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RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE JAINAS
2nd stage, seeing that the animal karmas can be generated, the tiryañca-gati, etc.)
Four Points of View and Three States of Karma
It may be useful here to mention four points of view with regard to karma, namely:
Bandha It means the process of actually becoming identified with or tied to the karma.
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Udaya: It means literally 'rising up or 'coming up', that is to say, the actual showing of the activity of the karma and experiencing the actual result of the karma.
Udīraṇā It is the process of bringing the karma into operation earlier than it would naturally come into operation.
Satta It is the state of the karma between the time when it is bound to the soul or absorbed by the soul and when it manifests. It is the dormant karma that is in us.
And it may also be useful here to mention three states with regard to the karma so far as the working of it out is concerned, namely:
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Upasama: This word is a noun, and means control. The state of upasama karma, therefore, would be the state of the karma, when it is pressed down or controlled: controlled by the will just when it is felt to be rising.
Kṣaya This word literally means destruction. So that kṣaya karma would be the total working out of the karma; karma when it is entirely removed.
Kṣayopaśama: Part of the karma is controlled and part worked out.
THIRD STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT (Misra-Drsti-Guṇasthāna)
Introductory
It is of only a few moments duration. In the first stage or mithyātva guṇasthana, the state of mind is such that there is a positive dislike and repulsion of the truth; in the 2nd stage or
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