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Early Jainism
only cases of parañcika while the three enumerated in Kalpa 4.3 the only cases of anavasthapya but even they cannot say that the three offences enumerated in Kalpa 4. 1 are the only cases of anud ghatima for so many other cases of anud ghātima are cited in Kalpa and Vyayabāra themselves. What is still more noteworthy, Niśitha speaks as if parihara is the only type of punishment; for the total mass of offences catalogued bere are distributed among the following four types of punishment:
(i) anud ghatimaparihara running for one month (ii) ud ghatimaparihara (iii) anud ghātimaparihara
four months (iv) ud ghatima parihara
The later commentators of Chedasūtras employ the word guru for anud ghatima and laghu for uud ghātima and they also speak of a parihara running for six months; besides they posit a new type of punishment called müla which consists in making a monk start his monastic career de novo. (However mūla can easily be treated as an extreme case of cheda, for a monk starting his monastic career de novo is equivalent to his seniority being reduced to the minimum. ) Thus according to these later commentators there are ten atonement-types in all and as follows:
(1) laghuparihara running for one month (2) guruparihara (3) laghuparihāra
„ four months (4) guru parihara ) laghuparihāra
, six months (6) guru parihara (7) cheda (8) mūla (9) anavastha pya (10) pārāñcika
The list merits comparison with that formulated in Jitakalpa, a 7th century work by Jinabhadra specially devoted to the problem of atonement and often counted among Chedasütras. Here too the total number of atonement -types is ten but as follows:
(1) alocana (2) pratikramana (3) ubhaya (4) viveka (5) vyutsarga (6) tapa
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