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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna muni nemicandra, zikharajI nArI-jIvana ke mukhya pA~ca rUpa nArI-jIvana ko hama mukhyatayA pA~ca rUpoM meM vibhakta karake jaina aura bauddhadharma kI paramparA meM usakA kyA kaisA aura kitanA sthAna thA ? isa sambandha meM vizleSaNa kareMge / nArI-jIvana ke mukhya pA~ca rUpa ye haiM- ( 1 ) putrI, (2) vadhU, (3) mAtA, (4) vidhavA aura (5) bhikSuNI / 1. putrI - jIvana putrI-jIvana meM susaMskAroM kA bIjAropaNa putrI yA kanyA nArI jIvana kI prathama avasthA hai / putrI ke rUpa meM hI nArI kA sAmAjika jIvana meM prathama praveza hotA hai / putrI - jIvana meM hI nArI jIvana kI zikSA-dIkSA aura saMskAroM kA bIjAropaNa hotA hai / nArI-jIvana ko viziSTa unnata, zikSita evaM saMskArita banAne kI nIMva putrI - jIvana se hI rakhI jAtI hai, kyoMki putrI ke jIvanayApana kA DhaMga, zikSaNa evaM saMskAra hI nArI jIvana kI sabhI avasthAoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / vaidika yuga meM putrI kI dazA zocanIya vaidika yuga 'meM putrI kI dazA zocanIya nahIM thI, kintu usakI prApti utanI priya nahIM hotI thI, jitanI ki putra kI / uttaravaidikakAla meM putraprApti ko dhArmika mahattva diyA jAne lagA thA / arthAt yaha samajhA jAtA thA ki "putra utpanna hone se manuSya pitRRNa se mukta hotA hai tathA putra puM nAmaka naraka se pitaroM ko bacAtA hai / pitaroM kI zrAtmAe~ putroM se piNDa evaM jala kA tarpaNa pAkara sukhI evaM santuSTa hotI haiM / " putra ke ukta dhArmika mahattva se putrI upekSA kI pAtra bana gaI / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM kanyA ko kaSTadAyinI batAyA gayA hai, aitareya brAhmaNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki putrI janma hote hI svajanoM ke lie duHkhakAriNI hotI hai vivAha ke samaya dhana lekara sadA ke lie parAI ho jAtI hai aura yauvanAvasthA meM bhI aneka doSa kartrI hotI hai / jaina-bauddhayuga meM putra aura putrI ke prati samAnatA kA bhAva kintu jaina aura bauddha donoM zramaNa saMskRti ke pratinidhi dharmoM meM zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha putrI ke prati ghRNAsUcaka bhAva samApta hone lage kyoMki putra ko mahattva dene dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai Www.jainelibrary.org
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 176 vAle kAraNoM ko donoM hI dharmoM ne mAnyatA nahIM dii| jaina aura bauddha AgamasAhitya meM vaidika dharmamAnya SoDaza saMskAroM ko bhI mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai| dhArmika utkarSa ko prApta karane ke lie donoM hI dharmoM meM gRhasthAvAsa ko chor3akara anagArAvasthA meM sAdhu aura sAdhvI donoM ke lie zuddha brahmacarya ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai, jabaki vaidikadharma meM mAsikadharma prApta kanyA kA . vivAha karanA anivArya mAnA jAtA thaa| prAgaitihAsika kAla meM bha0 RSabhadeva ke yuga meM putra aura putrI meM koI bhedabhAva nahIM rakhA jAtA thA / bha0 RSabhadeva ne to apanI donoM putriyoM-brAhmI aura sUndarI ko svayaM kalAoM kI zikSA dI thii| bauddha aura jaina AgamoM meM dhArmikadRSTi se nArI ko puruSa ke samakakSa mAnA gayA / nara evaM nArI donoM ko anagArAvasthA meM sAdhanA karane tathA mukti yA vItarAgatA prApta karane kA samAna adhikAra diyA gayA hai| dhArmika kSetra meM nArI ko puruSa ke samAna adhikAra prApta hone se putrI ke jIvana-vikAsa ke lie vaha varadAnarUpa siddha hyaa| putrI-varga ne isa naye dhArmika adhikAra kA sarvAdhika utsAha ke sAtha upayoga kiyA / meM parivAra meM mAtA ke AcAra-vicAra-saMskAroM kI virAsata kanyAoM ko parivAra meM putrI apanI mAtA ke anuzAsana meM rahatI thI, isa kAraNa use mAtA ke prAcAra-vicAra evaM dhArmika saMskAra virAsata meM milate the| janayuga meM svataMtra dhArmika jIvana ke saMskAra sAdhuvarga se yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai ki pArivArika jIvana meM mAtAoM dvArA kanyAoM ke hRdaya meM dhArmika bhAvanA utpanna karane kI prathA kA ullekha bauddhAgamoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| jainAgamoM meM nahIM / isakA kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jainAgamoM ke kAla taka nArI-jIvana vikasita ho cukA thA, unake prati uttaravaidika kAlIna vyavahAra prAyaH samApta ho cukA thaa| ataH ve mAtAoM se dhArmika zikSaNa na pAkara bhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke pAsa jA kara jIvana dharmamaya evaM sukha-zAnti se vyatIta kara letI thiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki kanyAe~ bAlyAvasthA meM dhArmika puruSoM-sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke upadeza evaM darzana se jo dhArmika AcAra-vicAra ke saMskAra pAtI thIM, apanI yuvAvasthA meM ve usI kA parizIlana kiyA karatI thiiN| agara koI dharmasambandhI zaMkA jAgrata hotI to usake samAdhAnArtha dhArmika mahApuruSoM ke pAsa jAtI thiiN| 'cundI' nAmaka rAjakumArI eka kathana ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie 500 kumAriyoM ke sAtha tathAgata buddha ke pAsa gaI thii| jayantI rAjakumArI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa jAkara gambhIra tAttvika evaM dhArmika zaMkAe~ prastuta karake 1. saddhA bhikkhave....tAdisA ayye bhavAhi yAdisA khujjuttarA ca upAsikA.... / agArasmA avagAriyaM pavvajasi, tAdisA ayye bhavAhi yAdisA khemA ca bhikkhaNI uppala vaNNA, kA' ti |-sNyuttnikaay 2 / 196-197 2. sAhaM bhaMte ! bhagavaMtaM pucchAmi....aMguttaranikAya 21301
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna / 177 samAdhAna pAyA thaa| ye aura aise udAharaNa putrIvarga kI dhArmika buddhi-vikAsa ke jvalanta pramANa haiN| jaina-bauddhayuga meM kanyApravrajyA ke lie prayatnazIla uttaravaidikakAlIna prabhAva ke kAraNa bauddhayuga meM nArI kI parAdhInatA evaM kaSTApanna dazA dRSTigocara hotI thii| ataH usase mukti pAne ke lie kanyAe~ dhArmika zikSaNa prApta kara AdhyAtmika zAnti prApta karane hetu prayatnazIla hone lgii| vivAhita ho jAne para to pravrajyA kI icchuka strI ko pati kI AjJA prApta karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA thA / jabaki kanyAe~ anAyAsa hI mAtA-pitA prAdi abhibhAvakoM se pravrajyA kI anumati prApta kara letI thiiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki bauddha aura jaina yuga meM aneka kanyAoM ne vivAhita na hokara dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| janayuga taka strI kI avasthA unnata hone se kevala ve hI kanyAe~ sAdhvIjIvana vyatIta karane ke lie udyata hotI thIM, jinheM jJAnaprApti kI tIvra lAlasA hotI thI, yA