Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-12 jaina dharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) wwwg yorg
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kiyaa| / samyagjJAnapradA bhUyAt bhavyAnAm bhktishaalinii||
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ Te WER2450 ati prAcina zrI avaMti pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ujjai na (ma.pra.)
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ sAdara samarpaNa ahiMsA anekAnta aparigraha ke avirala dIpa se satata prakAzavAna jina zAsana ko sAdara samarpita
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ maNidhArI dAdA zrI jinacandrasUrijI Atama hitakArI bhagavAna AdinAtha dAdA zrI jinadattasUrijI dAdA zrI jinacandrasUrijI ate & Personal Use dAdA zrI jinakuzalasUrijI www.
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prakAzana sahayogI zrI gulAbacandajI phUlacandajI jhAr3acUra zAntAdevI gulAbacandajI jhAr3acUra nemIcanda, rikhabacanda, zItalacanda, ramezacanda, sunIlakumAra, zrIcanda, vinayacanda jhAr3acUra-jayapura Forval Personal www.jainen
Page #7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa - yAtrA lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prAcya vidyApITha
Page #8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prakAzaka prAcya vidyApITha dupAr3A roDa, zAjApura (ma.pra.) prakAzana sahayoga zrI gulAbacandajI phUlacaMdajI jhADacUra parivAra jayapura / / mUlya - 25.00 rupayA mudraka AkRti AphaseTa 5, naIpeTha, ujjaina (ma.pra.) phona - 2561720
Page #9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA (AdikAla se lekara Aja taka) jainadharma eka jIvita dharma hai aura koI bhI jIvita dharma deza aura kAlagata parivartanoM se achUtA nahIM rahatA jaba bhI kisI dharma ke itihAsa kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki hama kisI sthira dharma kI bAta nahIM karateM, kyoMki kisI sthira dharma kA itihAsa hIM nahIM hotA hai| itihAsa to usI kA hotA hai jo gatizIla hai, parivartanazIla hai| jo loga yaha mAnate haiM ki jainadharma apane AdikAla se Aja taka yathAsthiti meM rahA hai, ve bahuta hI bhrAnti meM hai / jainadharma ke itihAsa kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM maiM una paramparAoM kI aura una paristhitiyoM kI carcA bhI karanA cAhU~gA, jisameM apane sudUra atIta se lekara vartamAna taka jainadharma ne apanI karavaTeM badalI haiM aura jinameM usakA udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM jainadharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, dArzanika gambhIratA, lokamaMgala kI utkRSTa bhAvanA, vipula sAhitya aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM isakA avadAna mahattvapUrNa hai| yahA~ hama isa paramparA ko itihAsa ke Aine meM dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| prAcIna zramaNa yA Arhat paramparA vizva ke dharmoM kI mukhyataH semeTika dharma aura Arya dharma, aisI do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dharmoM meM yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma Ate haiM jabaki Arya dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika), bauddha aura jainadharma kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake atirikta sudUra pUrva ke deza jApAna aura cIna meM vikasita kucha dharma kanphUziyasa evaM zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| Arya dharmoM ke isa varga meM jahA~ hindUdharma ke vaidika svarUpa ko pravRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka kahA jatA hai / yaha nivRttiparaka saMnyAsamArgI paramparA prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa paramparA, Arhat paramparA yA vrAtya paramparA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma isI Arhat, vrAtya yA zramaNa paramparA dharma haiN| zramaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika jIva kI duHkhamayatA ko ujAgara kara saMnyAsa evaM vairAgya ke mAdhyama se nirvANa yA mokSa kI prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai / isa nivRttimArgI 3
Page #10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ zramaNa paramparA ne tapa evaM yoga kI apanI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM zIloM yA vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya dharmoM ke itihAsa meM AsthA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA meM na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita haiM, apitu aupaniSadika aura sAMkhya-yoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM jo Aja bRhad hindUdharma kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake atirikta AjIvaka Adi anya kucha dhArAe~ bhI thIM jo Aja vilupta ho cukI haiN| Aja zramaNa paramparA ke jIvanta dharmoM meM bauddhadharma aura jainadharma apanA astitva banAye hue haiN| yadyapi bauddhadharma bhArata meM janmA aura vikasita huA aura yahI se usane sudUrapUrva meM apane paira jamAye, phira bhI bhArata meM vaha eka hajAra varSa taka vilupta hI rahA, kintu yaha zubha saMketa hai ki zramaNadhArA kA yaha dharma bhArata meM punaH sthApita ho rahA hai| jahA~ taka Arhat yA zramaNadhArA ke jainadharma kA prazna hai, yaha bhAratabhUmi meM atiprAcIna kAla se Aja taka apanA astitva banAye hue hai| agrima pRSThoM meM hama isI ke itihAsa kI carcA kreNge| bhAratIya itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hameM zramaNadhArA ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| phira cAhe vaha mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA se prApta purAtAttvika sAmagrI ho yA Rgveda jaisA prAcInatama sAhityika grantha ho / eka ora mohanajodar3o aura har3appA se prApta aneka sIloM para hameM dhyAnastha yogiyo ke aMkana prApta hote haiM to dUsarI ora Rgveda meM arhat, vrAtya, vAtarasanA muni Adi ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| ye saba prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa, vrAtya yA Arhat paramparA ke astitva ke pramANa hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki Aja pracalita jainadharma 'zabda' kA itihAsa adhika purAnA nahIM hai| yaha zabda IsA kI chaThI sAtavIM zatI se pracalana meM hai| isake pUrva jainadharma ke liye 'nirgrantha dharma' yA 'Arhat dharma' aise do zabda pracalita rahe haiN| inameM bhI 'nirgrantha' zabda mukhyataH bhagavAn pArzva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA kA vAcaka rahA hai| kintu jahA~ taka 'Arhat' zabda kA sambandha hai yaha mUla meM eka vyApaka artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| Arhat zabda arhat yA arahanta ke upAsakoM kA vAcaka thA aura sabhI zramaNa paramparAeM cAhe ve jaina ho, bauddha hoM yA AjIvaka hoM, arahanta kI upAsaka rahI haiN| ata: ve sabhI paramparAeM Arhat varga meM hI antarbhUta thiiN| Rgvaidika kAla meM Arhat (zramaNa ) aura bArhat (vaidika) donoM kA astitva thA aura Arhat yA vrAtya zramaNadhArA ke paricAyaka the| kintu kAlAntara meM jaba kucha zramaNa paramparAeM bRhad hindUdharma kA aMga bana gaI aura AjIvaka Adi kucha zramaNa paramparAeM lupta ho gaI tathA bauddha paramparA videzoM meM apanA astitva rakhate huye bhI isa bhAratabhUmi se nAmazeSa ho gaI to Arhat zabda bhI simaTa kara mAtra jaina paramparA kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isa prakAra Arhata, vrAtya, 4
Page #11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ zramaNa Adi zabda ati prAcIna kAla se jainadharma ke bhI vAcaka rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina dharma kA Arhat dharma, zramaNa dharma yA nivRttimArgI dharma bhI kahA jAtA hai| kinta yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hai ki Arhat vrAtya, zramaNa Adi zabda ati prAcIna kAla se jainadharma ke sAtha anya nivRttimArgI dharmoM ke bhI vAcaka rahe haiM jaba ki nirgrantha yA jJAtapatrIya zramaNa jainoM ke paricAyaka haiN| Age hama zramaNadhArA yA nivRttimArgI dharma, jisakA eka aMga jainadharma bhI hai, ke udbhava, vikAsa aura usakI vizeSatAoM kI carcA karanA caaheNge| zramaNadhArA kA udbhava mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| yaha svabhAvataH paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura yahA~ usa para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai, kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stra para svataMtra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) se anuzAsita hai, to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA (Super Ego) se prabhAvita bhI hai vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usakA nija svarUpa hai, jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA sambhava nahIM hai usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye chora haiN| usakI jIvanadhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| mAnava astitva ke ina donoM pakSoM ke kAraNa dharma ke kSetra meM bhI do dhArAoM kA udbhava huA - 1. vaidikadhArA aura 2. zramaNadhArA zramaNadhArA ke udbhava kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra ___ mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA 'virAga' kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vastutaH vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahI do alaga-alaga jIvana dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA bhoga hotA hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa
Page #12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak-dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM inheM kramaza: preya aura zreya ke mArga kahe gaye haiN| "kaThopaniSada' meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiM usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko canatA hai| vAsanA kI dRSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtki mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita haiN| isI se AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi yA tyAga-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| punaH Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usakI sukhasuvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM, ataH usane yaha mAnA ki usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nibhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se bhI santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA - 1. zraddhApradhAna bhaktimArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna karma- maarg| dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nirvataka dharma meM nirvANa yA mokSa arthAta vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhAva nahIM thaa| ataH nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa nivRttimUlaka jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakara nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - 1. jJAna-mArga, 2. tp-maarg|
Page #13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai - (pravartaka) deha vAsanA 1 bhoga I abhyudaya (preya) svarga karma I pravRtti pravartaka dharma alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA yajJamUlaka karmamArga samarpaNamUlaka bhakti mArga manuSya cintana pradhAna jJAnamArga (nivartaka) cetanA viveka | virAga (tyAga) niHzreyas mokSa (nirvANa) T saMnyAsa nivRtti nivartaka dharma I Atmopalabdhi nivartaka (zramaNa) evaM pravartaka (vaidika) dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nirvataka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoM / pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai - dehadaNDanamUlaka tapamArga
Page #14
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ dhAnatA pravartaka dharma 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana-dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI daivika zaktiyoM kI kRpA para vizvAsa 5. IzvaravAdI 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke sAnidhya kI prApti 9. varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM kI prdhaantaa| 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita-varga) kA vikAsa 16. upAsanAmUlaka nivartaka dharma 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prdhaantaa| 2. niSedhaka jiivn-dRsstti| 3. vyaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM naiSakarmaNyatA kA samarthana phira AtmakalyANa hetu vaiyaktika puruSArtha para bl| 5. aniishvrvaadii| 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAMta kA smrthn| 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bl| 8. jIvana kA mokSa evaM nivArNa kI praapti| 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI prdhaantaa| 11. ekAkI jIvana zailI 12. janatantra kA smrthn| 13. sadAcArI kI puujaa| 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI prdhaantaa| 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikaas| 16. smaadhimuulk|
Page #15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahIM, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTa hove, hamArI gAye adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, usane sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti virAga aura Atma santoSa hI sarvocca jIvanamUlya hai| eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmika ke pratIka bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala detA hai ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha samAjagAmI banA, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti, jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga ora tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma-samAja vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana gye| yaddhapi dehika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the| jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhIM anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha daivavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattvoM ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyata kA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ataH nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM (yajJayoga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karmakANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa|
Page #16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ nivartaka zramaNa dharmoM kI vikAsa-yAtrA bhAratIya saMskRtika eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlataH pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA kI vartamAna hindudharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| ataH vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadharA yA hindUdharma se pUrNataH aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidikadhArA ke vikasita dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa-paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prAraMbha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNataH anupasthita the, kintu aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paramparA ke ina tattvoM ko mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga dhyAna aura mokSa kI jo avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve sabhI isa bAta ko pramANita karatI haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSada vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM, unameM vaidika hindUdharma eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra kAlAntara meM zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya kara liye gae haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka-dUsare se samanvita huI hai, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA hai tathA kAlakrama meM kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya Avazyaka huaa| 10
