bI.em.sI.sI.roDa phirodiyA hosTela, puNe - 411004 phona naM. - (020) 25671088 * sarvAdhikAra surakSita * prathama AvRtti - jUna 2012 * prakAzana - jUna 2012 * mUlya - 50 ru. * akSara saMyojana - zrI. ajaya jozI * mudraka : kalyANI kaoNrporezana 1464, sadAziva peTha puNe - 411030 phona naM. - (020) 24471405
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________________ sampAdakIya yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ aura nayI bahUe~ agara jainijhama ke abhyAsa ke pravAha meM zAmila honA cAhate hai, to pAThyakrama aura parIkSA ke svarUpa meM parivartana lAnA atyaMta Avazyaka hai / sanmati-tIrtha pichale ATha sAloM se isI kAlAnurUpa parivartana se juTI huI hai| 'jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya' isa dhArA kI cauthI kitAba vidyArthIvarga ke sAmane lAte huehama sArtha gaurava kI anubhUti kara rahe haiN| ___ "jainaoNlaoNjI ke pAThyakrama meM, prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya kA samAveza karanA"-sanmati-tIrtha saMsthA kI khAsiyata hai / jainaoNlaoNjI paricaya ke pahale tIna sAloM meM prAthamika prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI pahacAna karAyI / cauthe sala meM eka kadama Age bar3hate hae. prAkata ke do pATha diye haiN| donoM pATha alaga-alaga dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| __pUre jaina samAja kI ekatA kI ora agara hameM agresara honA hai to pahalI AvazyakatA hai ki jainiyoM ke sAre saMpradAya, upasaMpradAya, paMtha aura saMghoM kI hama jAnakArI rakheM, unakI mAnyatAe~ nirakheM, parakheM ! isI hetu isa kitAba meM saMpradAya-bhedoMpara AdhArita pATha kI racanA prayAsapUrvaka kI hai| SaD dravya aura nau tattva - jaina tattvajJAna kI AdhArazilA hai / ina sabakI paribhASAe~ saMkSipta lekina paripUrNa rUpase dene kA prayAsa isa kitAba meM kiyA hai| 'jainaoNlaoNjI-paricaya' ke samasta keMdroM ke vidyArthI evaM unheM preraNA denevAlI zikSikAoM kA hama tahe dila se abhinaMdana karate haiN| sanmati-tIrtha saMsthA ke adhyakSa DaoN. abhayajI phirodiyA ke amUlya sahayoga evaM AzIrvAda se saMsthA uttarottara kAmayAbI hAsila karane meM avazya saphala hogI !! DaoN. nalinI jozI mAnada saciva, sanmati-tIrtha
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________________ * zikSaka evaM vidyArthiyoM ke lie sUcanAe~ * 1) sanmati-tIrtha dvArA prakAzita "aTThapAhuDa-sAra" evaM saMbaMdhita praznasaMca sAmane rakhakara hI taiyArI kareM / 2) aTThapAhuDa-sAra meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI dI hai / vaha paDhane kA jarUra prayAsa kareM lekina parIkSA ke lie naye praznasaMca kA hI upayoga kareM / 3) lekhI parIkSA 40 guNoM kI hogI / guNa-vibhAjana sAmAnyata: isa prakAra kA hai / a) jainadharma ke sampradAya evaM upasampradAya : lagabhaga 4 guNa ba) jainadarzana kI mahattvapUrNa paribhASAe~ lagabhaga 4 guNa ka) aThThapAhuDa-sAra i) aTThapAhUDa-gAthA-pAThAntara evaM lekhana lagabhaga 3 guNa ii) eka-do vAkyoM meM javAba lagabhaga 5 guNa iii) bar3A prazna lagabhaga 4 guNa Da) prAkRta bhASA kA prAthamika vyAkaraNa lagabhaga 10 guNa i) prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasaMpatti lagabhaga 3 guNa pha) svaraparivartana : lagabhaga 2 guNa ga) prAkRta gadyapATha i) avi tumaM jANasi ? : lagabhaga 2 guNa ii) pU.kA.dhA.a : lagabhaga 3 guNa 4) pAThyakrama 15 jUna se prAraMbha kareM / parIkSA prAya: pharavarI meM hogI / 5) hara eka vidyArthI ne aTThapAhuDa-sAra evaM praznasaMca kharIdanA Avazyaka hai / **********
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________________ viSayAnukramaNikA viSaya pR.kra. prArthanA jainadharma ke sampradAya evaM upasampradAya jainadarzana kI mahattvapUrNa paribhASAe~ aTThapAhuDa-sAra-praznasaMca prAkRta bhASA kA prAthamika vyAkaraNa prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasaMpatti prAkRta meM svaraparivartana prAkRta-gadya-pATha (a) paDhamo pADho - avi tamaM jANasi ? (ba) bIo pADho - mUDhA kisIvala-kannA (vyAkaraNa - pU.kA.dhA.a.) **********
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________________ 1. prArthanA namo arihaMtANaM / namo siddhaannN| namo AyariyANaM / namo uvjjhaayaannN| namo loe savva-sAhUNaM / eso paMca-namokkAro savva-pAva-ppaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savvesiM paDhama havai maMgalaM / / maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro , maMgalaM gautamaH prabhuH / maMgalaM sthUlibhadrAdyA , jainadharmo'stu maMgalam / / maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro , maMgalaM gautamaH prabhuH / maMgalaM kundakundAryo , jainadharmo'stu maMgalam / / sarva-maMgala-mAMgalyaM , sarva kalyANa-kAraNam / pradhAnaM sarva-dharmANAM , jainaM jayatu zAsanam / / yA kundendutuSArahAradhavalA yA zubhravastrAvRtA yA vINAvaradaNDamaNDitakarA yA zvetapadmAsanA / yA brahmAcyutazaGkaraprabhRtibhirdevaiH sadA vanditA sA mAM pAtu sarasvatI bhagavatI niHzeSajADyApahA / / 6 gururbrahmA gururviSNuH , gururdevo mahezvaraH / guru: sAkSAt parabrahma , tasmai zrI gurave namaH / / 7. khAmemi savve jIvA , savve jIvA khamaMtu me / mitti me savva-bhUesa , ve majjha Na keNaI / / OM zAntiH zAntiH zAntiH / /
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________________ 2. jainadharma ke sampradAya evaM upa sampradAya prastAvanA : jainavidyA ke adhyayana ke jo pramukha AyAma haiM usameM se eka AyAma aitihAsikatA' kA hai| jainadharma ke itihAsa kA vicAra bhI kaI dRSTiyoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM ekasaMdha yA ekarUpa rahA jainadharma, kaunakaunasI sadiyoM meM kisa-kisa prakAra sampradAyabheda, paMthabheda aura saMghabheda meM ba~TA' - isakI jAnakArI jainahone ke nAte hameM rakhanI caahie| vizva kA koI bhI dharma ho usameM kamase kama do bheda to pAye hI jAte haiM / jaise ki khrizcanoM meM kaeNthaoNlki aura praoNTesTaMTa, muslimoM meM ziyA aura sunnI, hiMduoM meM zaiva, vaiSNava, ityAdi / isI taraha jainadharma ke bhI pramukhasampradAya do haiM - zvetAmbara aura digambara / jisa jaina sampradAya ke sAdhu 'zveta' yAne dhavala vastra pahanate haiM, ve haiM zvetAmbara / nisa jaina sampradAya ke sAdhuoM ke lie 'dik' yAne 'dizA hI aMbara yAne vastra hai', ve haiM digambara / arthAt digambasampradAya ke ailaka sAdhu nagna hote haiN| bha. mahAvIra ke samaya sacelaka evaM acelaka saMgha AcArAMga tathA uttarAdhyayana nAma ke prAcIna ardhamAgadhI graMthoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki unake sAdhusaMgha meM vastrasahita evaM vastrarahita - donoM prakAra ke sAdhu hote the / aMtaraMga-AcAra para adhika bala hone ke kAraNa bha. mahAvIra nevastroM ko jyAdA mahattva nahIM diyA thA / adhika kaThora AcaraNavAle ekalavihArI tapasyApradhAna sAdhuoM ko 'jinakalpI' kahate the / mRdu AcAravAle, samAjagAmI, pravacanapradhAna tathA saMgha meM rahanevAle sAdhuoM ko sthavirakalpI' kahate the| bha. mahAvIra ke kAryakAla meM zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAya meM bheda nahIM thA / udAramatavAda ke AdhArapara jaina saMgha meM sacelakatva-acelakatva aura jinakalpI-sthavirakalpI ye donoM paramparAe~ samAna rUpa se calatI rhii| zvetAmbara mata ke anusAra digambara sampradAya kI utpatti bha. mahAvIradvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM se AMzika rUpa se matabheda honevAle jaina vicAravaMtoM ko 'ninhava' kahA mA hai / ina ninhavoM meM AkharI yAne AThavA~ ninhava thA - A. zivabhUti / / zivabhUti sAdhu kaDaka AcAravAle' the / 'nagna' rahanA pasaMda karate the aura striyoM ko usI janma meM 'mokSagAmI' mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM the| isa mata ko boTika' (boDiya) mata kahA jAtA thA / unhoMne apane isa mata kA khUna pracAra kiyA / eka sudRDha ziSyaparamparA bhI prApta kii| yaha sampradAya Age jAkara 'digambara sampradAya' nAma se prasiddha haa| yaha hakIkata IsavI kI pahalI zatAbdI kI kahI jAtI hai / digambara mata ke anusAra zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti paMcama zrutakevali bhadrabAhusvAmI ke kAla meM magadha meM bAraha varSIya bhayaMkara akAla paDA / unhoMne apane ziSya saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa kI ora vihAra kiyA / kucha sAdhu sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM vahIM rahe / durbhikSa ke kAraNa, unheM bhikSA ke bAre meM kucha zithilAcAra apanA liye / pAtra grahaNa karake bastiyoM meM jAkara bhojana mA~gane lage / janalajjo kkAraNa, kamara ko vastra kA TukaDA laTakAne lage / bAraha sAloM ke bAda, dakSiNa meM gayA huA mUlasaMgha lauTakara vApasa AyA / bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlAcArya donoM ne, saMgha se puna: pahalA mArga apanAne ko kahA / magadhanivAsI sAdhusaMga ne inkArakiyA / kapaDe ke 'ardhaphAlaka' bhI kAyama rakheM / dhIre dhIre yaha ardhaphAlaka saMgha uttarIya aura adharIya, do zveta vastra evaMkucha upakaraNa pAsa meM rakhane lagA / isI saMgha kA nAma, Age jAkara 'zvetAmbara' paDa gayA / digambara mata ke anusAra, yaha ghaTanA bhI IsavI kI pahalI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hI ghttii|