jo avivAhita raha jAtI thiiN| putrI-jIvana se sambaddha utsava jJAtAdharmakathA meM putrI ke jIvana se sambandhita 'varSagAMTha' mahotsava tathA cAturmAsika snAna Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / yadyapi aise utsavoM kA sambandha rAjagharAne kI putriyoM se dRSTigocara hotA hai, tathApi putrI ko prApta sAmAjika mAnyatA ina udAharaNoM se dhvanita hotI hai|5 kanyAoM kI zikSA jainAgamoM meM kanyAoM ko kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejakara zilpa evaM kalA ko zikSA dene kI prathA nahIM thI, putra ko hI kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejane ke ullekha milate haiN| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki usa yuga meM jIvikopArjana kA kArya puruSa hI karate the, kulastriyA~ nhiiN| usa yuga meM zilpa evaM kalA se vihIna puruSa ko ghara basAne ke ayogya samajhA jAtA thA, isalie zilpAdi ke zikSaNa kA mahattva puruSoM ke lie thA, striyoM ke lie nahIM / yadyapi jainAgamoM meM thAvaccA, bhaddA aAdi kucha sArthavAhiyoM ke svayaM vyApArAdi karane ke ullekha prApavAdika rUpa meM milate haiM, kintu kanyAoM ko jIvikopArjana meM sahAyaka zilpAdi kA zikSaNa dene kI prathA prAyaH nahIM thii| __ mahilAoM ke lie nirdhArita 64 kalAoM para dRSTipAta karane se isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai ki kanyAoM ke bhAvI jIvana ko sukhamaya banAne ke lie unheM patikula ke prAcAra3. bhagavatIsUtra za. 12, u. 2 4. saMyutta0 1128-29 - 5. tattha NaM mae....mallIe saMvacchara-paDilehaNagaMsi divve siridAmagaMDe diTrapuvve. -nAyAdhammakahAno 11873 .."subAhudAriyAe kalla cAummAsiya-majjaNae bhavissai |-vhii zA76 6. nAyAdhamma 135158, anuyoga 3 / 178 / 7. ....cosaTuiM mahilAguNe-jambUdvIpa0 2 / 30 dhammo dIyo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai avtejainelibrary.org
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 178 vicAra evaM sadAcaraNa kA zikSaNa diyA jAtA thaa| aise zikSaNa ko adhika prabhAvazAlI banAne hetu kabhI-kabhI viziSTa vyakti dvArA bhI dilAyA jAtA thaa| patikUla ke sabhI sadasyoM ke prati sammAna evaM prAtmIyatA pradarzita karane, pati ke poSya evaM karmakaroM ke prati ucita vyavahAra karane tathA pati ke Antarika kAryoM meM nipuNatA evaM pati dvArA upAjita dhana tathA sAdhanoM kI surakSA meM dakSatA dikhAne kI zikSA bhI use kanyAkAla meM dI jAtI thii| rAjagharAne meM jAne vAlI kanyAoM ko patikula ke anurUpa prazikSaNa dene hetu kanyAoM ko anta:pura meM rakhA jAtA thaa| antakRdRzAMga sUtra meM somA dArikA ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai| 2-vadhU-jIvana nArI kA dUsarA rUpa vadha-jIvana hai| nArI patikala meM patravadha ke rUpa meM prAyaH padArpaNa karatI thii| isa avasthA meM patikula meM kartavyaniSThA aura madhura vyavahAra ke dvArA vaha patikula meM pratiSThA ajita karatI thI, jisake lie parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM, vizeSarUpa se sAsa-sasura evaM pati kA sammAna karanA Avazyaka hotA thaa| bauddhayuga meM vadhU sAsa-sasura ke kaThora niyaMtraNa meM apanA jIvana-yApana karatI thii| jaba koI kulaputra pravrajyA lene kI icchA vyakta karatA thA, to usake mAtA-pitA use samajhAte the, kintu parivAra meM putravadhu ke rUpa meM rahane vAlI usakI patnI use rokane ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatI thI, yahA~ taka ki putravadha pravrajyA ke lie jAte samaya pati se bAta bhI nahIM karatI thii|' jisa prakAra putrI, gRhapatnI, vidhavA Adi nArIvarga ko dharmAcaraNa karane kI anumati evaM suvidhAe~ mila jAtI thIM, usa prakAra kI anumati evaM suvidhAe~ bahuta hI kama putravadhunoM ko upalabdha hotI thiiN| adhikAMza vadhunoM ko sAsa-sasura kI anumati ke binA kArya karane para kaThora daNDa yA upAlambha bhI milatA thaa| bauddhanAgamoM ke anusAra eka putravadhU ne zramaNa ko svecchA se roTI de dI, yaha bAta sAsa ko mAlama huI to usane putravadhu ko phaTakArA ki tU avinIta hai, zramaNa ko roTI dete samaya mujhase pUchane kI icchA nahIM huI Adi / phira usane musala se putravadhU ko itanA pITA ki becArI bahU mara gaI / yahA~ taka ki vadhU ko koI uttama kArya 8. ....yathAmhi anusiTTA-therIgAthA 15 / 11409 9 imA me bhaMte ! kumAriyo patikulAni gamissaMti / provadatu....anusAsatu tAsaM....yaM tAsaM assa dIgharatraM hitAya sukhAyA ti |-aNguttr0 2 / 303 1. (ka) atha kho....mAtApitaro etadavocuM....tvaM khosi, tAta ! ....amhAkaM ekaputtako.... kiMpana mayaM jIvaMtaM anujAnissAma, agArasyA anagAriyaM pavvajAya ? -pArA. pa. 17, majhima. 2 / 283 (kha) tae NaM taM....ammApiyaro evaM vayAsI....to pacchA mavvaisasi-NAyAdhamma.111128 2. vimA. 1 // 31 // 309-313 3. itissA sassu paribhAsi avinItAsi tvaM vadhU / na ma saMpucchituM icchi, samaNassa dadAmahe / tato me sassU kUpitA pahAsi, musalena maM / kaTaMgacchi avadhi meM nAsakkhiM jIvitaM ciraM / / -vimA. 1129292-293
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna/ 179 bhI karanA hotA to sAsa-susara kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA thaa| kabhI-kabhI vadha ke rUpa meM lAI gaI nArI se dAsI kA kAma bhI liyA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki vadhU zvasura ko dekha kara bhaya se kAMpatI rahatI thii| jainAgama meM bhI isI tathya para prakAza milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke anusAra eka vadhU ne anyamanaska hokara sasura kI upasthiti meM bhojana parosate samaya thor3I-sI truTi kara dI thI, jisa para parapuruSa para Asakta hone kI zaMkA se use ghara se nikAla diyA gyaa| vastutaH sasurAla meM putravadhU ko prAtaH uThakara sAsa-sasura ko praNAma kara unake caraNoM kI raja ko mastaka para dhAraNa karanA, unake sone ke bAda sonA aura uThane se pUrva uThanA, bhRtya ke samAna unakI prAjJAnoM kA pAlana karanA tathA unake sAtha madhura bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karanA anivArya thaa| isake atirikta putravadhU se yaha bhI apekSA rakhI jAtI thI ki sAsa-sasura ke jIvanakAla meM parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM ke prati svAmitva-pradarzana kI bhAvanA kA pUrNatayA tyAga kara yathAyogya sammAna pradarzita kre| yaha usakI kartavyaniSThA aura snehaprApti kA paricAyaka thA / RSidAsI ne isI prakAra kA AcaraNa karake sasura ke hRdaya ko jIta liyA thaa| isa kAraNa putra ke haTha ke kAraNa RSidAsI kA sasUra use usake pIhara meM chor3ate samaya bar3A duHkhI hotA thaa| kucha putravadhue~ sasura ke saMrakSaNa meM binA kisI bAdhA ke jIvanayApana kara letI thiiN| jainAgama meM striyoM ke bhedoM meM zvasurakUla se rakSita striyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| sAsasasura kI upasthiti meM putravadhU apane pati dvArA jue ke dAva para lagAI gaI ho yA pratAr3ita karake ghara se nikAla dI gaI ho, aise udAharaNa prAyaH nahIM milte| balki kabhI-kabhI sasura apane putra ke mAdhyama se putravadhunoM ko jIvanopayogI Avazyaka vastue~ prItidAna ke rUpa meM diyA karatA thaa| jainAgama meM aisA ullekha milatA hai|'' 4. tumhaM nvidaM issariyaM atho mama, itissA sassu paribhAsate mama / vahI 5. pAyyo imaM kumArikaM dAsibhogena bhujittha...gaccha....tvaM na mayaM taM jAnAmA ti / -vahI, pa. 196-197 6. sujisA sasuraM disvA saMvijjati saMvegaM prApajjati |-mjjhim. 