Page #17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ zramaNa evaM vaidika saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi pUrva meM hamane pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajhA hai, kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadharA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye asambhava tha ki ve eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rheN| ataH jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA (nivartaka dharma-paramparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharma paramparA ke tattvoM kA praveza bhI huA hai| ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma-paramparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kii| vastuta: nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na mnovaijnyaanik| manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga-marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastutaH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvana zelI khojeM jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanika mAnasika evaM samAjika santrAsa se mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| jainadharma meM isI prayAsa meM munidharma ke sAtha-sAtha gRhasthadharma kA bhI pratipAdana huA aura use viratAvirata arthAt AMzika rUpa se nivRtta aura AMzika rUpa se pravRtta kahA gyaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartakadhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' aura 'bhagavadgItA' haiN| ina donoM graMthoM meM pravRtti aura nivRttimArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| zramaNa paramparA kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddhadharma meM to pravartaka dhArA ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gii| vastuta: bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cAradIvariyoM 11
Page #18
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara leN| binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna se usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM kA arthAt kala-purjI kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya saMskRti dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA ke, hameM usakI dUsarI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba unheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI hai| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyAkANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyA, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina 12
Page #19
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prAraMbha se bhI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI / hindUdharma kI zaivadhArA aura sAMkhya yoga paramparA mUlataH nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI haiM jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI hai| mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thI jisameM tapa, dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA prAcIna stara para yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahIM siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna-pradAna vrAtya yA zramaNa saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prAraMbha huA vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI hai aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai jo dono dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAe~ jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNya Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gaye haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidikadhArA meM praviSTi huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye graMtha vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| vaha nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai / upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRttipradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, vahI dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNa paramparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI hai| usameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahito kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM jo AvAja aupaniSidaka yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thIM, jaina 13
Page #20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANjJoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA kArya aupaniSidaka RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSidaka RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidaka karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsa ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSidaka RSiyoM ke svara ke hI mukharita rUpa hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa-vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye, kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskati meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gae hai| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura unakI sAdhanApaddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtki vizuddhi ke liye kiye jAnevAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNaparamparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora tIsarI-cauthI zatI se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTi ho gii| anake hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara meM jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gii| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSaNiyoM evaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra hai| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise - kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlini ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyika, tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana giiN| isI prakAra zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAra ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI jainadharma meM hI hone lagI aura hindU-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina maMdiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA AhvAna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara 14
Page #21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI haA ki jahA~ hindU paramparA meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAe~ eka-dUsare se samanvita huii| Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI hai, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko bhI samyak rUpa se samajhA jA skeN| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca, apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU, sikkhoM, jo ki bRhada bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga hai, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddhadharma na kevala svatantra dharma hai, apitu ve vaidika hindU-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddhadharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNaparamparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa matabheda haiN| yaha bhI satya hai ki jainabauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM kA, jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNa hai| cAhe apane mUla meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho, kintu Aja na to hindU-paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA pUrNataH shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jainadharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna haiM 15
Page #22
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vahA~ hindU dharma prvRttiprdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya se hI nirmita hue haiN| jainadharma ke anusAra bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne dIkSita hone ke pUrva pravRttimAna arthAt parivAra dharma, samAja dharma, rAjya dharma Adi kA upadeza diyA thaa| pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ataH Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyakti ke hI aMga hai usI prakAra nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttipradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga hai, jaise hinduu-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidikadhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA? yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Aja hindUdharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai? vastutaH hinda koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara, eka vyApaka paramparA kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha haiM usameM IzvaravAda-anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRtti-nivRtti, jJAnakarma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma ke prAraMbhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ataH hindU usa artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muuslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa parampara hai, eka sAMskRtika dharA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-pakSa ke anuyAyI haiM jisake aupaniSidika RSi the| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiya jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purAhita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM hai, isI mATI kI santAna 16
Page #23
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika dhArA kisI eka hI mUla strota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| ____ bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA - 'AcArAMga-, 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'RSibhASita' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| 'AcArAMga' meM Atma ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha 'mANDUkyopaniSad' se yathAvat milatA hai| 'AcArAMga' meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispaddhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| cAhe 'AcArAMga' 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate hoM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvaMta pratIka hai| unameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| - isI prakAra 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu unake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA-videhanami, bAhuka ayitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha bhI huA hai| 'sUtrakRtAMga' spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnA hai| vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| 'sUtrakRtAMga' kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi prApta kahanA tathA 'uttarAdhyayana' meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karanevAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai, zarta kevala eka hI hai usakA citta viSaya-vAsanAoM evaM rAga-dveSa se rahita aura samatA bhAva se 17
Page #24
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vAsita hoN| - isI sandarbha meM yahA~ 'RSibhASita' (isibhAsiyAI) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I. pU. cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA, jaba jainadharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, saMjaya (veliThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat RSi, buddha RSi yA brAhmaNa RSi kahA gayA hai| 'RSibhASita' meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama strota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jainadharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla strota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla strota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jainadharma ke 'RSibhASita' meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI 'theragAthA' meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| ye sabhI ullekha isa tathya ke sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya cintanadhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA haiN| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka-dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| jisa prakAra 'uttarAdhyayana', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'RSibhASita' aura 'AcArAMga' ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| usI prakAra upaniSado aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai / Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai, jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| 18
Page #25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jainadharma kA vaidika dharma ko avadAna aupaniSadika kAla yA mahAvIra - yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara ekadUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga meM cAra pramukha varga the - 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI aura 4. ajJAnavAdI / mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prathama kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrata parAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA akriyAvAda thA / akriyAvAda ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI dArzanika avadhAraNa ke poSaka the| ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA / kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarA paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehadavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thii| mahAvIra ne apane anekAnvAdI dRSTikoNa ke dvArA inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyagdarzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAMta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thA / isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina- darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thA / yadyapi 'gItA' meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa mArga mAna liyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina dharma meM inake samanvita ke rUpa ko mokSa mArga kahA gyaa| jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa paramparA ke deha - daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavataH mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki brAhmaNa varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM hi dharma kI iti zrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavataH jaina paramparA meM mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaGkara 19
Page #26
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM bAhya pahalU ke sthAna para usake Antakiraka pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNa paramparAoM meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa, zrAddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA prAraMbha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taharaha avalehanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana ge| ataH mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharmasAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcAraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM para hI bala dyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| 'narasiMhapurANa' (61/ 9/11) meM bhI 'Azvayakaniyukti' (pRSTa, 15-17) ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina paramparA ke isa cintana ne hindU paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa ___ usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa- vyavasthA eka mahatvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA jisake kAraNa sAmAjika svAthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezIbala jaine nimna kulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhaka ko apane sAdhanA-mArga ke samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi se samAna the| isa prakAra usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~canIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa-vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla (lagabhaga cauthI zatI) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai|
