________________
STATE AND ADMINISTRATION
335
confident with regard to the duties of the castes and stages of life. And he also knows the whole system of right and wrong. By studying the Varta properly he can make happy all his subjects and can achieve all the desired objects. By studying the Dandaniti he can control his subjects and can make flourishing all the three efforts (Trivarga).1
Somadeva defines the term Anviksiki in the same way as Kautilya: the Anviksiki consists of Sāņkhya, Yoga and Lokäyata, but he adds that the Bauddha and the Jain systems are opposed to the Veda. Explaining the statement of the author, the commentary says: The Bauddha and Jain śāstras are not included in the Anviksiki, because they are opposed to the Veda. The Lokāyata also is opposed to the Veda, yet it has been included, because it is wanted for the care of the body etc. The necessity of the study of the Lokayata for the king is explained by Somadeva in the following words. "The vast means for carrying on the business of this world is the Lokayata. For a king who has studied the doctrines of the Lokäyata strives to root out the thorns (the dangerous elements) of the kingdom. Even the actions of those who are nothing but ascetics, are not irreproachable. He who is given to mercifulness is not capable of preserving even goods that he holds in his hand. Who will not despise one who is only intent on peace of mind? Shame upon the man who cannot show wrath or favour according to his own will and power. He is dead even when he lives, who is not brave against his enemies. 4
Somadeva has given a detailed description of the Trayi and Vārtā but most of the points are quite in agreement with those dealt by his two predecessors, viz., Kautilya and Kāmandaka. Regarding the Dandaniti (science of Government) he says that the end of it should be to protect the subject and not merely to draw money. In respect of Dandaniti he says that the punishment by a king ought to be like the ministration of medicine by a physician. He is a bad king and a bad physician who eagerly look out for disorders with a view to selfish gratification.5
These four sciences, besides their intrinsic value, serve to discipline 1 Ibid., p. 60, lines 56-59. 2 Ibid., p. 60: Hej DANN Frazetati dateat: xà: usate cara ara ilahi
3 Ibid., p. 76: EFETTIGT947 Pa I TOT gana TI 1731.FEF.T. नुच्छेत्तुं यतते। न खल्वे कान्ततो यतीनामनवद्यास्ति क्रिया। एकान्तेन करतलगतमपि अर्थ र.क्ष न क्षमः। प्रशमै फचित्तं को नाम न परिभवति। अपराधकारिषु शमो यतीनां भूप न नृपाणाम् etc. 4 Ibid., p. 77:
Ja a
t asi 5 Ibid., p. 103: TATOTT TOE: w.tagal a Tarta: Vittनाय प्रजासु दोषमन्वेषयति।
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
