Jain evam Bauddh Tattvamimansa ek Tulnatmak Adhyayan

Author(s): Bhagchandra Jain
Publisher: Z_Aspect_of_Jainology_Part_2_Pundit_Bechardas_Doshi_012016.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210603/1

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara 'tattva' kisI bhI dharma aura darzana kI mUla bhitti hai / ataH sabhI darzanoM ne 'tattva' kI vyAkhyA apane-apane DhaMga se kI hai| vastu ke asAdhAraNa svatattva ko 'tattva' kahA jAtA hai| tattva, paramArtha, dravya, svabhAva, parama, paramaparama, dhyeya, zuddha-ye sabhI ekArthavAcI zabda haiN| jaina evaM bauddhadharma ne isake lie 'sat' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| jainadharma meM mUlataH do tattva haiM-jIva aura ajIva / Azrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa tathA puNpa aura pApa ye sAta tattva athavA sAta padArtha jIva aura ajIva kI hI paryAya haiN| bauddhadharma meM AcArya anuruddha ne prajJaptyartha aura paramArtha ko bAta karate hue paramArtha ko catuvidha batAyA hai-citta, caitasika, rUpa aura nirvANa / yahA~ prajJaptyartha kalpita hai, bhramajanita hai, ataH vyAvahArika dharma hai tathA paramArtha ko vAstavika dharma kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| ye cAroM paramArtha eka dUsare se gaMthe hue haiM, phira bhI tulanA kI dRSTi se hama inheM kramazaH AtmA, karma, dravya aura mokSa ke sAtha rakha sakate haiN| ye cAra paramArtha bauddhadharma ke tattva kahe jA sakate haiN| eka anya prakAra se cAra AryasatyoM ko cAra tattvoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama satya jIva aura karma se sambaddha hai, dvitIya satya Azrava aura baMdha se, tRtIya satya mokSa se aura caturtha satya saMvara aura nirjarA se sambandhita hai| bauddhadharma meM vastu-sat ko saMskRta dharma aura asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| hInayAna meM saMskRta dharma vastu-sat hai, para mahAyAna use zanya kahatA hai| mahAyAna meM dharma zanya kevala dharmatA (dharmakAya) vastu-sat hai| kSaNika saMskRta dharmoM ke atirikta hInayAna meM AkAza aura nirvANa ko asaMskRta dharma kahA gayA hai / yahA~ saMsAra aura nirvANa, donoM vastu-sat haiM aura prajJapti-sat bhI haiM / mahAyAna meM vastu ko zAnta, advaya, avAcya, vikalpAtIta aura niSprapaJca kahA gayA hai / usako dRSTi se jo paratantra hai, vaha vastu nahIM hai| ataH saMskRta-asaMskRta padArtha vastu-sat nahIM haiN| ve to zUnyatA ke pratIka haiM / isaprakAra hInayAna kA bahudharmavAda' mahAyAna meM advayavAda banakara AyA hai / jaina darzana meM itanA adhika saiddhAntika vikAsa nahIM dikhAI detaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki bauddha darzana ke vikAsa meM jo tattva ekatrita hue haiM, ve tattva jaina darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM nahIM panapa ske| jaina darzana kA vikAsa bauddha darzana ke vikAsa kI tulanA meM eka atyanta manthara gati liye hue dikhAI detA hai / Age ke vivecana se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAyagA / 1. rAjavArtika, 2, 1,6 / 2. nayacakra, 4 / 3. abhidhammatthasaMgaho. paJcama pariccheda /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dravya-vyavasthA dravya kA svarUpa satata maMthana kA viSaya rahA hai| jaina dArzanika vAstava meM bahutattvavAdI (Realistic pluralism) haiN| unake anusAra pratyeka paramANu paramArtha akhaNDa, svatantra aura utpAdavyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai| bauddha use svalakSaNAtmaka mAnate haiM, para usakA pratyakSa kalpanAjanya athavA bhramita svIkAra karate haiN| sAMkhya jar3a aura cetana ko pRthak to mAnate haiM, para ve eka dUsare ke prati unameM pariNAmIkaraNa nahIM mAnate / nyAya-vaizeSika pRthvI Adi sabhI dravyoM ko svatantra mAnate haiM aura bedAntI unheM brahma kI hI pAramArthika sattA kI pratIti samajhate haiM / jisa prakAra jainadarzana ne tattva ke samyagdarzana evaM jJAna ko mokSa ke kAraNoM meM anyatama mAnA hai, usI prakAra bauddhadarzana ne bhI dharmapravicaya ko nirvANa kA kAraNa pratipAdita kiyA hai / dharmapravicaya prajJA para AdhArita hai aura prajJA vaha hai, jo sAsrava-anAsrava kA bheda kara ske| jo svalakSaNa karatA hai, vaha dharma hai aura dharma hI puSpoM ke samAna vyavakIrNa haiM, jinheM prajJA ke mAdhyama se vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| jainadharma ne tattva ke mUlataH do bheda kiye haiM-jIva aura ajIva / bauddhadharma ne bhI do bheda kiye haiM, para usane anAtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa vaise bheda na karake unheM saMskRta aura asaMskRta ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA hai| saMskRta meM jAti (utpatti), jarA (vRddhatva yA hrAsa), sthiti aura anityatA ye cAra lakSaNa hote haiN| rUpAdi paJcaskandha saMskRta kahe gaye haiN| samagra rUpavidhAna meM tattva ke sthAna para 'rUpa' kA bhI prayoga huA hai| asaMskRta anAsrava dharma-AkAza, pratisaMkhyAnirodha aura apratisaMkhyAnirodha haiN| rUpa ke lakSaNa ke prasaMga meM use upacaya (utpAda), saMtati, jaratA (sthiti) evaM anityatAmaya mAnA hai|' isI ko ahetuka, sapratyaya, sAsrava, saMskRta, laukika, kAmAvacara, anAlaMbana aura aprahAtavya kahA hai| upacaya evaM saMtati utpatti kA pratIka hai, jaratA sthiti kA aura anityatA bhaMga kA pratIka hai| yahA~ sambaddha vRddhi ko 'santati' kahA gayA hai, jisakA sambandha utpatti ke sAtha adhika hai| utpatti ke bAda niSpanna rUpoM ke niruddha hone se pUrva 48 kSudrakSaNa mAtra ke sthitikAla ko jIrNa svabhAva hone se 'jaratA' kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka kSaNa meM utpAda, sthiti aura bhaMga nAmaka tIna kSudrakSaNa hote haiM / rUpa kA eka kSaNa cittavIthi ke 17 kSaNoM ke barAbara hotA hai / ina 17 kSaNoM meM bhI kSudrakSaNa 51 hote haiM, jinake barAbara rUpa kA eka kSaNa hotA hai| ina 51 kSudrakSaNoM meM se sarvaprathama utpAda kSaNa ko aura aMtima bhaMgakSaNa ko nikAla dene para citta ke 48 kSudrakSaNa ke barAbara rUpa kI jaratA kA kAla hotA hai| eka cittakSaNa meM ye utpAda-sthiti-bhaMga itanI zIghratApUrvaka pravRtta hote haiM ki eka accharA kAla (cuTako bajAne yA palaka mArane ke barAbara samaya) meM ye lAkhoM karor3oM bAra utpanna hokara niruddha ho jAte haiN| ina utpAda-vyaya bhaGga svabhAvo rUpoM ko 'saMskRta' kahA jAtA hai| saMskRta padArtha meM parivartana kI zIghratA anvaya kI bhrAnti paidA karatI hai| use hI sthAyI kaha dete haiM-anvayavazAt / vastutaH prANo kA jIvana vicAra ke eka kSaNa taka rahatA hai / usa kSaNa 1. abhidhammatthasaGgaho, 6.15: / 2. vahI, 6.19 /

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32 bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara ke samApta hote hI prANI bhI samApta ho jAtA hai|' ise 'bhedavAda' kahate haiN| vaibhASika-sautrAntika bhedavAdI haiN| kSaNabhaGgavAda unakA parama satya hai| ve dharmanairAtmya (bAhya padArtha kSaNika aura niraMza paramANuoM kA puJja hai) aura pudgala nairAtmya (anAtmavAda) ko mAnate haiN| sArA vyavahAra saMtativAda aura saMghAtavAda para Azrita hai| saMskRta padArtha pratItyasamutpanna aura anitya hai / jisa padArtha kA samutpAda sakAraNa hotA hai, vaha svatantra nhiiN| ataH mAdhyAntikavAdiyoM ne padArtha ko zUnyAtmaka kahA hai| sUtrAntapAli meM "jarA maraNaM bhikkhave ! aniccaM, saGkhataM paTiccasamuppapanna" 3 meM saMskRta ke tIna hI lakSaNa diye gaye haiM / yahA~ sthiti kA koI ullekha nahIM / sautrAntikoM kI dRSTi meM saMskRta ke lakSaNa cAra hI haiN| unhoMne 'jarA' ke sAtha sthiti ko prajJapta kiyA hai| ve vastutaH ina lakSaNoM ko pRthak dravya na mAnakara unheM pravAha rUpa mAnate haiN| yaha pravAha hI unakI sthiti kA sUcaka hai| sautrAntika jIvita-Ayu ko dravya nahIM mAnate / vijJAnavAdI saMskRta-asaMskRta dharmoM ko prajJAptisat mAnate haiM aura mAdhyamika unakA niSedhakara niHsvabhAvatA kI siddhi karate haiN| bauddhadarzana meM svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa do tattva mAne gaye haiM / svalakSaNa kA tAtparya haivastu kA asAdhAraNa tattva / isameM pratyeka paramANu kI sattA pRthak aura svatantra svIkAra kI gaI hai / isake sAtha hI vaha sajAtIya aura vijAtIya paramANuoM se vyAvRta hai| paramANuoM meM jaba koI sambandha hI nahIM, to avayavI ke astitva ko kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? bauddhadarzana meM sAmAnya tattva ko eka kalpanAtmaka vastu mAnA gayA hai| parantu cUMki vaha svalakSaNa ko prApti meM kAraNa hotA hai, ataH mithyA hote hue bhI use padArtha kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| manuSyatva, gotva Adi ko sAmAnya tattva kahA gayA hai / svalakSaNa tattva arthakriyAkArI hai, ataH paramArtha sat hai / para sAmAnya artha kriyAkArI nahIM, ataH use saMvRti sat mAnA hai| sAmAnya ko koI svatantra sattA nhiiN| dharmakIrti ne svalakSaNa aura sAmAnya lakSaNa ke bheda ko bar3I spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA haisvalakSaNa sAmAnyalakSaNa 1. arthakriyA meM samartha 1. arthakriyA meM asamartha 2. asadRza-sarvato vyAvata 2. sadRza-sarva vyakti sAdhAraNa 3. zabdAviSaya (avAcya) 3. zabdaviSaya ( vAcya ) 4. svAtirikta nimitta ke hone para svaviSayaka 4. svAtirikta nimitta ke hone para buddhi kA abhAva svaviSayaka buddhi kA sadbhAva 1. visuddhimagga, 8 / 2. catuHzatakam, 348 / 3. saMyuttanikAya, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 24 / 4. pramANavArtika, 2-3; tarkabhASA, pR0 11 / pramANavAtika, 2.1.3, 27-28, 50-54; nyAyavinizcaya, 1023-24; nyAyAvatAra vAttika vRtti, bhASA TippaNa, pR. 211 / 5. pa

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5. paramArthasat - akalpita 6. sasvabhAva 7. vastu 8. asAdhAraNa 9. saMketa smaraNAnapekSa pratipattikatva 10. sannidhAna - asannidhAna se sphuTa yA asphuTa rUpa pratibhAsa bheda kA janaka jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. 2. 3. yahA~ yaha draSTavya hai ki diGnAga aura dharmakIrti ne pramANa ko dvaividhya mAnakara prameya ko bhI dvaividhya mAnA hai / inameM svalakSaNa pratyakSagamya hai aura sAmAnyalakSaNa anumAnagamya hai| anumAna parokSa ke antargat AtA hai / 4. 5. saMvRti sat - kalpita 6. niHsvabhAva jainadarzana prameya bhI eka hI mAnatA hai-- dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu / vaha kisI ko spaSTa pratibhAsita hotA hai aura kisI ko aspaSTa / yaha jJAtA kI zakti para avalambita hai / ataH yahA~ bhI prameya kI pratIti pratyakSa aura parokSa, donoM rUpa se hotI hai| jainoM kA pratyakSa bauddhoM kA svalakSaNa hai aura jainoM kA parokSa bauddhoM kA sAmAnya hai / donoM mAnyatAoM meM antara yaha hai 7. avastu 8. sAdhAraNa 9. saMketa smaraNa sApekSapratipattikatva 10. sannidhAna-asannidhAna se sphuTa yA asphuTa rUpa pratibhAsa bheda kA ajanaka 33 jaina darzana vastu ko sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnatA hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana usakA niSedha karatA hai / jainadarzana kI dRSTi meM vastu kA svarUpa aura pararUpa, donoM sApekSika aura vAstavika haiM, jabaki bauddhoM kI dRSTi meM donoM kA astitva hote hue bhI pararUpa kalpita aura vAsanAjanya hai / kalpita aura vAsanAjanya hote hue bhI bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi meM pararUpa artha se saMbaddha hai, para jainadarzana use isa sthiti meM artha se kathaMcit asaMbaddha mAnatA hai / bauddhoM ne svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa ke pratipAdana meM kSaNabhaMgavAda kI prasthApanA kI hai / jaina bhI kSaNa-bhaMgavAda mAnate haiM, para paryAya ko dRSTi se / yaha paryAya utpAda aura vyaya kA pratIka hai / jainadarzana kA dhrauvya bauddhadharma kA 'santAna' kahA jA sakatA hai / dhrauvya meM utpAda-vyaya ke mAdhyama se na to zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai aura na usakA dUsare sajAtIya yA vijAtIya dravya rUpa se pariNamana hotA hai| 'santAna' bhI apane niyata pUrvakSaNa niyata uttarakSaNa ke sAtha kAryakAraNa bhAva rUpa se sambaddha rahate haiM / ' antara yaha hai 1. 2 isa "saMtAna" ko bauddhadarzana ne paMkti aura senA ke samAna mRSA aura vyavahArataH kalpita mAnA hai, para jainadarzana dhrauvya ko paramArtha sat mAnatA hai / vaha use tadravyatva kA niyAmaka prasthApita karatA hai / hara paryAya apane svarUpAstitva meM rahatI hai / vaha kabhI na to dravyAntara meM pariNata ho sakatI hai aura na vilIna ho sakatI hai / 1. yasminneva tu santAne, ahitA karmavAsanA / phalaM tatraiva saMghatte, kArpAse raktatA yathA // tattvasaMgraha paJjikA, pR0 182 meM uddhRta | 2. santAnaH samudAyazca paMktisenAdivanmRSA -- bodhicaryAvatAra, pR0 334 / 5