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________________ uparokta donoM vRtAntoM se jAhira hotA hai ki IsavI kI pahalI zatAbdI meM ye donoM pantha apanI alaga-alaga mAnyatAe~ prasthApita kara cuke the / dakSiNa meM yAne karnATaka evaM Andhra pradeza meM digambara sampradAya kA sudRDha keMdra banA zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAyoM meM tAttvika evaM saiddhAntika mUlagAmI matabheda nahIM dikhAyI dete / SaDdravya, unameM se pA~ca astikAya, jIva-ajIva Adi sAta yA nau tattva, karmasiddhAnta, guNasthAna, pA~ca mahAvrata, anekAntavAda, ahiMsA evaM tapa kI pradhAnatA - Adi sabhI mahattvapUrNa bAteM donoM sampradAyoM ko pUrNata: mAnya hai / jo bhI AcAraviSayaka tathA anya matabheda haiM ve nimnalikhita prakAra se haiM - digambara 1) saMpUrNa aparigrahI hone ke lie 'nagnatA' aavshyk| 2) striyoM ko strIjanma meM 'mokSa' nhiiN| 3) bha. mahAvIra kI ardhamAgadhI vANI vyucchinna zvetAmbara 1) 'vastradhArI' bhI saMpUrNa 'aparigrahI' ho sakate haiM / 2) ucita AdhyAtmika vikAsa hone se, strI-puruSanapuMsaka koI bhI, usI janma meM 'mokSagAmI' ho sakatA hai| 3) Aja upalabdha 45 yA 32 ardhamAgadhI grantha mahAvIra vANI hai| 4) bha. mahAvIra devAnandA brAhmaNI ke garbha se trizalA kSatriyANI ke garbha meM praviSTa hae / ve vivAhita the| unakI eka kanyA evaM jamAI bhI the / 5) zvetAmbara sAdhu 'rajoharaNI', mukhapaTTikA aura 'pAtra' rakhate haiN| pAtra meM bhojana karate haiN| 4) bha. mahAvIra trizalA kSatriyANI ke putra the / ve Ajanma brahmacArI the| 5) digambara sAdhu 'mayUrapiMchI' aura kamaNDalu rakhate haiM / hAtha meM bhojana karate haiN| 6) tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ pUrNa nagna evaM dhyAnamudrA meM hotI 6) tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ vastra-alaMkAra-netrasahita hotI 7) unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara 'mallI', puruSa the / 8) kevalajJAnI bhojana nahIM karate evaM nidrA nahIM lete| 7) unnIsavIM tIrthaMkara 'mallI', strI thii| 8) kevalajJAnI ko bhI bhojana aura nidrA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| zvetAmbara - digambara upasampradAya (1) zvetAmbariyoM ke mukhya upasampradAya nimnAnusArI haiM - a) mUrtipUjaka yA maMdiramArgI ba) sthAnakavAsI ka) terApanthI (2) digambariyoM ke mukhya upasampradAya nimnAnusArI haiM - a) bIsapanthI ba) terApanthI ka) tAraNapanthI Da) gummanapanthI, kAMjIsvAmIpanthI ityAdi /
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________________ (1) zvetAmbara upasampradAya - __ a) maMdiramArgI yA mUrtipUjaka jaina, prAta:snAna ke uparAnta yathocita upacAradravyasahita maMdira meM devadarzana karate haiM / unakI dhArmika kriyAe~ bahutAMzI maMdira se juDI huI rahatI hai / upavAsa, vrata, pAraNA, paMcakalyANaka-mahosava, caityavaMdana, bhakti, bhajana, cakrapUjana Adi AkarSaka vidhividhAna inameM hote haiN| maMdiranirmANa aura mUrtinirmANa kadvArA bhAratIya kalAviSkAroM ko lakSaNIya yogadAna diyA hai / prAya: hareka maMdiroM meM samRddha granthabhANDAra bhI hote haiN| mUrtipUjakoM ke upakezagaccha, kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha evaM AMcalagaccha Adi pramukha gaccha haiN| ba) caityavAsiyoM meM maMdira, pUjA-pratiSThA, kriyAkANDa Adi kA ADambara dekhakara, ahamadAbAdavAsI lokAzAha ko jainadharma ke mUla srotoM ko jAnane kI tIvra icchA utpanna huI / loMkAzAha eka kartRtvazAlI vaizya zrAvakathe / ve IsavIsana 1451 meM eka maMdira meM gaye / vahA~ jJAnajI sAdhumahArAja, AgamoM ke hastalikhita pratiyoM kI vyavasthA meM je hae the / lokAzAha kA dharmaprema, jJAna evaM suMdara hastAkSara dekhakara, jJAnajI ne unheM AgamoM kI nayI pratiyA~ utAse kA kAma sauMpA / lokAzAha ne haraeka Agama kI do-do pratiyA~ banAyI / eka Agama prati ke AdhAra se khuda ne AgmoM kA bArIkI se adhyayana kiyA / unakA nizcaya huA ki mUlagAmI AgamoM meM mUrtipUjA evaM kriyAkANDa kA pracalana nahIM hai / unhoMne 32 AgamoM ko hI mUla Agama mAneM / dhIre dhIre apane mUrtipUjAvirodhI mata kA khUba pracArakayA / loga usa mata ko 'lauMkA' yA lumpAka' kahate the / isI lumpAka mata meM lava RSijI' ne adhika sudhAra kiye / lakaSijI sUrata nivAsI zrAvaka vIrajI ke putra the / lava RSijI ke anuyAyiyoM ko loga DhUMDhiyA' kahate the / lekina IsavI ke 1653 ke AsapAsa ve apane ko sthAnakavAsI' kahane lageM / sthAnakavAsiyoM meM maMdira, pUjA-pratiSThA Adi kA prAvadhAna nahIM hai / zrAvakoM kI sahAyatA se banI huI dhArmika zAlAoM ko sthAnaka' kahate haiM / dhIre dhIre sthanakavAsI upasampradAya kA pUre bhAratavarSa meM khUba pracAra huaa| suprasiddha jarmana abhyAsaka glAsenApa' ke anusAra, Aja sthAnakavAsiyoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga mUrtipUjakoM jitanI athavA digambaroM jitanI mAlUma paDatI hai / cAturmAsakAla meM sthAnaka yA upAzrayoM meM Thahare hue, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke mArgadarzana meM, sthAnakavAsiyoM kI dharmArAdhanA calatI rahatI hai| ka) aThArahavIM sadI meM mAravADa ke AcArya bhikSu (bhikhana, bhikhama) ke netRtva meM 'terApantha' kI sthApanA huI / isa pantha kI sthApanA meM teraha bhikSuoM kA aMtarbhAva hone ke kAraNa inheM 'terApantha' nAma se pukArA jAne lgaa| (Glasenapp, Jainism p.391) kucha abhyAsakoM ke mata se 'terA' yaha zabda saMpUrNa anAsakti kA evaM kaThora AcArapAlana kA nidarzaka hai / bIsavIM sadI meM A. tulasI terApantha ke nAyaka the / unhoMne zrAvakoM meM jainadharma kAsAra ke lie 'aNuvrata AMdolana' kA pravartana kiyaa| unake pazcAt A.mahAprajJa ne rAjasthAna meM lADanUM vizvavidyAlaya ke sthApanA meM sakriya yogadAna diyA / Adhunika kAla meM 'samaNa aura samaNI' nAma se kahalAnevAlA vidyAvratI brahmacAyioM kA saMgha, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) meM jainavidyA ke adhyayana, saMzodhana Adi kArya meM nirata hai / (2) digambara upasampradAya - digambara sampradAya ke itihAsa ke anusAra digambaroM kA prAcIna saMgha mUlasaMgha' nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / aSTapAhuDa ke kartA A. kundakunda mUlasaMgha ke nAyaka the| unake pazcAt mUlasaMgha, cAra zAkhAoM meM vibhakta huA -1) nandisaMgha 2) senasaMgha 3) siMhasaMgha aura 4) devasaMgha / kahA jAtA hai ki ye cAra nAma una saMgha ke pravartakoM ke nAma se pracalita hue / ye cAra saMgha bAda meM aneka panthoM meM vibhakta hue / pratyeka meM thoDA-thoDA AcArabheda thA / jisa kAla meM mUlasaMgha kAryAnvita thA, usI kAla meM drAviDasaMgha, yApanIyasaMgha aura kASThAsaMgha, ye tIna mukhya saMgha bhI digambaroM meM kAryazIla the| inameM se yApanIya (gopya) saMgha ne IsavI kI chaThI-sAtavI zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara
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________________ digambaroM meM samanvaya karane kI bharasaka koziza kii| lekina ve usameM asaphala raheM / itihAsakAra kahate haiM ki arokta cAra saMghoM meM se kevala kASThAsaMgha hI Aja jIvita hai| sAMprata kAla meM digambara sampradAya ke do pantha pracalita haiN| __ a) bIsapanthI logoM ke dhArmika netAoM ko 'bhaTTAraka' kahate haiM / kSetrapAla, bhairava Adi daivatoM kI pratimA pUjeta haiM / pUjA meM kezara aura phUloM kA upayoga karate haiM / tIrthaMkaroM kI AratI bhI utArate haiN| ba) terApanthI loga bhaTTArakoM kA netRtva nahIM mAnate / Asanastha rahakara, japamAlA kI sahAyatA se maMtroccAra Adi karate haiM / pUjA kA ADambara unheM mAnya nahIM hai / terApanthI aura bIsapanthI sanAtanI loga, ekadUsare ke maMdirameM bhI nahIM jAte / mahArASTra aura gujarAta meM bIsapanthiyoM kI saMkhyA jyAdA hai / rAjaputAnA, madhyapradeza aura uttarapradeza merApanthiyoM kI saMkhyA jyAdA hai / karnATaka ke zravaNabeLagoLa meM cArukIrti bhaTTAraka, sAMprata kAla meM prAkRta aura jainavidyA ke abhyAsa kA sudRDha kendra banAne meM juTe hue haiN| ka) isake alAvA digambara sampradAya meM solahavIM zatI meM 'tAraNasvAmI'dvArA mUrtipUjAniSedhaka pantha kI sthApanA huI, jo 'tAraNapantha' kahalAtA hai / inake anuyAyI vizeSa rUpa se madhyapradeza meM hai / aThArahavIM sadI meM 'gumAnarAma'dvArA 'gumAnapantha' kI sthApanA huii| sAMprata kAla meM kAMjIsvAmI ke anuyAyiyoM kA eka alaga sampradAya bhI pracalita hai| alpasaMkhyAka jaina samAja uparokta sampradAya-upasampradAya meM vibhAjita hone ke kAraNa, eka vyAsapIThapara Ane kA prayAsa nahIM karatA thaa| lekina ikkIsavIM sadI meM praveza karate-karate jaina yuvaka-yuvatiyoM meM 'jaina ekatA' kaumaMga jAgRta ho rahI hai / ye nayI cetanA kI lahara, bhedavirahita ekasaMdha jaina samAja kA nirmANa kregii| svAdhyAya a) vastuniSTha prazna prazna 1 : jainadharma ke do mukhya sampradAya kaunase haiM ? prazna 2 : zvetAmbariyoM ke tIna upasampradAyoM ke nAma likhie / prazna3 : digambariyoM ke do mukhya upasampradAyoM ke nAma likhie / ba) baDA prazna (guNa 5) prazna : zvetAmbara-digambara ke matabhedoM kI tulanA, pATha ke AdhAra se likhie /
