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STATE AND ADMINISTRATION
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men and money and get first-hand information from his own spies about the condition of the defence and forts of the country. He was to send his reports to the home country. Thus, we learn from the Prabandha-cintāma zi that Damara, the ambassador of Bhima I Caulukya was at the court of Bhoja Paramāra, who did his best to serve his home country, Gujarāta.1
A regular system of espionage was another feature of warfare. The spies were the eyes of the king to watch over his own circle and the circles other than his own.2 Ungreediness, smartness, truthfulness and thoughtfulness were the qualities of spies.3
These spies disguised themselves as ascetics, scholars, sorcerers, jugglers, foresters, snake-charmers, singers, dancers, tradesmen, artisans, astrologers, mathematicians, physicians, soldiers and so forth, roamed about in the country and gathered public opinion from every nook and corner. They were paid regularly. In their turn they showed their promptness in the discharge of their duties. The spies were also helpful to the king in the administration of justice.
War Officers: The infantry was under the immediate charge of pattyadhyaksa. The cavalry was considered, par excellence, the mobile force. It was under aśvapati who had masters of stables under him, known as sahaniya in Rajasthan. The Sevādi Jain inscription of V.E. 1167 mentions mahāsahaniya Puavi.6 Elephants duly trained were particularly useful in siege, assault and bridging. The elephant corps was under a gajapati.?
The army commander or general was known variously as mahādandadhipati, senapati, dandanātha, dadanāyaka or dandādhipati. We have elsewhere narrated the qualifications of a true general. Thus, we learn from the Citorgadha inscription composed by Jain Rāmkirti that Sajjan was dandanatha of Kumārapāla. The Dhāņerāva Jain inscription dated V.E. 1213, mentions Vaijjaladeva as dandanayaka." These generals, sometimes, were made incharge of the newly conquered provinces and, sometimes, they held the portfolio of the Prime Minister, as Sobhanadeva was appointed to rule over
1 See supra, p. IOI. 2 Nitivā., p. 172: FAR AUTO Afanasan kefa framaiah ! 3 Ibid., p. 172, sutra 2. 4 Ibid., sutra 8. 6 Ibid., sutra 3. 6 EI., XI, p. 29. ? PC. (SJGM)., p. 61. 8 HIG., Part II, No. 146. • Jain Lekha-sangraha, I, p. 218, No. 860.
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