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara 2. saMtAna kI antima pariNati to nirvANa meM cittasaMtati kI samalocchinnatA ke rUpa meM draSTavya hai / parantu dravya kA samUloccheda kabhI nahIM hotaa| vaha to artha-paryAya ke rUpa meM pariNamana karatA rahatA hai| 3. dravya, dhrauvya aura guNa samAnArthaka zabda haiN| 'dhrauvya' yA 'dravya' meM jo anvayAMza hai, vaha 'santAna' meM nhiiN| isa prasaMga meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jainadarzana dravya kI anekAntika vyavasthA karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM pratyeka dravya anaMtadharmAtmaka hai| usameM kucha dharma sAmAnyAtmaka hote haiM aura kucha vizeSAtmaka / sAmAnya dravyAtmaka haiM aura vizeSa paryAyAtmaka / sAmAnya ke do bheda haiM-tiryak sAmAnya ( sAdRzyAstitva ) aura avaMtA sAmAnya ( svarUpAstitva ) / isI prakAra vizeSa ke bhI do prakAra haiM-tiryak vizeSa aura UrdhvatA vizeSa / bauddhadarzana sAmAnya ko vastu sat nahIM mAnatA, vaha to use kalpita mAnatA hai| ekAkAra pratyaya hone se abheda dikhAI dene lagatA hai / vastutaH unameM abheda nahIM, bheda hI hai / ekAkAra parAmarza hone kA kAraNa vijAtIya vyAvRtti hai| eka hI go ko ago vyAvRtta hone se go kahA jAtA hai, apazu vyAvRtta hone se pazu kahA jAtA hai, adravya vyAvRtta hone se dravya kahA jAtA hai aura asad vyAvRtta hone se sat kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra vyAvRtti ke bheda se jAtibheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| jitanI paravastue~ hoM, utanI vyAvRttiyA~ usa vastu meM kalpita kI jA sakatI haiM / ataeva sAmAnya buddhi kA viSaya vastu sat sAmAnya nahIM, kintu anyApoha ho mAnanA cAhie ekArtha pratibhAsinyA, bhAvAnnAzritya bhedataH / pararUpaM svarUpeNa, yayA saMviyate dhiyA // tayA saMvRta nAnAtvA, saMvRtyA bhedinaH svayaM / abhedina ivAbhAnti, bhedA rUpeNa kenacit / / tasyA abhiprAyavazAt, sAmAnyaM sat prakortitaM / tadasat paramArthena, yathA saMkalpitaM tayA // 2 tasmAd yato yato'rthAnAM, vyaavRttistnnibndhnaaH| jAtibhedAH prakalpyante, tadvizeSAvagAhinaH // bauddhoM ke isa avasturUpa sAmAnyavAda ko jainoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne anekAntavAda para AdhArita sAmAnya kI kalpanA kii| unakA mata hai ki sAdRzya pratyaya paryAyaniSTha aura vyaktiniSTha rahatA hai, ataH aneka hai / tiryaksAmAnya eka kAla meM aneka dezoM meM sthita aneka padArthoM meM samAnatA kI abhivyakti karatA hai aura UrdhvatAsAmAnya usake dhrauvyAtmaka tattva para vicAra karatA hai| jainoM kA yaha sAmAnyavAda sAMkhya ke pariNAmavAda se milatA-julatA hai / vedAnta kA 1. dizaM na kAzcidvidizaM na kAzcita, naivAvani gacchati nAntarikSama / dIpo yathA nitimapyupetaH, snehakSayAt kevalameti zAntim ||-saundraannd, 16.28-29 / 2. pramANavArtika, 3, 67-69 / 3. vahI, 3, 40, 3, 133 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana cidbrahma aura zabdAdvaitavAda kA zabdabrahma bhI lagabhaga isI prakAra kA hai| naiyAyikoM kA sAmAnya nitya aura vyApaka hai, jabaki jainoM kA sAmAnya anitya aura avyApaka hai| mImAMsakoM kA sAmAnya anekAntavAdI hote hue bhI ekAntavAda kI ora adhika jhukA huA hai| bauddhoM ne pratItyasamutpAda ke mAdhyama se padArtha ko ekAntika rUpa se kSaNika maanaa| jainAcArya pratItyasamutpAda ke sthAna para upAdAnopAdiyabhAva ko mAnate haiM / unakA dravya kUTasthanitya na hokara anvayiparyAya pravAha ke rUpa meM avicchinna hai| yahI usakA UrdhvatAsAmAnya hai| vaizeSika evaM naiyAyikoM ke samavAyikaraNa se isakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| ___ isa prakAra janadarzana meM dravya ko sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka aura dravyaparyAyAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka vizeSaNa padArtha ke dharmoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai, jabaki dravyaparyAyAtmaka vizeSaNa usake pariNamana kI ora / donoM vizeSaNa padArtha kI pariNamanazolatA aura utpAda-vyayadhrauvyAtmakatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| . ___isa prakAra jainadharma meM dravya kA jo svarUpa nirdiSTa hai, lagabhaga vahI svarUpa bauddhadharma meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma ke nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya bauddhadarzana ke paramArtha sat aura saMvRtisat haiN| svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa bhI inhIM ke nAmAntara haiN| para antara yaha hai ki dravya ko 'saMskRta' svarUpa mAnate hue bhI bauddhadarzana, vizeSataH mAdhyamika sampradAya, use niHsvabhAva athavA zUnya kaha detA hai| isakI siddhi meM usakA kahanA hai ki saMskRta rUpa se utpAda Adi ke svIkAra kiye jAne para utpAda, sthiti aura bhaMga meM sabhI vastuoM ko punaH utpatti hotI hai aura punaH utpatti hone para utpatti ke bAda utpatti hogii| jaise utpatti ke bAda utpatti honA nyAyocita hai, vaise bhaMga kA honA bhI nyAyocita hai| isalie bhaMga kA bhI, saMskRtatva hone ke kAraNa, utpAda, bhaMga aura sthiti se sambandha hai| ataeva bhaMga kA bhI anya bhaMga ke sadbhAva se vinAza hogA / usake bAda hone vAle bhaMga kA bhI vinAza hogaa| isa prakAra anavasthA doSa ho jAyagA aura anavasthA hone para sabhI padArthoM kI asiddhi ho jaayegii| isalie svabhAvataH saMskRta lakSaNoM kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / ve zUnya aura niHsvabhAva haiM / jo dikhAI dete haiM, ve bhI mAyA ke samAna haiM utpAdasthitibhaGgAnAM yugapannAsti saMbhavaH / kramazaH saMbhavo nAsti, sambhavo vidyate kadA // utpAdAdiSu sarveSu, sarveSAM sambhavaH punH| tasmAdutpAdavat bhaGgo, bhaGgavad dRzyate sthitiH // ' dravya rUpa bheda jaina darzana meM jisa taraha se dravya ke bheda-prabheda hue haiM, bauddhadarzana meM bhI usI taraha se rUpa kA vistAra huA hai| rUpa ko abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM pAMca prakAra se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai-samuddeza vibhAga, samutthAna, kalApa evaM pravRttikrama / samuddeza meM pRthvI, ap, teja aura vAyu ye cAra mahAbhUta haiM aura unakA Azraya lekara utpanna hone vAle rUpoM ko sthaviravAda meM gyAraha prakAra se batAyA gayA hai 1. catuHzatakam, 360.361 /

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36 bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara 1. bhUta rUpa 4 pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu 2. prasAda rUpa 5 cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA aura kAya 3. gocara rUpa 5 rUpa, zabda, gaMdha, rasa aura spRSTavya 4. bhAva rUpa 2 strItva aura puruSatva niSpanna rUpa 5. hRdaya rUpa 1 hRdaya vastu 6. jIvita rUpa 1 jIvitendriya ( karmaja rUpoM kI Ayu) 7. AhAra rUpa 1 kavalIkAra AhAra 8, pariccheda rUpa 1 AkAzadhAtu 9. vijJaptirUpa 2 kAya evaM vAgvijJapti 10. vikAra rUpa 3 laghutA, mRdutA, karmaSyatA va vijJaptidvaya | aniSpanna rUpa 11. lakSaNa rUpa 4 upacaya, saMtati, jaratA evaM anityatA / vasubandhu ne rUpa ke 11 prakAra eka alaga DhaMga se diye haiM-5 indriya, 5 indriyoM ke viSaya aura 1 avijnypti| unhoMne isake 20 prakAra bhI batAye haiM1. mUla jAti ke varNa 4 nIla, lohita, pIta aura avadAta 2. saMsthAna 8 dIrgha, hrasva, vRtta, parimaNDala, unnata, avanata, zAta ( sama ) aura vizAta ( vissm)| 3. varNa 8 abhra, dhUma, raja, mahikA ( vASpa ), chAyA, Atapa, Aloka aura andhkaar| - kucha AcArya 'nabhas' ko bhI varNa mAnakara usakI saMkhyA 21 kara dete haiM / sautrAntika saMsthAna aura varNa ko pRthak nahIM mAnate, jabaki vaibhASika mAnate haiN| kucha vaibhASika AcArya Atapa aura Aloka ko hI varNa mAnate haiM, kyoMki nIla, lohita Adi kA jJAna dIrgha, hrasva Adi AkAra ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| sautrAntikoM ke anusAra yaha mAnyatA sahI nhiiN| kyoMki eka hI dravya ubhayathA kaise ho sakatA hai aura vaha varNa saMsthAnAtmaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? jainadharma meM ina mahAbhUtoM ko 'skandha' kahA gayA hai / skandha sAmAnya saMjJA hai| bauddhadharma isake hI Azraya se cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA evaM kAya ko utpanna mAnatA hai, jinheM upAdAya rUpa kahA gayA hai| jaina-bauddhadharma meM inheM 'paMcendriya' bhI kahA jAtA hai| rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, zabda tathA ap dhAtu varjita bhUtatraya saMkhyAta nAmaka spRSTavya ko "gocara" rUpa kahA hai / jainadharma meM inameM se kucha pudgala ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM A jAte haiM aura kucha pudgala kI paryAyoM ke rUpa meM atabhUta ho jAte haiN| __ cAra bhUta rUpa, 5 upAdAya rUpa, 5 gocara rUpa, 2 bhAva rUpa, hRdaya rUpa, jIvita rUpa va AhAra rUpa, ye aThAraha prakAra ke rUpa svabhAva rUpa, lakSaNa rUpa, niSpanna rUpa, rUparUpa aura saMmarSana rUpa hote haiN| yahA~ sabhAva rUpa se dravyavAcaka hai, paramArtha rUpa se vaha sat svabhAvI hai| parantu yahA~ paramArtha rUpa se AkAzAdi kA astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| ina rUpoM kA lakSaNa anityatA, duHkhatA, anAtmatA tathA upacaya, saMtati, jaratA nAmaka utpAda, sthiti aura bhaGga hai| AkAzAdi meM ye lakSaNa nahIM pAye jaate| ataH bauddhadharma meM unheM 'alakSaNa rUpa' mAnA gayA hai / parantu jainadarzana meM AkAza ko eka svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddhadarzana isa dRSTi se bhedavAdI hai aura asatkAryavAdI hai| vahA~ kisI bhI padArtha meM anvaya nahIM pAyA jaataa| isalie kSaNabhaMgavAda aura zUnyavAda jaise siddhAntoM ko usameM carama satya mAnA gayA hai| parantu jaina 'bhedAbhedavAda' ko svIkAra karatA hai| jitanA satya bheda meM hai, utanA hI satya abheda meM hai| eka dUsare ke binA usakA astitva nhiiN| padArtha na kevala sAmAnyAtmaka hai aura na kevala vizeSAtmaka, balki sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai| dravya kA yahI vAstavika svarUpa hai| usakA yaha svabhAva hai| anekAntAtmaka dRSTi se vaha kathaJcit bhinna hai aura kathaJcit abhinna / abheda dravya kA pratIka hai aura bheda paryAya kA / dravya aura paryAyoM kA yaha svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai| upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNoM ke mAdhyama se padArthoM kA saMgaThana aura vighaTana bhI hotA rahatA hai| isake lie kisI Izvara Adi kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| paJcaskandhoM ko 'saMskRta' kahA jAtA hai / skandha kA tAtparya hai-rAzi arthAt saMskRta padArtha / saMskRta ke do bheda haiM-sAsrava aura anAsrava / upAdAna skandha (lobha aura dRSTi) sAsrava haiM tathA paJca skandha anAsrava haiN| jainadharma meM rUpa usa artha meM prayukta nahIM huA; jisa artha meM bauddhadharma meM prayukta huA hai| phira bhI usakA, prayoga aneka arthoM meM yahA~ milatA hai| kahIM cakSu ke dvArA grAhya zuklAdi guNoM ke artha meM usakA prayoga huA hai, jaise-rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza / kahIM rUpa kA artha svabhAva bhI hai| jaise ananta rUpa arthAt ananta svabhAva / ' kahIM-kahIM rUpa kA artha nirgrantha sAdhuoM kI vItarAga mudrA bhI kiyA gayA hai / bauddhadharma meM varNita bhUtarUpoM ko jainadharma meM ekendriya jIvoM ke Azraya ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| varNa zabda kA bhI aneka arthoM meM prayoga huA hai| jaise zuklAdika varNa, akSara, brAhmaNa Adi jAti vizeSa, yaza Adi / varNa nAmakA eka nAma karma bhI hai, jo pA~ca prakAra kA hai-kRSNa, nIla, rudhira, hAridra aura zukla / yahA~ harita aura kRSNa kA bauddhadharmokta varNoM ke atirikta ullekha hai| sarvArthasiddhi meM harita ke sthAna para pIta varNa niyojita kiyA gayA hai|5 lezyA ke prakaraNa meM ina vargoM kI saMkhyA chaha ho gaI hai| kRSNa, nIla, kApota, pIta, padma aura zukla / ' jainadharma meM saMsthAna bhI nAmakarma kA bheda hai| isakA artha hai-AkRti / jisake udaya se audArikAdi zarIroM kI AkRti banatI hai, vaha saMsthAna nAmakarma hai| isake chaha bheda kiye gaye haiM1. samacatusra (samacakra), 2. nyagrodha (Upara vizAla aura nIce laghu), 3. svAti (Upara laghu aura nIce bhArI), 4. kubja (kubar3Apana), 5. vAmana aura 6. ha~Daka (aMgopAMgoM ko betaratIba huNDa kI taraha racanA) / pUjyapAda ne saMsthAna ke vRtta, trikoNa, catuSkoNa, Ayata, parimaNDala Adi bheda bhI kiye haiN| ina saMsthAnoM meM bauddhadharmokta prAyaH sabhI saMsthAna antarbhUta ho jAte haiN| 1. rAjavAtika, 1, 27 / 2. pravacanasAra, tA. va. gAthA, 203 / 3. