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THE JAINA DOCTRINE OF LIBERATION
be discarded. The second type consists of the the righteous (dharmya) and the pure (śukla) meditations.89
Dharmya-dhyāna consists of meditation on the fundamental tattvas as described in the scriptures after the command of Jina (ajñāvicaya), knowledge of ignorance (avidya) and the ways and means to remove suffering (apayavicaya), nature of the fruition of karmic stuff (vipakavicaya) and discerning the structure of the universe (samsthānavicaya),90 The last, samsthanavicaya-dharmyadhyāna, has four sub-types known as pindastha, padastha, rūpastha and rūpātīta.91 Pindastḥadhyāna follows meditation based on the body, padastha assumes continuous meditation on the nature of siddhahood with the help of mantric syllables, rūpastha represents meditation on the glory and extraordinary qualities of arhat or tirthankara and rūpātīta implies concentration on liberated souls, siddhas, who are formless, pure, supreme, infallible and full of bliss. The practice of dharmyadhyana is possible only for those persons who are in between the fourth and sixth spiritual stages called guṇasthāna. Dharmyadhyāna when duly practised leads directly to heavenly abodes and indirectly to mokşa.92
The dawn of sukladhyāna is possible only when an aspirant reaches the seventh spiritual stage after duly concentrating on dharmya-dhyāna. It has four types: concentration on diversity (pṛthaktvavitarka), concentration on unity (ekatvavitarka), perseverance of subtle activity (sükṣma-kriya-pratipäti), complete annihilation of all activities (vyuparata-kriyā-nivarti).93
(i) (Pṛthaktvavitarka): Here the aspirant shifts from one activity to another and all the threefold activities of mind, body and speech continue." He goes from one substance to another and from one modification to another.95 It depends upon scriptural knowledge.96
107
(ii) Ekatvavitarka: In this stage there is no shifting from one activity to another and from one object to another. This stage is also associated with scriptural knowledge but not with shifting. The first
89.
90.
91.
Tattvartha-Rajavärrttika IX. 28.
Ibid., IX. 36; Jnanarnava, 33.5; Vyakhyāprajñapti, 25.7.803.
JЯanārṇava, 37.1.
92.
Ibid., 41.16-27.
93. Pujyapāda on Tattvärthasutra, IX. 39.
94. Ibid., IX. 40.
95.
Ibid., 1X. 43.
96. Ibid., IX. 43.
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