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________________ 3. jaina darzana kI mahattvapUrNa paribhASAe~ 1) jIva :- 'upayoga' arthAt cetanA, jIva kA mukhya lakSaNa hai / jisameM jAna ho, jAnane aura samajhane kI tAkata ho, jise sukha-duHkha kA anubhava hotA ho, vaha 'jIva' kahalAtA hai / 2) ajIva :- cetanArahita padArtha ko 'ajIva' kahate haiM / jisameM upayoga' na ho, vaha tattva 'ajIva' hai / jisameM jIva nahIM hai, jo 'jaDa' hai, jisameM sukhadu:kha ke vedana kI zakti nahIM hai, vaha ajIva' hai / 3) puNya :- zubha karmoM ko 'puNya' kahate haiM / 4) pApa :- azubha karmoM ko 'pApa' kahate haiM / 5) Asrava :- mana-vacana-kAyA ke yogoM ke (halana-calana-spaMdana) dvArA, puNya-pAparUpa karmoM kA, AtmA ke aMdara praveza honA, 'Asrava' hai| 6) bandha :- AsravadvAroM ke mAdhyama se praviSTa karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha juDa jAne ko bandha' kahate haiM / ye I AtmA ko bA~dhate haiM yA AvRta karate haiM / 7) saMvara :- karmoM ke Ane ke kAraNoM ko rokanA 'saMvara' hai / mAnasika, vAcika tathA zArIrika kriyAoMra niyaMtraNa rakhanA saMvara' hai| 8) nirjarA :- AtmA se juDe hue karmoM ko, ekeka karake naSTa karanA 'nirjarA' hai| 9) mokSa :- janmAntaroM meM arjita sabhI karmoM kA pUrNata: kSaya honA, 'mokSa' hai / AtmA kA apane zuddha svarUpa mesthata honA, 'mokSa' hai / janmamaraNa ke cakra se sadA ke lie mukta honA, 'mokSa' hai| 10) dharma :- 'dharma' dravya ajIva, amUrta evaM niSkriya hai / vaha saMpUrNa lokAkAza meM vyApta hai| jIva aura pudgaloM ke gati ko, vaha sahAyaka hotA hai / 11) adharma :- 'adharma' dravya ajIva, amUrta evaM niSkriya hai / vaha saMpUrNa lokAkAza meM vyApta hai / jIva aura puloM ke sthiti ko, vaha sahAyaka hotA hai| 12) AkAza :- 'AkAza' dravya ajIva, amUrta evaM niSkriya hai / vaha saMpUrNa lokAkAza meM vyApta jIva, pudgala, dharma aura adharma ina cAra dravyoM ko avagAha arthAt avakAza (jagaha) denA, AkAzadravya kA kArya hai / 13) kAla :- 'kAla' dravya ajIva evaM amUrta hai / jo svayaM pariNamatA hai tathA anya dravyoM ke pariNamana meM sahakArI hotA hai, vaha kAladravya hai / jIva aura pudgaloM meM jo avasthAMtara pAye jAte haiM, unase kAladravya anumita kiyAjAtA
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________________ 14) pudgala : 'pudgala' dravya ajIva evaM amUrta (rUpI) hai| 'pUraNa' aura 'galana' usakA svabhAva hai / isalie usake skandha banate haiM / pratyeka paramANupara varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza, ye cAra guNa rahate haiN| sabhI jIvoM ke zarIra 'pudAlamaya' hai / *********** svAdhyAya * ye caudaha paribhASAe~ jaina tattvajJAna kI mUlabhUta paribhASAe~ haiM / vidyArthI inheM samajhabUjhakara kaMThastha kareM / * 'paribhASA dIjie' - isa prakAra kA lagabhaga cAra guNoM kA prazna parIkSA meM pUchA jAyegA I
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________________ 4. aTTapAhuDa- sAra - praznasaMca zikSikAoM ke lie vizeSa sUcanA : * 'aTTapAhuDa-sAra' kitAba ke AkharI bhAga meM diyA huA praznasaMca na dekheM / * jainaoNlaoNjI - paricaya ( 4 ) isa kitAba meM diyA huA praznasaMca hI dekheM / * 'aTTapAhuDa-sAra' kitAba kI prastAvanA aura pratyeka pAhuDa ke prAraMbha me dI huI prastAvanA lakSapUrvaka paDheM aura paDhAe~ / * yadyapi parIkSA meM gAthAoM ke AdhArapara prazna nahIM diye haiM tathApi zikSikA, kathA meM sabhI gAthA paDhakara unakA bhAvArtha samajhAe~ / * prAkRta ke prAthamika vyAkaraNa kI rivhijana zikSikA hara klAsa meM karAyeM / * jainadarzana ke pAribhASika saMjJAoM kI rivhijana bhI karAyeM / a) aTThapAhuDa kI nimnalikhita gAthAe~ kaMThastha karake zuddha rUpa meM arthasahita likhie / 1) daMsaNabhaTTA bhaTTA daMsaNabhaTThassa Natthi NivvANaM / sijjhaMti cariyabhaTThA daMsaNabhaTThA Na sijjhati / / (daMsaNapAhuDa gA. 3) 2) sAhaMti jaM mahallA AyariyaM jaM mahallapuvvehiM / jaM ca mahallANi tado mahavvayA ittahe tAI / / (cArittapAhuDa gA. 30) 3) suttaM hi jANamANo bhavassa bhavaNAsaNaM ca so kuNadi / sUI jahA asuttA NAsadi sutte sahA No vi / / (suttapAhuDa gA. 3) 4) dhammo dayAvisuddho pavvajjA savvasaMgaparicattA / devo vavagayamoho udayakaro bhavvajIvANaM / / (bohapAhuDa gA. 25) 5) titthayarabhAsiyatthaM gaNaharadevehiM gaMthiyaM sammaM / bhAvahi aNudiNu atulaM visuddhabhAveNa suyaNANaM / / (bhAvapAhuDa gA. 90 ) 6) aruhA siddhAyariyA ujjhAyA sAhu paMcaparameTThI / te vi hu ciTThadi Ade tamhA AdA hu me saraNaM / / (mokkhapAhuDa gA. 104) ba) eka-do vAkyoM meM vastuniSTha javAba likhie / ('aTTapAhuDa-sAra' kitAba kI prastAvanA para AdhArita prazna) 1) digambara paramparA meM bha. mahAvIra aura gautama gaNadhara ke bAda kinakA nAma liyA jAtA hai ? 2) paramparA anusAra A. kundakunda ne kitane pAhuDoM kI racanA kI thI ? aba unameM se kitane pAhuDa upalabdha haiM ? 3) 'pAhuDa' zabda kA saMskRta rUpAMtarita zabda kaunasA hai ? usakA artha kyA ? 4) yaha grantharUpI pAtheya kaunase vyakti ke lie upayukta hai ?
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________________ 5) ATha pAhuDoM ke sirpha nAma, krama se likhie / 6) aSTapAhuDa grantha kaunasI bhASA meM likhA huA hai ? 7) sAmAnyataH kundakunda kA kaunasA samaya abhyAsakoM ne nirdhArita kiyA hai ? 8) A. kundakunda ke Aja upalabdha granthoM meM se kinhIM pA~ca granthoM ke nAma likhie / ka) eka-do vAkyoM meM vastuniSTha javAba likhie / ('aTThapAhuDa-sAra' kitAba meM aMtarbhUta pAhaDoM para AdhArita prazna) 1) A. kundakunda ke anusAra 'dasaNapAhuDa' kI mukhya dezanA kaunasI hai ? (pR.11) 2) samyagdarzanarUpI ratna se bhraSTa manuSya kI sthiti kisa prakAra kI hotI hai ? (pR.11) 3) vyavahAranaya se tathA nizcayanaya se samyagdarzana kise kahA jA sakatA hai ? (pR.11) 4) A. kundakunda ne samyagdarzana kA mahattva saMkSepa meM kisa prakAra pragaTa kiyA hai ? (pR.11) 5) saMyamI kA mukhya lakSaNa kaunasA hai ? (pR.11) 6) AtmA ke avinAzI tathA anaMta bhAva kitane haiM ? kaunase haiM ? (pR.20) 7) jinendra bhagavAn ne kaunase do prakAra ke cAritroM kA kathana kiyA hai ? (pR.20) 8) 'samyaktvAcaraNa-cAritra' kise kahate haiM ? (pR.20) 9) saMyamAcaraNa' ke do mukhya bheda kaunase haiM ? (pR.20) 10) zrAvakadharma kaunase bAraha bhedoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai ? (pR.20) 11) kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa municAritra arthAt anagArAcaraNa hai ? (pR.20) 12) 'sUtra' zabda kI paribhASA likhie / (pR.29) 13) sUtrasahita hone kA mahattva suI ke AdhAra se kisa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai ? (pR.29) 14) AdhyAtmika dRSTi se, A. kundakunda ne, kaunase tIna prakAra se jyeSThatAkrama batAyA hai ? (pR.29) 15) 'suttapAhuDa' meM, A. kundakunda ne, nagnatva aura strImukti ke bAre meM kaunase vicAra vyakta kiye haiM ? pR.29) 16) A. kundakunda ke anusAra, nirdoSa nirgrantha sAdhuoM meM kaunakaunasI mahattvapUrNa dhArmika bAtoM kA samAvezahotA haiM ? (pR.34) 17) bodhapAhuDa' ke aMtima gAthAoM meM kundakunda ne kinakA jayajayakAra kiyA hai ? aura kyoM ? (pR.34) 18) kaunase pAhuDa meM sabase jyAdA gAthAe~ haiM aura kyoM ? (pR.48) 19) A. kundakunda ne, yogiyoM kA aMtima dhyeya kaunasA batAyA hai ? (pR.70) 20) triprakAra AtmA ke nAma likhie / (pR.70) 21) upavAsa Adi tapa kA phala kaunasA hai ? dhyAna kA phala kaunasA hai ? (pR.70) 22) A. kundakunda ne dhyAna kI pUrvapIThikA ke rUpa meM kaunasI tIna bAteM batAyI hai ? (pR.70) 23) 'AtmA hI zaraNa hai' - yaha bhAvanA AcAryazrI ne kyoM pragaTa kI hai ? (pR.70) ka) baDe prazna 1) A. kundakunda ke jIvanI ke bAre meM dasa vAkyoM meM jAnakArI likhie / (prastAvanA) 2) bhAvapAhuDa ke AdhAra se 'bhAvazuddhi' kA mahattva dasa vAkyoM meM likhie / (pR.48) 3) 'zivabhUti' kI kathA dasa-bAraha vAkyoM meM likhie / (pR.93) 4) 'madhupiMgala muni' kI kathA dasa-bAraha vAkyoM meM likhie / (pR.94)
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________________ 5) 'bAhu muni' kI kathA dasa-bAraha vAkyoM meM likhie / (pR.94) 6) 'zAlisiktthamatsya' kI kathA dasa-bAraha vAkyoM meM likhie / (pR.95) zikSakoM ke lie vizeSa sUcanA pRSTha 35 evaM pRSTha 42 para jo TippaNaka diye haiM, ve zikSikA vidyArthiyoM se paDhavAkara smjhaaeN| **********
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________________ 5. prAkRta bhASA kA prAthamika vyAkaraNa (prAthamika paricaya) 'jainaoNlaoNjI praveza pAThyakrama ke prathamA se paMcamI taka ke kitAboM meM hamane kucha prAkRta vAkya sIkheM aura uke artha bhI dhyAna meM rakhane kA prayatna kiyA / 'jainaoNlaoNjI paricaya' pAThyakrama meM hama prAkRta ke vyAkaraNasaMbaMdhI adhika jAnakArI leMge tAki bhaviSya meM jaba kabhI AgamagraMtha paDhane kA maukA mileM taba unakA artha samajhane meM AsAnI hogI 'prAkRta' zabda kA artha hai sahaja, svAbhAvika bolacAla kI bhASA / bha. mahAvIra ne apane upadeza saMskRta bhASA meM nahIM diye / saba samAja ko samajhane ke lie unhoMne bolIbhASA apanAyI / bha. mahAvIra ke upadeza 'ardhamAgadhI' nAma kI bhASA meM the / usa samaya vaha bhASA samajhane meM sulabha thI / usakA vyAkaraNa bhI saMskRta bhASA jaisA jaTila naheM thA / jaina AcAryoM ne kaI sadiyoMtaka prAkRta bhASA meM graMtha likhe / prAkRta bhASA eka nahIM thI / pradeza ke asAra ve aneka thI / Aja bhI hama hiMdI, marAThI, mAravADI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, bAMgalA Adi bhASAe~ bolate haiM, ve Adhunika prAkRta bhASAe~ hI haiM / (a) nAma - vibhakti (Case-declension) prAkRta vAkyoM meM mukhyataH do ghaTaka hote haiM - nAma (noun) aura kriyApada (dhAtu)(verb) / nAmoM kA vAkya meM upayoga karane ke lie use kucha pratyaya lagAne paDate haiM / use 'vibhakti ' (Case-declension) kahate haiM / prAkRta meM sAmAnyata: sAta vibhaktiyA~ haiM - prathamA, dvitIyA, tRtIyA, paMcamI, SaSThI, saptamI, saMbodhana / prAkRta meM sAmAnyata: caturthI vibhakti ke pratyaya nahIM pAye jAte / caturthI ke badale SaSThI vibhakti ke rUpa upayoga meM lAte haiM / hara eka vibhakti kA artha dUsarI vibhakti se alaga hotA hai / isalie ki hamAre mana ke yathArtha bhAva hama dUsare vyaktitaka pahu~cA sakate haiN| hara eka nAma ke do vacana hote haiM - ekavacana (singular) aura anekavacana (bahuvacana) (plural) prAkRta bhASA meM saMskRta yA marAThI kI taraha tIna liMga (gender) hote haiM - puMliMga (masculine), strIliMga (feminine), napuMsakaliMga (neutor) / hiMdI meM do liMga hote haiM - puMliMga aura strIliMga /