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vi. gA. 47 / 4. SaTkhaNDAgama, 6.1, 9-1, sUtra 37 / 5. sarvArthasiddhi, 5.23 / 7. SaTkhaNDAgama, 61,91, sUtra, 34 / 6. SaTkhaNDAgama, 1,1,1, sUtra, 136 / 8. sarvArthasiddhi, 5, 24 / : /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara zabda jo uccarita hotA hai, vaha zabda hai-sad dIyati uccArIyatIti saddo / arthAt zrotravijJAna ke AlambanabhUta sabhI jIva-ajIva zabdoM ko zabda kahate haiN| sajIva satvoM ke bhAva prakaTa karane vAle ha~sane, rone jaise zabda citta se utpanna hote haiM tathA udara zabda, megha zabda Adi bAhya zabda Rtu se utpanna hote haiN|' vasubandhu ne zabda ATha prakAra kA batAyA hai| unake anusAra vaha mUlataH cAra prakAra kA hai-upAtta mahAbhUtahetuka (hasta, vAkzabda), anupAttamahAbhUta hetuka (vAyu, nadI zabda) sattvAkhya (vAgvijJapti) evaM asattvAkhya (anya shbd)| ye cAroM zabda manojJa aura amanojJa bhI hote haiM / upAtta vaha hai, jo citta caita ke adhiSThAna bhAva se upagRhIta athavA svIkRta ho / paMca jJAnendriya bhUta rUpa citta se upagRhIta haiN| loka meM ise sacetana yA sajIva kahA jAtA hai / kucha AcArya prathama do prakAra ke zabda yugapat mAnate haiM, parantu vaibhASika ise svIkAra nahIM krte| __jainadharma meM zabda ko dhvanirUpAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| akalaMka ne zabda ko arthAbhivyaktikAraka kahA hai| yaha do prakAra kA hai-bhASAtmaka aura abhASAtmaka / bhASAtmaka zabda ke do bheda haiMakSarAtmaka (saMskRta, prAkRta Adi bhASAyeM) tathA anakSarAtmaka (dvIndriyAdi ke zabda-rUpa evaM divyadhvani ruup)| abhASAtmaka zabda do prakAra ke haiM-prAyogika aura vaissik| prAyogika zabda cAra prakAra kA hai 1. tata (camar3e se maDhe hue puSkara, bherI Adi kA shbd)| 2. vitata (tAMta vAle vINA aura sughoSa se utpanna hone vAlA shbd)| 3. ghana (tAla, bherI, mRdaMga Adi ke tAr3ana se utpanna hone vAlA shbd)| 4. sauSira (bAMsurI aura zaMkha Adi ke phUkane se utpanna hone vAlA shbd)| dhavalAkAra ne ghoSa aura bhASA ko bhI isI meM saMyojita kiyA hai / meghAdi se utpanna honevAle zabda vaisrasika haiN| ye zabda skaMdhajanya haiN| skandha paramANudala kA saMghAta hai aura ve zabda sparzita hone se zabda utpanna karate haiN| isa prakAra zabda niyata rUpa se utpAdya hai| ataH vaha pudgala kI paryAya hai, AkAza kA guNa nahIM / yahA~ sajIva athavA upAtta zabda bhASAtmaka zabda jaisA hai tathA ajIva athavA anupAttika zabda abhASAtmaka zabda jaisA hai / anupAtta mahAbhUtahetuka aura bainasika, donoM samAnArthaka haiN| rasa aura gandha bauddhadharma meM rasa (jisakA AsvAda kiyA jA sake) chaha prakAra kA hai-madhura, Amla, lavaNa, kaTu, kaSAya aura tikt| SaTkhaNDAgama meM lavaNa ko chor3akara zeSa pAMcoM rasoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jo apane AdhArabhUta dravya ko sUcita kare, vaha gaMdha hai-gandhayati attano vatthu sUcetIti 1. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 6, 40 / 2. dhavalA, 111,33 / 3. rAjavAtika, 5,24 / 4. paMcAstikAya, 79; rAjavAtika, 5,18 / 5. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 6-6, abhidharmakoza, 1-10 / 6. SaTkhaNDAgama, 6,1,9,1, sUtra 39 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 39 gandho / yaha gaMdha cAra prakAra kA hai-sugandha, durgandha, utkRSTa (sama) aura anutkRSTa (vissm)| prakaraNa zAstra meM viSama gaMdha ko na mAnakara tIna hI bheda kiye gaye haiM / jainadharma meM gaMdha bhI nAmakarma kA bheda hai| jisa karma skaMdha ke udaya se jIva ke zarIra meM jAti ke prati niyata gaMdha utpanna hotA hai, usa karma skandha ko gandha kahA gayA hai| vaha do prakAra kA hai-surabhi aura durabhi / sama, viSama jaise bheda yahAM nahIM milte| spRSTavya sparza karane yogya dharma ko 'spRSTavya' kahA gayA hai| yaha spRSTavya guNa pRthvI, vAyu aura tejas dhAtuoM meM hI hotA hai, ap dhAtu meM nahIM, sUkSma na hone ke kAraNa / zItala dhAtu ko ap nahIM, balki zItala tejas mAnA gayA hai| ap dhAtu ke sparzakAla meM apa kA jJAna bhrama mAtra hai| vastutaH ap meM rahane vAlI pRthvI, vAyu athavA tejas dhAtu kA hI sarvaprathama sparza hotA hai, jo manodvAra vIthi se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha 11 prakAra kA hai-mahAbhUta catuSka, zlakSaNatva, karkazatva, gurutva, laghutva, zItatva, jighatsA (bubhukSA) aura pipaasaa| yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki sthaviravAda ap dhAtu meM spRSTavya nahIM mAnatA, para vasubandhu use mAnate hue pratIta hote haiM / jainadharma meM sparza bhI nAmakarma kA bheda hai| use ATha prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai-karkaza, mRduka, guruka, laghuka, snigdha, rukSa, zIta aura uSNa / nikSepa kI dRSTi se sparza ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya, ekakSetra, anantarakSetra, deza, karmasparza, tvaksparza, sparza-sparza, sarvasparza, bandhasparza, bhavyasparza, bhAvasparza Adi aneka bheda kiye gaye haiN| sparza viSayaka aneka prarUpaNAoM kA bhI varNana yahA~ milatA hai| itanA vistRta varNana bauddhadharma meM nahIM miltaa| bauddhadharma meM varNita 11 prakAra jainadharma meM varNita 8 prakAroM se milate-julate haiN|| prasAdarUpa svaccha, anAvila tathA prasanna rUpa ko prasAdarUpa kahate haiN| ye prasAdarUpa rUpakalApa hI hote haiN| inameM eka svaccha dhAtu hotI hai, jo sambaddha AlambanoM ko pratibhAsita karatI hai| __ cakSurvijJAna kA adhiSThAna hokara jo sama yA viSama Alambana ko kahane vAle kI taraha hotI hai, use cakSurdhAtu kahate haiM / cakSuHprasAda meM cakSurvijJAna Azrita hotA hai| cakSurvijJAna hI rUpAlambana ke samatva-viSamatva ko jAnate haiM / cakSuH piNDa meM jisa sthAna para pratibimba par3atA hai, use hI cakSuprasAda kA sthAna kahate haiN| usakA parimANa jUM (yUkA ) ke zira ke barAbara hotA hai aura usake sAta stara hote haiN| isameM dasa rUpa rahate haiM-pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu, varNa, gaMdha, rasa, ojas, jIvita tathA cakSuprasAda / sAtha hI cittaja, Rtuja, AhAraja evaM karmaja kalApa rUpa rahate haiN| isI prakAra zrotrAdi ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanA caahie| 1. abhidharmakoza, 1-10 // 2. sarvArthasiddhi, 5,23 / 3. vibhAvalI, pR. 149 / 4. abhidharmakoza, 1,10 /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara zrotraprasAda karNakuhara ke antarbhAga meM mudrikA sadRza eka atyanta nigUr3ha sthAna hai, jahA~ loma sadRza tantu rahate haiM, usa sthAna para zrotraprasAda kalApa samUha rahatA hai / nAsikA ke antarbhAga meM ajAkSura sadRza eka sthAna vizeSa meM aneka prANaprasAda kalApa rahate haiM / keza, loma Adi 32 kutsita koTThAsa evaM akuzala pApa dharmoM kA sthAna kAya hai / kAyaprasAda sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara rahatA hai / 40 ye pA~coM prasAda rUpa tRSNA mUlaka karmoM se utpanna hote haiM aura apane AdhArabhUta pudgala ko rUpAdi AlambanoM kI ora AkarSita karate haiM / isalie kAmabhUmi meM rahane vAle satva inake AkarSaNa se rUpAvalambana kA darzana, zravaNa, ghrANa, AsvAdana aura sparza karAte haiM / ye pA~coM indriyA~ cakSuvijJAna, zrotravijJAnAdi ke AzrayabhUta hotI haiM' / ye sabhI rUpa ahetuka ( aloma Adi avyAkRta hetuoM se asaMprayukta), sapratyaya ( karma, citta, Rtu evaM AhAra meM se kisI eka pratyaya se utpanna hone vAle), sAsrava ( loma, dRSTi evaM moha ke sAtha utpanna hone vAle ) saMskRta, laukika, kAmAvacara, anAlambana tathA aprahAtavya haiM / inameM prasAda nAmaka pA~ca prakAra ke rUpa AdhyAtmika haiM / ye AdhyAtmika rUpa AtmA ko uddiSTa yA adhikRta karake pravRtta hote haiM arthAt AtmA ke rUpa meM mithyA upAdAna karake vyavahRta hote haiM / zeSa 23 rUpa bAhya rUpa haiM / ve skandha ke upakAraka nahIM hote haiM / prasAda evaM hRdaya nAmaka chaha prakAra ke rUpoM ko 'vasturUpa' kahate haiM / ye citta- caitasikoM ke Azraya hote haiM / zeSa rUpa avasturUpa hote haiM / prasAda rUpa evaM vijJaptidvaya nAmaka sAta prakAra ke rUpa. dvArarUpa haiM, kyoMki prasAdarUpa cakSudvAra Adi vIthiyoM ko utpanna karate haiM tathA vijJaptidvaya karma ke utpatti ke kAraNa ( dvAra ) hote haiM / zeSa rUpa avadvAra rUpa haiM / prasAra (1) bhAva (2) tathA jIvita (1) nAmaka ATha prakAra ke rUpa indriya rUpa haiM / inakA apane-apane kRtyoM para Adhipatya hotA hai / zeSa anindriya rUpa haiM / prasAda evaM viSaya nAmaka bAraha prakAra ke rUpa audArika rUpa ( spaSTa pratibhAsita hone vAle ), santi ke rUpa ( jJAna dvArA pratibhAsita hone vAle ) tathA sapratidyarUpa ( anyonya saMghaTTana karake vIthicitroM ko utpanna karane vAle ) hote haiM / zeSa rUpa sUkSma, dUrerUpa tathA apratirUpa haiM / karmaja rUpa 'upAdiSNa' ( upAdatta ) rUpa haiN| ve tRSNA, dRSTi Adi laukika kuzala yA akuzala karmoM kA Alambana karate haiM / karmaja rUpoM se bhinna citraja, Rtuja evaM AhAraja rUpa 'anupAdinna' rUpa haiM / rUpAyatana sannidarzana rUpa ( rUpAlambana ) hai / zeSa anidarzana rUpa haiM / cakSuS evaM zrotra donoM svasamIpa aprApta ( aghaTTita ) Alambana kA grahaNa karate haiM tathA ghrANa, jihvA evaM kAya nAma prasAda rUpa samprApta Alambana kA grahaNa karate haiM / isalie inheM gocara grAhaka rUpa kahA jAtA hai / zeSa rUpa agocara grAhaka haiM / varNa, gandha, rasa, ojas evaM bhUtacatuSka ye AThoM rUpa avinirbhogarUpa ( pRthak-pRthak utpanna hokara piNDIbhUta hokara avasthita rahate haiM / zeSa rUpa vinirbhoga rUpa haiM / karma, citta, Rtu evaM AhAra ye cAroM tattva rUpa ke utpAdaka kAraNa haiM / ina cAroM se kisa 1. vizeSa dekhiye, paramatthadIpinI, pR0 233-34; visuddhimagga, pR0 308-11 / 2. vistAra se dekhiye, abhivammatthasaMgaho kA chaThA uddeza /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 41 prakAra rUpoM kI utpatti hotI hai, ise rUpa samutthAnakalApa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra rUpakalApoM kI utpatti, sthiti aura bhaMga kA vivecana rUpakalApavibhAga meM upalabdha hai| jaina darzana meM isa prakAra ke rUpakalApoM ke viSaya meM itane vistAra se carcA nahIM miltii| inakA viSaya bahuta kucha indriyoM ke antargata prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma meM pudgala ke ATha prakAra batAye gaye haiM-audArika, AhAra, bhASA, vaikriyaka, mana, zvAsocchvAsa, taijasa aura kaarmnn| ye sabhI vargaNA prakAra uparyukta kalApoM se milate-julate haiM / jIvitendriya aura citta kA sambandha AtmA ( zvAsocchvAsa ) aura mana se hai| kAyavijJapti, AhAra, vAgvijJapti kA sambandha kramazaH audArika, karmasamutthAna kA sambandha kramazaH audArika, AhAra, bhASA aura kArmaNa vargaNA se hai| taijas aura vaikriyaka vargaNA bauddhadarzana meM nahIM miltii| jainadarzana kI skandha-nirmANa-prakriyA bauddhadarzana se kAphI sulajhI aura vyavasthita dikhAI detI hai| indriya bauddhadharma meM indriya vaha hai, jo apane saMbaddha kRtyoM meM Adhipatya banAye rkhe| jainadharma meM bhI indriyoM ko apane-apane viSayoM ko sevana karane meM svatantra batAyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se donoM vyutpattiyA~ lagabhaga samAna haiN| parantu jainAcAryoM ne indriya ke kucha aura vizeSa arthoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai-2 (1) indra kA artha AtmA hai / ataH use jAnane meM jo nimitta hotA hai, vaha indriya hai| (ii) sUkSma AtmA ke astitva kA jJAna karAne meM jo kAraNa ho, vaha indriya hai| (iii ) indra kA artha nAmakarma hai, ataH nAmakarma se jo racI gaI ho, vaha indriya hai| ( iv ) jo pratyakSa meM vyApAra karatI hai, vaha indriya hai|| (v) jo apane-apane viSaya kA svatantra Adhipatya karatI hoM, ve indriya haiN| ye indriyA~ pA~ca haiM-sparza rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrotra / yahA~ mana ko ISat indriya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ye pA~coM indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM-dravyendriya aura bhAvendriya / zarIra nAmakarma se race gaye zarIra ke cihna-vizeSa dravyendriya haiN| ve do prakAra kI haiM-nivRtti aura upakaraNa / nivRtti kA artha hai-racanA / indriyoM ke AkAra rUpa se avasthita zuddha Atma-pradezoM kI racanA ko Abhyantara nivRtti aura tadAkAra prApta pudgala pracaya ko bAhyanivRtti kahate haiN| jo nivRtti kA upakAra karatA hai, vaha upakaraNa kahalAtA hai| netrendriya meM kRSNa aura zukla maNDala Abhyantara upakaraNa hai tathA palaka aura donoM baronI Adi bAhya upakaraNa haiN| isI prakAra anya indriyoM ke viSaya meM bhI vivecana milatA hai| indriya rUpa se pariNata jIva ko hI bhAvendriya kahA jAtA hai / yaha do prakAra kI hai-labdhi aura upayoga / AtmA ke caitanya guNa kA kSayopazama hetuka vinAza labdhi hai aura caitanya kA pariNamana upayoga hai / bhAvendriya dravyaparyAyAtmaka nahIM, balki guNaparyAyAtmaka hotI hai| ye indriyAM jJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se aura dravyendriyoM ke nimitta se utpanna hotI haiM / kSayopazama rUpa bhAvendriyoM 1. "adhipatichaina indriyaM," "indaTTha kAretIti indriyaM",-aTusAlinI, pR0 99 evaM 245 / 2. dhavalA, 1. 