Page #27
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ IzvarIya dAsatA se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi se kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI dhArAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thii| jaina darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI punaH prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA apekSita thA, phira bhI IzvavAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the| rur3hivAda se mukti jainadharma ne rur3hivada se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rur3hiyoM jaise pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohita Adi se mAnava samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isIliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha AcArya ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASie~ pradAna kii| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI hai| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimratA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNva kA AdhAra btaayaa| 'uttarAdhyayana' ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM 'dhammapada' ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai? isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka-do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahIM saccA brAhmaNa hai'| jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| 'dhammapada' meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM 21
Page #28
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 2 meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke bhaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala hai aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA hai use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI, jo zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalataH na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM, varan hindU paramparA ke mahAn grantha 'mahAbhArata' meM bhI brAhmaNa va kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke 'uttarAdhyayana', bauddha paramparA ke 'dhammapada' aura 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai / yajJa kA AdhyAtmika artha jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kI / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai / batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hAne se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kii| '3 phalataH na kevala jaina paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayana meM kiyA gayA hai ! 'aMguttaranikAya ' meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa! ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana karane ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA cAhiye / he brAhmaNa! ina tInoM agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kre| ye agniyA~ kauna-sI haiM, AhvAnIyAgni (Ahaneyyaggi), gArhatyAgni (gahapattagni) aura dakSiNAgni ( dkkhinnyyggi)| mA~-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI cAhiye / zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra pUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa! 22
Page #29
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnI par3atI haiM, kintu ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hIM nahIM, unhoMneM sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM sahayoga karanA btaayaa|' zramaNadhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| samAjika sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA karanA 'gItA' meM yajJa kA sAmajika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiM, dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahanevAlA vAyu jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake saMkucita hone, 'phailane' adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| ghRtAdi cikanI vastu se prajjavalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka - vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI (dhAraNa - dhyAna samAdhi rUpa ) usa Atma-saMyama - yogAgni meM (prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma ke yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa paramparA kA hindU paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thaa| snAna Adi karmakANDoM ke prati AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa jaina vicArakoM ne bAhya karmakANDa sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna jo ki usa samaya dharma aura upAsanA kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gayA / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra bauddha darzana meM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai / " na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai| isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika yA hindU paramparA para bhI huA / isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama hI zreSTha hai| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA 23
Page #30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ gayA hai ki pratimAsa sahastroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa meM dAna nahIM karatA varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| ' 'dhammapada' meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNa dekara pratimAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kareM to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yajJa / " isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDAtmaka mAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha hI dharma - sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA, use AdhyAtmika saMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko rUpAntarika karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa meM zramaNa paramparA ko aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina - paramparA ko hai / arhat RSi paramparA kA sauhArdapUrNa itihAsa prAkRta sAhitya meM 'RSibhASita' (isibhAsiyAiM ) aura pAli sAhitya meM 'theragAthA' aise grantha haiM jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki ati prAcInakAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI arhat RSiyoM kI samRddha paramparA thI, jinameM pArasparika sauhArda thaa| 'RSibhASita' jo ki prAkRta jaina AgamoM aura bauddha pAlipiTakoM meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya jaina paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, yaha adhyAtmapradhAna zramaNadhArA ke pArasparika sauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke pUrva I.pU. lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM nirgrantha, bauddha, aupaniSadika evaM AjIvikA Adi anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke 45 arhat RSiyazoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA ke grantha theragAthA meM bhI zramaNadhArA ke vibhinna RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsaka evaM anAgrahI dRSTi adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na to 'RSibhAsita' (isibhAsiyAI) ke sabhI RSi jaina paramparA ke hai aura na theragAthA ke sabhI thera (sthavira) bauddha paramparA ke hai, jahA~ RSibhASita me sAriputra, vAtsIputra ( vajjIputra) aura mahAkavyapa bauddha paramparA ke hai, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, asitadevala, nArada, dvaipAyana, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSadika dhArA se sambandhita haiM, to saMjaya (saMjaya velaTThiputta), maMkhalI gozAlaka, rAmaputta Adi anya svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiN| isI prakAra 'theragAthA' meM varddhamAna Adi jainadhArA ke, to 24
Page #31
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ nArada Adi aupaniSadika dhArA ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidikadhArA kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA, kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki vaidika-dhArA pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNadhArA nivRttimArgI / inake bIca vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvana mUlyoM kA saMgharSa thaa| kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se to zramaNa-dhArA kA udbhava, mAnava vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna the, jisameM zramaNa-brAhmaNa sabhI sahabhAgI bane the / 'RSibhASita' meM ina RSiyoM ko arhat kahanA aura 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA, prAcInakAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika sauhArda kA hI sUcaka hai| nirgrantha paramparA kA itihAsa lagabhaga I.pU. sAtavIM-AThavI zatAbdI kA yuga eka aisA yuga thA jaba janamAnasa ina sabhI zramaNeM, tapasviyoM, yoga-sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke upadezoM ko AdarapUrvaka sunatA thA aura apane jIvana ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika sadhanA se jor3atA thA / phira bhI vaha kisI varga-vizeSa se baMdha huA nahIM thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa yuga meM dharma paramparAoM yA dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udbhava nahIM huA thaa| kramazaH ina zramaNoM, sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke AsapAsa ziSyoM, upAsakoM evaM zraddhAluoM kA eka vartula khar3A huaa| ziSyoM evaM praziSyA kI paramparA calI aura unakI alaga- alaga pahacAna banane lagI / isI krama meM nirgrantha paramparA kA udbhava huaa| jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa apane ko pArzvApatya-nirgrantha paramparA kA udbhava huaa| jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa apane ko pArzvapatya-nirgrantha kahane lage, vahIM vaddhamAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa apane ko jJAtraputrIya nirgrantha kahane lge| siddhArtha gautama buddha kA bhikSu saMgha zAkyaputrIya zramaNa ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| pArzva aura mahAvara kI ekIkRta paramparA nirgrantharA nAma se jAnI jAne lagI, ha kA meMIna nAma hameM nirgrantha dharma ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| jaina zabda to mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda astitva meM aayaa| hai / azoka ( I. pU. tRtIya zatAbdI), khAravela (I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI) Adi ke zilAlekhoM meM jainadharma kA ullekha nirgrantha saMgha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai| pArzva evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'sUtrakRtAMga' Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki pahale nirgrantha dharma meM nami, bAhuka, kapila, nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, nArada 25
Page #32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ Adi RSiyoM ko bhI, jo ki vastutaH usakI paramparA ke nahIM the, atyanta sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra ke samAna inheM bhI arhat kahA gayA thA, kintu jaba nirgrantha sampradAya pArzva aura mahAvIra ke prati kendrita hone lagA, to inheM pratyeka buddha ke rUpa meM sammAnajanaka sthAna to diyA gayA, kintu aparokSa rUpa se apanI paramparA se pRthak mAna liyA gayA / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki I.pU. pA~cavI zatI meM nirgrantha saMgha pArzva aura mahAvIra kI paramparA taka sImita ho gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prAraMbha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhI pRthak-pRthak hI thiiN| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana evaM bhagavatI kI sUcanAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha zramaNa unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho unake saMgha meM sammilita hue the, kintu mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ pUrNataH ekIkRta nahIM ho skii| 'uttarAdhyaya' meM prApta ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hI zrAvastI meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gautama aura pArzvapatya paramparA ke tatkAlIna AcArya kezI ne paraspara milakara donoM saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bhUmikA taiyAra kI thii| yadyapi Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki pArzva kI paramparA pUrNataH mahAvIra ke paramparA meM vilIna ho gayI thii| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA eka bar3A bhAga mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayA thA aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ne pArzva ko apanI hI paramparA ke pUrva puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA thaa| pArzva ke lie 'puruSAdAnIya' zabda kA prayoga isakA pramANa hai| kAlAntara meM RSabha, nami aura ariSTanemi jaise prAgaitihAsika kAla ke mahAna tIrthakAroM ko svIkAra karake nirgrantha paramparA ne apane astitva ko ati prAcInakAlIna siddha kiyA hai| vedoM evaM vaidika paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho jAtA hai ki vAtarasanA muniyoM evaM vrAtyoM ke rUpa meM zramaNadhArA usa yuga meM bhI jIvita thI jisake pUrva puruSa RSabha the| phira bhI Aja aitihAsika AdhAra para yaha bAta kaThina hai ki RSabha kI dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI vistRta mAnyatAe~ kyA thIM aura ve vartamAna jaina paramparA ke kitanI nikaTa thIM, to bhI itanA nizcita hai ki RSabha saMnyAsamArga ke Adya pravartaka ke rUpa meM dhyAna aura tapa para adhika bala dete the| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM yaha to nirvivAda rUpa se mAna liyA gayA hai RSabha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna paMca mahAvrata rUpa dharma ke prastotA the aura unakI AcAra vyavasthA mahAvIra ke anurupa hI thii| RSabha ke ullekha Rgveda se lekara purANoM taka meM upalabdha hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne 'yajarveda' meM RSabha ke atirikta ajita aura ariSTanemi ke nAmoM kI upalabdhi kI bAta kahI hai| hindU 'purANoM' aura 'bhAgavata' meM RSabha kA jo jIvana caritra varNita hai 26
Page #33