12237 7. (ka) sUtrakRtAMga 114 / 1 / 15 (kha) sU. TI. bhA. 2, pR. 128 8. (ka) yassa vo mAtA-pitaro bhattuno....tassa punvaTThA yiniyo pacchAnipAtiniyo kiMkAra pahissAviniyo manApacAriniyo piyavAdiniyo.... -aMguttara0 2 / 203 (kha) yA mayha sAmikassa bhaginiyo bhAtuno parijano vA / tamekavaraka pi disvA, unbiggA AsanaM demi / / -therIgAthA. 15 / 2 / 41. .9. taM me pitugharaM paTivasiMsu, vimanA dukhena adhibhUtA / puttamanurakkhmAnA, jitAmhase rUpini lakkhi // -therIgAthA 15 // 1 // 421 10. taM jhaa-aNto....ssurkulrkkhiyaayo| -aupapAtika sU. 167 11. tae NaM tassa mehassa ammApiyaro imaM eyArUvaM pIidANaM dalayaMti....tae NaM mehe kumAre egamegAe bhAriyAe....paribhAeuM dlyi| -nAyAdhammakahA zaza24 dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIya hai|
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 180 eka parivAra meM eka se adhika putravadhue~ hone para unake kAryoM kA vibhAjana jyeSThatva ke AdhAra para na hokara buddhi ke AdhAra para hone ke udAharaNa jainAgama 'nAyAdhammakahA' meM milate haiM / ujhiyA bhakkhiyA, rakkhiyA aura rohiNI kI kathA isa para prakAza DAlatI hai| 12 putravadhU gRhapatnI ke rUpa meM / putravadhU sAsa-sasura ke divaMgata ho jAne ke pazcAt athavA kabhI-kabhI putra-pautrAdi ho jAne para 'gRhapatnI' ke rUpa meM apanA jIvana prArambha karatI thii| janayuga aura bauddha yuga meM gRhapatnI ko pati ke samAna dharmAcaraNa karane kA adhikAra prApta ho gayA thaa| 3 gRhasthAvasthA meM jisa prakAra puruSa ko upAsaka yA zrAvaka banakara dharmAcaraNa karane kA adhikAra prApta thA, usI prakAra nArI ko bhI upAsikA yA zrAvikA banakara dharmAcaraNa karane kA adhikAra prApta thaa| buddha ne sadguNoM se sampanna gahapatnI ko sAmAjika daSTi se zreSTha btlaayaa|14 patnI ke hita kA dhyAna rakhakara kArya karane vAle puruSa ko satpurUSa batalAyA gayA hai|'5 phalataH gRhapatnI kA bauddhayuga meM puna: vyaktitva vikasita hone lgaa| vaha samAja meM sammAnita samajhI jAne lgii| ghara kI saMcAlikA banakara ghara meM niyama-saMyama kA pAlana karanA-karavAnA usakA pramukha kArya ho gyaa| vaha pati kI hitacintikA evaM sarvazreSTha mitra mAnI jAne lgii|" vaha pati ke dvArA ajita sampatti kI saMrakSikA bhI bana gaI / yadi pati naitikatA evaM dharma ke viruddha kArya karatA to gRhapatnI rUTha bhI jAtI thI aura nIti-dharma-viruddha kArya na karane ko bAdhya kara detI thii|17 ata: gahapatnI kA kartavya thApati ke sammAnita vyaktiyoM kA sammAna karanA, pAbhyantarika kAryoM meM dakSatA prApta karanA, parivAra ke sadasyoM kA ucita dhyAna rakhanA tathA dhana-dhAnyAdi kA rakSaNa karanA prAdi / 12. je?....ujjhiiyaM....kulagharassa chArujjhiyaM....ThAvei, bhogavaiyA....mahANasiNi ThAvei.... rakkhiiyAe....bhaMDAgAriNi Thavei, rohiNIyaM....bahUsu kajjesu....pamANabhUyaM ThAvei / -nAyA. 207 / 68 13. (ka) taeNaM sA sivAnaMdA....samaNovAsiyA jAyA....--upAsakadazAMga. 162 (kha) tA loke paDhama upAsikA ahesa ....-mahAvagga. pR. 21 14. itthI pi hi ekacciyA, seyyA posa janAdhipa ! medhAvinI sIlavatI sassudevA pativbatA / / tassA yo jAyati phoso, sUro hoti disapatti / tAdisA subhagiyA putto| rajjapi anusAsatI ti |-sNyuttnikaay 1185 15. sappuriso""puttadArassa pratthAya hitAya sukhAya hotA hai|-vhii 2 / 312 16. punAvatthu manussAnaM bhariyA ca paramo sakhA |---sNyutt0 1 / 35 17. (ka) taeNaM sA bhaddA dhaNaM satthavAha no pADhAI""tusiNiyA parammuhI saMciTThaha / nAyA0 112 / 46 (kha) to NaM tubbhe mama eyamaTTha parikaheha; jA NaM ahaM tassa aTThassa aMtagamaNaM karemi / -nirayAvalikA0 zaza26
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna / 181 ataH aisI sadgRhiNI ke prati pati kA bhI karttavya thA, ki vaha parastrI gamana na karake, tathA aizvarya evaM alaMkArAdi sAmagrI pradAna karake patnI ko santuSTa evaM sammAnita kre| 18 patikula meM prApta sammAna evaM svatantratA ke kAraNa gRhapatniyoM ke svabhAva evaM prAcaraNa meM vibhinnatA bhA gii| bauddha AgamoM meM svabhAva kI dRSTi se patnI sAta prakAra kI batAI gaI hai- (1) vadhakasamA ( pati kI hatyA ke lie utsuka, parapuruSagAminI duSTacittA) (2) corasamA ( pati ke dhana-dhAnyAdi curAne chipAne vAlI ) (3) mAsamA ( pati ke sevakoM ke prati prabhutva pradarzanakartrI, AlasI evaM lAlacI), (4) mAtRsamA ( prAtmIyatA pUrvaka rakSA karane vAlI), (5) bhaginI samA ( gauravazIla, lajjAvatI, pati kI icchA ke anurUpa prAcaraNakartrI), (6) sakhI - samA ( pati ko dekhakara prasanna rahane tathA sakhItama vyavahAra karane vAlI) evaM (7) dAsI - samA ( dAsI ke anurUpa AcaraNakartrI, pati ke kaTutama vyavahAra ko bhI zAnti se sahana karane vAlI ) aMguttaranikAya meM sujAtA nAmaka kulavadhU ke asaMyata AcaraNa ko sudhArane kI dRSTi se ukta bhedoM ko batAyA gayA hai| sujAtA ne anta meM dAsIsamA bana kara rahane kA nizcaya kiyA thA / 10 aisA pratIta hotA hai, bauddhayuga meM parAdhInatA evaM hInatA kI bhAvanA se mukti milane para katipaya gRhapatniyA~ svacchanda bana gaI, pati kA vadha karane ko utsuka ho gii| parantu jainayuga taka gRhapatniyoM kI aisI svacchanda pravRtti samAptaprAyaH ho gii| jainAgamoM meM svacchandAcaraNa karane vAlI patnI ke sambandha meM bahuta hI kama ullekha milate haiN| udAharaNArtha- mahAzataka zrAvaka kI patnI revatI ne apane svArtha kI pUrti ke lie sautoM kI hatyA karake unakI sampatti para apanA kabjA kara liyA aura pati kI icchA ke khilApha pApAcaraNa se yukta jIvana prArambha kara diyaa| revatI ke isa duSTAcaraNa ke pIche usakI icchA pati ke sAtha manuSya sambandhI vipula bhoga bhogane kI thii| usane apane pati ko mArane thA usakA burA karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| phira bhI revatI ke use jaba zApa diyA to vaha bhayabhIta ho uThI / 21 kintu aisA udAharaNa apavAda rUpa hai / duSTa AcaraNa se kruddha hokara pati ne 1 18. ye tu bhattu guruno bhavissaMti te sakkaristAma ye gramaMtarAkamtA tattha dakkhA bhavissAma yo prabbhaMtaro aMtojano