Elusive Consciousness

Author(s): Narendra Bhandari, Surendrasingh Pokharana, Jitendra B Shah
Publisher: L D Indology Ahmedabad

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commercialization have revolutionized the whole world in such a way that everything appears to have changed in last century. Developments in the field of space technology, atomic energy, electronics, biotechnology, modern agriculture, telecommunication, and manufacturing industries are some of the examples of these changes. These changes also have played a key role in making this world truly global. However, they have also resulted in an increase in population, depletion of natural resources, damage to the environment, increase in terrorism, threats of nuclear wars and so on. However, all these consequences have resulted in a large scale increase in entropy in the world at different levels in different fields (Pokharna 2012). In addition, because of these changes and domination of science and technology in all walks of life, an impression has been created that scientific knowledge is the supreme and anything other, which does not fall into this domain is not very relevant. But the modern science and technology are just two hundred years old and there was a concept of knowledge and technology even before the modern science dominated era came into the existence.
Actually one finds that scientific methods developed to study the physical systems are not adequate when biological and human systems are also included (John Gigch, 1978, Bertalanffy, 1976), because all living systems are essentially irreversible in nature, that is they grow and decay and they are open systems compared to the physical systems which are closed systems. Furthermore there are micro controls in the form of thought processes which cannot be easily adjusted in any planned "scientific experiment". Also they have a property of infinite amplification because of the thought processes, which makes it difficult to make them study in a strictly scientific way. Also any type of experimentation is not possible in case of human systems (Goldsmith 1990; Jones 1990), as they have memory, free will, creativity, tendency to interact strongly with other fellow beings and the environment. So the biological and social systems cannot be strictly subjected to the process of measurement and hence they are not exactly describable in the strict terminology of the physical sciences. Expressed in a different way, it is now felt that the standard concepts used in any scientific study like compartmentalization, reductionism, causality, mechanism, induction, empiricism and passivism etc. (Goldsmith, 1990, Jones 1990) cannot be used to a strict study of the biological and social systems. Not only this, but the basic parameters used in science like energy, mass, linear momentum and angular momentum which are basically defined for closed isolated physical systems, may not be the best choice for describing the biological and social systems (Penrose, 1990 and John Gigch 1978, Pokharna 2012). The final blow to limitations of scientific methodology is being done by Godel's incompleteness theorems (Penrose, 1990) which have virtually shaken the foundation of modern science. Therefore a totally new
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