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196 RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE JAINAS
5. Kūța-sākşya means giving false evidence, either in or out of court.
These five kinds are sthūla or gross forms of falsehood, as distinguished from subtle falsehoods. Four Classes of Falsehoods
1. The denial of a fact. To deny that a thing exists. 2. The affirmation of that which does not exist. 3. The thing may be one thing and you call it another. You
may call a cow a horse. 4. A statement that is injurious to others; either to the person
to whom it is made, for instance, “Well, Mr. Blindman, how do you do," or to other persons, for instance, “Go and steal.” To make a statement — even a true one — which is injurious is false or wrong when made without proper right cause. Also under this kind of falsehood can be
classed false names “You silly goose”. Causes
Lies and falsehoods are spoken by reason of certain states of mind; certain states of mind are forces which impel to the speaking of falsehoods. These states are :
1. Anger : When angry, you make false statements; they may be true, but injurious; and you may even tell intentional lies, when angry.
2 Pride 2. Deceitfulness 4. Greed 5. False attachment 6. False aversion - hatred 7. Laughing and joking.
8. Fear: All nations that are under the control of other nations tell lies through fear. Any form of slavery induces lies.
9. False politeness 10. Sorrows : We ignorantly blame others, when we are in sorrow.
These causes may impel to the telling of such lies as are not possible to be avoided by the layman; it is only gross falsehoods that he undertakes to avoid.
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