tesaM jAnissAmaye dhanaM te prAravikharaNa guttiyA saMpadissAma / aMguttara 1 / 303 304 19. dadhakasamA dAsIsamA imA satta purisassa bhaariyaamro| aMguttara0 3 / 233 20. aMguttaranikAya 34225 21. (ka) tae NaM sA revaIcha savattIyo satyapyadmogeNa uveicha savattIyo visappayogeNa udvei''''tAsi savattIrNa hiraNNakoDi sayameva paDivajjai / .... mahAsavaeNaM saddhi urAlAI bhogAbhogAI bhuMjamANI viharai / -- upA0 8 / 235 (kha) rUDhaM NaM mama mahAsayaena najjai NaM grahaM keNavi kumAreNaM mArijjassAmi ti kaTTu bhIyA ... bhivAi upA0 8 / 252 dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 182 jainAgamoM meM adhikAMza udAharaNa pati ke prati patnI ke vinamra, zrAjJAkAriNI hone ke milate haiN| Azaya yaha hai ki jainayugIna gRhapatnI meM svataMtratA ke sAtha-sAtha zAlInatA bhI prA gaI thii| phira bhI patnI para pati kA prAyaH pUrNa prabhutva rahatA thA / AgamakAlIna samAja meM patnI pati kI nijI sampatti (parigraha) ke rUpa meM mAnI jAtI thI / yahI kAraNa hai ki patnI apane pati ke viruddha AvAja nahIM uThA sakatI thI / koI patnI durAcAriNI hotI to pati use mAra bhI DAlatA thA / kabhI-kabhI to balAtkAra kA zikAra banI huI nirdoSa patnI ko bhI parapuruSa se dUSita hone ke kAraNa mAra DAlA jAtA thA / 22 pati para patnI kA prabhutva 1 parantu zrAgamoM meM pati para patnI ke prabhutva kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai| rUpa, bhoga, jJAti, putra, evaM zIlabala se yukta hotI thI / 23 taruNa patnI bhI prabhutva karatI thI / rAjA zrokkAka ne apanI yuvA patnI ke bahakAve meM putra-putriyoM ko dezanikAlA de diyA thA / 24 aisA pratIta patnI kA prabhutva honA patnI ke lie gauravasUcaka mAnA jAtA thA apane pati ko anukUla banAne yA vaza meM karane ke lie vidyA, mantra, kA bhI prayoga karatI thIM / hotA hai / dAmpatya jIvana dAmpatya-jIvana kI sudRr3hatA ke lie pati kA pratikramaNa na karanA patnI ke lie Avazyaka hotA thA / 25 nakulapitA ko maraNazayyA para vyAkula dekhakara usakI patnI ne jaba vizvAsa dilAyA ki vaha maraNoparAnta bhI usakA atikramaNa nahIM karegI / phalataH nakulapitA patnI se Azvasta hokara svastha ho gayA / 26 kulIna dampatI ke kAryoM ko dekha kara yahI anumAna hotA thA ki ve kevala zarIra se bhinna kintu pArivArika prAcAra - vicAroM se abhinna the / kabhI-kabhI pati-patnI meM dhArmika matabheda ke kAraNa manamuTAva bhI utpanna ho jAtA thA / 22. ( ka ) mayhaM pajApati praticarati taM ghAtessAmo ti / jAnAhI ti / pAci0 pR0 301 (kha) taraNaM cha goTThillA purisA baMdhumaIe saddhi viulAI bhogabhogAI bhuMjamANA viharati ...ajjuNae cha itthisattame purise ghAemANe viharai / aisI patnI, apane apane vRddha pati para Akara prathama patnI ke ki usa yuga meM pati para usa yuga meM kaI patniyA~ cUrNa, yoga, auSadha Adi .. " -- antakRd0 6 / 104-106 23. paMcahi balehiM samannAgato mAtugAmo sAmikaM prabhibhuyya vattati / saMyukta0 3 / 219 24. bhUtapuvvaM ambaTTa, rAjA zrokkAko jeTThakumAre raTThasmA pabbAjesi / - dIgha0 1180 25. ( ka ) ThAnAni dullabhAni akatapuJjana mAtugAmena sAmikaM prabhibhuyya vatteyyaM / -- saMyukta0 3 / 221 (kha) naM pratthiyAiM me ajjAzro ! kei kahiMci cuNNajoe vA maMtajoge vA kammaNajoe vA hiuDDANe guliyA vA zrosahI vA iTThA bhavejjAmi / -nAyAdhamma. 1 / 14 / 104 26. siyA kho pana te, gahapati, evamassa -- nakulamAtA gahapatAnI mamaccayena prajJa N gharaM gamissatIti, na khopanetaM evaM daTThavvaM / -aMguttara0 3 / 17
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna / 183 jaina-bauddhayuga dhArmika krAnti kA yuga thA / ataH usa samaya dhArmika dRSTi se strI-puruSa svayaM ko svataMtra anubhava karate the / sapatnIkRta upadrava AgamakAlIna samAja meM bahupatnI prathA pracalita thI / usa samaya rAjAoM aura dhanADhyoM kI to aneka patniyA~ hotI hI thIM, sAdhAraNa vyakti bhI patnI ke vandhyA hone para dUsarI patnI rakha letA thA / phalataH ina sapatniyoM ke kAraNa parivAra upadravoM kA sthala bana jAtA thA / pati kI priya patnI apanI prahitaiSI sautoM ke vidveSa ke kAraNa sadaiva saMtapta evaM pIr3ita rahA karatI thI / vandhyA patnI prAyaH apanI garbhavatI sauta ke garbha ko naSTa karane ko udyata rahatI thii| isake viparIta pati kI priya patnI bhI apanI sautoM kA nAza karane kA prayAsa karatI thI / revatI ne isI durbhAvanA se apanI 12 sautoM kA saphAyA kara diyA thA / siMhasena kI 500 rAniyA~ thIM, jinameM zyAmA usakI sarvAdhika priya thii| phalataH upekSita rAniyoM kI mAtAoM ne apanI putriyoM kI dayanIya dazA dUra karane hetu zyAmA ko mAra DAlane kI yojanA banAI / zyAmA ko mAlUma par3ane para usane apane para Asakta siMhasena ko bahakA kara anya rAniyoM kI mAtAnoM ko maravA DAlA thA / ina kAraNoM se sapatnI kA na honA patnI ke lie saubhAgya evaM puNyaphala mAnA jAtA thA / 27 gRhapatnI ke acche-bure kAryoM kI samAja meM pratikriyA gRhapatnI ke acche yA bure kAryoM kI pratikriyA kevala parivAra taka sImita na raha kara samAja meM bhI hotI thI / vaidehikA nAma kI gRhapatnI ke sadvyavahAra se samAja meM usakI kIrti phaila gaI, usake guNoM kI carcA hone lagI, kintu jaba usane apane durvyavahAra kA paricaya diyA to samAja meM usakI apakIrti hone lagI / nAgazrI brAhmaNI dvArA munivara dharmaruci ko diye gaye kaDave evaM jaharIle tumbe ke zrAhAra se dharmaruci muni kA dehAvasAna ho gayA to samAja meM usakI apakIrti bar3ha gii| samAja meM jisakI apakIrti vyApta ho jAtI thI, usa patnI ko kabhI-kabhI to mAra-pITa kara ghara se nikAla diyA jAtA thA / 18 27. ( ka ) upAsakadazA0 8 / 235 (kha) evaM khalu sAmI siMhaseNe rAyA sAmAe devIe mucchie 4 mhaM dhUyAo to ADhAi / taM seyaM khalu amhaM sAmaM devi jIviyAzro vavarovittae / taeNaM "sIharannA AlIviyAI ...kAladhammuNA saMjuttAiM / - vivAgasuyaM 0 1 / 9 / 165 - 171 28. ( ka ) vedehikAya, bhikkhave, gRhapatAniyA evaM kalyANo kittisaddo prabbhugato soratA vedehikA gRhapatAnI nivAtA uvasaMtA / majjhimanikAya0 1 / 167 (kha) caMDI vedehikA gahapatAnI vahI, 1 / 169 (ga) bahujaNo annamannassa evamAikkhai - dhiratthu NaM nAgasirIe mAhaNIe jAva jIviyAzro vavarovie / 'taeNaM taM mAhaNA tajjitA tAlittA sayAo gihAzro nicchubhaMti / -nAyAdhamma0 1 / 16 / 113 ..... rgii ttii saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai www.jalnelibrary.org
