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Dvyasrayakavya
the same as 'Gardabhas' (II.62). Hemacandra in his Sabdānuśāsana calls them Mahāśūdra1.
Similarly the Käsikā has also referred to them as Mabāśūdras2.
ii. Kirāta (XIV.23). They are very expert in geogrphy of the mountains and mine-occupations (XVI.53). In Prakrit, they are called Cilāya or Kiraya (Ku. II.29).
iii Dhīva or Caṇḍāla (IV.38). They are called Bahiṣṭarām (Bahiḥ+taram) or Nistya (Nis+tya) i. e who are thrown out. According to Abbayatilakagani, they were thrusted out from Varnas and Asramas3. Outside the city, a private secluded hall called Antargṛha was constructed which was meant for cāṇḍālas (I 146). According to Abhayatilkagani, they came in the city and begged (1.146). According to Smith, even in the Gupta period, these caṇḍālas lived outside the city and had to inform as they enter it".
But they had a respect in military and could get higher posts which were respected by all the castes (III.116).
iv. Cina (VIII. 58). They are Chinese tribes.
v. Barbara: They are forest-living and cruel tribes (VIII.58).
vi. Jängala: The army of Anna is mentioned to be belonging to 'Jangala' caste (XVIII.71).
1. Hemacandra, Śabdānuśūsana, II.4.54
2. Käsikā, ed. Brahmadatta Jijñāsu, Varanasi, 1951. p.251. on Pan 4.1.4., the Värttika of Katyayana
gar arugegaf aıfa: 1
3. DV. III.116.
बाह्यदेशे वर्तमानानाम् । निर्गता वर्णाश्रमेभ्य इति निष्ट्याः ।
4. Smith, V.A. The early history of India, oxford, 1957, p. 314.
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