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114
THE DOCTRINE OF LIBERATION IN INDIAN RELIGIONS
centration on abstract and internal attributes of a tirthamkara or deity (anālambana). Of these five types, the first two-sthāna and urna- are known as bodily activities while the last three, artha, alambana and anālambana constitute internal activities performed by knowledge. 112
There is a further sub-division of each of these five types of yoga into iccha, pravstri, sthira and siddhiyoga. Here ichhāyoga means a will or interest in practising these activities; pravrtti consists in actual practice; where one achieves stability that is sthira yoga. Finally when one has perfect control and mastery over these activities it is called siddhiyo ga.113 Each of these activities is mastered in right manner in order to attain full course of yogic practice. In the beginning, one has to develop right posture, right utterance of the meaning, right concentration upon the image of tirthamkara and in the last concentration on the subtle attributes of the released saint.
For the proper practice of yogic activities, four ways are to be followed by different persons with different notions. One can practice either out of love or through devotion, either through the notion of scriptural duty or with disinterested actions.114 The first two ways lead to worldly prosperity while the last two aim at ultimate goal i.e. liberation.
The teachers and prophets of different religious systems declare that suffering is universal. No one can deny that worldly beings are in the possession of the cycle of worldly existence from time immemorial due to deep rooted darkness of delusion. Fredom from delusion or ignorance is the main aim of every spiritual system. Haribhadra points out that different systems express the same thing though in different forms. The self is given the name of puruṣa in Jainism and Vedānta; the name kşetravit is given in the Sāmkhya system and jñāna in Buddhism. The cause of bondage is avidyā according to the Vedānta and Buddhism, prakrti according to the Sāmkhya system and karma according to the Jaina faith Similarly the relation between self and non-self is described as bhrānti in the Vedānta and Buddhism, prakriti in the Samkhya system and bandha
112. Yogavimśikā, 1-2. In the Abhidhānacintamani (1.77) the term yoga has been
explained as the means of attaining moksa, it includes jñana, daišana and
căritra. 113. Ibid., 4. 114. Ibid., 18.
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