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________________ akArAnta puM. 'vIra' zabda vibhakti ekavacana anekavacana prathamA (Nominative) vIro, vIre (eka deva) dvitIyA (Accusative) vIraM tRtIyA (Instrumental) paMcamI (Ablative) vIrA (aneka deva) vIre, vIrA (vIroM ko) vIrehi, vIrehi (vIroM ne) vIrehito (vIroM se) vIrANa, vIrANaM (vIroM kA) vIresu, vIresuM (vIroM meM,vIroM para) vIrA (he vIroM !) (vIra ko) vIreNa, vIreNaM (vIra ne) vIrA, vIrAo (vIra se) vIrassa (vIra kA) vIre, vIraMsi, vIrammi (vIra meM, vIra para) vIra (he vIra !) SaSThI (Genitive) saptamI (Locative) saMbodhana (Vocative) deva, rAma, jiNa (jinadeva), dhamma (dharma), vANara (baMdara, vAnara), sIha (siMha), sUriya (sUrya), caMda (caMdra), gaya (gaja, hAthI), samaNa (zramaNa), vaNNa (varNa, raMga), hattha (hAtha), loga (loka), meha (megha), Asa (azva, ghoDA), sarIra (zarIra), vaggha (vAgha), Isara (Izvara), kova (kopa), Ayariya (AcArya), kaDaya (kaTaka, sainya) ye saba akArAnta (aMta meM 'a' svara AnevAle) paMliMgI zabda uparokta 'vIra' zabda ke anusAra likhie / nAma-vibhakti (Case-declension) (1) prathamA vibhakti : (Nominative) kartAkAraka (yahA~ vAkya kA 'kartA' prathamA vibhakti meM hai / ) 1) kiMkaro aDaM khaNai / naukara kuA~ khanatA hai| 2) vANarA rukkhesu vasaMti / baMdara vRkSa para rahate haiN|
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________________ (2) dvitIyA vibhakti : (Accusative) karmakAraka (yahA~ vAkya kA 'karma' dvitIyA vibhakti meM hai / ) 1) bhatto rAmaM pUei / bhakta rAma ko pUjatA hai / 2) sIho mige bhakkhai / siMha mRgoM ko khAtA hai / (3) tRtIyA vibhakti : (Instrumental) karaNakAraka (yahA~ kriyA kA 'sAdhana' tRtIyA vibhakti meM hai / ) 1) vijjA viNaeNa sohai / vidyA vinayena zobhate / 2) sulasA nettehiM pAsai / sulasA netroMdvArA dekhatI hai / 4) paMcamI vibhakti : (Ablative) apAdAnakAraka (cIja jisa sthala se dUra jAtI hai, usa sthala kI vibhakti paMcamI' hai / ) 1) jaNA sIhAo bIhaMti / loga siMha se Darate haiN| 2) titthayarehiMto logA dhammaM jANiMsu / tIrthaMkaroM se logoM ne dharma jAnA / (5) SaSThI vibhakti : (Genitive) sambandhakAraka (do vyakti yA cIjoM kA sambandha' SaSThI vibhakti se sUcita hotA hai / ) 1) siddhattho khattio samaNassa mahAvIrassa jaNao Asi / siddhArtha kSatriya zramaNa mahAvIra ke janaka the / 2) sIlaM narANaM bhUsaNaM / zIla manuSyoM kA bhUSaNa hai /
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________________ (6) saptamI vibhakti : (Locative) adhikaraNakAraka (jisa kSetra yA sthala meM rahanA hai, jo cIja AdhArabhUta hai, usakI 'saptamI' vibhakti upayojita kI jAtI hai / ) 1) sAvigAe maNaM dhamme / dhammaMsi / dhammaMmi ramai / zrAvikA kA mana dharma meM ramatA hai| I 2) mAyA puttesu vIsasai / mAtA putroM para vizvAsa rakhatI hai / (7) saMbodhana vibhakti : ( Vocative) nimaMtraNa, saMbodhana ( kisI ko bulAne ke lie 'saMbodhana' vibhakti hotI hai / ) 1) niva ! pasanno hosu / he nRpa ! prasanna ho jAo / 2) mehA ! kAlesu varisaha / he meghoM ! samayapara baraso / vibhakti prathamA (Nominative) dvitIyA (Accusative) tRtIyA (Instrumental) paMcamI (Ablative) SaSThI (Genitive) saptamI (Locative) saMbodhana (Vocative) AkArAnta strI. 'gaMgA' zabda ekavacana gaMgA (eka gaMgA) gaMga (gaMgA ko) gaMgAe (gaMgA ne) gaMgAe, gaMgAo (gaMgA se) gaMgA (gaMgA kA ) gaMgA (gaMgA meM) gaMgA, gaMge (he gaMgA ! ) anekavacana gaMgA, gaMgAo ( aneka gaMgA) gaMgA, gaMgAo (gaMgAoM ko) gaMgAhi, gaMgAhiM (gaMgAoM ne) gaMgAhiMto (gaMgAoM se) gaMgA, gaMgANa (gaMgAoM kA ) gaMgAsu, gaMgAsuM (gaMgAoM meM) gaMgA, gaMgAo (he gaMgAoM !) isI taraha sAlA (zAlA), bAlA, pUyA (pUjA), devayA (devatA), kannA (kanyA), layA (latA), sAhA (zAkhA), jauNA (jamunA), bhajjA (bhAryA, patnI), seNA (senA), majjAyA (maryAdA), nAvA, chAyA, vijjA (vidyA), nehA (snehA), mahurA (madhurA, mathurA), kivA (kRpA, dayA), payA (prajA), bhAriyA (bhAryA, patnI), susIlA (suzIlA) i.
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________________ AkArAnta strIliMgI zabda uparokta 'gaMgA' zabda ke anusAra likhie / (1) prathamA vibhakti : (Nominative) kartAkAraka 1) gaMgA himAlayAo niggacchai / gaMgA himAlaya se nikalatI hai / 2) kannAo pADhasAlaM gacchaMti / kanyAe~ pAThazAlA jAtI haiM / (2) dvitIyA vibhakti : (Accusative) karmakAraka 1) pahiyA chAyaM icchaMti / pathika chAyA kI icchA karate haiM / 2) mAlAyAro mAlA/mAlAo guMphai / mAlAkAra (mAlI) mAlAoM ko gUMthatA hai / (3) tRtIyA vibhakti : (Instrumental) karaNakAraka 1) darido jaNANaM kivAe jIvai / daridrI logoM kI kRpA se jItA hai / 2) rukkho sAhAhiM sohai / vRkSa zAkhAoM se zobhatA hai| (4) paMcamI vibhakti : (Ablative) apAdAnakAraka 1) layAe pupphAiM nivaDaMti / latA se phUla girate haiN| 2) devayAhiMto logA varAI lahaMti / devatAoM se loga varoM ko prApta karate haiM / (5) SaSThI vibhakti : (Genitive) saMbaMdhakAraka 1) jauNAe jalaM mahuraM / jamunA kA pAnI madhura hai /
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________________ 2) nAvANaM kaDaeNaM rAyA jiNai / naukAoM ke sainya se rAjA jItA hai / (6) saptamI vibhakti : (Locative) adhikaraNakAraka 1) chatto majjAyAe vaTTejjA / chAtra maryAdA meM raheM / 2) khagANaM nIDA sAhAsu sohaMti / pakSiyoM ke ghoMsale zAkhAoM para zobhate haiM / (7) saMbodhana vibhakti : ( Vocative) nimaMtraNa, saMbodhana 1) bhajje ! turiyaM Agacchasu / bhAyeM ! jaldI Ao / 2) kannA / kannAo ! ajjhayaNaM kareha / kanyAo ! adhyayana karo / vibhakti prathamA (Nominative) dvitIyA (Accusative) tRtIyA (Instrumental) paMcamI (Ablative) SaSThI (Genitive) saptamI (Locative) saMbodhana (Vocative) akArAnta napuM. 'vaNa' zabda ekavacana vaNaM (eka vana) vaNaM (vana ko ) vaNeNa, vaNeNaM anekavacana vaNAI, vANi (aneka vana) vaNAiM, vaNANi (vanoM ko) vaNehi, vaNehiM II (vana ne) (vanoM ne) vaNehiMto vaNA, vaNAo (vana se) (vanoM se ) vaNassa (vana kA ) vaNe, varNasi, vaNammi (vana meM, vana para) vaNANa, vaNANaM (vanoM kA) vaNe, vasuM (vanoM meM, vanoM para) vaNAiM, vaNANi (he vanoM !) vaNa (he vana !) isI taraha puppha (puSpa), paNNa (parNa, pAna), ghara, ujjANa (udyAna), kamma (karma), sIla (zIla), puNNa (puNya), phala, guNa, dANa (dAna), bala, maMsa (mAMsa), majja (madya), rajja (rAjya), potthaga (pustaka), pAva (pApa),
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________________ suvaNNa (suvarNa), naha (nabha, AkAza), maNa (mana), maMdira i. akArAnta napaMsakaliMgI zabda uparokta 'vaNa' zabda ke anusAra likhie / (1) prathamA vibhakti : (Nominative) kartAkAraka 1) vaNaM ramaNIyaM / vana ramaNIya hai| 2) ujjANAiM/ujjANANi nayarassa hiyayAI / udyAna nagara kA hRdaya hai / (2) dvitIyA vibhakti : (Accusative) karmakAraka 1) aggI vaNaM Dahai / agni vana jalAtI hai| 2) te vivihAI phalAiM ANeti / ve vividha phala lAte haiN| (3) tRtIyA vibhakti : (Instrumental) karaNakAraka 1) vaNeNa viNA kiM kaTTha lahai ? vana ke sivA kyA kASTha milegA ? 2) ajja puNNehiM mae guru dittttho| Aja puNya se mujhe gurU dikhAI diye / (4) paMcamI vibhakti : (Ablative) apAdAnakAraka 1) so vaNAo Agacchai / vaha vana se lauTatA hai| 2) vaNehiMto jaNANaM bahulAho hoi / vanoM se logoM ko bahuta lAbha hotA hai / (5) SaSThI vibhakti : (Genitive) saMbaMdhakAraka 1) dhaNassa ciMtAe so mao / dhana kI ciMtA se vaha mara gayA /
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________________ 2) vaNANaM sohA pekkhiuM sIyA tattha gayA / vanoM kI zobhA dekhane ke lie sItA vahA~ gayI / (6) saptamI vibhakti : (Locative) adhikaraNakAraka 1) vaNe sIhA gajjaMti / vana meM siMha garjanA karate haiN| 2) migA vaNesu ramaMti / mRga vanoM meM ramate haiN| (7) saMbodhana vibhakti : (Vocative) nimaMtraNa, saMbodhana 1) puppha ! tuma jaNANaM ANaMdaM desi / he puSpa ! tuma logoM ko AnaMda dete ho / 2) paNNAI ! savvANaM sIyalaM chAyaM appeha / he parNoM ! sabako zItala chAyA pradAna karo / (ba) kriyApada ke pratyaya (Verb - declesion) bhASA meM vAkya banane ke lie dUsarA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai 'kriyApada' / 1) vAkya meM kriyApada prayukta karane ke lie prathamata: 'kAla' dekhanA paDatA hai / prAkRta meM tIna mukhya kAla haiM - vartamAnakAla (present tense), bhUtakAla (past tense) aura bhaviSyakAla (future tense) / isake atirikta AjJArtha' aura 'vidhyartha' bhI hote haiM / 2) kriyA ke rUpa prayoga karate hue ekavacana (singular) yA anekavacana (plural) kA upayoga karanA paDatA hai / 3) kriyA ke rUpa hamezA prathamapuruSa (first Person), dvitIya puruSa (second Person), yA tRtIya puruSa (third Person) meM prayukta hote haiN| isa pATha meM hama vartamAnakAla, bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla, AjJArtha aura vidyartha ke pratyaya, kriyApada ta vAkya de rahe haiM / vAkya paDhate samaya kriyA, vacana tathA puruSa kA vizeSa dhyAna rakheM / vartamAnakAla : (Present Tense) jo kriyA hama abhI kara rahe haiM, usake lie vartamAnakAla kA prayoga hotA hai / jaise ki - 'bAlagA mahAvIra vaMdati / ' isakA artha hiMdI meM hama isa prakAra likheMge - 'bAlaka mahAvIra ko vaMdana karate haiM / '