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________________ caturthakhaNDa / 184 gRhapatnI kA vaiyaktika dhana prAcInakAla meM kucha sampatti patnI ko pati kI ora se milatI thI, kucha sampatti use usake pIhara se strIdhana ke rUpa meM milatI thii| yaha usakI nijI sampatti kahalAtI thI / 24 jisameM se vaha apanI icchAnusAra kharca kara sakato yA kisI ko puraskArasvarUpa de sakatI thii| jIvaka ne jaba seTha kI patnI ko svastha kara diyA to usa seTha kI patnI ne use cAra hajAra rupaye puraskAra meM diye the patnI kI mRtyu ke bAda usakI nijI sampatti para prAyaH usake putra kA adhikAra ho jAtA thA / 3 mAtR-jIvana mAtA sabhI dharmoM, darzanoM aura samAjoM meM AdarAspada rahI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mAtA apane putra-putrI ke lie jo kaSTa sahatI hai, jo tyAga karatI hai, jo vAtsalya varSAM karatI hai, hitazikSaNa aura saMskAra detI hai, vaha anya vyakti ke lie azakya hai| janma lene se pUrva aura pazcAt santAna kA sabase adhika sambandha mAtA se hI rahatA hai / isIlie ise svarga se bhI bar3hakara mAnA hai / ata: mAtRjIvana hI nArI kA sabase gauravapUrNa jIvana hai / mAtR-bhakti bauddha aura jaina AgamoM meM mAtA-pitA ke upakAroM se uRNa honA atyanta duSkara batAyA gayA hai| bauddhAgamoM meM mAtA-pitA kA poSaNa karanA, unako prasanna rakhanA, puNyakAraka kRtya mAnA gayA hai| aise vyakti ko paNDita evaM satpuruSa kahA gayA hai| una phuloM ko uttama mAnA jAtA thA, jinameM mAtA kA sammAna hotA thA / jo samartha hone para bhI mAtA-pitA kA poSaNa nahIM karatA, use vRSala ( zUdra) mAnA gayA hai| janayuga meM mAtA-pitA 3 29. (ka) idaM te tAta raTThapAla / mattikaM dhanaM praJJa pettikaM / / - majjhima0 2288 (kha) tassa NaM mahAsayagassa revaIe bhAriyAe kolaghariyA mtttthirnnykoddiishrii''| - upA0 8 / 230 (ga) mahAvamA pR0 259 1. (ka) dvinnAhaM bhikkhaye, na suppatikAraM vadAmi mAtuka pituka aMguttara0 (kha) jananI janmabhUmizca svargAdapi garIyasI / (ga) taM bhujAhi tAva jAyA ! vipule "jAva tAva vayaM jIvAmo tamro pacchA panvaistaMsi |naayaa0 1 / 1 / 25 2. (ka) dhammena bhikkhaM pariyesitvA, mAtApitaro poseti, bahuso puJJa pasavatIti / saMyukta0] 1 / 181 (kha) dvIsu, bhikkhave, sammApaTipajjamAno paMDito viyatto sappuriso hoti mAtari ca pitari ca / aMguttara0 1103 (ga) sAneyyAni tAni kulAni yesaM putA mAtApitaro yajbhAgAre pUjitA hoMti / -bahI0 1 / 22 3. yo mAtaraM pitaraM vA jiSNakaM gatayogyanaM / pahu saMto na bharati taM jayA basalo iti / suttanipAta 0 1 / 7 / 124
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna | 185 kI sevA ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne garbha meM halanacalana karane se mAtA ko kaSTa hogA, jAna kara halana-calana baMda kara diyA thA, kintu isase mAtA ko apAra cintA huI, jAna kara punaH hilane-Dulane lage / mAtA ke upakAroM ko smaraNa kara unhoMne garbhAvasthA meM hI yaha pratijJA lI thI ki jaba taka mere mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge, taba taka maiM dIkSA grahaNa nahIM kruuNgaa| yaha hai mAtRbhakti kA jvalanta udAharaNa / ___tatkAlIna samAja meM yaha mAnyatA pracalita thI ki mAtA-pitA kI sevA karane se ihaloka aura paraloka meM zAnti milatI hai| mAtA kA adbhuta sneha : putrarakSaNa hI usakA sarvasva jainAgamoM meM mAtA ke sneha kA hRdayasparzI varNana milatA hai| jaba koI putra pravrajyA lene kI bAta kahatA thA, ki use sunate hI mAtA mUcchita ho jAtI thI, caitanyAvasthA meM Ane para vaha vibhinna upAyoM se samajhA-bujhAkara use pravrajyA lene se rokane kA prayAsa karatI thii|5 mAtA hI parivAra meM aisI sadasyA thI, jise apane jIvana se bhI adhika priya apane putra kA jIvana thaa| mAtA apane jIvana kI bAjI lagAkara bhI putra kI rakSA karatI thI, phira bhale hI usakA putra hatyArA, atyAcArI, duSTa evaM anAcArI ho / janayugIna mAtA kI yahI icchA rahatI thI ki vaha apane jIvana kA upayoga apane putra ke saMrakSaNa meM kare / jainAgamoM meM mAtR-sevA kA anupama udAharaNa yadyapi bauddha-AgamoM meM mAtR-sevA kA upadeza to milatA hai, kintu mAtR-sevA ke vizada evaM prayogAtmaka udAharaNa nahIM milate; jabaki jainAgama 'vivAgasuyaM' meM puSyanandI rAjA ke dvArA kI gaI mAta sevA kA varNana milatA hai ki vaha apanI mAtA ke pAsa jAkara caraNa-vandana karatA thA, tatpazcAt zatapAka-sahasrapAka tailoM se usake zarIra kI mAliza karake sugandhita miTTI se ubaTana kara nahalAtA thaa| phira use bhojana karAtA thaa| mAtA ke bhojana kara lene ke bAda svayaM bhojana karatA thaa| mAtA kI sampatti evaM prabhutA bauddhAgamoM meM mAtA kI sampatti kA ullekha hai jo usake pIhara se use prApta hotI thii| jise vaha svecchA se vyaya kara sakatI thii| gRhasvAminI bhI vahI ho sakatI thI, jo kisI bacce kI mAM ho| tabhI use parivAra kI prabhutA prApta hotI thii| santAnahIna patnI ko gRhasvAminI nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| 4. (ka) kalpasUtra ___ (kha) mAyaraM piyaraM posa evaM logo bhavissai / evaM khu loiyaM tAya ! je pAleti ya mAyaraM / sUyagaDAMga0 113 / 24 5. taeNaM sA dhAriNI devI koTrimatalaM sisavvaMgehiM dhasatti paDiyA"| --nAyAdhamma0 1127 6. (ka) khuddaka0 917 dhammo dIvo (kha) theragAthA, pR0 206-207 saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai| wwwjametrary.org
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 186 mAtRvadha : ghora nindanIya kRtya bauddha-pAgamoM meM mAtR-vadha-sambandhI aneka ullekha milate haiN| mAtA kA vadha jaisA kAlA karma karane vAlA kRSNaphala kA bhAgI, ghorapApI mAnA gayA hai| mAtRvadha karane vAle ko bhikSasaMgha meM praviSTa nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| bauddha-yuga meM isa prakAra ke nikRSTa karma kA . astitva thA, jabaki jainayuga meM mAtRvadha jaisA dAruNa pApa isa mAtrA meM nahIM hotA thaa| dhArmika puruSoM ko usakI nindA karane kA avakAza mile / jainAgamoM meM mAta-vadha sambandhI ullekhoM kA prabhAva sA hai| yadyapi viraktAtmA putra mAtA-pitA kI icchA kI paravAha na karake pravrajyA grahaNa kara letA thA, lekina jIvita hoM to mAtA-pitA kI anujJA prApta karanA anivArya thA / isalie kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainayuga meM mAtA kI sevA ko atyadhika mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| mAtRtva-lAlasA jainayugIna nAriyoM meM mAtRtva-prApti ke hetu sulasA Adi dvArA kiye gae prayatnoM ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| 4. vidhavA-jIvana vaidhavyajIvana vyAvahArika dRSTi se to amaMgalasUcaka mAnA jAtA hai kintu pAramArthika dRSTi se ratnatraya kI evaM mokSarUpa lakSya kI prApti ke hetu sAdhanA-pArAdhanA ke lie vaha mahattvapUrNa svarNakAla hai| vidhavAoM kI sthiti dayanIya yA adayanIya ? yadyapi vaidika aura uttaravaidikakAla meM samAja meM vidhavAoM kI sthiti zocanIya, dayanIya evaM amaMgalasUcaka ho gaI thii| unakA vivAhAdi utsavoM yA samArohoM meM upasthita honA, niSiddha thaa| unakI sampatti kA adhikAra bhI nagaNya thaa| vizeSataH putrahIna vidhavA ko vaidhAnikarUpa se pati ke dhana para adhikAra nahIM thaa|" bauddhayuga meM jAtaka meM vaidhavyajIvana ke ghora kaSToM kI carcA kI gaI hai / 12 7. ""pUsanaMdI rAyA sirIe devIe mAyAbhattae yAvi hotthA""devIe sayapAga-sahassayAgehi tellehi abhigAvei"taeNaM pacchA vhAi vA bhaMjai vaa"| -vivAgasuyaM0 29 / 181 8. (ka) ekaccayena mAtA jIvitA vIro pitA hoti.''idaM vuccati kama kaNhaM kaNha vipAkaM / -aMguttara0 2 / 250 (kha) mAtaraM pitaraM hatvA""anIgho yAti braahmnno|-dhmmpd 211294 (ga) mAtughAtako, bhikkhave ! anupasaMpanno, na upasaMpAdetabbo 'nAsetabbo ti / -mahAvagga pR0 91 antakRddadazAMgasUtra 10. .."nagarassa bahiyA nAgANi ya bhUyANi ya"maharihaM pupphacaNiyaM karettA'""dAragaM vA dArigaM vA payAyAmi to NaM ahaM tuhma.."aNuvaDDhe mi|-naayaa0 111140 tathA vivaag-117|138 11. dharma zAstra kA itihAsa bhA0 1, pR0 330-332 12. jAtaka 22 / 547 / 1836-39