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vaha jaina paramparA ke anurupa hai| bauddha grantha 'agutaranikAya' meM pUrvakAla ke sAta tIrthaMkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, usameM araka (ara) kA bhI ullekha hai| isI prakAra 'theragAthA' meM ajita thera kA ullekha hai, unheM pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai| phira bhI madhyavartI 22 tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSya adhika nahIM hai, unake prati hamArI AsthA kA AdhAra jaina AgAma aura jaina kathA grantha hI haiN| mahAvIra aura AjIvaka paramparA jainadharma ke pUrva-itihAsa kI isa saMkSipta rUparekhA dene ke pazcAt jaba hama punaH mahAvIra ke kAla kI ora Ate haiM to 'kalpasUtra' evaM 'bhagavatI' meM kucha aise sUcanA sUtra milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para jJAtaputra zramaNa mahAvIra ke pArzvapatyoM ke atirikta AjIvakoM ke sAtha bhI sambandhoM kI puSTi hotI hai| jainAgAmoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone ke dUsare varSa meM hI maMkhalIputra gozAlaka unake nikaTa samparka meM AyA thA, kucha varSa donoM sAtha bhI rahe kintu niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda sambandhI matabhedoM ke kAraNa donoM alaga-alaga ho gye| haramana jekobI ne to yaha kalpanA bhI kI hai ki mahAvIra kI nirgrantha paramparA meM nagnatA Adi jo AcAra-mArga kI kaThoratA hai, vaha gozAlaka kI AjIvaka paramparA kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI AjIvakoM kI eka paramparA thI, jisameM arjuna Adi AcArya the| phira bhI aitihAsika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kaThora sAdhanA kI yaha paramparA mahAvIra se AjIvaka paramparA meM kI gaI yA AjIvaka gozAlaka ke dvArA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM aaii| kyoMki isa tathya kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se alaga hone ke pazcAt gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA se jur3A thA yA vaha prAraMbha meM hI AjIvika paramparA meM dIkSita hokara mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thaa| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda taka bhI isa AjIvaka paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| yaha nirgranthoM evaM bauddhoM kI eka pratispardhI zramaNa paramparA thI jisake zramaNa bhI jainoM kI digambara zAkhA ke samAna nagna rahate the| jaina aura AjIvaka donoM paramparAe~ pratispardhI hokara bhI eka-dUsare ko anya paramparAoM kI apekSA adhika sammAna detI thIM, isa tathya kI puSTi hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha vyaktiyoM ke SaTvidha vargIkaraNa se hotI hai| vahA~ nirgranthoM ko anya paramparA ke zramaNoM se Upara aura AjIvaka paramparA se nIce sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra AjIvakoM ke nirgrantha saMgha se jur3ane evaM alaga hone kI yaha ghaTanA nirgrantha paramparA kI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| sAtha hI nirgranthoM ke prati apekSAkRta udAra bhAva
Page #34
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ donoM saMghoM kI AMzika nikaTatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| nirgrantha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hue saMgha-bheda __mahAdhIra ke jIvanakAla meM nirgrantha saMgha kI anya mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA mahAvIra ke jAmAtR kahe jAne vAle jAmAli se unakA vaicArika matabheda honA aura jAmAli kA apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM sahita unake saMgha se alaga honA hai| 'bhagavatI', 'Avazyakaniyukti' aura paravartI granthoM meM isa sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| nirgrantha saMgha-bheda kI isa ghaTanA ke atirikta hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM eka anya ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa hote hI unake bhikSuoM evaM zveta vastradhArI zrAvakoM meM tIvra vivAda utpanna ho gyaa| nirgrantha saMgha ke isa vivAda kI sUcanA buddha taka bhI pahu~catI hai| kintu piTaka sAhityaka meM isa vivAda ke kAraNa kyA the, usakI koI carcA nahI haiN| eka sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki yaha vivAda mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke prazna ko lekara huA hogaa| zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mahAvIra ke pratha uttarAdhikArI ko lekara matabheda hai| digambara paramparA mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama ko paTTadhara mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA sudharmA ko| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya gautama ko nikaTa ke dUsare grAma meM kisI devazarmA brAhmaNa ko pratibodha dene hetu bhejane kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai, vaha bhI isa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya ho sakatI hai| kintu dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki bauddhoM ne jainoM ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara sambandhI paravartI vivAda ko piTakoM ke sampAdana ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA ke sAtha jor3a diyA ho| merI dRSTi meM yadi aisA koI vivAda ghaTita huA hogA to vaha mahAvIra ke acela evaM sacela zramaNoM ke bIca huA hogA, kyoMki pArthApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha hI unake saMgha meM nagna aura savastra aise do varga avazya hI bana gaye hoMge aura mahAvIra ne zramaNoM ke ina do vargoM ko sAmAyika-cAritra aura chedopasApanIya-caritradhArI ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hogaa| vivAda kA kAraNa ye donoM varga hI rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM bauddha paramparA meM jinheM zvetA vastradhArI zrAvaka kahA gayA, ve vastutaH savastra zramaNa hI hoMge, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM zramaNa (bhikSa) ko bhI zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai, phira bhI isa sambandha meM gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha kI dharma prasAra-yAtrA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM unake nirgrantha saMgha kA prabhAva-kSetra bihAra evaM pUrvI uttara pradeza tathA unake AsapAsa kA pradeza hI thaa| kintu mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt ina sImAoM meM vistAra hotA gyaa| phira bhI AgamoM aura niyuktiyoM kI racanA tathA 28
Page #35
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jainadharma ke prArambhika - vikAsa - kAla taka uttarapradeza, hariyANA, paMjAba evaM pazcimI rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAga taka hI nirgranthoM ke vihAra kI anumati thii| tIrthaGkaroM ke kalyANa kSetra bhI yahIM taka sImita the| mAtra ariSTanemi hI aise tIrthaGkara haiM jinakA sambandha zUrasena (mathurA ke AsapAsa ke pradeza) ke atirikta saurASTra se bhI dikhAyA gayA hai aura unakA nirvANa sthala giranAra parvata mAnA gayA hai| kintu AgAmoM meM dvArikA aura giranAra kI jo nikaTatA varNita hai vaha yathArtha sthiti se bhinna hai / sambhavataH ariSTanemi aura kRSNa ke nikaTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI kRSNa ke sAtha-sAtha ariSTanemi kA sambandha bhI dvArikA se rahA hogaa| abhI taka isa sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa dizA meM khoja kreN| jo kucha aitihAsika sAkSya mile haiM usase aisA lagatA hai ki nirgrantha saMgha apane janma sthala bihAra se do dizAoM meM apane pracAra abhiyAna ke lie Age bddh'aa| eka varga dakSiNa-bihAra evaM baMgAla se ur3Isa ke rAste tamilanADu gayA aura vahIM se usane zrIlaMkA aura svarNadeza (jAvA - sumAtrA Adi) kI yAtrAe~ kI / lagabhaga I. pU. dUsarI zatI meM bauddhoM ke bar3hate prabhAva ke kAraNa nirgranthoM ko zrIlaMkA se nikAla diyA gyaa| phalataH ve punaH tamilanADu meM A gye| tamilanADu meM lagabhaga I. pU. prathama - dvitIya zatI se brAhmI lipi meM aneka jaina abhilekha milate haiM jo isa tathya ke sAkSI haiM ki nirgrantha saMgha mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do-tIna sau varSa pazcAt hI tamila pradezoM meM pahu~ca cukA thaa| mAnyatA to yaha bhI hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake dakSiNa gaye the| yadyapi isakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakatI hai, kyoMki jo abhilekha ghaTanA kA ullekha karatA hai vaha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatI kA hai| Aja bhI tamila jainoM kI vipula saMkhyA hai aura ve bhArata meM jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI prAcInatama paramparA ke pratinidhi haiN| ye nayanAra evaM paMcamavarNI ke rUpa meM mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi bihAra, baMgAla aura ur3IsA kI prAcIna jaina paramparA kAlakrama meM vilupta ho gayI hai kintu sarAka jAti ke rUpa meM usa paramparA ke avazeSa Aja bhI zeSa hai| 'sarAka' zabda zrAvaka kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai aura Aja bhI isa jAti meM rAtri bhojana aura hiMsaka zabdoM jaise kATo, mAroM Adi ke niSedha jaise kucha saMskAra zeSa haiN| upAdhyAya jJAnasAgarajI evaM kucha zvetAmbara muniyoM ke prayatnoM se sarAka punaH jainadharma kI aura lauTe haiN| uttara aura dakSiNa ke nirmantha zramaNoM meM AcAra-bheda dakSiNa meM gayA nirgrantha saMgha apane sAtha vipula prAkRta jaina sAhitya to nahIM le 29
Page #36
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jA sakatA kyoMki usa kAla taka jaina sAhitya ke aneka granthoM kI racanA hI nahIM ho pAyI thii| vaha apane sAtha zruta paramparA ke kucha dArzanika vicAroM evaM mahAvIra ke kaThora acAra - mArga ko hI lekara calA thA, jise usane bahuta kAla taka surakSita rakhA / Aja kI digambara paramparA kA pUrvaja yahI dakSiNI acela nirgrantha saMgha haiN| isa sambandha meM anya kucha mudde bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAraNIya hai| mahAvIra ke apane yuga meM bhI unakA prabhAva kSetra mukhyatayA dakSiNa bihAra hI thA jisakA kendra rAjagRha thA, jabaki bauddhoM evaM pArzvApatyoM kA prabhAva kSetra uttarI bihAra evaM pUrvottara uttara pradeza thA, jisakA kendra zrAvastI thaa| mahAvIra ke acela nirgrantha saMgha aura pArzvanAtha santarottara ( sacela) nirgrantha saMgha ke sammilana kI bhUmikA bhI zrAvastI meM gautama aura kezI ke netRtva meM taiyAra huI thii| mahAvIra ke sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha nAlandA meM honA aura buddha ke zrAvastI meM honA bhI isI tathya kA pramANa hai| dakSiNa kA jalavAyu uttara kI apekSA garma thA, ataH acalatA ke paripAlana meM dakSiNa meM gaye nirgrantha saMgha ko koI kaThinAI nahIM huI jabaki uttara ke nirgrantha saMgha meM kucha pArzvapatyoM ke prabhAva se aura kucha ati zItala jalavAyu ke kAraNa yaha acelatA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI / aura eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| svabhAva se bhI dakSiNa kI apekSA uttara ke nivAsI adhika suvidhAvAdI hote haiM / bauddhadharma meM bhI buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt suvidhAoM kI mA~ga vAtsIputrIya bhikSuoM ne hI kI thI, jo uttarI tarAI kSetra ke the| bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM nirgranthoM ko eka zATaka aura AjIvakoM ko nagna kahA gaya hai| yaha bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lajjA aura zIta nivAraNa hetu uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha kama se kama eka vastra to rakhane laga gaya thA / mathurA meM IsvI san prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI jaina zramaNeM kI jo mUrtiyA~ upalabdha huI hai| uname sabhI meM zramaNoM ko kambala jaise eka vastra se yukta dikhAyA gayA hai / ve sAmAnyatayA nagna rahate the kintu bhikSA yA janasamAja meM jAte samaya vaha vastra yA kambala hAtha para DAlakara apanI nagnatA chipA lete the aura ati zIta Adi kI sthiti meM use or3ha bhI lete the| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha AThaveM adhyayana meM acela zramaNoM ke sAtha-sAtha eka, do aura tIna vastra rakhane vAle zramaNoM kA ullekha haiN| yaha sunizcita hai ki mahAvIra binA kisI pAtra ke dIkSita hue the| 'AcArAMga' se upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra pahale to ve gRhI pAtra kA upayoga kara lete the, kintu bAda meM unhoMne isakA bhI tyAga kara diyA aura pANipAtra ho gaye arthAt hAtha meM hI bhikSA grahaNa karane lge| sacitta jala kA prayoga niSiddha hone se sambhavataH sarvaprathama nirgrantha saMgha meM zauca ke lie jalapAtra kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hogA, kintu bhikSuoM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA aura eka hI ghara se pratyeka bhikSu ko peTa bhara bhojana na mila pAne ke kAraNa Age 30
Page #37
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ calakara bhikSA hetu bhI pAtra kA upayoga prArambha ho gayA hogaa| isake atirikta bImAra aura ativRddha bhikSuoM kI paricaryA ke lie bhI pAtra meM AhAra lAne aura grahaNa karane kI paramparA pracalita ho gaI hogii| mathurA meM IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatI kI eka jaina zramaNa kI pratimA milI hai jo apane hAtha meM eka pAtra yukta jholI aura dUsare meM pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) lie hue hai| isa jholI kA svarUpa Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM, vizeSa rUpa se sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI parampara meM pracalita jholI ke samAna hai| yadyapi mathurA ke aMkanoM meM hAtha meM khulA pAtra bhI pradarzita hai| isake atirikta mathurA ke aMkana meM muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM ke hAtha meM mukha vastrikA (mu~ha - patti) aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) ke aMkana upalabdha hote haiN| pratilekhana ke aMkana digambara paramparA meM pracalita mayUrapiccha aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita rajoharaNa donoM hI AkAroM meM milate haiN| yadyapi spaSTa sAhityika aura purAtAtvika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ve pratilekhana mayUrapiccha ke bane hote the yA anya kisI vastu ke / digambara parampara meM mAnya yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pratilekhana (paDilehaNa) aura usake guNeM kA to varNana hai kintu yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki ve kisa vastu ke bane hote the| isa prakAra IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra, pAtra, jholI, mukhastrikA aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) kA pracalana thaa| sAmAnyatayA muni nagna hI rahate the aura sAdhviyA~ sAr3I pahanatI thiiN| muni vastra kA upayoga vizeSa paristhiti meM mAtra zIta evaM lajjA - nivAraNa hetu karate the / muniyoM ke dvArA sadaiva vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane kI paramparA nahIM thii| isI prakAra aMkanoM meM mukhavastrikA bhI hAtha meM hI pradarzita hai, na ki vartamAna sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM ke anurUpa mukha para baMdhI huI dikhAI gaI hai| prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara Agama grantha bhI inhIM tathyoM kI puSTi karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni ke jina 14 upakaraNoM kA ullekha milA hai, ve sambhavataH IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka nizcita ho gaye the| mahAvIra ke pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha meM hue saMgha- bheda mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura mathurA ke aMkana ke bIca lagabhaga pA~ca sau varSoM ke itihAsa se hameM jo mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ milatI haiM ve nihnavoM ke dArzanika evaM vaicArika matabhedoM evaM saMgha ke vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM sambhogoM meM vibhakta hone se sambandhita haiN| 'Avazyakaniryukti' sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha karatI hai, inameM se jAmAli aura tiSyagupta to mahAvIra ke samaya meM hue the, zeSa pA~ca ASAr3habhUti, azvAmitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 214 varSa se 584 varSa ke bIca hue| ve nihnava kinhIM dArzanika praznoM para nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se 31
Page #38
