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338
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[NOVEMBER, 1877.
The riter Prinas and the Cainas (which flows into the Ganges) are both navigable. The tribes called Calingæ are nearest the sea, and higher up are the Mand ei, and the Malli in whose country is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that district being the Ganges.
(22.) This river, according to some, rises from uncertain sources, like the Nile, and inundates similarly the countries lying along its course; others say that it rises on the Skythian mountains, and has nineteen tributaries, of which, besides those already mentioned, the Condochates, Erannoboas, Cosoagus, and Sonus are navigable. Others again assert that it issues forth at once with loud roar from its fountain, and after tumbling down a steep and rocky channel is received immediately on reaching the level plains into a lake, whence it flows out with a gentle current, being at the narrowest eight miles, and on the average a hundred stadia, in breadth, and never of less depth than twenty paces (one hundred feet) in the final part of its course, which is through the country of the Gangarides. The royalt city of the Calingæ is called Par. thalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 10001 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in procinct of war."
For among the more civilized Indian communities life is spent in a great variety of separate occupations. Some till the soil, some are soldiers, some traders ; the noblest and richest take part in the direction of state affairs, administer jnstice, and sit in council with the kings. A fifth class devotes itself to the philosophy prevalent in the country, which almost assumes the form of a religion, and the members always put an end to their life by a voluntary death on a burning funeral pile. In addition to these classes there is one half-wild, which is constantly engaged in a task of immense labour, beyond the power of words to describe--that of hunting and taming elephants. They employ these animals in ploughing and for riding on, and regard them as forming the main part of their stock in cattle. They employ them in war and in fighting for their country. In choosing them for war, regard is had to their age, strength, and size.
There is a very large island in the Ganges which is inhabited by a single tribe called Modogalinga.| Beyond are situated the Mod ubæ, Molinda, the Uberæ with a handsome town of the same name, the Galmodro ësi, Preti, Calissa, Sasuri, Passalæ, Colubæ, Orxulæ, Abali, Talucta.* The king of
The Gangaride or Gangarides occupied the region cor. responding roughly with that now called Lower Bengal, and consisted of various indigenous tribes, which in the course of time became more or less Aryanized. As no word is found in Sanskrit to which their name corresponds, it has been supposed of Greek invention (Lassen, Ind. Alt. vol. II. p. 201), but erroneously, for it must have been current at the period of the Makedonian invasion since Alexander, in reply to inquiries regarding the south country. WAS informed that the region of the Ganges was inhabited by two principal nations, the Prasii and the Gangaridse. M. de St. Martin thinks that their name has been preserved almost identically in that of the Gongbris of South Baber, whose traditions refer their origin to Tirhût : and he would identify their royal city Parthalis (or Portalis) with Varddhana (contraction of Varddbarna), now Bardwen. Others, however, place it, as bas been elsewhere stated. on the Mahanadi. In Ptolemy their capital is Gange, which must have been situated near where Caleatta now standa. The Gangarides are mentioned by Virgil, Georg. III. 27:
In foribus pugnam ex auro solidoque elephanto Gangaridum faciam, victorisque arma Quirini. "High o'er the gate in elephant and gold The crowd shall Cesar's Indian war behold."
(Dryden's translation.) § Pamas. The Prinas is probably the Times or Tongs, which in the Puranas is called the. PamAsh. The Cainas, potwithstanding the objections of Sobwanbeck, must be identified with the Cane, which is a tributary of the Jamna.
For the identification of these and other affluents of the Ganges see Notes on Arrian, c. IV., Ind. Ant. vol. V. p. 331.
For an Account of the different theories regarding the Bource of the Ganges see Smith's Dict. of Class. Geog.
• Condochatem, Erannoboam.-4. I. Canucham (Vmam), Erranoboan.
tregia.--v. 1. regio. The common reading, however "Gangaridum Calingsrum. Regis, &c., makes the Gan.
garides a branch of the Kalinga. This is probably the correct reading, for, as General Cunningham states (Anc. Geow. of Ind. pp. 518-519), certain inscriptions speak of Tri-K&linga,' or the Three Kalingas. "The name of Tri-Kalinga," he adds, "is probably old, as Pliny mentions the Macco-Caling and the Gangarides-Caling as separate peoples from the Calinge, while the Mahabharata names the Kalingas three separate times, and each time in conjunction with different peoples." (H. H. Wilson in Vishme Purdna, 1st ed. pp.19, 187 note, and 188.) As Tri-Kalings thus corresponds with the great province of Telingana, it seems probable that the name of Telingkas may be only a slightly contracted form of Tri-Kalingkna, or the Three kalingas. Lrarthalis. v. ll. Protalie, Portalis. Vide ante p. 130, note.-ED.
I LX. mill. -v. 1. LXX. mill.
5 Lucian, in his satirical piece on the death of Peregrinos (cap. 25), refers to this practice "But what is the motive which prompta this man (Peregrinos) to fling himself into the flames ? God knows it is simply that he may show off how be can endure pain as do the Brachmans, to whom it pleased Theagence to liken him, just as if India had not her own crop of fools and vain-glorious persons. But let bim by all means imitate the Brachmans, for, as Onesikritos informs us, who was the pilot of Alexander's fleet end saw Kalanos burned, they do not immolate themselves by leaping into the flames, but when the pyre is made they stand close beside it perfectly motionless, and suffer themselves to be gently broiled; then decorously ascending the pile they are burned to death, and never swerve, even ever so little, from their recumbent position." Lvv. Il. modo Galingam, Modogaljcsm.
Calissce.-. L. Aclisse. • These tribes were chiefly located in the regions between the left bank of the Ganges and the Himalayas. Of the Galmodroësi, Preti, Calissse, Sasuri, and Orrelse nothing is known, nor cap their names be identified with any to be found in Sanskrit literature. The Modube represent beyond doubt the Montiba, & people mentioned in the