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna | 187 parantu bahuta sambhava hai, jAtaka kA yaha kathana vaidikadharma-paramparA se prabhAvita ho / vastutaH bauddha aura jaina yuga meM vidhavA nArI kI sAmAjika sthiti dayanIya nahIM thii|13 sAmAjika dRSTi se use burA yA amaMgalasUcaka nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| vidhavA mahilAeM bhI sadhavAnoM ke samAna parivAra evaM samAja meM sabhI adhikAroM kA upabhoga karatI thiiN| raMgIna vastroM, AbhUSaNoM kA upayoga, mAMgalika kAryoM meM praveza yA bAloM ko kaTavA lene Adi kA prayoga vidhavAe~ nahIM karatI thIM, aisA ullekha jainazAstroM meM kahIM nahIM milatA / yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki vidhavA nArI svayaM apUrNatA kA anubhava kare yA svecchA se prasAdhana yA zRgAra meM ruci na le| thAvacca ne putra ke vivAha jaise mAMgalika kArya meM mukhyarUpa se bhAga liyA thaa|14 isI prakAra radapAla tathA sudinna ke pratrajita ho jAne para bhI unakI patniyA~ alaMkArAdi kA upayoga karatI thiiN|15 vidhavA kise kaheM ? jainAgamoM meM prApta bAlavidhavA evaM mRtapatikA nAmaka bhedoM se yahI bhAva vyakta hotA hai ki jo strI kisI bhI kAraNa se pativihIna ho jAtI thI, use vidhavA kI zreNI meM rakhA jAtA thaa| mahAvagga meM pravajita puruSoM kI patniyoM ko bhI vidhavA kahA gayA hai|16 vidhavA aura satIprathA bhArata meM aThArahavIM sadI taka satIprathA pracalita thii| usa samaya taka mRtapati kI citA meM jalakara bhasma ho jAnA, hindudharma meM, khAsakara brAhmaNoM va kSatriyoM meM jAyaja mAnA jAtA thaa| 7 veda Adi prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM isa prathA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| uttaravaidikakAlIna sAhitya ke mukhya grantha---rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, viSNusmRti Adi granthoM meM avazya hI satIprathA-sambandhI chuTapuTa evaM alpa saMketa prApta hote haiN| itane para se yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki yaha prathA janasAmAnya meM pracalita thii|'8 kintu jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM satIprathA kA koI ullekha yA anukUla abhimata prApta nahIM hotA; kyoMki yadi tatkAlIna samAja meM satIprathA kA pracalana hotA to jIvahiMsA ke virodhI gautamabuddha yA bhagavAn mahAvIra avazya hI apane upadezoM meM isakA virodha karate yA ise pazubali kI taraha nindanIya btaate| ataH spaSTa hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM vidhavA hone 13. cullavagga pR0 273 / 14. tae NaM sA thAvaccA gAhAvaiNI taM dAraga"battIsAe ibbhakUlabAliyAhiM egadivaseNaM pANi gennhaavei| - nAyAdhamma0 115 / 58 15. etha tumhe vadhuyo"tena alaMkArena alaMkArotha'""- majjhima0 2 / 288, pArA0pR0 22 16. (ka) aMto maya-paiyApro baalvihvaayo|-prauppaatik pR0167 (kha) vedhavyAya paTipanno"|-mahAvagga0 pR0 41 17. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhA0 1 pR0 348 / / 18. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 7/17 / 15, mahAbhArata 121148 / 10 mRte bhartari brahmacarya tadanvArohaNaM dhammodIkho vaa|-vissnnusmRti 25 / 14, vyAsasmRti 2|53-mRtN bharimAdAya brAhmaNI vahnimAvizet | saMsAra samada meM dharma hI dIpa hai wwwwjaimelibrary.org
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________________ caturthakhaNDa / 180 para mahilA apane pati kI citA ke sAtha jala marane jaisI prathA kA pAlana nahIM karatI thI / usakI sthiti dayanIya nahIM thii| vidhavAoM ke jIvanayApana ke sAdhana usa yuga meM vidhavA strI saMsAra se virakta hokara yadi svecchA se pravrajita hotI thI, taba to usake samakSa jIvananirvAha kA koI prazna nahIM thA / aisA na hone para nimnokta tIna sAdhanoM meM se eka kA avalambana lekara vidhavA apanA jIvana yApana karatI thI (1) patidvArA ajita saMpatti se, (2) jAti-kula kA saMrakSaNa pAkara, yA (3) parapuruSa ko grahaNa karake / thAvaccA sArthavAhI ne pati ke dhana ko hI jIvanayApana kA sAdhana banAyA thA / soNA bhI pati ke pravrajita hone para usakI sampatti kI svAminI ho gaI thI / " jJAtikula kA saMrakSaNa ke hI vidhavAeM letI thIM, jinake pAsa svatantra jIvanayApana ke paryApta sAdhana nahIM hote the| jJAtikula meM mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, kuTumbI, svadharmI evaM sagotrIya jina vidha bAoM ke pAsa na to pati dvArA upArjita sampatti hotI thI, aura na hI jo jJAtikula se sampanna hotI thIM, unakA vaidhavyajIvana kaSTakAraka hotA thA / candA daridra pitA kI putrI thI, tathA daridra puruSa ko vyAhI thii| jisa samaya vaha vidhavA huI, niHsantAna thI ataH use vaidhavyajIvana meM bhojana - vastrAdi sAdhana bhI nahIM milate the / pati, putra aura jJAtijanoM se hIna paTAcArA ko to aneka kaSToM se pUrNa vaidhavyajIvana bitAnA par3A thaa| sAmAnyatayA uccakula kI vidhavA mahilA parapuruSa kA zrAzraya kabhI pravrajita puruSa kI navavivAhitA patnI apane pati kI anumati se letI thI / para yaha prathA adhika pracalita nahIM thI / 20 kisI puruSa lie yaha smaraNa karAyA jAtA thA ki abhI usakI patnI yuvA hai| para kahIM vaha parapuruSa ke pAsa na calI jAe / vidhavAoM kA punarvivAha yadyapi vaidikakAla meM vidhavA ke lie punarvivAha kA to nahIM, kintu sirpha saMtAnotpatti ke lie niyoga karane kA ullekha milatA hai; kyoMki usa samaya santAnotpatti ko adhika 19. ( ka ) tatthaNaM bAravaIe thAbaccA nAmaM gAhAvaiNI parivasai, aDDhA jAva aparibhUyA / -nAyAdhamma0 1 / 5 / 58 (kha) berI apa0 326 / 231 20. (ka) duggatAhaM pure grAsi vidhavA ca praputtikA / nahIM letI thI / kabhIparapuruSa ko grahaNa kara ko pravrajyA se rokane ke usake pravajita ho jAne , binA mitte hi jAtIhiM, bhattacolassa nAdhigaM // -- therI0 5 / 12 / 122 / (kha) dve puttA kAlakatA, patI ca paMthe mato kapaNikAya / mAtA pitA ca bhAtA, umti ca ekacitakArya / 1 khINakulIne kapaNe anubhUtaM te dukhaM aparimANaM / / vahI 10 / 1 / 219-220 21. 'bhAriyA te navA tAya! mAsA annaM jaNaM game... --- sUyagaDAMga0 1 / 3 / 25