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ matabheda rakhate the| kintu inake dvArA nirgrantha saMgha meM kisI navIna sampradAya kI utpatti huI ho, aisI koI bhI sUcanA upalabdha nahIM hotii| isa kAla meM nimrantha saMgha meM gaNa aura zAkhA bheda bhI hue kintu ve kina dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI matabheda ko lekara hue the, yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai| merI dRSTi meM vyavasthAgata suvidhAoM evaM ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparAoM ko lekara hI ye gaNa yA zAkhA bheda hue hoNge| yadyapi 'kalpasUtra' sthavirAlI meM SaDulaka rohagupta se trairAzika zAkhA nikalane kA ullekha huA hai| rohagupta trairAzika mata ke pravaktA eka nihnava mAne gaye haiN| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki ina gaNoM evaM zAkhAoM meM kucha mAnyatA bheda bhI rahe hoMge, kintu Aja hamAre pAsa yaha jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| _ 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAlI gIyayana gotrIya Arya yazobhadra ke do ziSyoM mADhara gotrIya sambhUtivijaya aura prAcI (paurvAtya) gotrIya bhadrabAhu kA ullekha karatI haiN| 'kalpasUtra' meM gaNoM aura zAkhAoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, jo eka ora Arya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kAzyapa gotrIya godAsa se evaM dUsarI ora sthUlibhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM se prArambha hotI hai| godAsa se godAsagaNa kI utpatti haI aura usakI cAra zAkhAe~ tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, pauNDravarddhanikA aura dAsakarpATikA nikalI haiN| isake pazcAt bhadrabAha kI paramparA kaise Age bar3hI, isa sambandha meM 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAlI meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| ina zAkhAoM ke nAmo se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki bhadrabAha kI ziSya paramparA baMgAla aura ur3IsA se dakSiNa kI ora calI gaI hogii| dakSiNa meM godAsagaNa kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai| ataH yaha mAnyatA samucita hI hai ki bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se hI Age calakara dakSiNa kI acelaka nirgrantha paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu ke nepAla meM hone kA ullekha karatI hai jabaki digambara paramparA candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake unake dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha karatI hai| sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM uttara se dakSiNa cale gaye hoN| uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparA sambhUtivijaya ke praziSya sthUlibhadra ke ziSyoM se Age bddh'ii| 'kalpasUtra' meM varNita godAsagaNa aura usakI uparyukta cAra zAkhAoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI gaNo, kuloM aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha sthUlibhadra kI ziSya-praziSya paramparA se hI hai| isI prakAra dakSiNa kA acela nirgrantha saMgha bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se aura uttara kA sacela nirgrantha saMgha sthUlibhadra kI paramparA se vikasita huaa| isa saMgha meM uttara balissahagaNa, uddhehagaNa, koTikagaNa, cAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, vesavADiyagaNa, uDDavADiyagaNa Adi pramukha gaNa the| ina gaNoM kI aneka zAkhAe~ evaM kula the| 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI ina sabakA ullekha to karatI hai, 32
Page #39
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kintu isake antima bhAga meM mAtra koTikagaNa kI vajrI zAkhA kI AcArya paramparA dI gaI hai jo devarddhikSamAzramaNa (vIra nirmANa saM. 980) taka jAtI hai| sthUlabhadra ke ziSyapraziSyoM kI paramparA meM udbhuta jina vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kI sUcanA hameM 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milatI hai usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI hai jo 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milatI hai usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI hai jo 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karatI haiN| digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pazcAt taka kI jo paTTAvalI upalabdha hai, eka to vaha paryApta paravartI hai dUsare bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke atirikta usakI puSTi kA prAcIna sAhityika aura abhilekhIya koI sAkSya nahIM hai| bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM bhI jo sAkSya haiM, ve paryApta paravartI hai| ataH aitihAsika dRSTi se unakI prAmANikatA para praznacinha lagAye jA sakate hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa se IsA kI prathama evaM dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke jo mahattvapUrNa parivartana uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM hae, unheM samajhane ke lie ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke atirikta mathurA kA zilpa evaM abhilekha hamArI bahuta adhika madada karate haiN| mathurA zilpa kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthaGkara pratimAe~ nagna haiM, muni nagna hokara bhI vastra (kambala) se apanI nagnatA chipAye hue hai| vastra ke atirikta pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM samAhita haiN| muniyoM ke nAma, gaNa, zAkhA, kula Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milate haiN| isa prakAra ye zvetAmbara paramparA kI pUrva sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara pratimAoM ke atirikta stUpa ke nirmANa kI paramparA bhI thI, yaha bhI mutharA ke zilpa se siddha ho jAtA haiN| yApanIya yA boTika saMgha kA uddhava IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke cha: sau nau varSa pazcAt uttara bhArata nirgrantha saMgha meM vibhAjana kI eka anya ghaTanA ghaTita huI, phalataH uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela evaM acela aise do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| pArthApatyoM ke prabhAva se ApavAdika rUpa meM evaM zItAdi ke nivAraNArtha gRhIta hue vastra, pAtra Adi jaba muni kI aparihArya upadhi banane lage, to parigraha kI isa bar3hatI huI pravRtti ko rokane ke prazna para Arya kRSNa aura Arya zivabhUti meM matabheda ho gyaa| Arya kRSNa jinakalpa kA uccheda batAkara gRhIta vastra-pAtra ko municaryA kA aparihArya aMga mAnane lage, jabaki Arya zivabhUti ne inake tyAga aura jinakalpa ke AcaraNa para bala diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki samartha ke liye jinakalpa kA niSedha nahIM mAnanA caahie| vastra, pAtra kA grahaNa apavAda mArga hai, utsarga mArga to acelatA hI hai| Arya zivabhUti kI uttara bhArata kI 33
Page #40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ isa acela paramparA ko zvetAmbaroM ne boTika (bhraSTa ) kahA / kintu Age calakara yaha paramparA yApanIya ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha huI / gopAJcala meM vikasita hone ke kAraNa yaha gopyasaMgha nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thii| 'SaTdarzanasamuccaya' kI TIkA meM guNaratna ne gopyasaMgha evaM yApanIyasaMgha ko paryAyavAcI batAyA hai| yApanIya saMgha kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki eka ora yaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko mAnya karatA thA jo ki use uttarAdhikAra meM hI prApta huA thA, sAtha hI vaha sacela, strI aura anyatairthikoM kI mukti ko svIkAra karatA thA / Agama sAhitya ke vastra - pAtra sambandhI ullekhoM ko vaha sAdhviyoM evaM ApavAdika sthiti meM muniyoM se sambandhita mAnatA thA, kintu dUsara ora vaha digambara paramparA ke samAna vastra aura pAtra kA niSedha kara muni kI nagnatA para bala detA thaa| yApanIya muni nagna rahate the aura pANitalabhojI (hAtha meM bhojana karane vAle) hote the| inake AcAryoM ne uttarAdhikAra meM prApta AgamoM se gAthAyeM lekara zaurasenI prAkRta meM aneka grantha bnaaye| inameM 'kaSAyaprAbhRta', 'SaTkhaNDAgama', 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 'mUlAcAra' Adi prasiddha haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM acela nirgrantha paramparA kA itihAsa IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka andhakAra meM hI hai| isa sambandha meM hameM na to vizeSa sAhityika sAkSya hI milate haiM aura na abhilekhIya hI / yadyapi isa kAla ke kucha pUrva ke brAhmI lipi ke aneka guphA abhilekha tamilanADu meM pAye jAte haiM, kintu ve zramaNoM yA nirmAtA ke nAma ke atirikta koI jAnakArI nahIM dete| tamilanADu meM abhilekha yukta jo guphAyeM haiM, ve sambhavataH nirgrantha ke samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane ke sthala rahe hoge / saMgama yuga ke tamila sAhitya se itanA avazya jJAta hotA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne bhI tamila bhASA ke vikAsa aura samRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA thaa| tirUkurala ke jainAcAryakRta hone kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM tamila deza kA yaha nirgrantha saMgha karNATaka ke rAste uttara kI ora bar3hA, udhara uttara kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela (zvetAmbara) aura acelaka (yApanIya) ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa meM gayA / sacela zvetAmbara paramparA rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM pazcimI mahArASTra hotI huI uttara karnATaka pahu~cI to acela yApanIya paramparA bundelakhaNDa evaM vidizA hokara viMdhya aura satapuDA ko pAra karatI huI pUrvI mahArASTra se hokara uttarI karnATaka pahu~cI / IsA kI pA~cavI zatI meM uttarI karnATaka meM mRgezavarmA ke jo abhilekha mile haiM unase usa kAla meM jainoM ke pA~ca saMghoM ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai - 1. nirgrantha saMgha, 2. mUla saMgha, 3. yApanIya saMgha, 4. kucarka saMgha aura, 5. zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha / isI kAla me pUrvottara bhArata meM 34
Page #41
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vaTagohalI se prApta tAmrapatra meM paMcastUpAnvaya ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| isa yuga kA zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha aneka kuloM evaM zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA, jisakA sampUrNa vivaraNa kalpasUtra evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI taka eka hajAra varSa kI isa sudIrgha avadhi meM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA nirmANa evaM saMkalana hotA rahA hai| ata: Aja hameM jo Agama upalabdha hai, ve na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, eka hI Agama meM vividha kAloM kI sAmagrI saMkalita hai| isa avadhi meM sarvaprathama I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huI, sambhavata: isa vAcanA meM aMgasUtroM evaM pApitya paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya ke graMthoM kA saMkalana huaa| pUrva sAhitya ke saMkalana kA prazna isalie mahattvapUrNa bana gayA thA ki pArkhApatya paramparA lupta hone lagI thii| isake pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM samAnAntara vAcanAe~ huIM, jinameM aMga, upAMga Adi Agama saMkalita hue| isake pazcAta vIra nirmANa 980 arthAta I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI meM vallabhI meM devarddhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM antima vAcanA huii| vartamAna Agama isI vAcanA kA pariNAma hai| phira bhI devarddhi ina AgamoM ke sampAdaka hI haiM, racanAkAra nhiiN| unhoMne mAtra graMthoM ko suvyavisthata kiyaa| ina granthoM kI sAmagrI to unake pahale kI hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jahA~ 'AcArAMga' evaM 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke prathama zrutaskaMdha, 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi prAcIna stara ke arthAt I.pU. ke grantha hai, vahIM 'samavAyAMga', vartamAna 'praznavyAkaraNa' Adi paryApta paravartI arthAt lagabhaga I.sa. kI pA~cavIM zatI ke haiN| 'sthAnAMga', 'aMtakRtadazA', 'jJAtAdharmakathA' aura 'bhagavatI' kA kucha aMza prAcIna (arthAt I.pU. kA) hai, to kucha paryApta paravartI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM apekSAkRta rUpa meM 'sUryaprajJapti', 'rAjapraznIya', 'prajJApanA' prAcIna hai| upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI cheda-sUtroM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| isI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM aneka graMtha aise haiM, jo kucha aMgoM aura upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai| phira bhI sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko antima rUpa lagabhaga I. san kI chaThI zatI ke pUrvArdha meM milA, yadyapi isake bAda bhI isameM kucha prakSepa aura parivartana hue haiN| IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka mukhyata: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAe~ likhI gii| yadyapi kucha niyuktiyA~ prAcIna bhI hai| isa kAla meM isa Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta svataMtra grantha bhI likhe gye| isa kAla ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM siddhasena, jinabhadragaNi, zivArya, vaTTakera, kundakunda, AkalaMka, samantabhadra, 35
Page #42
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vidyAnanda,jinasena, svayambhU, haribhadra, siddharSi, zIlAMka, abhayadeva Adi pramukha hai| digambaroM meM tattvArtha kI vividha TIkAoM aura purANoM ke racanAkAla kA bhI yahI yuga nirgrantha paramparA meM vibhAgoM kA praveza (a) hindU varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jaina dharma para prabhAva ___ mUlata: zramaNa paramparA aura jainadharma hindU varNa-vyavasthA ke virUddha khar3e hue the| kintu kAlakrama meM bRhad hindU samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho gii| jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke uddhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama 'AcArAMganiyukti' (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye- 1. zAsaka (svAmI) 2. zAsita (sevaka) usake pazcAta zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue- 1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka aura vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se solaha varNa bane jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa khlaae| sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tIna vrnn| 'AcArAMgacUrNi' (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUddha-strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai| puna: anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau antara-varNa bne| brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zuddha strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUddha strI se niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huA, zudra puruSa aura 36
Page #43
