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Early Jainisin
(2) that its preparation cte. d) pot involve injury to the living beings of any sort whatsceyer (e. g. Kalpa 5. 11-12), (3) that it should not be taken during nighitime (e. g. Kalpa 5. 6-10), (t) that it should not have been provided by the king or any of his high officials; (the last point occurs only in Niśītha though prominently enough - 2. g. ja 9. 1-5). As regards shelter it is emphasized (e. . in Kaipa 2. 1-10) that such a one is to be avoided as should somehow estange in worldly affairs the monk residing there; (naturally, in this conneciio.-.g. in Kalpa 1.12-13, 22-24 - Duos are placed under heavier restrictions than monks). And as regards the rest of the requisites the cardinal injunction turns out to be (e. g. in Kalpa 3. 5-10, 15-16) tha: they should not be too much in quan. vity, too fine in quality; (it is a logical croilary to this that Niśitha-ın 3. 16-66 etc. -- condemns in so great details all attempts on the part of a monk to decorate himself). A general consideration which is always there in the background - and often enough also there in its oruuad - is that the things offered to a monk should not have ben procured by the doner specially for the sake of this monk; (it is a logical soroltary to this consi. deration that these texts do not envisage the possibility of there being standing shelter houses specially meant for the residece of Jaina monks). The second most important questioa belonging to the sphere of monastic discipline considered in these texts relates to the duration etc, of a monk's wandering about and his stationing at one place. Some points pertaining to this question we have already touclied upon in another connection, An interesting ruling occurs in Kalpa 1. 31 which calls upon a monk not to proceed beyond the land of Aryans, a land extends upto Anga-Magadha in east. upto Kaušāmbi in south, upto Simã in vest, upto Kuņala in norto: (thence follows an execption in all probabity a later interpolation -which permits a monk to proceed to any land whatsoever where right cognition. faith and conduct fiourish). Another interesting ruling occurs in Nisitha 9. 19 which calls upon a nonk not to visit more than twice or thrice a month the following ten capital towas: Campā, Vārāṇasi, śrävasti. Sāketa, Kāmpilya, Kaušāmbi, Mitbilā, Hastizāpura, Rājagrha. These two rulings incidentally give us an idea of the probable time when the material collected in Chedasūtas was composed; it was the time when the Jainas were yet confined to the areas covered by modern Bihar and U. P.-which means a fairly early time. Two more interesting rulings occur in Kalpa 1 38 and 3. 34 the former calllag upo? a mnoak not to visit too frequently an area that is politically disturbed, the latter calling upon a monk to
hooiro-tour and return back without fail to his village or town of residence in case an army be enca a ped outside his village or town. Tha interpretation of all these rulings might be a matter of opinion but they are certainly indicative of a positive attiiudo. maybe an altitude of anxiety
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