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna | 189 mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| pati ke ni:santAna mara jAne para usakI vaMzaparamparA ko surakSita rakhane ke lie devara yA nikaTa sambandhI se sahavAsa karanA burA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| niyogaprathA kA uddezya yahI thaa| kintu jaina-bauddhayuga meM vidhavA nArI ke lie pUnavivAha karanA sAmAjika dRSTi se mAnya nahIM thA, na hI niyoga-prathA mAnya thI, balki inheM nindanIya samajhA jAtA thaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki santAnotpatti karanA, yA vaMzaparamparA calAnA jainabauddhayuga meM strI yA puruSa ke jIvana meM anivArya nahIM thaa| aisI strI, jisakA pati mara cukA ho, sambhavataH azubha mAnI jAne ke kAraNa koI bhI aisI strI ko patnIrUpa meM cayana nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bhI vidhavA kA punarvivAha jAyaja nahIM thaa| 5. bhikSuNI-jIvana prAgamakAlIna nArIvarga meM bhikSaNiyoM kA viziSTa sthAna thaa| nArIsamAja kI tatkAlIna vyavasthA meM jaina-bauddha-yuga meM jo dharmakrAnti huI, usameM bhikSaNIvarga meM tyAga, vairAgya evaM saMyama ke Adarza ke kAraNa usake prati samagra samAja meM vizeSa Adara evaM AkarSaNa humA / bauddha aura jaina bhikSuNiyoM meM antara bauddha aura jaina donoM hI yugoM meM bhikSuNI-jIvana duHkhoM se mukti, zAnti, aura ratnatrayasAdhanA dvArA mokSaprApti kA sAdhana thaa|' yadyapi ina donoM yugoM kI bhikSuNiyoM meM sAdhya kI dRSTi se samAnatA thI, kintu sAmAjika nAriyoM ke unake prati dRSTikoNa, AkarSaNa, vyavahAra evaM sAdhanA Adi kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa ubhayayugIna bhikSaNiyoM meM samAnatA nahIM thii| bauddha bhikSuNI banane ke kAraNa bauddhAgamoM ke anusAra usa samaya prAyaH pratyeka nArI sAmAjika evaM pArivArika jIvana se udAsa, bhayabhIta evaM vyAkula hokara bhikSuNIsaMgha meM praviSTa hone kA prayAsa karatI thii| phalataH usa samaya bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA itanI adhika ho gaI ki tathAgata buddha ko unheM vyavasthita evaM saMyamita rakhane ke lie pRthaka evaM naI AcArasaMhitA banAnI pdd'ii| phira bhI bhikSuNiyoM ke zIla kI asurakSA, saMghIya avyavasthA evaM samAja ke bar3hate hue azraddhAmaya dRSTi 22. (ka) paMcahi dhammehi "bhikkhu ussaM kita-parisaMkito hoti |"idh bhikkhave, bhikkhu vesiyAgocaro vA hoti, vidhavAgocaro vA hoti |-aNguttr0 2 / 384 (kha) pasAhaNaThaM gama-bihava -nAyAdhamma 1 / 1 / 24 1. (ka) upemi saraNaM buddha dhamma saMgha ca tAdinaM / samAdiyAmi sIlAni taM mai atthAya hohiti / / --therIgAthA 12 // 11250 (kha) taM seyaM mama 'ajjANaM aMtie pavvaittae |-naayaadhmm0 114 / 105, nirayA0 3 / 4 / 116 2. (ka) ahaM pi pabbajjissAmi bhAtusokena advitA / therIgAthA 12 / 4 / 329 / (kha) assosi kho sA itthI-'sAmiko kira maM ghAtetUkAmo' ti| varabhaNDaM prAdAya"." pajjaM yAci / -pAci0 pR0 301 | dhammo dIvo / saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIya nelibrary.org
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 190 koNa ke kAraNa tathAgata buddha ke samakSa naI-naI samasyAe~ khar3I ho jAtI thIM / jinheM sulajhAne ke lie unheM naye-naye niyama banAne par3e jaina bhikSuNIvarga aura bauddha bhikSuNIvarga meM antara - jainayuga meM bhikSuNIvarga jarA saMyamita evaM niyamita ho gayA thaa| jaina bhikSuNI kI sAdhanA bhI kaThora hotI thI jainabhikSuSoM aura bhikSuNiyoM ke rahane ke dharmasthAna bhI alaga-alaga hote the jainAgamoM ke anusAra bhikSuNIsaMgha kA astitva prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke samaya meM bhI thA isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina bhikSuNIvarga ko sAdhanA paripakva, anubhUta evaM samAjamAnya thI jabaki bauddhadharma meM bhikSusaMgha kI sthApanA ke pAMca varSa bAda bhikSuNI saMgha banAyA gayA thA / isa vilamba kA mukhya kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki buddha striyoM ko sAMsArika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa tathA duHkhavinAza meM bAdhaka bhI mAnate the| grataH saMddhAntika dRSTi se strI-puruSa meM dharmAcaraNa karane kI samAna kSamatA mAnate hue bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se ve striyoM ko bhikSuNI rUpa meM saMgha meM praveza dene ke pakSa meM nahIM the / yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne puruSavarga ko bhikSu banAne meM utsAha batAyA, vaise strIvarga ko bhikSuNI banAne meM utanA utsAha nahIM btaayaa| cUMki buddhasaMgha ko vizuddha brahmacaryasthala banAnA cAhate the, ataH ve brahmacarya kI vikArabhUta striyoM ko bhikSuNI banAne ke lie utsAhita nahIM the| usa yuga meM buddha ke saMgha kA jo rUpa yA, vaha bhikSuNI kI surakSA karane meM asamartha ho gayA thaa| isIlie buddha bhikSuNI rUpa meM nArI ko saMgha meM praveza denA nahIM cAhate the| * jaina AgamoM ke anusAra usa yuga meM nAriyoM ko na kevala gArhasthya avasthA meM puruSoM ke samAna dharmAcaraNa karane kA adhikAra thA apitu bhikSuNI banane meM bhI una para saMgha kI ora se kisI prakAra kA pratibandha nahIM thaa| itanA hI nahIM, jaina mAnyatAnusAra strI kevalajJAnI, tIrthaMkara evaM siddha (mukta) bhI bana sakatI thI rAjakumArI mahalI ne strI hote hue bhI tIrthaMkara pada prApta kiyaa| kAlI, mahAkAlI, kRSNA, mahAkRSNA mAdi rAniyoM ne sAdhvI banakara ratnatraya kI utkRSTa sAdhanA karake kevalajJAna evaM mokSa bhI prApta kiyA thaa| buddha ke matAnusAra strI samyaka sambuddha nahIM ho sakatI thii| ataH jaina bhikSuNiyAM boddhabhikSuNiyoM kI apekSA saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika donoM dRSTiyoM se dhArmika kSetra meM bhAge thiiN| sAdhu aura sAdhvI donoM ko dhArmika kSetra meM samAna adhikAra prApta the / jaina janayuga taka bhikSuNI saMgha koI navIna saMsthA nahIM raha gaI thI, isalie bauddhayuga kI taraha jainayuga meM bhikSuniyoM ke zIla kI rakSA karanA koI jaTila samasyA nahIM raha gaI thI; 3. cullavagga pR0 382-386 tathA Age / 4. ithI malaM hmacariyarasa, etthAyaM sajjate pajA / 5. sAdhu bhaMte! labheyya mAtRgAmo tathAgatapyavedite ti / alaM gotami mA te rucci mAtugAmassa " saMyukta0 1 / 36 dhammavinaye pragArasmA anagAriyaM pavvajja pavvajjA" ti / - culla0 pR0 373 6. nAvAdhammakA 118170,830 7. aMtagaDadasAmo0 vAM varma / 8. pradAnametaM bhikkhave, dhanavakAsa yaM itthI ahaM assa sammAsaMbuddho / aMguttara0 1 / 19 --