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khannA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa huaa| aura zudra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavAM varNa huaa| isake pazcAta ina solaha varNoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM aaii| uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla - krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAta tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra hai| inake do bheda haiM- kAru aura akAru / punaH kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM- spRzya aura aspRshy| dhobI, nApita Adi aspRzya zUdra hai aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra hai| (AdipurANa', 16 / 184 - 186) zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai / kintu hindU samAja-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyaa| 'SaTprAbhRta' ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt kSullaka dIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'sthAnAMga' (3/202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni dIkSA kA niSedha thA,kintu paravartI TIkAkAro ne cANDAlAdi jAti- juMgita aura vyAghAdi karmajugita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to virUddha hI thA phira bhI hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki eka hI jaina dharma ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti 37
Page #44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kA chuA huA khAne meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM Apatti karane lge| zUdrajala kA tyAga eka Avazyaka kartavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina maMdira meM praveza niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| zvetAmbara zAkhA kI eka paramparA meM kevala osavAla jAti ko hI dIkSita karane aura anya eka paramparA meM kevala bIsA osavAla ko AcAryapada dene kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gii| isI prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina paramparA meM cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the, vahIM sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni-dIkSA aura mokSa prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, 'sthAnAMga' meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napusaMka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgati jaise- cANDAla Adi aura karma-juMgati jaise-kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhatara hindu paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke virUddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harikezabala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha hai| (ba) jaina dharma meM mUrti pUjA tathA ADambarayukta karmakANDa kA praveza yadyapi jaina dharma meM mUrti aura maMdira nirmANa kI paramparA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAta nandoM ke kAla se prArambha ho gaI thii| har3appA se prApta eka nagna kabandha jaina hai yA nahIM yaha nirNaya kara pAnA kaThina hai, kintu lohAnIpura paTanA se prApta mauryakAlIna jina pratimA isa tathya kA saMketa hai ki jaina dharma meM mUrti upAsanA kI paramparA rahI hai| tathApi usameM yaha saba apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se AyA karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAeM pratyeka dharma ke anivArya aMga hai| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmika usakA praann| bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcInakAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI hai| jahA~ pAramparika vaidika paramparA karma-kANDAtmaka adhika rahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka adhika rahI hai| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA pRthaka rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNaparamparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre __38
Page #45
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ karmakANDa ke rUpa meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| jaina paramparA mUlataH zramaNa paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura isalie yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM 'uttarAdhyayana' jaise prAcIna jaina granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM ke virodha se bhI yahI parilakSita hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina paramparA ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thA / vastutaH vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI paramparAoM meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA aura zramaNa paramparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kaa| samAja meM yakSa- pUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha hai| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmataH prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA prArambha huI, phira siddhAyatana (jina mandira) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jina pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna Adi ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke lie prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM jina-pUjA, guru- sevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna kI kalpanA kI gii| hameM 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'bhagavatI' Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jina-pUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI AgamoM 'sthAnAMga' Adi meM jina-pratimA evaM jina - mandira (siddhAyatana) ke ullekha hai, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki 'rAjapraznIya' meM sUryAbhadeva aura 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM draupadI ke dvArA jina - pratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiM / yaha saba bRhad hindU paramparA kA jaina dharma para prabhAva hai| 'harivaMzapurANa' meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivaidya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM hai aura na jala kA pRthaka nirdeza hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki pratimA- prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima 39
Page #46
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vikAsa abhiSeka hai jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI hai| 'padmapurANa', 'paMcaviMzani' ( padmanandikRta), 'AdipurANa', 'harivaMzapurANa', 'vasunandi zrAvakAcAra' Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai| 'bhAvasaMgrahaTa meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthaka-pRthaka phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta vivaraNa hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA - dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hindUoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha bhedI pUjA vaiSNavoM kI SoDazaupacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha 'rAjapraznIya' meM upalabdha hai| isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNastuti kA sthAna thA, usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI, kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke lie huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jina pUjA sambandhI jaTila vidhividhAnoM kA jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jina mandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM. phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne 'jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN. nemicandajI zAstrI ne apane eka lekha 'puSpakarmadevapUjA : vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka 'bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna' (prathama khaNDa), pR. 371 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina paramparA meM pUjA- dravyoM kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi puSpa-pUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha jaina paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA pATha jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcita ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya jIva hai, unheM jina - pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcita pATha nimnalikhita hai IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt, ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAyabAdhA / 40
Page #47
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me / / smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha bolA jAtA hai jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM caityavandana ke lie jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcita karatA huuN| dUsarI ora pUjA - vidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka Antarika asaMgati to hai hI / sambhavataH hindU dharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThIsAtavIM zatAbdI taka jaina dharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thA yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke lie niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne 'sambodhaprakaraNa' meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jina - pratimA kI dravya-pUjA, jina-pratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke lie niSedha kiyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne usI grantha meM dravya - pUjA ko azuddha pUjA bhI kahA hai| ' sAmAnyata: jaina paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jina - bhakti aura jina-pUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA nija guNoM kI upalabdhi ke lie hai| jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai- 'vande tadguNa labdhaye' arthAt vandana kA uddezya paramparA ke guNoM kI upalabdhi hai| jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvataH samAna hai, ataH vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI upalabdhi / isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlataH Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke lie haiN| jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzataH to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke lie patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiN| yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke lie bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTha ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA 41
Page #48
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindU dharma ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aaii| vastutaH inhIM vikRtiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie sthAnakavAsI amUrtipUjaka paramparA astitva meM aaii| satya to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jaina dharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke lie jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM, jo apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka hoN| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke lie yaha nyAyasaMgata to nahIM thA, phira bhI eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti vikasita huI, jisakA nirAkaraNa Avazyaka thaa| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina-pUjA ke sAtha-sAtha yakSa-yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsana devatA tathA devI kI pUjA kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsana devatA (yakSa-yakSI) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, ambikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina paramparA meM sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke lie jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko kiMcita parivartana ke sAtha hindU paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| 'bhairava padmAvatIkalpa' Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jina-pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna hai| Aja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, nAkor3A-bhairava, bhaumiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetraphAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hai| jaina dharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlataH hindU yA brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jina-pUjA evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM jinheM brAhmaNa paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya usakA AhvAna aura virsajana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiN| yathA -
Page #49
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara saMvoSaT / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH ThaH / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhavabhava vaSaT / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha jaH jaH jaH / ye mantra jaina darzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla hai, kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina paramparA meM siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiN| paM. phUlacandajI ne 'jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM se samAnatA bhI dikhalAI hai / tulanA kIjiye AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAmAmi pUjanam / visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva ca / tatsarva kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara / / 2 / / visarjanapATha isake sthAna para brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka upalabdha hote haiMAvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana / yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me / / 2 / / isI prakAra paMcopacArapUjA, aSTadravyapUjA, yakSa kA vidhAna, vinAyaka - mantra sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina paramparA ke anukUla nahIM hai| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA to paMcopacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA ki pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa ho gii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna sannivikaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramazaH paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke lie vyavahRta hone lge| pUjA ko vaiyAvRtta kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA 43 -
Page #50
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ ke samaya sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko atithisaMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gayA yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI anukRti hI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizcita hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya arpita kare, kyA yaha siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jaina paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra-vidhi meM bhI hindUparamparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne 'AdipurANa' meM hindU saMskAroM ko jaina-dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke lie bhI eka pUrI saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA (saMnyAsagrahaNa) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI gaI hai| isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta taka kI kriyAe~ batAI gaI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra-vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM ve bhI hindU paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita ke dvArA sampanna karAe jAte haiN| ata: spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vastutaH mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena hai aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke lie apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isalie yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva AyA, kintu zramaNa paramparA ke lie yaha vikRti rUpa hI thA vastuta: mandira aura mUrti nirmANa ke sAtha caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| jisake virodha meM saMvigna paramparA aura amUrtipUjaka paramparAeM astitva meM aaii| caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA udaya mUrti aura mandira nirmANa ke sAtha unake saMrakSaNa aura vyavasthA kA prazna AyA, phalataH digambara paramparA meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsa kA 44