1. 1.4, pR. 135-137; sarvArthasiddhi, 1. 1. 4; rAjavArtika, 1. 14 /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara ke hone para hI dravyendriyoM kI utpatti hotI hai / isalie bhAvendriyA~ kArya haiM aura dravyendriyA~ kAraNa haiN| inameM cakSu aura mana apane viSaya ko sparza kiye binA hI jAnatI haiM, ataH ve aprApyakArI haiN| zeSa indriyA~ prApyakArI haiM / ghrANa, cakSu, zrotra, aura jihvA ina cAra indriyoM kA AkAra kramazaH jau kI nalI, masUra, atimuktaka puSpa tathA ardhacandra athavA khurapA ke samAna haiM aura sparzan indriya aneka AkAra (rUpa ) hai / inakA viSaya kramazaH gandha, varNa, zabda, rasa aura sparza hai / ye mUrtika padArtha ko hI viSaya karatI haiM, jabaki mana mUrtika aura amUrtika donoM ko viSaya karatA hai / ina indriyoM ke kSetra isa prakAra nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiM 42 indriya ekendriya 1. sparzan 400 dhanuSa 2. rasanA 3. ghrANa 4. cakSu 5. zrotra 6. mana cakSurdvA zrotradvAra ghrANadvAra jihvAdvAra } dvIndriya / trIndriya / caturindriya asaMjJI paMce0 / saMjJI paMcendriya 800 1600 9 yojana dhanuSa 64 dhanuSa 9 yojana 9 yojana dhanuSa 128 dhanuSa 100 dhanuSa 3200 dhanuSa 47262, 12 yojana sarvalokavartI bauddhadharma meM cakSu Adi kI gaNanA indriyoM, AyatanoM (asAdhAraNa kAraNa), dhAtuoM tathA prasAda rUpoM meM kI gaI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA aura sparza ( kArya ) apane-apane viSaya ko grahaNa karane meM svatantra haiM, asAdhAraNa kAraNa haiM, apanA svabhAva dhAraNa karate haiM tathA spaSTa haiM / inheM dvAra bhI kahA gayA hai / ina dvAroM se rUpAdi kA Alambana karane vAlI vijJAna dhAtuoM kI utpatti hotI hai / unheM dvArAlambanatadutpanna kahate haiM / dvAra Alambana rUpAlambana zabdAlambana gandhAlambana rasAlambana 256 dhanuSa 200 dhanuSa 2954 dhanuSa 6400 dhanuSa 512 dhanuSa 400 dhanuSa 5908 dhanuSa 8000 dhanuSa vijJAna cakSuvijJAna zrotravijJAna kAyadvAra spRSTavyAlambana dharmAlambana manodvAra manovijJAna jainadharma ke samAna bhAvendriyoM kI kalpanA bauddhadharma meM nahIM hai / pA~coM indriyAvaraNa ke kSayopazama ko bhAvendriya kahate haiM / bauddhadharma meM indriyoM ko karmaja kahA gayA hai / usI rUpakalApa ko ghrANavijJAna jihvAvijJAna kAyavijJAna 1. dhavalA, 1.1.1.4-115; mUlAcAra, 1091-92; sarvArthasiddhi, 1.14; 2. 16-19; gommaTasAra-jIvakAMDa, 165; jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 1 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hama bhAvendriya ke sAtha kisI sImA taka baiThA sakate haiM / inake kSetra kA varNana bauddhadharma meM nahIM / AkAra kA varNana milatA hai, para kucha antara ke sAtha / bauddhadharma meM cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa aura jihvA ko kramazaH yUMkA, mudrikA, ajAkSura tathA kamaladala ke samAna batAyA hai tathA jainadharma meM masUra, jau kI nalI, atimuktaka puSpa aura khurapA athavA ardhacandra ke samAna kahA hai| donoM paramparAoM meM koI vizeSa matabheda nahIM hai| bauddhadharma meM jise cakSurdhAtu va cakSudvAra kahA hai, vaha jaina dharma kA nivRtti dravyendriya hai / bauddhadharmaM meM jise cakSuprasAda kahA hai, jainadharma kA vaha Abhyantara upakaraNa dravyendriya hai / Alambana aura vijJAna meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM / paJcendriyoM ke gocararUpoM ko jainadharma meM indriyoM kA viSaya kahA hai / strItva aura puruSatva ye do bhAva rUpa haiM / ye donoM bhAvarUpa pratisandhikSaNa se hI skandha meM utpanna ho jAte haiM aura kAyaprasAda kI taraha saMpUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara vidyamAna rahate haiM / bhAva ke anusAra hI unakA liMga, nimitta, kutta (kriyA) evaM AkAra hotA hai / hasta, pAda Adi saMsthAna liMga (niyatacihna) haiM, smazru rahita yA yuktaM dADhI Adi nimitta (aniyata cihna) haiM, calanI, cakkI athavA ratha Adi ke sAtha krIr3A karanA kutta (svabhAva) hai tathA vizeSa prakAra kA gamana Adi Akappa (AkAra) hai / ' ubhayavyaJjaka yoni kA bhI kathana milatA hai, jisameM kahIM strItva kA aura kahIM puruSatva kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai / strIbhAva aura puruSabhAva rUpoM meM puruSabhAva rUpa uttama tathA strIbhAva rUpa hIna mAnA gayA hai| kuzala karmoM se puruSabhAva aura akuzala karmoM se strIbhAva kI prApti hotI hai / 43 jainadharma meM ina bhAva rUpoM ko vedakarma kA pariNAma mAnA gayA hai / yaha veda karma mohanIya karma se utpanna hotA hai aura strIbhAva, puruSabhAva tathA napuMsakabhAva ko prApta hotA hai / ye tInoM veda dravyaliGga aura bhAvaliGga ke bheda se do prakAra ke hote haiM / inheM nokaSAya janaka kahA gayA hai / nAma karma ke udaya se hone vAlI zarIra racanA dravyaliGga hai tathA AtmapariNAma bhAvaliGga hai / antaraGga pariNAmoM ke kAraNa dravya puruSa ko strIveda kA aura dravya strI ko puruSaveda kA udaya dekhA jAtA hai / bhogabhUmija manuSya va tiryaJcoM meM tathA devoM meM strI aura puruSa ye do hI veda hote haiM, parantu karmabhUmija manuSya evaM paJcendriya tiryaJcoM meM tInoM veda hote haiN| nArakI jIva napuMsakavedI hI hote haiM / puruSaveda ke karma apekSAkRta adhika zubha mAne jAte haiM / siddhAntaH donoM meM koI bheda nahIM / varNanaprakriyA meM hI antara hai / hRdayavastu ko hRdaya rUpa kahate haiM / isI ke hone para vyakti kuzala- akuzala karma karatA hai / pAli tripiTaka meM hRdayavastu ke sandarbha meM kucha vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| para Age calakara paTTAna ke AdhAra para use vikasita kiyA gayA hai| phalataH use manodhAtu aura manovijJAnadhAtu ke Azrayasthala ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA / jIvitendriya ko jIvita rUpa kahA jAtA hai| yaha jIvitendriya karmaja rUpoM kI Ayu hai / isameM kAyaprasAda tathA bhAvarUpa nahIM hote, para vaha sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta rahatA hai| jisase sahajAta dharma jIvita rahate haiM aura jIvana dhAraNa karane meM jo adhipati rahatA hai, vaha jIvitendriya kahalAtA 1. abhighammatthasaMgaho, 6.7; vibhAvanI, pR0 150 / 2. maTTasAlinI, pU0 259 /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara hai| vaidhAtuka Ayu hI jIvitendriya hai| yaha USma aura vijJAna kA AdhAra hai| zarIra se Ayu, USma aura vijJAna ke alaga ho jAne para zarIra kASThavat acetana bana jAtA hai / yaha jIvitendriya do prakAra kI hotI hai-nAma jIvitendriya aura rUpa jIvitendriya / nAma jIvitendriya apane saMprayukta dharmoM kA anupAlana karatI hai aura rUpa jIvitendriya apane sAtha atyanta karmaja evaM cittaja rUpoM kA anupAlana karatI hai / ' prANiyoM kA jIvana ina donoM jIvitendriyoM para avalambita hai| udaka, dhAtrI evaM nAvika se isakI upamA dI jAtI hai| yahI nAma-rUpa dharmoM kI nirantara pravRtti ( saMtati ) banAye rakhatI hai| jaba taka karma avaziSTa rahate haiM, tabataka saMprayukta dharma nirantara utpanna hote rahate haiN| isalie yaha jIvitendriya nAma-rUpa skandha saMtati meM pradhAna hotI hai| usI ke anupAlana-sAmarthya se karmaja rUpoM kI Ayu 51 kSudrakSaNa paryanta hotI hai| sthaviravAda meM ise sarvacittasAdhAraNa caitasikoM meM anyatama mAnA gayA hai| jIvitendriya kI tulanA AtmA se kI jA sakatI hai| AtmA bhI sarvacitta sAdhAraNa caitasika jaisA hI hai / antara yaha hai ki bauddhadharma ke anusAra parinirvANa prApta hote hI isakA uccheda ho jAtA hai, jabaki jainadharma meM AtmA kA uccheda kabhI nahIM hotaa| karma vinirmukta hone para vaha vizuddha avasthA meM A jAtA hai| kavalIkAra AhAra vaha AhAra hai, jisakA kavala kiyA jAtA hai| ataH samasta khAdya padArtha kavalIkAra AhAra haiM / yahA~ AhAra meM sanniviSTa ojas ko hI AhAra rUpa mAnA hai / jainadharma meM upabhogya zarIra ke yogya pudgaloM ke grahaNa ko AhAra kahate haiN| yaha AhAra zarIra nAmakarma ke udaya tathA vigraha gati nAma ke udaya ke abhAva se hotA hai / jainAgamoM meM AhAra viSayaka varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ AhAra ke cAra bhedoM kA varNana milatA hai-karmAhArAdi, khAdyAdi, kAMjI Adi tathA pAnakAdi / karmAhArAdi meM karmAhAra, nokarmAhAra, kavalAhAra, lepyAhAra, ojAhAra aura mAnasAhAra kA samAveza hai| yahA~ kavalAhAra aura ojAhAra kA sambandha bauddhadharma meM ullikhita kavalIkAra AhAra aura usake ojas AhAra se spaSTa hai / jainadharma meM "ahat kavalAhAra karate haiM yA nahIM" yaha eka vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai / bauddhadharma meM isa prakAra kI kisI samasyA kA ullekha nhiiN| aThAraha prakAra ke ye rUpa svabhAvarUpa, salakSaNarUpa, rUparUpa evaM samarzanarUpa kahe jAte haiN| inameM anityatA, duHkhatA, anAtmatA tathA upacaya, saMtati, jaratA evaM anityatA rUpa dravya sat kahalAte haiM / inheM bhAva bhI kahate haiM / 5 jainadharma meM bhI inake lie dravya, sat aura bhAva zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| bauddhadarzana kI yaha rUpa kI kalpanA rUpa ke guNatva para AdhArita hai| usake anusAra guNa se vyatirikta guNI kI avasthiti kisI bhI tarka se siddha nahIM hotI, para jainadarzana isameM kathaJcit bheda mAnatA hai| 1. paramatthadIpinI, pR0 237; vizuddhimagga, pR0 312 / 2. abhidhammatyasaMgaho, 6.10; visuddhimagga, pR0 313; aTTasAlinI, pR0 265-6 / 3. rAjavArtika, 9.7 / ___ 4. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 6.11 / 5. mUlAcAra, 676; bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 700; anAgAra dharmAmata, 6.73 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kucha dhAtue~ yA rUpa aise hote haiM, jo svataH utpanna ho jAte haiN| unheM aniSpanna rUpa kahA jAtA hai| inakI saMkhyA dasa hai-pariccheda rUpa AkAza, vijJapti dvaya ( kAyavijJapti aura vAgvijJapti), vikArarUpa tIna ( rUpa kI laghutA, mRdutA aura karmaNyatA ) tathA lakSaNarUpa cAra ( rUpa kA upacaya, saMtati, jaratA evaM anityatA ) / ye paramArtha sat nahIM apitu prajJaptisat dravya haiN| ___AkAzadhAtu paricchedarUpa hai| vaha cAra prakAra kA hai-1. ajarAkAza, 2. paricchinnAkAza, 3. kasiNugghATikAkAza aura 4. paricchedAkAza / inameM ajarAkAza jainadharma kA alokAkAza hai aura zeSa tIna prakAra lokAkAza ke rUpa meM samAhita kiye jA sakate haiN| vijJaptidvaya zarIrAdi kI halana-calana se saMbaddha haiN| bauddhadharma ne AtmA ke astitva ko asvIkAra kara use prajJaptisat kaha diyA / pariNAmataH usako halana-calana Adi kriyAoM ko bhI prajJaptisat kahanA pdd'aa| use vikAra rUpoM meM bhI antarbhUta kiyA gayA hai| citta aura mana isa prasaMga meM citta aura mana para vicAra kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| zramaNa sAhitya meM donoM zabda lokapriya rahe haiM, phira bhI bauddhadharma ne citta zabda kA prayoga adhika kiyA hai aura jainadharma ne 'mana' kaa| bauddhadharma meM citta ke sAtha hI mana aura vijJAna zabda bhI prayukta hue haiM-"cittaM iti pi, mano ti pi vijJANaM iti pi"|' jo kuzala-akuzala karmoM kA saMcaya karatA hai, vaha citta hai (cinoti)| yahI citta manana karatA hai (manute), jo apara citta kA AzrayabhUta hai, yahI citta apane AlaMbana ko jAnatA hai, jo indriya aura AlaMbana para Azrita hai| ye tInoM zabda citta ko vibhinna avasthAoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| yaha citta rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, spRSTavya tathA dharma nAmaka viSayoM para utpanna hotA hai tathA punaH utpanna hokara niruddha ho jAtA hai / yahI usakI anavarata prakriyA usakI caMcalatA ko sUcita karatI hai / 2 citta kI zuddha aura azuddha avasthA ko spaSTa karate hue buddha ne mana ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai| SaDvijJAna aura mana ko milAkara sapta dhAtuoM kI bAta kahI gaI hai| vijJAna kI utpatti viSaya aura prasAdarUpa ke saMghaTTana se hotI hai| mana ko Ayatana, indriya aura dvAra bhI kahA gayA hai| vijJAnavAda meM isa siddhAnta kA kucha aura vikAsa huA, vahA~ vijJAna ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA-AlayavijJAna, manovijJAna aura pravRttivijJAna / isakA vivecana AtmA aura karma kA vivecana karate samaya kiyA jAyagA / ___ jainadharma meM citta, mana aura vijJAna kA prayoga huA hai| AtmA kA caitanya vizeSa rUpa pariNAma 'citta' kahalAtA hai| yaha heyopAdeya kA vicAra karatA hai| bodha, jJAna aura citta ye tInoM 1. saMyuttanikAya, bhAga 2, pR0 94 / 2. phandanaM capalaM cittaM, durakkhaM dunnivArayaM-dhammapada, cittavagga, 1 / 3. mano pubbaMgamAghammA-dhammapada, 1. 