________________
116
half of the last pudgalavarta and who is bhinnagranthi as well as a caritrin can acquire adhyatma.121 Those who maintain adhyatma have the feelings of friendliness, compassion, joy, neutrality in relation to all living beings. Adhyatma is the means to concentrate upon reality through the practice of five vows and cultivation of universal friendship, liking for goodness, kindness towards suffering people and neutrality to the wicked ones.
YOGADṚSTISAMUCCAYA
THE DOCTRINE OF LIBERATION IN INDIAN RELIGIONS
Let us understand man's ethical perfection by means of different types of yoga as described in Haribhadra's another work, the Yogadrştisamuccaya. The author distinguishes three type of yoga viz. yoga by intention (ichhāyoga), yoga by scripture (śāstrayoga) and yoga by self-exertion (samarthyayoga). The last is the highest type of yoga which is conducive to liberation.122 He further sub-divides the last type of yoga into two ways. The first is characterized by renunciation of all kṣāyopasāmika dharmas and the second is marked by a renunciation of all types of yoga (i.e. of all bodily, mental and vocal activities). Of these two types the former is practised at the time of second apūrvakaraṇa, i.e. in the ninth stage of spiritual development while the second occurs in the last stage of spiritual development which immediately results in the attainment of mokşa. The last one is treated as the highest yoga on account of its joining with mokşa i.e. attainment of final emancipation.123
The eight yoga view-points (yoga-dṛstis) which may be briefly discussed here are only the elaboration of the above three type of yoga.124 The eight yoga view-points are enumerated as mitrā, tārā, bală, dipra, sthira, käntä, prabha and para. These eight yoga viewpoints are to be compared with the type of light as is produced by the particles of straw-fire, cow-dung fire, wood-fire, the light of a lamp, the light of a jewel, the light of the star, the light of the sun and the moon.125 The first four yoga view-points are liable to degenerate as these are not attended by truthful knowledge but the last four are accompanied by the knowledge of truth and they are
11. Ibid., 72.
Yoga lrs tisamuccaya, 3-5.
Ibid.. 9-11.
122.
123,
124.
Ibid., 12.
125. Ibid., 13-15,
Jain Education International 2010_03
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