Page #51
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vikAsa lagabhaga IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi jina mandira aura jina - pratimA nirmANa ke purAtAttvika pramANa mauryakAla se to spaSTa rUpa meM milane lagate haiN| zaka aura kuSANa yuga meM isameM paryApta vikAsa huA, phira bhI IsA kI 5vIM zatI se 12vIM zatI ke bIca jaina zilpa apane sarvottama rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| yaha vastutaH caityavAsa kI dena hai| donoM paramparAoM meM isa yuga meM muni vanavAsa ko chor3akara caityoM, jina mandiroM meM rahane lage the| kevala itanA hI nahIM, ve ina caityoM kI vyavasthA bhI karane lage the| abhilekhoM se to yahA~ taka sUcanA milatI hai ki na kevala caityoM kI vyavasthA ke lie, apitu muniyoM ke AhAra aura telamardana Adi ke lie bhI saMbhrAnta varga se dAna prApta kiye jAte the| isa prakAra isa kAla meM jaina sAdhu maThAdhIza bana gaye the| phira bhI isa suvidhAbhogI varga ke dvArA jaina darzana, sAhitya evaM zilpa kA jo vikAsa isa yuga meM huA usakI sarvotkRSTatA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi isa caityavAsa meM suvidhAvAda ke nAma para jo zithilAcAra vikasita ho rahA thA usakA virodha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM huaa| digambara paramparA meM caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA virodha sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda ke 'aSTapAhuDaTa' (liMgapAhuDa 1 - 22) meM prApta hotA hai| unake pazcAta AzAdhara, banArasIdAsa Adi ne bhI isakA virodha kiyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra ne isake virodha meM lekhanI claaii| 'sambodhaprakaraNa' meM unhoMne ina caityavAsiyoM ke Agama virUddha AcAra kI khulakara AlocanA kI, yahA~ taka ki unheM nara-pizAca bhI kaha diyA / caityavAsa kI isI prakAra kI AlocanA Age calakara jinezvarasUrI, jinacandrasUri Adi khatararagaccha ke anya AcAryoM ne bhI kI / IsvI san kI dasavIM zatAbdI meM khatararagaccha kA AvirbhAva bhI caityavAsa ke virodha meM huA thA, jisakA prArambhika nAma suvihita mArga yA saMvigna pakSa thA digambara paramparA meM isa yuga meM dravir3a saMgha, mAthura saMgha, kASTA saMgha Adi kA udbhava bhI isI kAla meM huA, jinheM darzanasAra nAmaka grantha meM jainAbhAsa kahA gyaa| isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI 'premI' ne apane grantha 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa' meM 'caityavAsa aura vanavAsa' nAmaka zIrSaka ke antargata vistRta carcA kI hai| phira bhI upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina virodhoM ke 'bAvajUda jaina saMgha isa bar3hate hue zithilatAcAra se mukti pA skaa| phira bhI yaha virodha jainasaMgha meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM ke udbhava kA preraka avazya bnaa| tantra aura bhakti mArga kA jaina dharma para prabhAva vastutaH guptakAla se lekara dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka kA yuga pUre 45
Page #52
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ bhAratIya samAja ke lie caritrabala ke hrAsa aura lalita kalAoM ke vikAsa kA yuga hai| yahI kAla hai jaba khajurAho aura koNArka ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana kiye gye| jina mandira bhI isa prabhAva se achUte nahIM raha ske| yahI vaha yuga hai jaba kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA aura gopiyoM kI kathA ko gar3hakara dharma ke nAma para kAmukatA kA pradarzana kiyA gyaa| isI kAla meM tantra aura vAma mArga kA pracAra huA, jisakI agni meM bauddha bhikSu saMgha to pUrI taraha jala marA kintu jaina bhikSu saMgha bhI usakI lapaToM kI sulajha se baca na skaa| adhyAtmavAdI jaina dharma bhI tantra kA prabhAva aayaa| hindU paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko prakArAntara se yakSa, yakSI athavA zAsana deviyoM ke rUpa meM jaina devamaNDala kA sadasya svIkAra kara liyA gayA unakI kRpA yA unase laukika sukhasamRddhi prApta karane ke lie aneka tAntrika vidhi-vidhAna bne| jaina tIrthaMkara to vItarAga thA ataH vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA thA na duSToM kA vinAza, phalata: jainoM ne yakSa-yakSiyoM yA zAsana-devatA ko bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI javAbadArI dekara apane ko yuga-paramparA ke sAtha samAyojita kara liyaa| isI prakAra bhakti mArga kA prabhAva bhI isa yuga meM jaina saMgha para pdd'aa| tantra evaM bhakti mArga ke saMyukta prabhAva se jina-mandiroM meM pUjA-yajJa Adi ke rUpa meM vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa astitva meM aaye| vItarAga jina-pratimA kI hindU paramparA kI SoDazopacAra pUjA kI taraha satrahabhedI pUjA kI jAne lgii| na kevala vItarAga jina-pratimA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se susijjata kiyA gayA, apitu use phala-naivedya Adi bhI arpita kiye jAne lge| yaha viDambanA hI thI ki hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA-paddhati ke viveka zUnya anukaraNa ke dvArA navagraha Adi ke sAtha-sAtha tIrthaMGkara yA siddha paramAtmA kA bhI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| yadyapi yaha prabhAva zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika AyA thA kintu digambara paramparA bhI isase baca na skii| vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa aura mantra-tantra kA praveza unameM bhI ho gayA thA, jina-mandira meM yajJa hone lage the| zramaNa paramparA kI varNa-mukta sarvodayI dharma vyavasthA kA parityAga karake usameM zUdra kI mukti ke niSedha aura zUdra-jala tyAga para bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi bArahavIM evaM terahavIM zatI meM hemacandra Adi aneka samartha jaina dArzanika aura sAhityakAra hue, phira bhI jaina paramparA meM sahabhAgI anya dharma paramparAoM se jo prabhAva A gaye the, unase use mukta karane kA koI sazakta aura sArthaka prayAsa huA ho, aisA jJAna nahIM hotaa| yadyapi sudhAra ke kucha prayatnoM evaM matabhedoM ke AdhArapara zvetAmbara paramparA meM tapAgaccha, aMcalagaccha Adi astitva meM Aye aura unakI zAkhA prazAkhAe~ bhI banI, phira bhI lagabhaga 15vIM zatI taka jaina saMgha isI sthiti kA zikAra rhaa| 46
Page #53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ madhya yuga meM kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna yadyapi madhyakAla jainAcAra kI dRSTi se zithilAcAra evaM suvidhAvAda kA yuga thA, phira bhI kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM ne mahanIya avadAna pradAna kiyaa| khajurAho zravaNabelagola, AbU (delavAr3A), tAraMgA, raNakapura, devagar3ha Adi kA bhavya zilpa aura sthApatya kalA jo 9vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI ke bIca meM nirmita huI, AjabhI jaina samAja kA mastaka gaurava se U~cA kara detI hai| aneka praur3ha dArzanika evaM sAhityika granthoM kI racanAe~ bhI inhIM zatAbdiyoM meM huii| zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra, abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra, maNibhadra, mallisena, jinaprabha Adi AcArya evaM digambara paramparA meM vidyAnandI, zAkATAyana, prabhAcandra jaise samartha vicAraka bhI isI kAla ke hai| mantra-tantrake sAtha cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina AcArya Age aaye| isa yuga ke bhaTTArakoM aura jaina yatiyoM ne sAhitya evaM kalAtmaka mandiroM kA nirmANa to kiyA hI sAtha hI cikitsA ke mAdhyama se janasevA ke kSetra meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| lokAzAha ke pUrva kI dharmakrAntiyA~ bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA eka krAntadharmI paramparA rahI hai| usane sadaiva hI sthApita rur3hi aura andhavizvAsoM ke prati krAnti kA svara mukhara kiyA hai| isake anusAra ve paramparAgata dhArmika rur3hiyA~ jinake pIche koI sArthaka prayojana nihita nahIM hai, dharma ke zava ke samAna hai| zava pUjA yA pratiSThA kA viSaya nahIM hotA balki visarjana kA viSaya hotA hai, ata: andha aura rur3hivAdI paramparAoM ke prati krAnti Avazya aura aparihArya hotI hai| zravaNa dharmoM athavA jaina dharma kA prAdurbhAva isI krAnti dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne apane yuga ke anurUpa laukika aura AdhyAtmika kSetroM meM apanI vyavasthAyeM dI thii| paravartI, tIrthaMkaroM ne apane yuga aura paristhiti ke anurUpa usameM bhI parivartana kiye| parivartana aura saMzodhana kA yaha krama mahAvIra ke yuga taka claa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavAn 'pArzvanAtha' ke dharma mArga aura AcAra-vyavasthA me apane yuga ke anurUpa vividha parivartana kiye| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo AcAra-vyavasthA dI thI usameM bhI deza, kAla aura vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlAntara meM parivartana Avazyaka hue| phalata: jainAcAryoM ne mahAvIra ke sAdhanA mArga aura AcAravyavasthA ko utsarga mArga mAnate hue apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para navIna mAnyatAoM ko sthAna diyaa| apavAda mArga kI sRjanA ke sAtha jo suvidhAvAda jaina saMgha meM praviSTa huA vaha kAlAntara meM AcAra zaithilya kA pratIka bana gyaa| usa AcAra zaithilya ke prati bhI yuga-yuga meM suvihita mArga ke samarthaka AcAryoM 47
Page #54
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ ne dharmakrAntiyA~ yA kriyoddhAra kiye| jaina dharma eka gatyAtmaka dharma hai| apane mUla tattvoM ko saMrakSita rakhate hue usane deza, kAla aura paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha apanI vyavasthAoM meM bhI parivartana svIkAra kiyaa| ata: vibhinna paramparAoM ke jaina AcAryoM ke dvArA kI gaI dharmakrAntiyA~ jaina dharma ke lie koI naI bAta nahIM thI, apitu isakI krAntadhamI vicAra dRSTi kA hI pariNAma thaa| lokAzAha ke pUrva bhI dharmakrAntiyA~ huI thii| una dharmakrAntiyoM yA kriyoddhAra kI ghaTanAoM kA hama saMkSipta vivaraNa yahA~ prastuta kara rahe haiM jaisA ki pUrva meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI AcAra-vyavasthA ko yathAvat rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA thaa| yaha ThIka hai ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mUlabhUta siddhAntoM meM maulika antara na ho, kintu unakI AcAra-vyavasthAyeM to bhinna-bhinna rahI hI hai| jinakA jainAgamoM meM aneka sthAnoM para nirdeza prApta hotA hai| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM ina donoM mahApuruSoM kI AcAravyavasthAoM kA samanvaya prathamata: sAmAyika cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra (paGcamahAvratAropaNa) ke rUpa meM huaa| phalata: muni AcAra meM eka dvistarIya vyavasthA kI gii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA sthApita yaha AcAra-vyavasthA binA kisI maulika parivartana ke bhadrabAhu ke yuga taka calatI rahI, kintu usameM bhI deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha AMzika parivartana to avazya hI aaye| una paristhitijanya parivartanoM ko mAnyatA pradAna karane hetu AcArya bhadrabAhu ko jinakalpa aura sthavikalpa tathA utsarga-mArga aura apavAda-mArga ke rUpa meM punaH eka dvi-starIya AcAra-vyavasthA ko svIkRti denI pdd'ii| AcArya bhadrabAha ke praziSya aura sthUlibhadra ke ziSya Arya mahAgiri evaM Arya suhastI ke kAla meM jaina dharma meM jinakalpa aura sthAvirakalpa aisI do vyavasthAyeM svIkRta ho cukI thii| vastuta: yaha dvistarIya AcAra vyavasthA isalie bhI Avazyaka ho gaI thI ki jinakalpa kA pAlana karate hue AtmasAdhanA to sambhava thI,kintu saMghIya vyavasthAoM se aura vizeSa rUpa se samAja se jur3akara jaina dharma ke prasAra aura pracAra kA kArya jinakalpa jaisI kaThora AcAracaryA dvArA sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: munijana apanI suvidhA ke anurUpa sthavirakalpa aura jinakalpa meM se kisI eka kA pAlana karate the| phira bhI isa dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMgha meM vaimanasya kI sthiti kA nirmANa nahIM ho pAyA thaa| Arya mahAgiri aura Arya suhista ke kAla taka saMgha meM dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA hote hue bhI sauhAdra banA rahA,kintu kAlAntara meM yaha sthiti sambhava nahIM raha paaii| jahA~ jinakalpI apanI kaThora AcAra ke kAraNa zraddhA ke kendra the vahIM dUsarI ora sthAvirakalpI saMgha yA samAja se
Page #55
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jur3e hone ke kAraNa usa para apanA varcasva rakha rahe the| Age calakara varcasva kI isa hor3a meM jaina dharma bhI do vargoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara nAma se kAlAntara meM prasiddha hue| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke dvArA racita 'nizItha', 'dazAzrutaskandha', 'bRhatkalpa' evaM 'vyavahAra sUtra' meM utsarga aura apavAda ke rUpa meM athavA jinakalpa aura sthavikalpa ke rUpa meM isa dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ko spaSTa rUpa se mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| jahA~ mUla Agama granthoM meM apavAda ke kvacita hI nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM vahA~ ina chedagranthoM meM hameM apavAda- mArga kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI prApta hotI hai| Age calakara Aryabhadra dvArA racita niyuktiyoM meM jinabhadramaNi dvArA racita 'vizeSAvazyaka' Adi bhASyoM meM aura jinadAsamahattara racita cUrNiyoM meM isa apavAda-mArga kA khulA samarthana dekhA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki koI bhI AcAra-vyavasthA yA sAdhanA-paddhati apavAda mArga ko pUrI taraha asvIkRta karake nahIM cltii| deza,kAlagata paristhitiyoM kucha aisI hotI hai jisameM apavAda ko mAnyatA denI par3atI hai kintu Age calakara apavAda-mArga kI yaha vyavasthA suvidhAvAda aura AcAra zauthilyatA kA kAraNa banatI hai jo suvidhA-mArga se hotI huI AcAra zaithilyatA kI parAkASThA taka pahu~ca jAtI hai| jaina saMgha meM aisI paristhitiyA~ aneka bAra utpanna huI aura usake lie samaya-samaya para jainAcAryoM kI dharmakrAnti yA kriyodvAra karanA pdd'aa| - AcAra-vyavasthA ko lekara vizeSa rUpa se sacela aura acela sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM prathama vivAda vI.ni.saM. 606 yA 609 tadnusAra vikrama kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM huaa| yaha vivAda mukhyatA Arya zivabhUti aura Arya kRSNa ke madhya huA thaa| jahA~ Arya zivabhUti ne acela pakSa ko pramukhatA dI, vahIM Arya kRSNa sacela pakSa ke samarthaka rhe| Arya zivabhUti kI AcAra krAnti ke pariNAmasvarUpa uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM boTika yA yApanIya paramparA kA vikAsa huA jisane AgamoM aura strImukti ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnA ki sAdhanA kA utkRSTa mArga to acela dharma hI hai| logoM ke bhAvanAtmaka aura AsthAparaka pakSa ko lekara mahAvIra ke pazcAta kAlAntara meM jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjA kA vikAsa huaa| yadyapi mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 150 varSa ke pazcAta se hI jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjA ke pramANa milane prArambha ho jAte haiN| lohAnIpura paTanA se milI jina pratimAe~ aura kaMkAlI TIlA mathurA se milI jina pratimAyeM isa tathya ke prabala pramANa hai ki IsA pUrva hI jainoM meM mUrtipUjA kI paramparA astitva meM A gaI thii| yahA~ hama mUrtipUjA sambandhI pakSa-vipakSa kI isa carcA meM na paDakara taTastha dRSTi se yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki kAlakrama se jaina dharma kI mUrti pUjA meM anya paramparAoM 49