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________________ jo kriyA hama hamezA karate haiM, unake lie bhI vartamAnakAla kA prayoga hotA hai / jaise ki - 'ahaM paidiNa bhuMjAmi / ' isakA artha hiMdI meM hama isa prakAra likheMge - 'maiM pratidina bhojana karatA huuN|' kAlika satya vidhAnoM ke lie bhI hama vartamAnakAla kA upayoga karate haiM / jaise ki- 'maNussA maraNasIlA havaMti / ' (manuSya maraNazIla hote haiM / ) 'siyAlo dhutto hoi / ' (siyAra dhUrta hotA hai / ) vartamAnakAla ke pratyaya puruSa ekavacana anekavacana prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa aMti sarvanAmasahita vartamAnakAla ke kriyArUpa dhAtu (kriyApada) : puccha (pUchanA) puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa ekavacana (ahaM) pucchAmi / (tuma) pucchasi / (so) pucchai / anekavacana (amhe, vayaM) pucchAmo / (tumhe) pucchaha / (te) pucchaMti / nimnalikhita kriyApada 'pRccha (pUchanA)' kriyApada ke samAna upayojita kiye jAte haiM - pAsa (dekhanA), gaccha (jAnA), Agaccha (AnA), khaNa (khananA), khiva (pheMkanA), geNha (grahaNa karanA), ciTTha (khaDe honA), jANa (jAnanA), dhAva (dauDanA), paDha (paDhanA), phusa (sparza karanA), bhAsa (bolanA), bhaNa (bolanA), vasa (rahanA), haNa (mAranA, hanana karanA), vaMda (vaMdana karanA) prazna : nimnalikhita prAkRta vAkyoM ke kriyApada, puruSa aura vacana pahacAnie / 1) samaNo jiNadevaM vNdi| zramaNa jinadeva ko vaMdana karatA hai / udA. kriyApada vaMda' - tRtIya puruSa, ekavacana / 2) tumhe kUvaM khaNaha / tuma saba kuA~ khana rahe ho / 3) Aso vegeNa dhAvai / azva vega se dauDatA hai|
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________________ 4) layAo pupphAI paDaMti / latAoM meM se phUla girate haiM / 5) ahaM gayAo paDemi / maiM hAthI se giratA huuN| 6) amhe jiNadhammaM jANAmo / hama jinadharma ko jAnate haiM / 7) te maTTiyAe suvaNNaM geNhaMti / ve miTTI meM se suvarNa kA grahaNa karate haiM / 8) bAlaya ! tumaM oyaNaM io tao kiMkhivasi ? bAlaka ! tuma odana (cAvala) idhara udhara kyoM pheMka rahe ho ? 9) tumhe devasamIvaM ciTThaha / tuma saba deva ke samIpa khaDe raho / 10) chattA pAiya bhaNati / chAtra prAkRta bolate haiM / 11) ahaM mehaM pAsAmi / maiM megha ko dekhatA huuN| 12) amhe pADhasAlaM pabhAe gacchAmo saMjhAsamae AgacchAmo / hama subaha pAThazAlA jAte haiM saMdhyAsamaya meM Ate haiM / 13) so gaNiyaM paDhai / vaha gaNita paDhatA hai| 14) aMdho hattheNa vatthaM phusai / aMdhA hAtha se vastra ko sparza karatA hai / 15) rAyA kiMkarANaM uccAvayaM bhAsai / rAjA naukaroM se anApazanApa bolatA hai /
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________________ 16) bhArahe bahujaNA gAmaMmi vasaMti / bhArata meM bahuta loga gA~va meM basate haiM / 17) rAyapuriso coraM haNai / rAjapuruSa (sipAhI) cora ko mAratA hai / prAkRta meM kucha akArAnta kriyApada, 'e' svara joDa ke prayukta kiye jAte haiM / jaise - kara - karemi / kina kriyApadoM ko 'e' joDanA hai, isake bAre meM rUDhI hI pramANa mAnI jAtI hai / udAharaNa ke taurapara 'kara' ke samAna honevAle kriyApada nIce diye haiN| kriyApada : kara (kare) (karanA) puruSa ekavacana anekavacana prathama puruSa (ahaM) karemi / (amhe, vayaM) karemo / dvitIya puruSa (tumaM) karesi / (tumhe) kareha / tRtIya puruSa (so) karei / (te) kareMti / nimnalikhita kriyApada kara (kare) kriyApada ke samAna upayojita kiye jAte haiM - kaha (kahanA), gaNa (gaNanA karanA), vaNNa (varNana karanA), sAha (kahanA), lajja (lajjita honA), acca (arcanA karanA), uDDa (uDanA), cora (corI karanA), daMDa (daNDita karanA), AhAra (AhAra karanA), nimaMta (nimaMtraNa karanA), pADa (pADanA), mAra (mAranA), ciMta (cintana karanA) prazna : nimnalikhita prAkRta vAkyoM kA kriyApada, puruSa aura vacana pahacAnie / 1) tuma savvayA saccaM kaheha / tuma sarvadA saca kahate ho / udA. kriyApada kaha' - dvitIya puruSa, ekavacana 2) bAliyAo pupphAiM gaNeti / bAlikAe~ phUloMkI ginatI karatI haiM / 3) samaNo mahAvIracariyaM vaNNei / zramaNa mahAvIracaritra kA varNana karatA hai| 4) jaNaNI hiyaM sAhei / jananI hita kA kathana karatI hai| 5) ahaM duccariyAo lajjemi / maiM duzcaritra se lajjita hotI hU~ /
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________________ 6) vayaM mahAvIraM accemo / hama mahAvIra kI arcanA karate haiN| 7) sugA paMjarAo uDDeti / zuka (tote) piMjare se uDate haiM / 8) takkarA dhaNaM coreMti / taskara (cora) dhana ko curAte haiM / 9) ahaM akAraNaM na kimavi daMDemi / maiM kise bhI vinAkAraNa daNDita nahIM karatA hU~ 10) tumhe hiya miyaM ca AhAreha / tuma hitakara aura mita AhAra karate ho / 11) ghariNI atihiM nimaMtei / gahiNI atithi ko nimaMtrita karatI hai / 12) mallo paDimallaM pADei / malla pratimalla ko pADatA hai / 13) jujjhe vIrA parupparaM mAreMti / yuddha meM vIra parasparoM ko mArate haiM / 14) so paDikkamaNe appANaM avarAha ciMteDa / vaha pratikramaNa meM khuda ke aparAdhoM kA ciMtana karatA hai / bhUtakAla (Past-Tense) jo kriyA ghaTI huI hai, usake lie hama bhUtakAlika kriyApadoM kA upayoga karate haiM / itthA' aura 'iMsu' ye bhUtakAlavAcaka pratyaya jAdA tara ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM hI pAye jAte haiM / sAmAnya prAkRta meM bhUtakAlika kriyApadoM ke sthAna para bhUtakAlika vizeSaNa prayukta karate haiM / anekavacana puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa bhUtakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana itthA itthA itthA
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________________ puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa 2) amhe duddhaM pIviMsu / hamane dUdha pIyA / 3) tumaM kattha uvavisitthA ? tU kahA~ baiThI thI ? nimnalikhita prAkRta vAkyoM kA kriyApada, puruSa aura vacana pahacAnie / 1) ahaM morassa cittaM pAsitthA / maiMne mora kA citra dekhA / udA. kriyApada 'pAsa' - prathamapuruSa, ekavacana 4) tumhe kiM sikkhisu ? tumane kyA sIkhA ? 5) so rukkhAo paDitthA | vaha jhADa se girA / 6) te vaNaM gacchiMsu / ve vana meM gaye / 7) rAvaNo tavaM karitthA | rAvaNane tapa kiyA / 8) amhe uvassae dhammaM suNiMsu / hamane upAzraya meM dharma sunA / sarvanAmasahita bhUtakAla ke kriyApada kriyApada : pAsa (dekhanA) 9) rayaNaM samuddammi paDitthA / ratna samudra meM gira gayA / ekavacana (ahaM) pAsitthA / (maiMne dekhA / ) (tu) pAsitthA / (tUne / tumane dekhA / ) (sA) pAsitthA / (usane dekhA / ) anekavacana (amhe) pAsiMsu / (hamane dekhA / ) (tumhe) pAsiMsu / (tumane/sabane dekhA / ) (te) pAsiM / (unhoMne dekhA / )
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________________ bhaviSyakAla (Future-Tense) jo ghaTanAe~ AgAmI kAla meM honevAlI haiM, usake lie hama bhaviSyakAlika kriyApadoM kA upayoga karate haiM / bhaviSyakAla ke pratyaya do prakAra ke hote haiM - eka prakAra issa' pratyaya se aura dUsarA prakAra 'iha' pratyaya se hotA hai puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa (1) bhaviSyakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana issAmi, issaM issasi issai anekavacana issAmo issaha issaMti puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita bhaviSyakAla ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : bhaNa (bolanA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) bhaNissAmi / (ahaM) bhnnissN| (amhe) bhaNissAmo / (maiM bolU~gA / ) (hama boleMge / ) (tuma) bhnnisssi| (tumhe) bhaNissaha / (tU bolegA / tuma bologe / ) (tuma saba bologe / ) (so) bhaNissai / (te) bhaNissaMti / (vaha bolegA / ) (ve boleMge / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa (2) bhaviSyakAla ke pratyaya ekavacana ihimi, ihAmi ihisi ihii anekavacana ihimo, ihAmo prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa ihiha ihiMti puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita bhaviSyakAla ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : pAla (pAlanA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) pAlihimi / (ahaM) pAlihAmi / (amhe) pAlihimo / (amhe) pAlihAmo / (maiM pAlana karU~gA / ) (hama pAlana kareMge / ) (tuma) pAlihisi / (tumhe) pAlihiha / (tU pAlana karegA / tuma pAlana karoge / ) (tuma saba pAlana kareMge / ) (sA) pAlihii / (te) pAlihiMti / (vaha pAlana karegI / ) (ve pAlana kareMgI / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa
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________________ bhaviSyakAla meM prayukta karane ke lie kucha kriyApada aura unake artha - jaMpa (bolanA), hasa (ha~sanA), nacca (nAcanA), bhuMja (bhojana karanA), tara (taranA), muMca (choDanA), de (denA), ho (honA), khA (khAnA), gila (gilanA), laha (prApta honA), varisa (varSAva karanA), pekkha (dekhanA), vihara (vihAra karanA), pavisa (praveza karanA), hara (haranA, le jAnA), soha (zobhanA), vaTTa (honA), vihUsa (vibhUSita karanA), payAsa (prakAzita karanA), rova (ronA), chiMda (toDanA) prazna : nimnalikhita prAkRta vAkyoM kA kriyApada, puruSa aura vacana pahacAnie / 1) ahaM saccaM jaMpissAmi / ___ maiM satya boluuNgaa| udA. kriyApada 'japa' - prathamapuruSa, ekavacana 2) naTTa pekkhiUNa amhe hassissAmo / nATaka dekhakara hama haseMge / 3) tumaM majjhaNhe kiM bhuMjissasi ? tuma dopahara meM kyA khAogI ? 4) tumhe kallaM samudaM tarissaha / tuma saba kala samudra ko taroge/pAra karoge / 5) asogo sogaM muMcissai / azoka zoka ko choDegA / 6) ahaM savva jIvANaM abhayaM deihimi / maiM saba jIvoM ko abhaya dUMgA / 7) therI bhaNai, 'he rakkhasa ! tumaM maM kallaM khAihisi / ' bUDhI bolI, 'he rAkSasa ! tuma mujhe kala khAoge / ' 8) tumhe lahuM lahuM oyaNaM gilihiha / tuma saba jaldI jaldI cAvala gilo / 9) samaNo mokkhaM lahihii / zramaNa mokkha prApta karegA / 10) jalaharA viulaM jalaM varisihiti / megha vipula jala baraseMge /
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________________ 11) ahaM kayA tava muhaM pekkhissaM ? maiM kaba tumhArA mukha dekhU ? 12) kayA vayaM baMdhaNamukkA hoissAmo ? kaba hama baMdhanamukta hoMge ? 13) puNNeNa tumaM sagge viharissasi / puNya se tuma svarga meM vihAra karoge / 14) tumhe suheNaM maMdiraM pavisissaha / tuma saba sukhapUrvaka maMdira meM praveza karoge / 15) pavaNo tava parissamaM harissai / pavana (havA) tere parizrama dUra karegA / 16) caMda ! tuma gayaNe sohihisi / he caMdra ! tuma gagana meM zobhoge / 17) tumhANaM kAlo suhapuvvayaM vaTTihii / tumhArA kAla sukhapUrvaka bItegA / 18) Usave mahilAo gharaM vihUsihiti / utsava meM mahilAeM ghara vibhUSita kareMgI / 19) aggima - pUNNimAe caMdo rattI payAsihii / agrima (AnevAlI) pUrNimA ko caMdra rAta ko prakAzita karegA / 20) kaTTahAro kaTTu chiMdissai / lakaDahArA lakaDI toDegA / 31151Tef (Imperative Mood) AjJA dene athavA hukUma karane ke lie jisa kAlArtha kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai use AjJArtha kahate haiM / aMgrejI meM use 'Tense' na kahate hue Mood' kahate haiM / AjJA prAya: sAmanevAle ko dI jAtI hai / isalie yahA~ 'dvitIya puruSa' kA hI prAdhAnya hai / sAmAnyata: vyakti khuda ko AjJA nahIM detA / isalie prAyaH dvitIya aura tRtIya puruSa ke prayoga hI AjJArtha meM pAye jAte haiM /
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________________ AjJArtha ke pratyaya puruSa ekavacana anekavacana F prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa 4 | 64 -, su, hi at puruSa AjJArtha dhAtu (kriyApada) : gaccha (jAnA) ekavacana anekavacana gacchAmu gacchAmo gaccha, gacchasu, gacchAhi gacchaha gacchau gacchaMtu prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita AjJArtha ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : bhakkha (khAnA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) bhakkhAmu / (amhe) bhakkhAmo / (maiM khAU~ / ) (hama khAyeM / ) (tuma) bhakkha/bhakkhasu/bhakkhAhi / (tumhe) bhkkhh| (tuma khAo / ) (tuma saba khAo / ) (so) bhakkhau / (te) bhakkhaMtu / (vaha khAye / ) (ve khAyeM / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa kucha prAkRta kriyApadoM ke AjJArthI vAkya 1) vaya - bolanA / ahaM saccaM vayAma / maiM saca bolU~ / 2) vasa - rahanA / amhe suheNa vasAmo / hama sukhapUrvaka rheN| 3) jiNa - jItanA / tuma lohaM jiNa/jiNasu/jiNAhi / tuma lobha ko jiito|
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________________ 4) Agaccha - AnA / tumhe ettha Agacchaha / tuma saba yahA~ aao| 5) gaccha - jAnA / nehA tattha gacchau / nehA vahA~ jaaeN| 6) bhakkha - khAnA / miliMdo araviMdo ya bhoyaNaM bhuMjaMtu / miliMda aura araviMda bhojana kareM / 7) bolla - bolanA / tumhe mahurAI vayaNAI bollaha / tuma saba madhura vacana bolo / 8) sikkha - sIkhanA / tumaM pAiyaM sikkha/sikkhasu/sikkhAhi / tuma prAkRta sIkho / 9) uvavisa - baiThanA / tuma heTA uvavisa/uvavisasa/uvavisAhi / tuma nIce baittho| 10) vaMda - vaMdana karanA / tumhe mahAvIraM vaMdaha / tuma saba mahAvIra ko vaMdana karo / 11) kuNa - karanA / tumaM kohaM mA kuNa/kuNasu/kuNahi / tuma krodha mata kro| fasztof (Potential Mood) icchA, sUcana, vidhi, nimaMtraNa, AmaMtraNa, prArthanA, AzA, saMbhAvanA, AzIrvAda, upadeza - Adi arthoM ko sUcita karane ke lie vidhyarthaka pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA hai / AjJArthaka aura vidhyarthaka donoM ke arthoM meM aura prayoga meM bahuta hI sAmya hai /
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________________ puruSa prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa vidhyartha ke pratyaya ekavacana ejjA, ejjAmi ejjA, ejjAsi, ejjAhi e, ejjA anekavacana ejjAma ejjAha ejjA puruSa vidhyartha dhAtu (kriyApada) : gaccha (jAnA) ekavacana anekavacana gacchejjA, gacchejjAmi gacchejjAma gacchejjA, gacchejjAsi, gacchejjAhi gacchejjAha gacche, gacchejjA gacchejjA prathama puruSa dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa puruSa prathama puruSa sarvanAmasahita vidhyartha ke kriyArUpa kriyApada : bhakkha (khAnA) ekavacana anekavacana (ahaM) bhakkhejjA, bhakkhejjAmi / (amhe) bhakkhejjAma / (maiM khAU~ / ) (hama khAyeM / ) (tuma) bhakkhejjA/bhakkhejjAsi/bhakkhejjAhi / (tumhe) bhakkhejjAha / (tuma khAoge / ) (tuma saba khAoge / ) (so) bhkkhe/bhkkhejjaa| (te) bhakkhejjA / (vaha khAye / ) (ve khAyeM / ) dvitIya puruSa tRtIya puruSa kucha prAkRta kriyApada (dhAtu) aura unake vidhyarthaka vAkya 1) ahaM sayaMnibbharaM hojjAmi/hojjA / maiM svayaMnirbhara hoU~ / 2) amhe dhammassa pahAvaNaM karejjAma / hama dharma kI prabhAvanA kareM / 3) vaTTa - rahanA / tumaM viNaeNa vaTTejA/vaTTejjAsi/vaTTejAhi / tuma ko vinaya se rahanA cAhie / 4) kara - karanA / tumhe ajjhayaNaM karejjAha / tuma sabako adhyayana karanA cAhie /
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________________ 5) vaMda - vaMdana karanA / sIso AyariyaM vaMde / ziSya AcArya ko vaMdana kareM / 6) uvavisa - baiThanA / gilANassa samIvaM uvavise / glAna ke samIpa (najadIka) baiTheM / Aya - AcaraNa karanA / suNhA viNayapuvvaM AyarejjA / bahuoM ko vinayapUrvaka AcaraNa karanA cAhie / 8) kIla - krIDA karanA, khelanA / chattA saMjhAsamae kIlejjA / vidyArthiyoM ko saMdhyAsamaya meM khelanA cAhie / 9) khama kSamA karanA / mama avarAhaM khamejjA / mere aparAdhoM kI kSamA karo / 10) vasa - rahanA / sIso gurusa sagAsa vasejjA / ziSya ko guru ke pAsa rahanA cAhie / 11) ArAha - ArAdhanA karanA / muNI suNANaM AhejjA / muni ko zrutajJAna kI ArAdhanA karanI cAhie | 12) uTTha - uThanA / sughariNI suppahAe uTThejjA / sugRhiNI ko suprabhAta meM uThanA cAhie / - jItanA / naro moNeNa kohaM jiNejjA / manuSya mauna se krodha jIteM / 13) jiNa
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________________ (ka) vyAkaraNapATha : abhyAsaviSayaka sUcanAe~ * parIkSA meM vyAkaraNapATha para AdhArita prazna, lagabhaga 10-12 guNoM ke hoMge / * nAmavibhakti para AdhArita prazna, akArAnta pulliMgI, AkArAnta strIliMgI aura akAra kArAnta pulligA, AkArAnta strAligA aura akArAnta napusakaliMgI zabdoM para AdhArita hoNge| * kriyApada para AdhArita prazna, vartamAnakAla, bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla, AjJArtha evaM vidhyartha para AdhArita hoNge| * isa vyAkaraNapATha ke aMtargata Aye hue prAkRta vAkyoM kA hiMdI anuvAda nahIM pUchA jAyegA / hiMdI vAkyoM ka prAkRta rUpAMtara bhI nahIM pUchA jAyegA / namUne ke taurapara do prakAra ke prazna diye haiM / prazna ke isa DhA~ce ko sAmane rakhakara vidyArthI taiyArI kreN| a) nimnalikhita zabdoM meM nihita mUla zabda, usakI vibhakti evaM vacana likhie / udA. 1) vIreNa - mUla zabda 'vIra', tRtIyA vibhakti, ekavacana 2) vIre - mUla zabda 'vIra', prathamA ekavacana, dvitIyA anekavacana, saptamI ekavacana 3) gaMgAe - mUla zabda 'gaMgA', tRtIyA, paMcamI, SaSThI, saptamI ekavacana 4) gaMge - mUla zabda 'gaMgA', saMbodhana ekavacana / 5) vaNAI - mUla zabda 'vaNa', prathamA, dvitIyA, saMbodhana anekavacana 6) vaNehiMto - mUla zabda 'vaNa', paMcamI anekavacana jiNo, vANaraM, bhajjAo, phalehiM, vaNNAo, balehito, devayAe, potthage, nAvAsuM, sIheNa, sAlaM, suvaNNa, samaNehiM, nehA, dANA, maMdirAI, seNANaM, logassa, guNeNa, pUrya, vIrANaM, sarIresu, puppha, Asammi, kannAhiMsAhAhiMto, rajjesu, majjAyAe, majjassa, hatthehiMto, Isara, paNNAI, mahurAo, sIleNa, gaMgA - ina zabdoM kA vivaraNa uparokta prakAra se likhie / (ba) nimnalikhita kriyApadasamUha se vartamAnakAla, bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla, AjJArtha aura vidhyartha ke kriyApada alaga-alaga kIjie / pucchAmi, kuNa, pAsitthA, karejjAma, muMcissai, jiNasu, gacchisu, udvejjA, jANAmo, varisihiMti, vaMde, haNai, tarissaha, hojjA, bhujaMtu, sikkhiMsu, karejjAha, kareMti, pekkhissaM, vaMdai, vasejjA, bollaha, uvavise, bhati, pAlihimi, rovisihiha, vasAmo, khamejjA, sAhei, gacchejjAmi, gacchAmo, vaTTejjAsi, AhAreha, ArAhejjA, khaNaha, jaMpissAmi, vaTTe jaahi| **********
