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Vol. XVIII, No. 3
others. R. O. Franke discussed Pali grammar and lexicography in Geschichte und Kritik der einheimischeu Pali Grammatik und Lexikographie (History and criticism of indigenous Pāli grammar and lexicography), Strassburg, 1902. Scholars taking an interest in Middle Indic languages today are H. Bechert and G. Roth (Goettingen), H. Berger (Heidelberg), U. Schneider and A. Mette (Muenster), V. Hinueber (Freiburg), W. Morgenroth, (Berlin), W. Bollee, (Heidelberg).
Modern Languages
97
The
Whereas scholars in former times mainly concentrated on Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit, interest in modern Indian languages has increased in recent days. G. Budruss (Mainz) and M. Thiel-Horstmann (Bonn) specialised in modern Indo-Aryan languages, the former especially of the Hindukush area and in Hindi literature. P. Gaeffke (Philadelphia) and L. Lutze (Heidelberg), both study Hindi and Bengali. S. Lienhard (Stockholm) addressed some questions of Hindi grammar. B. Koelver (Kiel) works on Nevārī language and G. D. Sontheimer (Heidelberg) on Marathi. A Schimmel of Harvard University translated Iqbal' Javidnare into German verse. missionary E. Trumpp wrote a grammar of the Sindhi language. Other missionaries contributed to the study of Dravidian languages. B. Ziegenbalg, F, Kittel and H. Gundert published Tamil, Kannaḍa and Malayalam dictionaries respectively. H. Beythan wrote a Tamil grammar. H. W. Schomerus translated many Tamil texts into German. A. Lehmann, Halle, and A. Frenz, Stuttgart, both studied Tamil literature. B. Koelver (Kiel) edited Tulgu texts with Glossary, Wiesbaden 1969. H. J. Pinnow (Berlin) and D. Kapp (Heidelberg) specialised in Munda languages. H. Berger (Heidelberg) studies Burushaski.
Epic Studies
M. Winternitz, H. Jacobi and H. Lueders were instrumental in initiating work on the critical edition of the Mahābhārata. They contributed to epic studies in a number of publications. In H. Oldenberg's view, termed the Akhyāna theory, the epic originated from metric dialogues, examples of which were found in the Brāhmaṇas. Prose parts were added later. This theory was discussed by L. Alsdorf in a paper "The Akhyāna theory reconsidered" in "Journal of the Oriental Institute, Baroda," 1964. A. Holtzmann Sr. and his nephew, A. Holtzmann Jr. attempted to reconstruct the original text of the Mahabharata, often in a subjective manner. In J. Dahlmann's opinion the Mahabharata was the work of one author.
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