1-9 / 4. sarvArthasiTi, 2.32 /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara zabda samAnArthaka haiN|' jJAna ko vijJAna bhI kahA gayA hai, jo AtmA ke guNa haiN| bauddhadharma ke citta aura vijJAna bhI AtmA kA vahI kArya karate hue dikhAI dete haiN| jainadarzana meM mana ko Abhyantara indriya mAnA gayA hai| use atIndriya aura antaHkaraNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha mana do prakAra kA hotA hai-dravyamana aura bhAvamana / hRdaya sthAna meM aSTa pAMkhar3I ke kamala ke AkAra rUpa pudgaloM kI racanA vizeSa dravyamana hai| sUkSma hone ke kAraNa ise 'ISata ndiya' bhI kahA jAtA hai| saMkalpa-vikalpAtmaka pariNAma rUpa jJAna kI avasthA vizeSa ko bhAvamana kahate haiM / bhAvamana jJAna svarUpa hai aura jJAna jIva kA guNa hone se AtmA meM antarbhUta ho jAtA hai| bauddhadharma meM mana ko indriyoM ke antargata rakhA gayA hai, para jainadharma use indriya nahIM maantaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki yahA~ AtmA ke liMga ko indriya kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra zeSa indriyoM kA bAhya indriyoM se grahaNa hotA hai, usa prakAra mana kA nahIM hotaa| isalie use indriya kA liMga nahIM kaha sakate / jIva athavA AtmA jainadharma vizuddha AtmavAdI dharma hai, jabaki bauddhadharma anAtmavAdI athavA nirAtmavAdo / bauddhadharma kI nirAtmavAditA usake vikAsa ke itihAsa meM pratibimbita hotI hai| usane AtmA ko vastu sat nahIM mAnA, balki use prajJaptisat svIkAra kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki AtmavAditA klezotpAdikA hai aura saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa hai| uttarakAlIna bauddha sAhitya meM to isa mata ko tarkaniSThavRtti se prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi kisI bhI prakAra se nahIM ho sktii| pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANa usake pRthak sadbhAva ko siddha nahIM kara paate| bauddhadarzana meM AtmA ke astitva ko spaSTa rUpa se bhale hI svIkAra na kiyA gayA ho, para 'cittasaMtati' zabda dekara usake rikta sthAna kI pUrti avazya kara dI hai| isake anusAra pUrva citta kA nAza aura uttara citta kA utpAda hotA hai| citta kI yaha saMtati anAdi kAla se pravRtta ho rahI hai aura Age bhI hotI rahatI hai| jainadarzana citta saMtati ke samakakSa jJAnaparyAyoM ko mAnatA hai| ye jJAnaparyAyeM pratyeka kSaNa parivartita hotI rahatI haiM arthAt pUrvajJAna kA vinAza hote ho uttara jJAnaparyAya utpanna ho jAto hai / bauddha paryAyavAdI haiM, ataH jJAna to hai para usakA Azraya rUpa koI dravya nhiiN| jabaki jaina dravyavAdI haiM aura dravyaparyAyAtmaka hone ke kAraNa jJAna ko jIva dravya kA guNa svIkAra karate haiM aura usako vividha avasthAoM ko usakA paryAya / yaha donoM siddhAntoM meM antara hai| 1. niyamasAra, tA0 vR0 116 / 2. sarvArtha siddhi, 5.19 / 3. dhavalA, 1.1.1.35 / 4. vizeSa dekhie, lekhaka kI pustaka "bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa" pR0 88-92 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki bauddhadarzana kI dRSTi se cittasaMtati jJAna kAlpanika aura bhramajanita hai, parantu jainoM ke anusAra yaha kAlpanikatA hI sahI nahIM hai / yadi caitanya kA sarvathA apalApa kiyA jAya, to saMtAnatva siddha nahIM ho sakatA / saMtAna kI siddhi pratItyasamutpAda para AdhArita hai, jo kSaNabhaMgavAda ke mAnane para nirdoSa nahIM raha jAtA / 47 bauddhadharma meM skandha saMtati ke sAtha hI AtmA ko svIkAra karane ke bIja avazya dikhAI dete haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki usake vivecana kAla meM saMvRtisat aura paramArthasat kI bAta AcAryoM ko karanI pdd'ii| bauddha saMpradAya meM hI eka vAtsIputrIya sampradAya to pudgalavAdI hI rahA hai / tattvasaMgraha meM ullikhita bhadaMta yogasena bhI vAtsoputrIya honA caahie| ve kSaNikavAda meM 'arthakriyA' nahIM mAnate dikhAI dete haiM / phalataH AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa karate hoNge| unake anukaraNa para anya dArzanikoM ne bhI kSaNikavAda meM arthakriyA ke prati sandeha vyakta kiyA hai / " pudgalavAdiyoM jaise kucha aura bhI bauddha sampradAya the, jo AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate the, para unake grantha upalabdha na hone se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vAtsIputrIya sampradAya ke anusAra AtmA na skandhoM se milA hai aura na abhinna hai / yaha vastutaH " na ca so na ca aJJo" kI hI abhivyakti hai / vastutaH pudgalavAlI hote hue bhI vAtsIputrIya anAtmavAda se ubhara nahIM ske| isalie ve use eka dravya nahIM mAna ske| unake anusAra pudgala - prajJapti kA vyavahAra pratyutpanna AdhyAtmika upAtta skandhoM ke lie hotA hai / isalie ve kahate haiM ki yadi AtmA skandhoM se anya hotA, to vaha zAzvata aura asaMskRta hotA / yadi vaha skandhoM se ananya hotA, to usake uccheda kA prasaMga AtA / hama yaha jAnate haiM ki kucha buddha apane Apa ko na zAzvatavAdI mAnate aura na ucchedavAdI / vasubandhu Adi AcArya vAtsIputrIya sampradAya kA khaNDana karate hue dikhAI dete haiM / unhoMne bar3e AyAsa ke sAtha vAtsIputrIyoM ke tarkoM kA khaNDana kiyA aura prasthApita kiyA ki pudgala skandha samudAya prajJaptimAtra hai, saMjJA mAtra hai, vastu sat nahIM / use nAma aura rUpa skandhoM kA saMyojana kahA jA sakatA hai / karmoM ke kAraNa usameM nairantaryamAtra hai, nityatA nahIM / vasubandhu ke uttara dene ke bAvajUda vasubandhu kA eka prazna to bilakula anuttarita raha jAtA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki yadi AtmA nAma kA koI satva nahIM, vaha kevala hetu pratyaya se janita hI dharma hai, skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu hai, to phira buddha ko sarvajJa kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? kyoMki sarvajJatA kA AdhAra AtmA ke atirikta aura kyA ho sakatA hai ? vAtsaputrI ke ye prazna kadAcit bauddhetara sampradAyoM ke praznoM kA pratinidhitva karate hue dikhAI dete haiM / isalie karmoM kA kartA, bhoktA, saMsaraNakartA, pratyabhijJAtA kauna hogA ? yadi AtmA ke astitva ko asvIkArA jAya / ina jvalanta praznoM kA uttara mahAyAnI AcAryoM ne yathAsaMbhava dene kA prayatna kiyA hai / unake uttara se unakI vAkpaTutA tathA agAdha vidvattA evaM cintanazIlatA kA darzana hotA hai / vasubandhu, nAgArjuna, Aryadeva, zAntarakSita Adi AcAryoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / isa sandarbha meM vAtsIputrIya ke pakSa meM kumAralAta kA yaha zloka dRSTavya hai-- 1. nyAyakumudacandra, pR. 379; syAdvAdamaMjarI, kArikA 5 /

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48 bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara dRSTidaMSTrAvabhedaM cApekSya bhraMzaM ca karmaNAm / dezayanti buddhA dharmaM vyAghrI potApahAravat // cittoM kA Azraya kauna hai ? aura kauna saMskAra vizeSa kI apekSAkara citta kA utpAda karatA hai ? Adi jaise prazna bhI sahI samAdhAna kI khoja meM lage hue haiM / bauddhAcArya ina praznoM kA pUrA samAdhAna nahIM kara pAye / AtmA ke astitva ko sIdhe DhaMga se asvIkAra kiye jAne para bauddhoM ko 'saMtati' spaSTa karane ke lie aneka tattvoM kI kalpanA karanI pdd'ii| isake lie sarvaprathama unhoMne rUpa kA vibhAjana kiyA / caturmahAbhUtoM ke atirikta prasAdarUpa, gocararUpa, bhAvarUpa, hRdayarUpa, jIvitarUpa, AhArarUpa Adi aneka prakAra ke rUpa haiM / karma, citta, Rtu evaM AhAra rUpa ke utpAdaka kAraNa haiN| inameM AtmA ke kArya ko karane vAle tattvoM ke lie cittavijJAna, jIvitarUpa, vijJaptirUpa, hRdayarUpa Adi jaise tattvoM ko khojanA par3A / citta, vijJAna jaise tattva kahA~ se kaise utpanna hote haiM ? yaha gutthI banI hI rahatI hai| isake bAvajUda attavAdopAdAna jaise tattvoM ko bhI saMyojita kiyA gayA, jo saMsaraNa ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM prastuta hue / isa paryavekSaNa se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bauddhadharma ne 'attavAda' ko vivAda kA mUla kAraNa mAnA aura use avyAkRtavAda se Age bar3hAkara nirAtmavAda taka pahu~cAyA / vivAda samApta to nahIM ho sakA, para mAnasa meM eka naI vicAra - kAnti avazya sAmane AI / jisane apane ucca svara meM yaha prasthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA ki AtmA ko na mAnane se bhI kAma cala sakatA hai / para yaha siddhAnta sabhI bauddha saMpradAyoM ko saMtuSTa nahIM kara sakA / jaisA hama pIche likha cuke haiM, saMmitIya bauddha astitvavAdI haiN| unakA mantavya hai ki darzana, zravaNa, ghrANAdi vedanAoM ke upAdAtA kA astitva upAdAnoM ke pUrva avazya hai, kyoMki avidyamAna kAraka kI darzanAdi kriyA kA honA kisI bhI sthiti meM saMbhava nahIM / parantu vijJAnavAdI isa siddhAnta ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ve usake khaNDana meM apanA tarka prastuta karate haiM ki pudgala kI prajJapti darzanAdi se hotI hai| darzanAdi se pUrva yadi pudgala kI sattA mAnI jAya, to vaha darzanAdi se nirapekSa hogii| yadi darzanAdi ke binA pudgala Adi kI sattA mAnate haiM, to pudgala ke binA bhI darzanAdi kI sattA mAnanI par3egI / ataH upAdAna aura upAdAtA siddhi parasparApekSa hai / isalie darzanAdi ke pUrva AtmA ke astitva kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| nAgArjuna, Aryadeva, caMdrakIrti Adi AcAryoM ne isa siddhAnta para aura bhI gaMbhIra maMthana kara yaha ciMtana prastuta kiyA ki AtmA kA astitva agni aura IMdhana ke astitva se siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki agni-IMdhana meM bheda, abheda aura bhedAbheda siddha nahIM hotA / upAdAtA AtmA ke sAtha upAdAna paJca skandha kI bhI siddhi nahIM hotI / unake bIca krama kA bhI nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, anyathA kartA aura karma kA ekatva prasaMga upasthita hogA / yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki pudgalavAdI bauddha jisa anavarAgratA (Adi-antakoTi zUnya) ke mAdhyama se janma, jarA, maraNa kI sattA rUpa AtmA kI astitva siddhi kI bAta rakhate haiM, usI anavarAgratA kA AdhAra lekara mAdhyamika darzana asattA ko siddha karatA hai| unake anusAra saMsAra aura bhAva kI koI pUrvaM koTi siddha nahIM hotI /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 49 paMcopAdAna skandha duHkha haiM aura usa duHkha kA AzrayabhUta AtmA honA cAhie, ise bhI mAdhyamika darzana nahIM maantaa| vaha kahatA hai ki duHkha hI nahIM, to duHkha kA AzrayabhUta AtmA kahA~ se siddha hogaa| duHkha kI siddhi usake svayaM kRtatva, parakRtatva ubhayakRtatva yA ahetukatva para avalaMbita hai, jo siddha nahIM hotaa| mAdhyamika saMpradAya meM anAtmavAda ko zUnyavAda ke mAdhyama se siddha kiyA gayA hai| caMki usakI dRSTi meM AdhyAtmika athavA bAhya koI bhI padArtha upalabdha nahIM hotA, isalie vastutaH paJcopAdAna skandha meM AtmA ko nahIM khojA jA sktaa| saMsAra kA mUla satkAya dRSTi hai / AtmA usakA Alambana hai| yadi AtmA skandharUpa hai, to usakA utpAda-vyaya mAnanA par3egA aura usakI anekatA ko bhI svIkAra karanA pdd'egaa| yadi AtmA skaMdha vyaktirikta hai, to usakA lakSaNa utpAda-sthiti-bhaMga nahIM kahA jA sakegA / phalataH lakSaNavihIna hone se vaha asaMskRta aura khapuSpa ke samAna ho jAyagA / mAdhyamika kArikA aura catuHzataka meM isa siddhAnta ko prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM jise 'citta' kahA hai, anya darzanoM meM vahI AtmA hai| citta, caitasikoM ke mukhya kArya haiM-pratisandhi, bhavaMga, avajana, darzana, zravaNa, ghrANa AsvAdana, sparza saMparicchana, saMsoraNa, voThThapana ( vyavasthApana ), javana tadAlambana evaM cyuti / ' AtmA bhI yathAsamaya yahI kArya karatA hai| vasubandhu ne jise 'upAtta' dhAtu kahA hai, vaha bhI vastutaH AtmA kA pratIka hai| upAtta kA artha hai-jise citta-caitta adhiSThAna bhAva se svIkRta karate haiN| inheM pA~ca jJAnendriya rUpa bhI kahA gayA hai| sarvAstavAdiyoM ne bAhyArtha ko pratyakSa mAnA, para sautrAntikoM ne use anumeya mAnA / yogAcAra ne kucha aura Age bar3hakara kahA ki jaba bAhyArtha kA pratyakSa hI nahIM hotA, to usake astitva ko svIkAra karane kI AvazyakatA ho kyA aura phira bAhyArtha kI sattA jJAna para avalambita hai, so jJAna ko hI kyoM na mAnA jAya / ataH yogAcAra ne vijJAna kI hI vAstavika sattA mAnI, zeSa sattA ko niHsvabhAva tathA svapna sadRza maanaa| mAdhyamikoM ne Age calakara yaha prasthApita kiyA ki jaba artha kA hI astitva nahIM to jJAna mAnane kI bhI kyA AvazyakatA? ataH unhoMne zUnya ko hI paramArtha tattva mAnA hai| yahA~ 'AlayavijJAna' vahI kAma karatA hai, jo AtmA karatA hai| AtmA kA niSedha karane para vijJAnavAda ko AlayavijJAna kI kalpanA karanI pdd'ii| isake mAnane para jIvitendriya ke mAnane kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI / vijJAnavAda meM vijJAna eka sAmudAyika paramANu rUpa hai / vaha rAgAdi dharmoM kA aura vilakSaNa pramANaprameya adhigama rUpoM kA eka samudAya mAtra hai / usakA bheda nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| upaniSad sAhitya meM jainadharma ke samAna AtmA ko zarIra vyApI mAnA gayA hai| parantu bRhadAraNyaka meM AtmA ko cAvala athavA yava ke dAne ke barAbara tathA kaThopaniSad Adi meM aMguSTha 1. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 3.18 / 3. rAjavAttika, 1.1.68 / 5. kaThopaniSad, 2. 2. 12 / 2. abhidharmakoza, 1.34 / 4. kauSItikI, 4.20 /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara pramANa mAnA gayA hai / isI prakAra chAndogyopaniSad meM use vilasta (pradeza ) barAbara svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / AtmA kA yahI parimANa bar3hate-bar3hate vyApakatA taka pahu~cA / jaina dArzanikoM ne dehaparimANa aura vyApakatA ke bIca samanvayAtmaka DhaMga se kahA ki kevala jJAna kI dRSTi se AtmA vyApaka hai aura Atmapradeza kI dRSTi se vaha zarIra-vyApta hai| bauddhadarzana bhI isI ko mAnatA huA dikhAI detA hai| ___ isa saMdarbha meM itanA aura likhanA Avazyaka hai ki citta kI utpatti sparza, vedanA Adi sarvacittasAdhAraNa caitasika dharmoM se sambaddha hokara hI hotI hai / nAma ( saMprayukta caitasika ) evaM rUpa dharma usake Asanna kAraNa haiM, jabaki jainadharma AtmA ko ajAta, anAdi, ananta, ajara, amara bhoktA, kartA Adi mAnatA hai / bauddhadarzana meM caitasikoM kA Alambana citta usI prakAra hai, jisa prakAra karma kA Alambana citta hai| citta ke abhAva meM cetasikoM kA astitva raha hI nahIM sktaa| caitasikoM se nirmukta hone para isI citta dhAtu kA astitva samApta ho jAtA hai| isalie nirvANa avasthA meM citta ke sadbhAva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| jainadharma AtmA ko mUlataH vizuddha mAnatA hai, para karmoM ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa vaha avizuddha ho jAtA hai| isa avizuddhAvasthA kA nAma hI saMsAra hai / dhIre-dhIre tyAga, tapasyA Adi ke bala para vyakti karmoM se pUrNa mukta ho jAtA hai, usake pariNAma vizuddha ho jAte haiM / yahI avasthA nirvANAvasthA hai| isameM AtmA kA vinAza nahIM hotA, balki vaha apanI mUla vizuddhAvasthA meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| bauddhadharma meM citta kI avasthAoM (bhUmiyoM) kA varNana karate hue use cAra prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai-kAmAvacara, rUpAvacara, arUpAvacara evaM lokottr| inake 89 bheda citta kI vividha avasthAoM ke sUcaka haiN| jainadharma kI paribhASA meM ina bhUmiyoM ko hama guNasthAna kaha sakate haiN| kAmAvacara citta kA sambandha bahirAtmA se hai, rUpAvacara aura arUpAvacara citta AtmA kI antarAtmAvasthA ko dyotita karate haiM tathA lokottaracitta paramAtmAvasthA kA pratIka hai / isI taraha kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta citta ko hama kramazaH zubhopayoga, azubhopayoga aura zuddhopayoga kaha sakate haiN| AtmA kA svarUpa upayoga yA jJAna-darzanamaya hai| citta ke lakSaNAdi catuSkoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki vaha bijAnana lakSaNa hai / jahA~ vijAnana hotA hai, vahA~ darzana hotA hI hai| ataH citta ko bhI AtmA ke samAna jJAna-darzanavAn mAnanA caahie| __ azubhopayoga meM Asakta AtmA mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga meM guthA rahatA hai, vaha moha, mAyA, rAga, dveSa Adi ke bandhanoM se jakar3A rahatA hai / yahI saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa hai| bauddhadharma meM varNita akuzala citta bhI lagabhaga isI prakAra ke haiM / ve lobhamUla, dveSamUla aura mohamUla hote haiN| saumanasya, daumanasya tathA upekSA bhAva bhI usake sAtha cakkara lagAte rahate haiN| ina akuzala cittoM(12) kA sIdhA sambandha mohanIya karma se hai| 1. muNDakopaniSad, 1. 1. 6 / 2. dravyasaMgraha, vRtti, gA. 10; nyAyAvatAra vArtika vRtti, bhASA TippaNa dekhiye / 3. chAndogyopaniSad, 5. 18.1 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 51 ahetuka cittoM meM lobha, dveSa, moha akuzala hetuka haiM tathA alobha, adveSa aura amoha kuzala athavA avyAkRta hetuka haiM / ye ahetuka citta akuzala vipAka, kuzala vipAka tathA kriyA ke bheda se tIna prakAra ke haiM / akuzala aura ahetuka citta samaveta rUpa meM azobhana citta kahalAte haiM / i Alambana Adi aniSTa rahatA hai, ataH azobhana citta kahalAte haiM / isalie inakI tulanA azubhopayoga athavA mohanIya karma se kara sakate haiM / / klezAdi karmoM se vizuddha hone ke kAraNa citta zobhana citta kahalAtA hai yahA~ yaha draSTavya hai ki yaha zobhana azobhana nAma vastutaH citta kA nahIM, caitasika kA hai / citta kA kAma to mAtra Alambana ko jAnane kA hai| ataH citta kA zobhana azobhana honA caitasikoM ke zobhana - azobhana hone para nirbhara karatA hai / use hama AtmA kI vizuddha athavA mUla avasthA kaha sakate haiM, jo hamAre zubhAzubha bhAvoM ke anusAra parivartita hotA rahatA hai / zobhana citta jainadharma kI zubhopayogAvasthA ke sUcaka haiM / deva, guru, zAstra kI pUjA, dAna, sadAcAra aura upavAsAdika tapa meM tIna AtmA zubhopayogAttAka haiM / 'zubhopayoga puNya karma ke Azrava kA kAraNa hai / pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti tathA tIna guptiyoM kA pAlana karane vAlA zubhopayogI saMyamI tapasvI sarAgacaritra vAlA hotA hai / kriyAcittaarhatu kI santAna meM hote haiM / ataH ve vipAka (phala) nahIM dete / kintu yadi ve vipAkonmukha hoM, to kuzalacittoM kI taraha unakA vipAka asImita hotA hai / jainadarzana meM bhI arhat ke karma vipAka denevAle nahIM hote haiM / kuzala citta dhyAnacitta kahalAte haiM / prathama dhyAna se lekara caturthaM dhyAna paryanta sukhavedanA tathA paMcama dhyAna meM upekSA vedanA hotI hai / jainadharma kA zubhopayogI tapasvI bhI isI prakAra ke dhyAna se yukta hotA hai / donoM ke bIca sUkSma antara ko hama dhyAna ke prakaraNa meM spaSTa kareMge / karmavAda jaina-bauddha dharma karmavAdI haiM / mithyAdarzanAdi pariNAmoM se saMyukta hokara jIva ke dvArA jinakA upArjana kiyA jAtA hai, ve karma kahalAte haiN| donoM dharmoM kI dRSTi se yahI karma saMsaraNa kA kAraNa hotA hai / bauddhadharma meM karma ko caitasika kahA gayA hai aura vaha citta ke Azrita rahatA hai| jainadharma meM bhI karma AtmA ke Azraya se utpanna mAne gaye haiM / jainadharma meM triyoga ( mana, vacana, kAya ) ko zrava aura bandha tathA saMvara aura nirjarA kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / bauddhadharma meM bhI karma tIna prakAra ke haiM - cetanAkarma ( mAnasika karma ) aura cetayitvA karma ( kAyika aura vAcika karma ) / inheM tridaNDa kahA gayA hai / inameM se manodaNDa hInatama aura sAvadyatama karma mAnA gayA hai| jainadharma kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai / yahA~ karma ke tIna rUpa batAye gaye haiM-kRta, kArita aura anumodita / inameM yadyapi tInoM karma samAna doSotpAdaka haiM, para kRta karma apekSAkRta adhika doSI mAnA jAtA hai, yadi usake sAtha mana kA sambandha hai / 1. pravacanasAra, 69 / 2. dravyasaMgraha, 45 /

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara bauddhadharma meM karma kI paripUrNatA ke lie cAra bAtoM kI AvazyakatA batAI gaI hai1. prayoga (cetanA karma, arthAt icchA ) 2 maula prayoga ( kArya prArambha ) 3. maula karmapatha (vijJapti kAyakarma tathA zubha-azubharUpa avijJapti karma ) tathA 4. pRSTha ( karma karane ke uparAnta zeSa karma ) ye donoM karma bhAvoM ke anusAra zubha aura azubha hote haiM / jainadharma ke dravyakama aura bhAvakama kI tulanA kisI sImA taka inase kI jA sakatI hai| bauddhadharma meM bhI mukhya karma cetanA karma mAnA gayA hai| use citta sahagata dharma kahA hai| mAnasika dharma usakI aparasaMjJA hai / yaha cetanA citta ko AkAra vizeSa pradAna karatI hai aura pratisandhi (janma ) ke yogya banAtI hai| cetanA ke kAraNa hI zubhAzubha karma hote haiM aura tadanusAra hI unakA phala hotA hai / yaha manasikAra do prakAra kA hai 1. yonizo manasikAra (anitya ko anitya tathA anAtma ko anAtma mAnanA) . 2. ayonizo manasikAra (anitya ko nitya tathA nitya ko anitya mAnanA) jainadharma kI paribhASA meM inameM se prathama karma samyaktva aura dUsarA mithyAtva hai| mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika karma ko yahA~ 'yoga' kahA gayA hai| jisase ATha karmoM kA cheda ho, ve kRti karma haiM aura jinase puNya karma kA saMcaya ho, ve citkarma haiM / bauddhadharma ke samAna jainadharma meM bhI cetanA karma hai, jise bhAva vizeSa kahA gayA hai| vaha kuzala-akuzala ke samAna zuddha-azuddha hotI hai| cetanA kama ke do rUpa haiM-darzana aura jJAna / cetanA, anubhUti, upalabdhi aura vedanA ye sabhI zabda samAnArthaka haiN| yonizo manasikAra ko jJAnacetanA aura ayonizo manasikAra ko ajJAnacetanA kaha sakate haiN| samyagdRSTi ko hI jJAna cetanA hotI hai aura mithyAdRSTi ko karma tathA karmaphala cetanA hotI hai|' jainadharma ke jJAnAvaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya karma jaise karma bauddhadharma meM nahIM dikhate / jJAna aura darzana AtmA ke guNa haiN| bauddhadharma AtmA ko mAnatA nahIM, ataH ina guNoM ke viSaya meM vahA~ adhika spaSTa vivecana nahIM miltaa| zobhana caitasika vedanIya karma ke antargata rakhe jA sakate haiN| moha, AhIvatya anapatrApya, auddhatya, lobha, dRSTi, mAna, dveSa, IrSyA, mAtsarya, kaukRtya, styAna, middha evaM vicikitsA ye caudaha akuzala caitasika haiN| ina caitasikoM kI tulanA jainadharma ke bhAvakarma se kI jA sakatI haiM / mohanIya karma ke antargata ye sabhI bhAvakarma A jAte haiN| bauddhadharma ke akuzala karma mohanIya karma ke bheda-prabhedoM meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| jIvitendriya jainadharma kA Ayakarma hai, jise 'sarvacitta sAdhAraNa' kahA gayA hai| nAmakarma kI prakRtiyAM bhI bauddhadharma meM saralatApUrvaka mila jAtI haiN| zobhana caitasikoM meM zraddhA Adi zobhana sAdhAraNa, sammA vAcA Adi tIna viratiyA~ tathA karuNA, muditA do aprAmANya caitasika jainadharma ke samyagdarzana ke guNoM meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| akuzala karmoM kI samApti hone para ho sAdhaka zraddhA, smRti, hrI, apatrApya, alobha, adveSa, tatramadhyasthatA Adi guNoM kI prApti karatA hai| aise hI samaya samyagdarzana pragaTa hotA hai| yahA~ darzana 1. pravacanasAra, 123-124; paJcAdhyAyI, 223, 823-23 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA artha zraddhA hai aura sapta tattvoM para bhalI prakAra jJAnapUrvaka zraddhA karanA hI samyagdarzana hai| donoM dharmoM meM zraddhA ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai| eka meM samyagdarzana hai, to dUsarA use hI sammAdiTThI kahatA hai| yahA~ 'samyak' zabda vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM jur3A huA hai, jo padArthoM ke yathArtha jJAnamUlaka zraddhA ko prastuta karatA hai| samyagdarzana niHzaMkita, niHkAMkSita Adi ATha aMga zobhana caitasikoM ko aura spaSTa kara dete haiN| ye vastutaH samyagdRSTi ke citta kI nirmalatA ko sUcita karate hue usakI vizeSatAoM ko batAte haiN| abhidhammatthasaMgaho ke prakIrNaka saMgraha meM cittacaitasikoM kA saMyukta varNana kiyA gayA hai| citta-caitasikoM ke vividha rUpa kisa-kisa prakAra se paraspara mizrita ho sakate haiM, ise yahA~ vedanA, hetu, kRtya, dvAra, Alambana tathA vastu kA AdhAra lekara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| vedanA saMgraha ke sukha, duHkha, saumanasya, daurmanasya aura upekSA ko hama vedanIya karma ke bheda-prabhedoM meM niyojita kara sakate haiM / anukampA, dAna, pUjA, pratiSThA, vaiyAvRtti Adi sAtAvedanIya karma haiM aura duHkha, zoka, tApa, Akrandana, vadha, parivedana Adi karma asAtA vedanIya