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________________ 6. prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasampatti prastAvanA : hamAre bhArata deza meM prAcIna kAla se saMskRta aura prAkRta ye donoM bhASAe~ pracalita thI / saMskRta bhASA pramukhatA se jJAna kI bhASA evaM uccavarNiyoM ke vyavahAra kI bhASA hotI thI / saMskRta meM bhI bhASA ke do stara dikhAIdete haiM / Rgveda Adi vedoM meM prayukta saMskRta ko 'vaidika saMskRta' kahate hai / saMskRta ke sabhI abhijAta (lassical) mahAkAvya, nATaka Adi jisa saMskRta bhASA meM likhe haiM usa bhASA ko 'laukika saMskRta' kahate haiM / jisa samaya saMskRta bhASA pracalita thI, usI samaya Ama samAja meM pradeza evaM vyavasAyoM ke anusAra bolacAla kI bhASAe~ pracalita thI / bhArata eka vizAlakAya deza hone ke nAte ina bolacAla kI bhASAoM meM vividhatA thI / jha sabhI bhASAoM ke samUha ko milakara bhASAvidoM ne 'prAkRta' nAma diyA / isakA matalaba 'prAkRta' yaha saMjJA kisI eka bhASA kI nahIM hai / prakRti yAne svabhAva ko prAdhAnya denevAlI aneka bolIbhASAe~ prAkRta meM samAviSTa haiM 1 magadha yAne bihAra ke AsapAsa ke pradeza meM pracalita jo prAcIna bhASA thI usakA nAma thA 'mAgadhI' / bha. mahAvIra dvArA prayukta 'ardhamAgadhI' aura bha. buddha dvArA prayukta 'pAli' ye donoM bhASAe~ mAgadhI bhASA ke do upaprakAra haiM |jain saMgha meM jaba zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAya udbhUta hue taba zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne 'mahArASTrI' nAmaka bhASA kA Azraya lekara grantharacanA kI / unakI mahArASTrI, ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa 'jaina mahArASTrI' nAma se vikhyAta uI / digambara AcAryoM ne unake grantha lekhana ke lie 'zaurasenI' nAmaka bhASA kA prayoga kiyA / sAmAnya zaurasenI se thoDI alaga hone ke kAraNa abhyAsakoM ne isa bhASA kA nAmakaraNa 'jaina zaurasenI' kiyA / lagabhaga dasavIM sadI ke AsapAsa sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM meM eka badalAva AyA / usa bhASA samUha ko 'apabhraMza' bhASA kahA jAne lagA / lagabhaga paMdrahavIM sadI ke AsapAsa hamArI Adhunika prAkRta bolIbhASAe~ pracAra meM Ane lagI / apabhraMza bhASAoM se hI inakI nirmiti huii| Aja bhI hama hiMdI, marAThI, mAravADI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, bAMgalA Adi bhASAe~ bolate haiM, ve Adhunika prAkRta bhASAe~ hI haiM / I uparokta sabhI yAne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ 'Arya bhAratIya' bhASAe~ haiM / isake alAvA bhArata ke dakSiNI bhAga meM bolI jAnevAlI kAnaDI, telagU, tamILa aura malyALama ye cAra mukhya bhASAe~ evaM nakI upabhASAe~ 'drAviDI' nAma se jAnI jAtI haiM / bhArata ke kaI durgama pradezoM meM jo AdivAsI bhASAe~ bolI jamihaiM unakI zabdasampatti (vocabulary) tathA vyAkaraNa (grammar) Arya evaM drAviDI bhASAoM se alaga prakAra kA hai / bhArata varSa kI samagra bhASAoM kA sthUla svarUpa isa prakAra vividhatApUrNa hai / prAkRta ke zabdasampatti kA vargIkaraNa : prAkRta bhASA kI zabdasampatti kA vargIkaraNa 'tatsama zabda', 'tadbhava zabda' aura 'dezya zabda' isa prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai / tat (tad) - isa zabda kA artha hai - saMskRta ke samAna / jo zabda pUrNataH saMskRta ke samAna haiM unheM 'tatsama' kahate haiM / jo zabda saMskRta zabda se kucha aMza meM samAna haiM aura kucha aMza meM samAna nahIM haiM unheM 'tadbhava' kahate haiM / 'dezI' yA 'dezya' zabda ve hote haiM jinakA saMbaMdha saMskRta zabdoM se bilakula hI nahIM hotA / ve zabda bolacAlphre nitya vyavahAra meM pracalita hote haiM lekina saMskRta ke sAtha kisI bhI prakAra mela nahIM khaate| sabhI prakAra kI prAkRta bhASAoM meM tatsama tadbhava aura dezya ye tInoM prakAra ke zabda pAye jAte haiM /
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________________ 1) tatsama zabda : saMskRta - prAkRta samAna ( tatsama zabda ) ahaM aMjali Agama icchA uttama oMkAra kiMkara gaNa ghaMTA citta chala jala timira dhavala nIra parimala bahu bhAra maraNa rasa lava vAri suMdara hari gacchaMti namaMti haraMti 2) tadbhava zabda : prAkRta tadbhava zabda agga Ariya iTTha IsA uggama kasiNa saMskRta zabda agra Arya iSTa IrSA udgama kRSNa hiMdI artha maiM mUla grantha, zAstra icchA uttama oMkAra nokara samUha ghaMTA citta kapaTa pAnI aMdhakAra zubhra pAnI sugaMdha bahuta bojha mRtyu rasa aMza pAnI suMdara viSNu, siMha jAte haiM / namana karate haiM / haraNa karate haiM / hiMdI artha prathama, mukhya AdaraNIya, kulIna priya matsara utpatti kAlA
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________________ prAkRta tadbhava zabda khajjUra saMskRta zabda khajUra gaja gaya hiMdI artha khajUra hAthI pasInA cAka, pahiyA gussA ghamma cakka choha cakra kSobha jakkha yakSa yakSa jhANa dhyAna dhyAna DaMsa daMza daza nAtha NAha tiyasa diTTha nAtha tridaza dRSTa dhammi pacchA dhArmika pazcAt dekhA huA dhArmika pIche sparza phaMsa sparza bora bera bhAriyA meha patnI megha, bAdala araNya raNa lesa badara bhAryA megha araNya leza zeSa hRdaya bhavati pibati aMza sesa hiyaya havai piyai/pivai pucchai hohii bAkI hRdaya hotA hai| pItA hai| pUchatA hai| hogaa| pRcchati bhaviSyati 3) dezI yA dezya zabda : prAkRta dezI zabda irAva hiMdI artha hAthI udura Usaa kaMdoTTa koDDa khiDakkiyA gosa ghaDha caMga cUhA (marAThI - uMdIra) upadhAna, takiyA kamala kutUhala (marAThI - koDa-kautuka) khiDakI, jharokhA subaha gaDha, stUpa acchA (marAThI - cAMgalA)
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________________ prAkRta dezI zabda cikhalla cukka coppaDa chiva choyara jacca jhaDappa Dagala DAla tuppa hiMdI artha kIcaDa (marAThI - cikhala) cUkanA cupaDanA, malanA (marAThI - copaDaNe) chUnA (marAThI - zivaNe) chokarA puruSa zIghra (marAThI - jhaDapa) DhelA (marAThI - DhekULa) zAkhA, DAlI ghI (marAThI - tUpa) dAdara, sIDhI dADhI dekhanA ni:sAra (marAThI - pocaTa) peTa (marAThI - poTa) baila bApa, pitA guDDA (marAThI - bAhulA) putra, beTA roTI ghUsa (marAThI - lAca) daddara dADhiyA dekkha poccaDa poTTa bailla bappa bAulla biTTa roTTa laMcA svAdhyAya isa pATha meM tatsama, tadbhava aura dezI, ye zabda pracura mAtrA meM diye haiM / ve saba dhyAnapUrvaka arthasahita paDhie / 1) parIkSA meM inhIM meM se lagabhaga dasa-bAraha zabdoM kA eka saMgraha diyA jAyegA / vidyArthI se apekSita hai ki vaha usa zabdasaMgraha kA tatsama, tadbhava aura dezI zabdoM meM vargIkaraNa kareM / athavA 2) tatsama, tadabhava aura dezya zabdoM ke pratyekI pA~ca-pA~ca udAharaNa likhie' / - isa prakAra kA prazna bhI A sakatA hai / (guNa lagabhaga 4) **********
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________________ 7. prAkRta meM svaraparivartana (sAmAnya niyama) prAkRta bhASAe~ prAcIna kAla se bolIbhASAe~ thii| sabase prAcIna prAcIna prAkRta bhASA 'ardhamAgadhI' mAnI jAtI hai| usake bAda zaurasenI' evaM 'mahArASTrI' bhASA ke grantha prApta hote haiN| bolacAla kI bhASAe~ jaba granthekhana kI bhASAe~ banIM, taba uccAraNa tathA vyAkaraNa ke niyama banane lage / ina niyamoM kA AdhAra pramANita saMskRta bhASA thii| vararuci' tathA 'hemacandra' ne prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa likhA / usake AdhArapara, isa pATha meM svara-parivartana ke niyama diye haiM * prAkRta meM sAmAnyata: nimnalikhita svara (vowels) pAye jAte haiM / - a, A, i, I, u, U, e, o| * saMskRta meM pAye jAnevAle nimnalikhita svara prAkRta meM nahIM haiN| - R , la , ai, au , aH / * prAkRta meM nahIM pAye jAnevAle uparokta svaroM kA prAkRta meM sulabhIkaraNa (implification) hotA haiM / isa pATha meM prAkRta meM sAmAnyata: pAye jAnevAle svara-parivartana diye haiM / 1) 'ai' svara ke sthAna meM 'e' tathA 'aI' kA upayoga pAyA jAtA hai| kailAsa - kelAsa, kailAsa kaikayI - kegaI daiva - devva, daiva maitrI - mettI (mittI) daivata - devaya vaizAlI - vesAlI vaikuMTha - veguMTha, vaikuMTha vairi - veri, vairi vaidya - vejja vaizya - vaissa sainya - senna, sainna zaila - sela 2) 'au' svara ke sthAna meM 'o' tathA 'au' kA upayoga pAyA jAtA hai| auSadha - osaha kautuka - kouya kaumudI - komuI kaurava - kaurava gaurI - gorI, gaurI gaurava - gaurava gautama - goyama paura - pora, paura yauvana - jovvaNa pauruSa - paurisa 3) prAkRta meM 'visarga' ke sthAna para 'o' pAyA jAtA hai| rAma: - rAmo devaH - devo mahAvIra: - mahAvIro gaNeza: - gaNeso vANara: - vANaro sUryaH - sUrio 4) 'R' svara ke sthAna meM prAkRta bhASA meM bahuta parivartana pAye jAte haiM / 'R' kA rUpAMtara prAkRta meM 'a', 'i', 'u' tathA 'ri' meM hotA hai / pratyeka ke udAharaNa nimnalikhita prakAra se pAye jAte haiM / I) R = a kRta - kaya ghRta - ghaya
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________________ tRSNA - taNhA mRdu - mau mRtyu - maccu tRNa - taNa mRta - maya II) R = i RSi - isi kRpA - kivA kRza - kisa gRha - giha nRpa - niva zRgAla - siyAla kRmi - kimi kRpaNa - kiviNa dRDha - diDha mRga - miga zRMgAra - siMgAra hRdaya - hiyaya III) R = u Rtu - uu pitR - piu pRthvI - puDhavI vRddha - vuDDa jAmAtR - jAmAu mRSA - musA bhrAtR - bhAu mAtR - mAu IV) R = ri RSabha - risaha (usaha) RSi - risi RNa - riNa Rddhi - riddhi svAdhyAya 1) nimnalikhita svara-parivartanoM ke do-do udAharaNa likhie / svara-parivartana udAharaNa 1) 'ai' kI jagaha 'e' 2) 'ai' kI jagaha 'ai' --- 3) au' kI jagaha 'o' --- 4) au' kI jagaha 'au' --- 5) visarga kI jagaha 'o' --- 6) 'R' kI jagaha 'a' --- 7) 'R' kI jagaha 'i' --- 8) 'R' kI jagaha 'u' --- 9) 'R' kI jagaha 'ri' 2) isa pATha meM aMtarbhUta saMskRta zabdoM ke prAkRta rUpa likhie / udA. sainya - senna ; paura - pora, paura ; ghRta - ghaya ; RSabha - risaha i.