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna / 191 kyoMki bauddhasaMgha kI taraha jainasaMgha kI vyavasthA gaNataMtra ke siddhAntoM para AdhArita nahIM thI, apitu bhikSa-bhikSuNI saMgha ke surakSaNa evaM saMcAlana kA bhAra saMgha ke variSTha bhikSuprAcArya para rahatA thaa| vaha kevala purAne bane hue niyamoM ke AdhAra para hI nahIM, paristhitivaza naye niyama banAkara bhI saMgha kA saMcAlana-saMrakSaNa karatA thaa| vaha saMgha kI, vizeSataH bhikSaNIvarga kI surakSA karane meM satata jAgrata rahatA thaa| isI kAraNa bha0 mahAvIra aura usake pazcAta prAcArya prAdi nArI ko pravrajyA dene meM na to hicakate the aura na hI kisI prakAra kA pratibaMdha lagAte the| mUla jainAgamoM meM sAmAjika vyaktiyoM dvArA janasAdhviyoM para anAcAra yA anAdara kiye jAne ke ullekha nahIM milate / niSkarSa yaha hai ki bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA samAja kI ora se zIla kI asurakSA kA jo khatarA banA rahatA thA, vaha jainayuga taka kama ho gayA thaa| samAja meM inakA viziSTa sthAna bana gayA thaa| rAjya evaM samAja kA sabase bar3A vyakti bhI bhikSaNI yA parivrAjikA ko dekhakara Asana se uThatA thA, unakA svAgata karatA, tathA vandanA karake ucita sammAna pradarzita karatA thaa|10 jainabhikSuNI banane ke kAraNa jainayuga meM bhikSuNI-jIvana ke prati sAmAnya nArI kA AkarSaNa kama ho gayA thaa| usa samaya ve hI striyA~ jainabhikSuNI banatI thIM, jinheM jJAna-darzana kI prApti kI evaM mokSa prApta karake sarvaduHkhoM kA anta karane kI prabala lAlasA hotI thI, yA pArivArika jIvana meM jinakA kisI du:kha ke kAraNa rahanA kaThina ho jaataa| arthAta yA to vaha pati ke lie apriya bana jAtI, yA vaha santAna ko janma dene meM asamartha hotI yA vidhavA ho jAne se upekSita hotii| aisI paristhiti meM, jo nArI saMsAra se virakta hotI, vaha apane saMrakSakavarga kI AsAnI se svIkRti prApta kara bhikSaNI bana jAtI thii| duHkhita, pIDita yA apamAnita nAriyA~ prArambha meM kisI jaina sAdhvI se apane duHkha nivAraNa kA upAya pUchatI thIM, jaba bhikSuNI duHkha kA sAvadha upAya na batAkara niravadya bhikSuNI-jIvana grahaNa karane kA upadeza detI thI to unheM bAdhya hokara bhikSuNI bananA hI par3atA thaa| Azaya yaha hai ki isa yuga meM nArI bhikSuNIjIvana ke AkarSaNa ke kAraNa nahIM, apitu prAyaH sAMsArika jIvana se khinna hone ke kAraNa dIkSA letI thii|" - --- 9. nizIthaH eka adhyayana, pR0 66 10. tae NaM se jiyasattU cokkhaM parivvAiyaM ejjamANaM pAsai, pAsaittA sIhAsaNApro unbhuTTha i... sakkArei AsaNeNaM uvanimaMtei |-naayaadhmm0 11879 0 nizItha eka adhyayana, pR0 66 11. (ka) icchAmi NaM, devANuppiyA ! .."pavvaittae / ahAsuha""tae NaM sA paumAvaI ajjA ekkArasa aMgAiM ahijji|-antkRt0 5 / 1185-89 (kha) bhagavatIsUtra0 1212 (ga) ahaM teyaliputrassa""""aNiTTA " / taM seyaM khalu mama""pavva ittae / -nAyA0 12141105 zaggo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai|
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________________ catuthaM khaNDa / 192 jaina evaM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke lie niyama jainabhikSuNiyoM ko anuzAsana meM rakhane ke lie tIna-tIna yA cAra-cAra bhikSuNiyoM ke saMghAr3e (saMghATaka) banA diye jAte the, usa saMghAr3e meM dIkSAjyeSTha sAdhvI rahatI thii| sabhI saMghAr3oM ko niyaMtrita evaM vyavasthita rakhane ke lie una para eka pravartinI yA mahattarA cuna lI . jAtI thI, jo sAdhviyoM ke cAturmAsa, zikSAdIkSA, sevA, prAyazcitta Adi dvArA zuddhi kI vyavasthA karatI thii| jainAgamoM meM sAmAnyarUpa se adhikAMza niyama bhikSu-bhikSuNI donoM ke lie eka se ullikhita haiN| alabattA, dUSita manovRtti ke vyaktiyoM se surakSA ke nimitta jainasAdhviyoM ke kucha viziSTa niyamoM kI racanA samaya-samaya para kI gaI hai|12 yadyapi prAcArya-upAdhyAya bhikSu-bhikSuNI saMgha ke variSTha adhikArI evaM saMrakSaka hote the. kinta bhikSaNIvarga ke aAntarika kAryoM meM ve hastakSepa nahIM karate the / pravartinI hI Antarika kAryabhAra saMbhAlatI thii| bauddha-bhikSaNIsaMgha ke lie sAmAnya niyama to bhikSusaMgha ke AdhAra para hI banAye gae the, kintu kucha aise viziSTa niyama bhI banAe gae the jo kevala bhikSuNIjIvana se sambandhita the| ve viziSTa niyama mukhyatayA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiye jA sakate haiM--(1) prathama bhAga meM ve niyama haiM jo bhikSuNiyoM kI zArIrika AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakha kara banAe gae the, tAki bhikSaNiyA~ samAja meM jAe~ to unakA upahAsa yA avamAna na ho|14 dvitIya bhAga meM, ve niyama haiM, jo bhikSuNiyoM ke strIsvabhAvAnusAra saMcayavatti evaM saMyamaviruddha pravRttiyoM ko rokate haiM / tRtIya bhAga meM aise niyama haiM, jo bhikSuNiyoM ko kAmavAsanA se dUra rakha kara brahmacarya kA sudar3hatA se pAlana karane ke nimitta se banAe gae the / vastutaH ye niyama bhikSaNiyoM ko brahmacarya se skhalita hone se bacAne ke lie banAe gae the| donoM dharmoM kI bhikSaNiyoM ko yaha dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka thA ki unake jIvanayApana ke, AhAra-vihAra ke taura-tarIkoM se saMgha kI pratiSThA ko hAni na pahu~ce / ve lokanindA kI pAtra na bneN| (gha) ......."no ceva NaM ahaM dAragaM vA dAriyaM va payAyAmi, taM seyaM...."pavvaittae / -nirayA0 3 / 4 / 116 (Ga) taM atthiyAI bhe ajjAyo kei kahiMci cuNNajoe vA"jeNAhaM""puNaravi iTTA 5 bhavejjAmi ?.."amhe NaM samaNIyo"no khalu kappai amhaM eyappagAraM ...."tae NaM sAvayAsI-icchAmi NaM" dhammaM nisAmittae / -nAyAdhamma0 1114 / 104, 1 / 14 / 118 / 12. (ka) bRhatkalpa bhA0 3. pR0 651,660,670 / (a) History of Jain Monachism. P. 473 13. (ka) History of Manachism. P. 468, (kha) no se kappai aNAyariya-uvajjhAittae hotte"|-vvhaarsuttN0 3112 (ga) bRhatkalpa bhAga0 5, gA06048 14. pAci0 pR0 384, mahAvagga pR0 309, culla0 pR0 390-391
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________________ jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM nArI kA sthAna | 193 prAzaya yaha hai ki jaina yA bauddha bhikSuNI kA jIvana itanA Adarza, cAritra-sampanna, jJAnamaya evaM lakSyamukhI ho / vastutaH bhikSaNI-jIvana sarvotkRSTa jIvana hai vaha tyAga, tapa, vairAgya aura saMyama se anuprANita hai / Aja bhI jainasAdhvI-jIvana pratyakSa dekhA jA sakatA hai| upasaMhAra isa prakAra bauddha aura jaina paramparA meM nArI apane pA~coM rUpoM meM gauravapUrNa rahI hai, usakA bhUtakAla bhI ujjvala rahA hai aura bhaviSya bhI ujjvala rhegaa| saMsAra samudra meM varma hI dIpa hai