karma haiN| kRtya saMgraha meM nirdiSTa pratisandhi, bhavaMga, Avarjana, darzana, zravaNa, ghrANa, AsvAdana, sparza, saMparicchana Adi sabhI citta-caitasika ke kArya haiN| inheM jainadharma ke zabdoM meM karmayukta AtmA ke parispanda kaha sakate haiN| bauddhadharma meM karma ke bheda aneka prakAra se kiye gaye haiN| bhUmicatuSka aura pratisandhicatuSka kA sambandha jIva athavA citta ke pariNAmoM para AdhArita agrima gatiyoM meM janma lene se hai / kuzalaakuzala cetanA ke AdhAra para bauddhadharma meM janakakarma, upaSTaMbhaka karma (maraNAntakAla meM bhAvoM ke anusAra gatidAyaka), upapIr3aka karma (vipAka ko gaharA karane vAlA) tathA upaghAtaka karma (karmaphala ko samUla naSTa karane vAlA) ye cAra bheda kiye gaye haiN| ye bheda vastutaH karma kI taratamatA para AdhArita haiN| kisI viSaya vizeSa se inakA sambandha nahIM hai| pAkadAna paryAya kI dRSTi se garuka, Asanna Adi catuSka kama samaya para AdhArita haiN| vipAka catuSka bhI cAra karma haiM-iSTadharmavedanIya, upapadyavedanIya, aparaparyAyavedanIya aura ahosikamaM / inakI hama prakRtibaMdha, sthitibaMdha aura anubhAgabaMdha ke sAtha tulanA kara sakate haiM | jainadharma meM varNita pradezabandha jesA viSaya bauddhadharma meM nahIM milatA hai| jaina-bauddhadharma meM akuzala karmoM meM moha aura tajjanya mithyAdRSTi kA sthAna pramukha hai| mithyAdRSTi ko hI dUsare zabdoM meM 'zIlavrata parAmarza' kahA gayA hai| jainadharma isI ko 'mithyAtva' saMjJA detA hai| sabase bar3A antara yaha hai ki jainadharma AtmavAdI dharma hai / bauddhadharma AtmavAda ko mithyAtva kahatA hai, jabaki jainadharma anAtmavAda ko / anta meM calakara donoM eka hI sthAna para pahuMcate haiN| gati jisake udaya se AtmA bhavAntara ko prApta karatA hai, vaha gati nAmakarma hai / jainadharma meM gatiyA~ cAra prakAra kI batAI haiM-naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura deva gati / bauddhadharma meM isa saMdarbha meM cAra bhUmiyoM kA ullekha hai-apAya, kAmasugati, rUpAvacara evaM arUpAvacara / apAyabhUmi caturvidha hainiraka, tirazcInayoni, paitraviSaya evaM asurakAya / kAmasugati bhUmi sAta prakAra kI hai-manuSya, cAtumahArAjika Adi / naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura zeSa devoM ke prakAra una bhUmiyoM meM dikhAI dete haiM /

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54 bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara 1. naraka gati bauddhadharma meM narakoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai-1. sajIva, 2. kAlasutta, 3. saMghAta, 4. jAlarosava, 5. dhUmarosava, 6. tApana, 7. pratApana evaM 8. avIci / yaha pRthvI 2,40,000 yojana gambhIra hai| isameM 1.20,000 yojana paryanta mRttikAmaya tathA 1,20,000 yojana paryanta pASANamaya hai| nIce-nIce eka niraya se dUsare niraya ke bIca 15,000 yojana kA antara hai| ina cAra mahAnarakoM ke AsapAsa 4 prAkAra aura 4 dvAra haiN| unake samAnAntara 4 upaniraya haiM-gUthaniraya, kukkulaniraya, simbalivana aura asipatravana / inake cAroM ora khArodakA nadI hai| kSudhA, tRSNA Adi kA varNana jainadharma se milatA-julatA hai| jainadharma meM bauddhadharma kI apekSA narakoM kA varNana adhika gaMbhIra aura vistRta milatA hai| isake anusAra sAta naraka haiN| ina bhUmiyoM meM durgandha, zIta, uSNa, kSudhA, pipAsA Adi rahatI haiN| bhayaMkara duHkha yahA~ jIva prApta karatA hai / isakA saMkSipta varNana isa prakAra hai apara / | moTAI indraka biloM kA pramANa nAma zreNIbaddha | prakIrNaka / kula bila nAma 4 yojana ratnaprabhA | dharmA 180000 13 | 4420 / 2995567 30 lAkha kharabhAga 16000 paMkabhAga 84000 abbahula 80000 of zarkarA vaMzA 32000 | 2684 2479305 - 25 lAkha 3. bAlukA meghA 28000 1476 paMkaprabhA * aMjanA 24000 700 dhUmaprabhA | ariSTA / 20000 1498515 15 lAkha 999293 10 lAkha 5 260 299735 3 lAkha 99932 / 99995 1 4 x 49 / 9604 / 8390347 / 84 lAkha tamaprabhA | maghavI 16000 7. mahAtamaprabhA mAghavI 8030 1. tiloyapaNNatti, 2.26-27; rAjavAtika, 3.2.2; trilokasAra, 151; jaMbUdIvapaNNatti, 11, 143 144; jainendra siddhAMta koza, bhAga 2, pR0 577 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. tiryaJca gati bauddha sAhitya meM tiryaJcagati kA varNana bahuta kama milatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM ekendriya se paMcendriya taka ke pazu-pakSI-kor3e isake antargata Ate haiM / ye jalacara, thalacara, nabhacara hote haiM / saMjJIasaMjJI hote haiM, garbhaja aura saMmUrchanaja hote haiM / 3. manuSya gati donoM dharmoM meM manuSya gati ko zreSThatama mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM manuSya do prakAra kA hai-Arya aura mleccha / usake cAra prakAra bhI haiM-karmabhUmija, bhogabhUmija, antarvIpaja tathA saMmUrchima / paryApta aura aparyApta ye do bheda bhI milate haiM / 4. devagati . bauddhadharma meM devoM kA varNana bhI utane vistAra se nahIM hai, jitanA jainadharma meM milatA hai| kAmasugatabhUmi meM manuSya ko chor3akara zeSa chaha prakAra ke deva haiM-cAturyahArAjika, trAyastriza, yAma, tuSita, nirmANarati aura paranirmitavazavartI / ina bhUmiyoM ke Upara rUpAvacarabhUmi haiM, jinakI saMkhyA 16 hai-(i)brahmapAriSadya, brahmapurohita, mahAbrahmA, (ii) parittAbhA, apramANAbhA, AbhAsvasa, (iii) parIttazubhA, apramANazubhA, zubhAkIrNA, (iv) vRhatphalA, asaMjJisattvA, zuddhAvAsA-avRhA, atapA, sudRzA, sudarzI, akaniSThA / ina rUpI brahmAoM ke Upara 4 arUpI bhUmiyA~ haiM-AkAzAnantyAyatana, vijJAna, AkiJcanya aura naivsNjnyaanaasNjnyaa| jainadharma meM devoM ke cAra bheda haiM-bhavanavAsI, vyaMtaravAsI, jyotiSI aura vaimAnika (klpvaasii)| kalpavAsiyoM ke solaha bheda saudharma, IzAna, sAnatkumAra Adi rUpI brahmAoM se milate-julate haiM aura arUpAvacarabhUmi ke devoM kI nava graiveyaka tathA sarvArthasiddhi Adi se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| inakI prakRti meM kucha antara avazya dikhatA hai| dharma, adharma aura AkAza dravya dharmadravya aura adharmadravya, jainadharma ke viziSTa pAribhASika zabda haiN| jo bauddhadharma meM bhI nahIM dikhAI dete haiN| jainadarzana meM AkAza kA kArya avagAhana karanA hai, sthAna denA hai / vaha amUrtika, akhaNDa, nitya, sarvavyApaka, aura anantapradezI dravya hai| isameM jIva aura pudgala ko ekasAtha avakAza dene kI kSamatA hai| bauddhadarzana meM AkAza ko asaMskRta mAnA gayA hai, jisameM utpAdAdi nahIM hote| kAla dravya jainadharma meM varNita dharma aura adharma dravya bauddhadharma meM nahIM haiN| kAladravya ko jainadharma svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra vaha amUrtika aura niSkriya hai| ghar3I, ghaNTA Adi se usakA astitva . pramANita hotA hai| bauddhadharma kA prArambhika rUpa kAla ko svIkAra karatA huA dikhAI detA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki kAla se aupAdhika dravyoM kI utpatti hotI hai| yahA~ rUpa ko hI anitya mAnA jAtA thA aura citta, vijJAna jaise anya sUkSma dharma isa anityatA ke pare the| vaibhASika meM rUpa aura citta ko anitya mAnA hai| sautrAntikoM ke anusAra bhUta, bhaviSyat kAla kA astitva nitAnta kAlpanika evaM AdhAravihIna hai / sarvAstivAda meM usake astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| Aryadeva ne kAla

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bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara ke astitva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| isa prakAra bauddhadharma meM kAla ke astitva ke viSaya meM donoM paramparAyeM rahI haiN|' pAzcAtya dArzanikoM meM bhI kAlavAna pracalita rahA hai| nyUTana, dekArte, lAivanIz2a Adi vidvAn isa saMdarbha meM antanirIkSaNavAdI tathA yathArthavAdI haiN| barkale, hyama Adi dArzanika kAla kI bAhyagata sattA ko asvIkAra karate haiM tathA use amUrta vicAra mAtra mAnate haiM / kANTa kAla ko buddhinihita mAnate haiM, jabaki hegela dvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa se uparyukta matoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna karate haiN| jaMbUdvIpa aura usakA uttara kuru kSetra tattvamImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM vicAra karate samaya 'jambUdvIpa' kI parikalpanA para bhI vicAra kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| 'jambUdvIpa' bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAhitya meM eka sarvamAnya bhaugolika zabda hai, jisakI paridhi sarvasammata nahIM hai| jaina-bauddha aura vaidika tInoM saMskRtiyoM meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki vizAla jambU vRkSa kI avasthiti ke kAraNa isa mahAdvIpa ko 'jambUdvIpa' kahA gayA hai| pAli sAhitya meM ise jambUkhaNDa, jambUvana aura mahApaThavI" bhI nAma diye gaye haiN| purANoM meM samacI pRthvI ko sAta dvIpoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-jambU, zAka, kuza, zAlmala krauMca, gomeda aura pusskr| inameM jambUdvIpa ke nava varSa haiM, jinameM bhAratavarSa eka hai aura bhAratavarSa bhI navadvIpoM meM vibhakta hai| jaina paramparA meM saMpUrNa pRthvI ko 'jambUdvIpa' abhidhAna diyA gayA hai| isameM sAta kSetra haiMbharata, hemavata, harivarSa, videha, ramyak, hairaNyavat aura airAvata / jambUdvIpa ke 190 bhAgoM meM bharatakSetra eka bhAga hai| jambUdvIpa, dhAtakI khaNDa aura puSkarArdha arthAt DhAI dvIpoM meM hI manuSya rahate haiN| tithaMca samasta madhyaloka meM tathA sthAvara jIva samasta loka meM bhare hue haiN| jambUdvIpa kA tArAmaNDala dasa hajAra yojana vyAsa vAle sudarzana meru ko tArAmaNDala 112 yojana dUrI para pradakSiNA karatA hai| do candra aura do sUrya paraspara virodhI dizA meM sumeru parvata ke madhya se 49820 aura aura 50330 yojana dUrI para do dinoM meM eka pradakSiNA dete haiM tathA sUrya uttarAyaNa se dakSiNAyana aura dakSiNAyana se uttarAyaNa (49820 va 5033 yojanoM ke madhya meM) 183 dina meM bhramaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra sauravarSa 366 dinoM kA hotA hai| tArAmaNDala ko hama isa prakAra samajha sakate haiM 1. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka kI pustaka 'bauddhasaMskRti kA itihAsa', pR0 153-158 / 2. dekhie-purANa sAhityaH vinaya piTakaH paramatthajotikA, bhAga 2, pR0 443 / 3. suttanipAta selasutta / 4. payaMthasUdanI, bhAga 2, pR0 423 / 5. dIghanikAya, mahAgovindasutta / 6. jambUdvIpa prajJapti, pR0 90-100 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kramAMka | sAmAnya tArAmaNDala jaMbUdvIpa se U~cAI / sAmAnya tArAmaNDala sUrya 000 caMdra nakSatra Gowww 884 budha vyAsa ( yojanoM meM) 1/4 se 1 koza taka 48/61 yojana 56/61 yojana 1 koza taka 1/2 yojana 1 yojana eka koza se kama 1/2 koza 1/2 koza eka yojana se kama eka yojana se kama 888 891 894 897 900 zuka maMgala zani rAhu noTa-1 koza = 1000 mIla 1 yojana - 4 koza- 4000 mIla svarga aura mokSa jambU-sumeru parvata ke Upara avasthita haiM tathA naraka jambUdvIpa ke nIce avasthita hai| inake viSaya meM jaina-bauddha mAnyatAoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa pIche diyA jA cukA hai| pAli sAhitya meM samUce bhAratavarSa ke lie hI 'jambUdvIpa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| paurANika jambUdvIpa isase bRhattara hai aura jaina jambUdvIpa to nizcita hI bRhattama hai| isake madhya meM meru ( sumeru ) parvata hai / jambUdvIpa ke sAta bhAgoM athavA kSetroM meM bhAratavarSa eka hai, jise hama Adhunika bhArata kI bhaugolika sthiti se tulanA kara sakate haiN| ataH pAli sAhitya kA jambUdvIpa jaina sAhitya kA bharatakSetra kahA jAnA cAhie / ise cInI sAhitya meM bhI 'jambUdvIpa' nAma diyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, magadhadeza, brAhmaNadeza jaise zabdoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| pAli sAhitya meM samUcI pRthvI ko cAra mahAdvIpoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-jambUdvIpa, pUrvavideha, uttarakuru aura aparagoyAna / ye cAroM mahAdvIpa sumeru parvata ke cAroM ora avasthita haiN| jaina paramparA meM sAta kSetra haiM-bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airaavt| ina kSetroM ke chaha kulAcala haiM-himavAn, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukmi ( rUppa ) aura zikharI / pAli sAhitya meM sumeru parvata kI U~cAI 168 yojana batAI gaI hai tathA usake cAroM ora sAta parvata zreNiyoM kA ullekha hai-yugandhara, Isadhara, karavIka, sudassana, nemindhara, vinataka aura assakaNNa / sumeru ke pUrva meM pUrva videha, uttara meM uttarakuru, pazcima meM aparagoyAna aura dakSiNa meM jambUdvIpa avasthita hai / jaba jambUdvIpa meM sUryodaya hotA hai, taba aparagoyAna meM rAtri kA madhyaprahara hotA hai / aparagoyAna meM jaba sUryAsta hotA hai, to jambUdvIpa meM ardharAtri hotI hai / aparagoyAna meM jaba sUryodaya hotA hai, to jambUdvIpa meM dopahara hotI hai, pUrvavideha meM sUryAsta aura uttarakuru meM ardharAtri / __isa vivaraNa ko kisI sImA taka jaina jambUdvIpa kI sthiti se milA sakate haiM / pAli paramparA ke anusAra cakravartI rAjA cAroM mahAdvIpoM kA svAmI hotA hai| pahale vaha pUrvadizA meM pUrvavideha para vijaya prApta karatA hai, usake bAda dakSiNa dizA meM avasthita jambUdvIpa para, phira pazcima meM apara