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________________ 8. prAkRta-gadya-pATha (a) paDhamo pADho avi tuma jANasi ? (kyA tuma jAnate ho ?) 1. kassa jaMtuNo muhe jIhA na hoi ? (kisa prANI ke mukha meM jIbha nahIM hotI ?) magarassa muhe jIhA na hoi / (magaramaccha ke mukha meM jIbha nahIM hotI / ) 2. ko nettehiM suNai ? (kauna A~khoM se sunatA hai ?) bhuyaMgamo nettehiM suNai / (nAga A~khoM se sunatA hai / ) 3. ko vihaMgo dUrAo vi suThTha pAsai / (kaunasA pakSI dUra se bhI acchI taraha se dekhatA hai ?) giddho dUrAo vi suThTha pAsai / (gIdha dUra se bhI acchI taraha se dekhatA hai / ) 4. kA appaNo avaccaM bhakkhai ? (kauna khuda ke apatya ko khAtI hai ?) majjArI appaNo avaccaM bhakkhai / (billI khuda ke apatya ko khAtI hai|) 5. ko pakkhI sappamavi bhuMjiUNa jIvai ? (kaunasA pakSI sA~pa ko khAkara bhI jIvita rahatA hai ?) moro sappamavi bhuMjiUNa jIvai / (mora sA~pa ko khAkara bhI jIvita rahatA hai / ) 6. ko jaMtU puphphANaM sAraM ghettUNa parassa dei ? (kaunasA kITaka phUloM kA rasa (sAra) lekara dUsaroM ko sA hai ?) mahu-makkhiyA puphphANaM sAraM ghettUNa parassa dei / (makSumakSikA phUloM kA rasa lekara dUsaroM ko detI hai / ) 7. ko pakkhI parapuTTho' tti pasiddho ? (kaunasA pakSI 'parapuSTa' (dUsaroM ke dvArA poSita) nAma se prasiddha hai ?) koilo 'parapuTTho' tti pasiddho / (koyala 'parapuSTa' nAma se prasiddha hai|) 8. ko khago diNe na pAsai ? (kaunasA pakSI dina meM nahIM dekha sakatA ?) ulUo diNe na pAsai / (ullU dina meM nahIM dekha sakatA / ) 9. ko naro aMdho ? (kaunasA vyakti aMdhA hotA hai ?) jo naro iyarANaM guNe na pAsai so aMdho / (jo vyakti itaroM ke guNa nahIM dekhatA, vaha aMdhA hai|) 10. kammi visae amhe bahirA homo ? (kaunase viSaya meM hameM badhira honA cAhie ?) amhANaM pasaMsA-visae amhe bahirA homo / (hamArI prazaMsA ke bAre meM hameM badhira honA cAhie / ) TIpa : parIkSA meM isa pATha ke eka-do prazna prAkRta meM pUche jAyeMge / unake javAba vidyArthI prAkRta meM likheM
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________________ svAdhyAya 1. isa pATha ke sabhI kriyApadoM kA saMgraha kIjie / sabhI kriyApada vartamAnakALa-tRtIya-puruSa-ekavacana meM haiN| 2. hindI-saMskRta nAmasAmya ke AdhAra se prAkRta zabdoM kI joDiyA~ lagAe~ / 'a' gaTa 'A' gaTa 1) kuttA (zvAna) a) sIha 2) bhAlU (bhallUka) A) garula 3) bAgha (vyAghra) i) bhallU 4) siMha (siMha) I) kavoya 5) garuDa (garuDa) u) sANa 6) kabUtara (kapota) U) vaggha 7) siyAla (zRgAla) e) maUra 8) kauA (kAka) ai) makkaDa 9) baMdara (markaTa) o) siyAra 10) mora (mayUra) au) kAga **********
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________________ (ba) bIo pADho mUDhA kisIvala - kannA (mUrkha kRSIvala - kanyA) * visAlAe nayarIe kA vi kisIvala-kannA parivasai / sA aIva rUvavaI, kiMtu mUDhA / ahaM savvaseTuM paI lahAmi ii tIe saMkappo / aha annayA visAlAhivo gayaM ArohiUNa bhamaNatthaM gao AsI / taM pAsiUNa sA kumArI 'ayaM me paI hoUM joggo' tti ciMtiUNa taM aNugayA / tao so naravaI kaM pi joIsaraMdaThUNa gayAo oyarittA taM namitthA vaMditthA ya / sA kumArI taM joIsaraM pAsittA 'ayaM nivAo seTTho' tti nAUNa taM aNusariyA / aha so joIsaro kaM ci devaulaM paviTo / tattha devaM sirasA namiUNa gao / eyaM AloeUNa esa devo muNIo uttamo tticiMtettANa sA tattheva ThiyA / aNaMtara ko vi sANo niyasAmiNA saha taM devaulaM Agao / turiyaM devapIDhassa uvariM Arohio / eyaMpAsittA sA mUDhA 'kiM sANo deveNa samANo' tti ciMtei / etthaMtarammi so sANo devaulAo niggao, niya-sAmissa samIvagaMtUNa pAesu paDio / aMte ya tIe kumArIe kisIvala-juvANo savvaseTTho' tti naccA teNa saha vivAho kao / prastAvanA : yaha pATha pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM kA upayoga samajhAne ke lie diyA hai| parIkSA meM pATha ke vAkya tathA bhASAMtara nahIM pUchA jaayegaa| mUrkha kRSIvala-kanyA (hindI anuvAda) 'vizAlA' nAmaka nagarI meM koI eka kisAna kI kanyA rahatI thI / vaha atizaya rUpavatI thI lekina mUrkha thI / 'maiM sarvazreSTha pati prApta karU~gI', aisA usane saMkalpa kiyA thA / eka bAra vizAlA nagarI kA rAjA hAthIpara ArUDha hokara, bhramaNa karane ke lie gayA thA / usako dekhakara usa kumArI ne, 'yahI merA pati hone ke lie yogya hai aisA vicAra karake, usake pIche pIche gaI / usake bAda usa narapati (rAjA) ne kisI yogIzvara ko dekhakara, hAthIpara se varakara, unako namana aura vaMdana kiyA / kumArI ne usa yogIzvara ko dekhakara, 'yaha yogI, rAjA (nRpa) se zreSTha hai', aisA makara, usakA anusaraNa kiyA / vaha yogIzvara kisI maMdira meM praviSTa huA / vahA~ (arthAt maMdira meM) bhagavAna ko matthA Tekkara namana karake gayA / yaha dekhakara, 'yaha deva muni se uttama hai', aisA vicAra karake, vaha (kumArI) vahIM (usI maMdira meM) ThaharI / anaMtara koI eka zvAna (kuttA) apane svAmI ke sAtha usI maMdira meM AyA / turaMta deva ke uccAsana para ArUDha huA / yaha (dRzya) dekhakara, vaha mUrkha laDakI 'kyA kuttA deva ke samAna hai ?', aisA vicAra karane lgii| itane meM vaha kuttA maMdira se nikalA, apane svAmI ke najadIka jAkara, pairoM para girA (paDA) / aMtimata: (aMta meM) usa kumArI ne kisAna yuvaka hI sarvazreSTha hai', aisA jAnakara, usake sAtha vivAha kiyaa| ********** svAdhyAya 1) prAkRta pATha meM Aye hue pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM kA saMgraha kIjie / unakA artha bhI likhie / 2) rUpa pahacAnie' isa prazna meM parIkSA meM pU.kA.dhA.a. ke rUpa bhI pUche jAe~ge / ve isa prakAra likhane hoMge - pAsiUNa - dhAtu 'pAsa' - pU.kA.dhA.a.
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________________ vyAkaraNa vivecana : isa kathA meM pUrvakAlavAcaka dhAtusAdhita avyayoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| ArohiUNa, pAsiUNa, ciMtiUNa, daLUNa, nAUNa, namiUNa, AloeUNa, oyarittA, pAsittA, gaMtUNa, naccA, ciMtettANa - ye saba rUpa pUrvakAlaknaka dhAtusAdhita avyaya haiN| _ 'pUrvakAlavAcaka' kA matalaba hai - do ghaTanAoM meM se jo ghaTanA pahale huI hai, usakA sUcana karanevAlA zabda / 'dhAtusAdhita' kA matalaba hai - kriyApada (verb) se banA haa| avyaya' kA matalaba hai - jisa zabda rUpa meM kisI bhI taraha se badala nahIM hotA / avyaya vAkya meM jaise ke taise upayoga meM lAye jAte haiN| unake kAla, vibhakti, phuSa, vacana nahIM hote| marAThI meM 'karUna, khAUna, pAhUna, jAUna' Adi jo rUpa dikhAyI dete haiM ve pUrNata: prAkRta ke prabhAva se Aye haiM / pU.kA.dhA.a. do prakAra se banate haiM / 1) niyamita, 2) aniyamita 1) niyamita pU.kA.dhA.a. rUpa : I) akArAnta dhAtuoM (verb) ko 'iUNa' aura itara dhAtuoM ko 'UNa' pratyaya lagAkara ye rUpa banate haiM / II) sabhI dhAtuoM ko (kriyApadoM ko) 'ittA, ettA, ittANaM, ettANaM, ittu aura ettu' ye pratyaya lagate haiM / isake kucha udAharaNa - pAsa (dekhanA) - pAsiUNa, pAsittA, pAsettA, pAsittANaM, pAsettANaM, pAsittu, pAsettu kara (karanA) - kariUNa, karittA, karettA, karittANaM, karettANaM, karittu, karettu gA (gAnA) - gAUNa, gAittA, gAettA, gAittANaM, gAettANaM, gAittu, gAettu ne (lenA) - neUNa, neittA, neettA, neittANaM, neettANaM, neittu, neettu / ho (honA) - hoUNa, hoittA, hoettA, hoittANaM, hoettANaM, hoittu, hoettu 2) aniyamita pU.kA.dhA.a. rUpa : ye rUpa saMskRta zabdoM ke sAkSAt (direct) prAkRtIkaraNa se banate haiM / aniyamita hone se bhI inheM dhyAna meM rakhanA paDatA hai kyoMki prAkRta Agama tathA kathAoM meM ye bAra bAra pAye jAte haiM / isake kucha udAharaNa - kiccA (kRtvA) - karake soccA (zrutvA) - sunakara pecchiya (prekSya) - dekhakara naccA (jJAtvA) - jAnakara gahAya (gRhItvA) - grahaNa karake paNamma (praNamya) - praNAma karake **********