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58 bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara goyAna aura uttara meM uttarakuru kI vijayayAtrA ke lie prasthAna karatA hai / cakravartI mAndhAtA ne apanI vijayayAtrA kA krama yahI rakhA thaa| ve saMsAra-vijaya karane ke bAda apane kucha sAthiyoM ke sAtha jambUdvIpa meM A base / unake pUrvavideha se Ane vAle sAthI jisa pradeza meM base, usakA nAma videha rASTra par3a gyaa| isI taraha uttarakuru aura aparagoyAna se Ane vAle loga kramazaH kuru aura aparAnta rASTra meM basa gye| pUrva videha ko logoM ne turkistAna se pahicAna karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| uttarakuru ko sAiberiyA batAyA hai tathA aparagoyAna ko pazcimI turkistAna se milAna kiyA hai| buddhakAlIna jambUdvIpa kI dakSiNI sImA Andhra, tamila aura laMkA taka calI jAtI hai / pazcimI-sImA meM bhRgukaccha ( bhaDoMca ), sopArA ( suppAraka ) aura sindhu-sovIra deza Ate haiN| uttara-pazcimI sImA meM gandhAra aura kamboja arthAt aphagAnistAna aura kAzmIra kA kAphI bhAga AtA hai| pUrva aura dakSiNa pUrva meM vaMga, sumha, utkala aura kaliMga samAhita hotA hai| cInI lekhakoM ne isa jambadvIpa ke AkAra ko uttara meM caur3A aura dakSiNa meM sakarA batAyA hai| uttarakuru ke sandarbha meM jaina sAhitya ke samAna bauddha sAhitya meM bhI paurANika vivaraNa milatA hai / dIghanikAya ke anusAra uttarakuru ke vyakti vyaktigata saMpatti nahIM rakhate aura na unakI apanI alaga-alaga patniyoM hotI haiN| unheM apane jIvana-nirvAha ke lie parizrama nahIM karanA par3atA / yahA~ anAja svayaM uga jAtA hai / yahA~ kA jIvana nitAnta sukhamaya hai| yahA~ ke rAjA kA nAma kubera tathA rAjadhAnI kA nAma viSANa hai| pradhAna nagara haiM-ATAnATA, kusInATA, nATApariyA, parakusInATA, kapIvala janodha, navananiyA, ambara aura alakamandA / yahA~ ke nivAsI yakSa kahe gaye haiN| yahA~ kalpavRkSa haiN| loga nirlobhI haiM, Ayu niyata hai| buddhaghoSa to yahA~ ke logoM ko unake prAkRtika zIla ke kAraNa sarvotkRSTa mAnate haiN| uttarakuru kA yaha paurANika varNana hote hue bhI kucha udAharaNa aise milate haiM, jo uttarakuru ko bhAratIya pradeza ke samIpa avasthita siddha karate haiM / vinayapiTaka ke anusAra bhagavAn buddha uttarakuru gaye / alpa bhikSu bhI unake sAtha the / rAjagRhavAsI jotika kI patnI bhI uttarakuru kI thii| visuddhimagga meM uttarakuru ko sumeru parvata ke uttara meM batAyA gayA hai aura usakA vistAra ATha hajAra yojana hai aura samudra se ghirA hai| mahAbhArata ke bhISmaparva meM bhI uttarakuru kI yahI avasthiti hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM bhI uttarakuru ko meruparvata ke uttara aura nIla parvata ke dakSiNa meM batAyA gayA hai| isakA vistAra 11842 yojana va do kalA adhika hai / jambUvRkSoM, parvatoM aura nadiyoM kA varNana atyanta paurANika hai| devakuru kI bhI avasthiti kA varNana yahIM upalabdha hai| isakA varNana yogabhUmi jaisA hai| manuSya tIna koza U~ce aura uttara lakSaNoM se yukta hote haiN| ___ jaina sAhitya meM videha, pUrvavideha aura apara videha kA varNana milatA hai| bauddha sAhitya aparavideha ke sthAna para aparagoyAna kA ullekha karatA hai| videha aura pUrvavideha kA varNana to hai hii| 1. mahAbodhivaMsa, pR073-74 /

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 59 bauddha sAhitya meM videha ko prathamataH rAjatantra aura bAda meM gaNatantra kahA gayA hai / usakI avasthiti magadha deza se gaMgApAra mAnI hai / buddha bhI yahA~ ke makhAdeva Amravana meM ruke the / jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM videha kA varNana paurANika hI hai / vahA~ kacchA nAmaka vijaya tathA kSemA nAmaka nagarI kA ullekha hai / kacchA ke tIna dvIpoM kA bhI ullekha hai - mAgadha, varatanu aura prabhAsa / ataH lagatA hai, yaha videha mithilA videha hI honA cAhie / uttarakAlIna jaina sAhitya meM isI videha kA varNana milatA hai / AcArya kundakunda dakSiNa se kadAcit isI videha meM pahu~ce hoMge / pUrvaM videha sumeru ke pUrva meM hai / yahA~ sukacchA vijaya aura kSemapurI nagarI hai, ariSTapurI nAma kI rAjadhAnI hai / jambUdvIpaprajJapti isI sandarbha meM vatsa, suvatsa nagariyoM kA bhI varNana karatI hai, jo usake pazcima meM avasthita haiM / hama yaha jAnate hI haiM ki vatsa rAjya magadha aura avantI ke bIca sthita thA / usake uttara meM kozala, pazcima meM surasena aura dakSiNa meM cedi ke kucha bhAga Ate the / yahA~ kA rAjA udayana zaktisampanna thaa| usane caNDapradyota kI putrI vAsavadattA se vivAha sambandha kiyA thA / vatsa kI rAjadhAnI kauzAmbI thI / pUrvaM videhavartI vatsa ko buddhakAlIna vatsa se milAyA sakatA hai / yahA~ tIrthaMkara gaNadharadeva tathA cakravartI kI sthiti sarvakAlika kahI gayI hai / jambUdvIpa kA apara videha ratnasaMcayA nagarI ke pazcima meM avasthita hai| yahA~ azokAvigatazokA nagarI kA ullekha hai, jisakA saMketa pATaliputra kI ora honA caahie| pUrva kI ora ayodhyA kI avasthiti batAyI hai / videha, pUrvavideha aura aparavideha ko kahIM-kahIM milA sA diyA hai / isalie aisA lagatA hai, ye tInoM pradeza AsapAsa hI rahe hoNge| kahA gayA hai videha meM viSNu, mahezvara, durgA, sUrya, candra aura buddhadeva ke bhavana nahIM haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha ho sakatA hai ki usa samaya vahA~ jainadharma kAphI prabhAvaka sthiti meM thA / isa prakAra jambUdvIpa kA bhUgola vyAvahArika stara para yadi dekhA jAye, to adhika se adhika eziyA taka vistRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / usake adhikAMza deza aura nagara hamAre bhArata deza se saMbaddha haiM / AcAryoM ne kahIM dezoM aura nagaroM yahA~ taka ki rAjAoM ke nAmoM kA bhI anuvAda kara diyA hai / isaliye mUla nAmoM kI pahicAna karanA kaThina-sA ho jAtA hai / ata: abhI jaina bhaugolika paramparA para niSpakSa aura nirabhiniveza pUrvaka vicAra kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai / sRSTi-sarjanA tattvamImAMsA ke sandarbha meM Izvara aura sRSTi kalpanA para bhI vicAra kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai | zramaNetara saMskRti meM Izvara ko sRSTi kartA hartA aura sAtha hI sukha-duHkhadAtA ke rUpa meM aMgI - kAra kiyA gayA hai, para zramaNa ( jaina-bauddha ) saMskRti meM IzvaravAda ko karmavAda tathA sRSTivAda ko nimitta upAdAna kAraNavAda ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai / pathikasutta ke anusAra bauddhadharma meM Izvara sattA vastutaH mAnasika sattA hai| usakA sRSTikartA ke rUpa meM koI astitva nahIM, para unake svarUpa para vicAra karane ke bAda aisA lagatA hai ki buddha ne Izvara kA svarUpa bhI avaktavya mAnane kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| unhoMne traividya brAhmaNoM ke kathana kA aprAmANika ghoSita kara Izvara evaM Izvara dvArA pravedita veda ko amAnya kiyA hai aura sAtha hI Izvara mAnane vAloM kI paramparA ko andhaveNI ke samAna kahA hai| isI taraha sabhI sukha-duHkhoM kA kAraNa

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50. bhAgacaMda jaina bhAskara karma hI nahIM, laukika kAraNa bhI mAnA gayA hai / 'attadIpo bhava' kahakara puruSArthavAdI kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| pratItyasamutpAda athavA hetu-pratyaya sApekSatA IzvaravAda kA khaNDana karane ke lie paryApta hai, para zUnyavAda taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate yaha vAda 'ajAtivAda' taka calA gyaa|' jainadarzana skandhoM ke paraspara bheda, milana Adi se pudgaloM kI utpatti mAnatA hai| usI ko hama jagat-sRSTi kahate haiM | zarIra, vacana mana, zvAsocchvAsa pudgala ke hI pariNamana haiN| ye dRzya aura adRzya donoM prakAra ke hote haiM / loka dravya kI apekSA sAnta hai aura vaha paryAyoM kI apekSA se ananta hai| kAla kI dRSTi se zAzvata hai, para kSetra kI dRSTi se sAnta hai / loka paJcAstikAyika hai| vaha anekAnta kI dRSTi se zAzvata bhI aura azAzvata bhI hai / 3 lokasRSTi brahmA Adi kisI Izvara kI kRti nahIM, vaha to dravyoM kA eka svAbhAvika pariNamana hai| jaina-bauddha dArzanikoM ne sRSTi ke sandarbha meM vaidika dArzanikoM ke tarkoM kA nimna prakAra se khaNDana kiyA hai (i) kAryatva hetu yukti-yukta nahIM, kyoMki usake mAnane para Izvara bhI kArya ho jaayegaa| phira IzvaravAda kA bhI koI nirmAtA honA cAhiye / isa taraha anavasthA doSa ho jaayegaa| (ii) jagat yadi kRtrima hai, to kupAdi ke racayitA ke samAna jagat kA racayitA Izvara bhI alpajJa aura asarvajJa siddha hogaa| asAdhAraNa kartA kI pratIti hotI nhiiN| samasta kArakoM kA aparijJAna hone para bhI sUtradhAra makAna banAtA hai| Izvara bhI vaisA hI hogaa| (iii) eka vyakti samasta kArakoM kA adhiSThAtA ho nahIM sakatA / eka kArya ko aneka aura aneka ko eka karate haiN| (iv) pizAcAdi ke samAna Izvara adRzya hai, yaha ThIka nhiiN| kyoMki jAti to aneka vyaktiyoM meM rahatI hai, para Izvara eka hai| sattA mAtra se Izvara yadi kAraNa hai, to kumbhakAra bhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai / azarIrI vyakti sakriya aura tadavastha nahIM ho sktaa| (v) Izvara kI sRSTi yadi svabhAvataH ruci se yA karmavaza hotI hai to Izvara kA svAtantrya kahA~ rahegA ? usakI AvazyakatA bhI kyA ? vItarAgatA usakI kahA~ ? aura phira saMsAra kA bhI lopa ho jaayegaa| (vi) svayaMkRta karmoM kA phala usakA vipAka ho jAne para svayaM hI mila jAtA hai| use Izvara rUpa preraka cetanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| karma jar3a hai avazya, para cetanA ke saMyoga se usameM phaladAna kI zakti svataH utpanna ho jAtI hai| jo jaisA karma karatA hai use vaisA hI phala yathAsamaya mila jAtA hai| 1. vizeSa dekhie, lekhaka kI pustaka 'bauddhasaMskRti kA itihAsa', pR0 112-118 / 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 2-1-10 / 3. vahI, 13-4-481 / Jajn Education International

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jaina evaM bauddha tattvamImAMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ataH Izvara ko na to jagat kA sRSTikartA kahA jA sakatA hai aura na krmphlprdaataa| sRSTi to aNu-skandhoM ke svAbhAvika pariNamana se hotI hai| usameM cetana-acetana athavA anya kAraNa kabhI nimitta avazya bana jAte haiM, para unake saMyoga-viyoga meM Izvara jaisA koI kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| apanI kAraNa-sAmagrI ke saMvalita ho jAne para yaha saba svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai| AcArya akalaMka, haribhadra, vidyAnandi, prabhAcandra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne tathA nAgArjuna, Aryadeva, zAntideva, zAntarakSita Adi bauddha dArzanikoM ne isa viSaya ko lagabhaga inhIM tarkoM ko bar3I gambhIratA se prastuta kiyA hai|' isa prakAra jaina-bauddha tattvamImAMsA ke uparyukta saMkSipta tulanAtmaka adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti kI ye donoM zAkhAe~ prArambha meM sAmAnyataH vastu-tattva ke viSaya meM lagabhaga eka dRSTikoNa se vicAra karatI haiM, para uttarakAla meM unameM gaMbhIra se gaMbhIratara bheda hote gye| unake bheda hue haiM, utane jainadarzana meM nahIM dikhAI dete| isa bheda ko hama vikAsa kI saMjJA de sakate haiN| vikAsa kI yaha dhArA alaga-alaga gati liye hue bhI vaha kahIM-na-kahIM mUla sUtra se baMdhI rahI hai| mUla saMskRti donoM ko eka hone se donoM kA antara bahuta adhika nahIM ho paayaa| isa antara kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta Alekha meM paricaya rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| -adhyakSa, pAli-prAkRta vibhAga, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, nyUeksaTeMzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura-1 1. vistAra ke lie dekhiye, lekhaka kI pustakeM-'bauddhasaMskRti kA itihAsa', pR0 112 se 118 aura 'jainadarzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa', pR0 153-156 /