Page #56
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ ke prabhAva se kaise-kaise parivartana hue aura usakA muni varga ke jIvana para kyA aura kaisA prabhAva par3A? mandira aura mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha hI jaina sAdhuoM kI AcAra zaithilya ko tejI se bar3hAvA milA tathA zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM maTha yA caityavAsI aura vanavAsI aisI do paramparAoM kA vikAsa huaa| mandira aura mUrti ke nirmANa tathA usakI vyavasthA hetu bhUmidAna Adi bhI prApta hone lage aura unake svAmitva kA prazna hI khar3A hone lgaa| prArambha meM jo dAna sambandhI abhilekha yA tAmra patra milate haiM unameM dAna mandira, pratimA yA saMgha ko diyA jAtA thA- aise ullekha hai| lekina kAlAntara meM AcAryoM ke nAma para dAna patra likhe jAne lge| pariNAmasvarUpa munigaNa na kevala caityavAsI bana baiThe apitu ve maTha, mandira Adi kI vyavasthA se jur3a gye| sambhavata: yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki dAna Adi unake nAma se prApta hone lge| isa prakAra muni jIvana meM suvidhAvAda aura AcAra zaithilya kA vikAsa huaa| AcAra zaithilya ne zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM apanA Adhipatya kara liyaa| zvetAmbara meM yaha caityavAsI yati paramparA ke rUpa meM aura digambara meM SaThavAsI bhaTTAraka paramparA ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| yadyapi isa paramparA ne jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ko bacAye rakhane meM tathA jaina vidyA ke saraMkSaNa aura samAja sevA ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina yatiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA, kintu dUsarI ora suvidhAoM ke upayoga, parigraha ke saMcayana ne unheM apane zravaNa jIvana se cyuta bhI kara diyaa| isa paramparA ke virodha meM digambara AcArya kandakanda ne lagabhaga 6ThIM zatI meM aura zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra ne 8vIM zatI meM krAnti ke svara mukhara liye| AcArya kundakunda ke dvArA jo krAnti kI gaI vaha mukhya rUpa se paramparAgata dharma ke sthAna para AdhyAtmika dharma ke sandarbha meM thii| yadyapi unhoMne 'aSTapAhuDa' meM vizeSa rUpa se 'cAritrapAhuDa', 'liMgapApuDa' Adi meM AcAra zaithilya ke sandarbha meM bhI apane svara mukharita kiye the, kintu ye svara anasune hI rahe, kyoMki paravartI kAla meM bhI yaha bhaTTAraka paramparA puSTa hI hotI rhii| AcArya kundakunda ke pazcAta unake granthoM ke prathama TIkAkAra AcArya amRtacanda ne jaina saMgha ko eka AdhyAtmika dRSTi dene kA prayatna kiyA jisakA samAja para kucha prabhAva par3A kintu bhaTTAraka paramparA kI yathAvata rUpa meM mahimAmaMDita hotI rhaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI suvihinamArga, saMvipnapakSa Adi ke rUpa meM yadi paramparA ke virodha meM svara mukharita hae aura kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha Adi astitva meM bhI Aye, kintu ye sabhI yati paramparA ke prabhAva se apane ko alipta nahIM rakha ske| zvetAmbara paramparA meM 8vIM zatI se caitanyavAsa kA virodha prArambha huA thaa| AcArya 50
Page #57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ haribhadra ne apane grantha 'sambodhanaprakaraNa' ke dvitIya adhyAya meM ina caityavAsI yatiyoM ke kriyAkalApoM evaM AcAra zaithilya para tIkhe vyaMgya kiye aura unake virUddha krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kiyA, kintu yugIna paristhitiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa haribhadra kI krAnti ke ye svara bhI anasune hI rhe| yati varga suvidhAvAda, parigraha saMcaya Adi kI pravRttiyoM meM yathAvata jur3A rhaa| hameM aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hotA jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki AcArya haribhadra kI isa krAntidharmitA ke pariNAmasvarUpa caityavAsI yatiyoM para koI vyApaka prabhAva par3A ho| zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsa kA svabala virodha candrakula ke AcArya vardhamAna suri ne kiyaa| unhoMne ne caityavAsa ke virUddha sarvaprathama suvihita muni paramparA kI puna: sthApanA kii| yaha paramparA Age calakara kharataragaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huii| inakA kAla lagabhaga 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi suvihita mArga kI sthApanA se Agama para AdhArita muni AcAra-vyavasthA ko nayA jIvana to prApta huA, kintu yadi paramparA nAmazeSa nahIM ho paaii| aneka sthaloM para zvetAmbara yatiyoM kA itanA prabhAva thA ki unake apane kSetroM meM kisI anya suvihita muni kA praveza bhI sambhava nahIM ho pAtA thaa| caityavAsI yati paramparA to nAmazeSa nahIM ho pAI, apitu huA yaha ki usa yati paramparA ke prabhAva se saMvigna muni paramparA punaH puna: AkrAnta hotI rahI aura samaya-samaya para punaH kriyodvAra kI AvazyakatA banI rhii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM pratyeka sau-DeDha.sau varSa ke pazcAt punaH punaH AcAra zaithilya ke virUddha aura saMvigna mArga kI sthApanA ke nimitta dharma krAntiyA~ hotI rhii| kharataragaccha kI dharmakrAnti ke pazcAta aMcalagaccha evaM tapAgaccha ke AcAryoM dvArA punaH kriyoddhAra kiyA gayA aura Agama anukUla muni AcAra kI sthApanA ke prayatna vi.saM. 1969 meM AcArya AryarakSita (aMcalagaccha) tathA vi.saM. 1285 meM AcArya jagaccandra (tapAgaccha) ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| isI taraha eka anya prayatna vi.saM. 1214 yA 1250 meM Agamikagaccha evaM tapAgaccha kI sthApanA ke rUpa meM huaa| Agamikagaccha ne na kevala caityavAsa evaM yakSayakSI kI pUjA kA virodha kiyA, apitu sacita dravyoM se jina-pratimA kI pUjA kA bhI virodha kiyaa| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM jahA~ banArasIdAsa Adi ke prabhAva se lagabhaga 16vIM zatI meM sacitta dravya se pUjana kA virodha huA, vahIM zvetAmbara paramparA meM do zatI pUrva hI isa prakAra kA virodha janma le cukA thaa| yadyapi Agamikagaccha adhika jIvaMta nahIM raha pAyA aura kAlakrama se usakA anta bhI ho gayA, phira bhI kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha aura aMcalagaccha apane prabhAva ke kAraNa astitva meM bane rhe| kintu ye tInoM paramparAyeM bhI caityavAsI-yativAsI paramparA se aprabhAvita nahIM raha skiiN| 51
Page #58
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jisa saMvigna muni paramparA ko punarjIvita karane ke lie jo ye paramparAyeM astitva meM AI thI, ve apane usa kArya meM saphala nahIM ho skii| kharataragaccha, aMcalagaccha aura yahA~ taka ki tapAgaccha meM bhI yatiyoM kA varcasva sthApita ho gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM mandira aura mUrti sambandhI ADambara bar3hatA hI gayA aura zramaNa varga jisakA lakSya AtmA-sAdhanA thA, vaha ina karmakANDoM kA purohita hokara raha gyaa| tapa aura tyAga ke dvArA Atmavizuddhi kA mArga mAtra AgamoM meM hI sImita raha gyaa| yathArtha jIvana se unakA koI sambandha nahIM raha paayaa| aisI sthiti meM puna: eka samaya krAnti kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lgii| caityavAsa kA virodha aura saMvigna sampradAyoM kA AvirbhAva jaina paramparA meM parivartana kI lahara punaH solahavIM zatAbdI meM aaii| jaba adhyAtmapradhAna jaina dharma kA zuddha svarUpa karmakANDa ke ghora ADambara ke AvaraNa meM dhUmila ho rahA thA aura muslima zAsakoM ke mUrtibhajaka svarUpa se mUrtipUjA ke prati AsthAe~ vicalita ho rahI thI, tabhI musalamAnoM kI ADambara rahita sahaja dharma sAdhanA ne hinduoM kI bhA~ti jainoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| hindU dharma meM aneka nirguNa bhaktimArgI santoM ke AvirbhAva ke samAna hI jaina dharma meM bhI aise santoM kA AvirbhAva huA jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para karmakANDa aura ADambarayukta pUjA paddhati kA virodha kiyaa| phalataH jaina dharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI zAkhAoM meM sudhAravAdI Andolana kA prAdUrbhAva huaa| inameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara paramparA meM santa tAraNasvAmI tathA banArasIdAsa pramukha the| yadyapi banArasIdAsa janmanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke the, kintu unakA sudhAravAdI Andolana digambara paramparA se sambandhita thaa| lokAzAha ne zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa aura ADambaroM kA virodha kiyaa| inakI paramparA Age calakara lokAgaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huii| isI se Age calakara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA vikasita huii| jisakA punaH eka vibhAjana 18vIM zatI meM zuddha nivRttimArgI jIvanadRSTi evaM ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara terApaMtha ke rUpa meM huaa| digambara paramparA meM banArasIdAsa ne bhaTTAraka paramparA ke virUddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI aura sacitta dravyoM se jina-pratimA ke pUjana kA niSedha kiyA, kintu tArANasvAmI to banArasIdAsa se bhI eka kadama Age the| unhoMne digambara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA kA niSedha kara diyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne dharma ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI 52
Page #59
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ punaH pratiSThA kii| banArasIdAsa kI paramparA jahA~ digambara terApaMtha ke nAma se vikasita huI, vahI tAraNasvAmI kA vaha Andolana tAraNapaMtha yA samaiyA ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| tAraNataMtha ke caityAlayoM meM mUrti ke sthApana para zAstra kI pratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra solahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina paramparA meM islAma dharma ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa eka nayA parivartana AyA aura amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA janma huA phira bhI purAnI paramparAe~ yathAvata calatI rhii| eka ora adhyAtma sAdhanA, jo zramaNa saMskRti kI prANa thI vaha tatkAlIna yatiyoM ke jIvana meM kahIM bhI dikhAI nahIM par3a rahI thii| dharma karmakANDa se itanA bojhala bana gayA thA ki usakI antarAtmA daba- sI gaI thii| dharma kA sahaja, svAbhAvika svarUpa vilupta ho rahA thA aura usake sthAna para dhArmika karNakANDoM ke rUpa meM dharma para sampattizAlI logoM kA varcasra bar3ha rahA thaa| dharma ke nAma para kevala aihika hitoM kI siddhi hI prayatna ho rahe the| dUsarI ora islAma ke deza meM susthApita hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa eka ADambara vihIna sarala aura sahaja dharma kA paricaya janasAdhAraNa ko prApta huA / tIsarI ora mandira aura mUrti jisa para usa samaya kA dharma adhiSThita thA, muslima AkrAntAoM dvArA dhvasta kiye jA rahe the| aisI sthiti meM janasAdhAraNa ko eka adhyAtmapUrNa, tapa aura tyAgamaya, sarala, svAbhAvika, ADambara aura karmakANDa vihIna dharma kI apekSA thI, jo muslima AkrAntAoM ke dvArA dhvasta usake zraddhA kendroM se udvelita usakI AtmA ko samyaka AdhAra de skeN| amUrtipUjaka paramparAoM kA uddhava vikrama kI prathama sahastrAbdI pUrNa hote-hote isa deza para muslima AkramaNa prArambha ho cukA thaa| usa samaya muslima AkrAntAoM kA lakSya mAtra bhArata se dhana-sampadA ko lUTakara le jAnA thA, kintu dhIre-dhIre bhArata kI sampadA aura usakI urvara bhUmi unake AkarSaNa kA kendra banI aura unhoMne apanI sattA ko yahA~ sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| sattA ke sthApanA ke sAtha hI islAma ne bhI isa deza kI miTTI para apane paira jamAne prArambha kara diye the| yadyapi muslima zAsaka bhI eka-dUsare ko ukhAr3ane meM lage hue the| eka ora humAyU~ aura zerazAha sUri kA saMgharSa cala rahA thA, to dUsarI ora dillI meM muslima zAsakoM ke varcasva ke kAraNa islAma apane paira isa dharatI para jamA rahA thaa| muslima zAsakoM kA lakSya bhI sattA aura sampatti ke sAtha-sAtha apane dharma kI sthApanA bana gayA thA, kyoMki ve jAnate the ki unakI saltanata tabhI kAyama raha sakatI hai jaba 53
Page #60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ isa deza meM islAma kI sattA sthApita ho / ataH muslima zAsakoM ne isa deza meM islAma ko phailAne aura apane paira jamAne ke lie paryApta suvidhAe~ pradAna kI / islAma kI sthApanA aura usake paira jamane ke sAtha hI usakA samparka anya bhAratIya paramparAoM se huaa| bhAratIya cintakoM ne islAma ke sAMskRtika aura dhArmika pakSa para dhyAna denA prArambha kiyaa| phalataH bhAratIya janamAnasa ne yaha pAyA ki islAma karmakANDa se mukta eka sarala aura sahaja upAsanA vidhi hai| isa pAramparika samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa deza meM eka aisI santa paramparA kA vikAsa huA jisane hindU dharma ko karmakANDoM se mukta kara eka sahaja upAsanA paddhati pradAna kI / hama dekhate haiM ki 14vIM, 15vIM aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM isa deza meM nirguNa upAsanA paddhati kA na kevala vikAsa huA, apitu vaha upAsanA kI eka pramukha paddhati bana gii| usa yuga meM bhAratIya janamAnasa kaThora jAtivAda aura varNavAda se to grasita thA hI sAtha hI, dharma ke kSetra meM karmakANDa kA prabhAva itanA ho gayA thA ki dharma meM se AdhyAtmika pakSa gauNa ho gayA thA aura mAtra karmakANDoM kI pradhAnatA raha gaI thii| eka ora dharma kA sahaja AdhyAtmika svarUpa vilupta ho rahA thA to dUsarI ora dhArmika matAndhatA aura sattA bala ko pAkara muslima zAsaka deza bhara meM mandiroM, mUrtiyoM ko tor3a rahe the aura mandiroM kI sAmagrI se masjidoM kA nirmANa kara rahe the| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM para se logoM kI AsthA ghaTane lagI / mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM jo mahattvapUrNa kiMvadaMtiyA~ pracalita thI vaha A~khoM ke sAmane hI dhUladhUsarita ho rahI thii| muslima dharma kI sahaja aura sarala upAsanA-paddhati bhAratIya janamAnasa ko AkarSita kara rahI thii| isa sabake pariNAmasvarUpa bhArItaya dharmoM meM mUrtipUjA aura karmakANDa ke prati eka vidroha kI bhAvanA jAgRta ho rahI thii| aneka santa yathA- kabIra, dAdU, nAnaka, raidAsa Adi hindU dharma meM krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kara rahe the| dharma ke nAma para pracalita karmakANDa ke prati logoM ke mana meM samarthana kA bhAva kama ho rahA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM aneka aise mahApuruSoM ne janma liyA jinhoMne dharma ko karmakANDa se mukta karAkara logoM ko eka sarala, sahaja aura ADambara vihIna sAdhanA paddhati dii| jaina dharma bhI isa prabhAva se achUtA nahIM raha sakA / guptakAla jaina dharma meM caityavAsa ke prArambha ke sAtha-sAtha karmakANDa kI pramukhatA bar3hatI gaI thI / karmakANDoM ke zikaMje meM dharma kI mUla AtmA mara cukI thii| dharma paMDoM aura purohitoM dvArA zoSaNa kA mAdhyama bana gayA thaa| sAmAnya janamAnasa kharcIle, ADambarapUrNa AdhyAtmikatA se zUnya 54
Page #61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ karmakANDa ko asvIkAra kara rahe the| aisI sthiti meM jaina dharma ke donoM hI pramukha sampradAyoM meM tIna viziSTa puruSoM ne janma liyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara paramparA meM banArasIdAsa tathA tAraNasvAmI / eka ora mandira aura mUrtiyoM ko tor3A jAnA aura deza para muslima zAsakoM kA prabhAva bar3hanA, dUsarI ora karmakANDa se mukta sahaja aura sarala islAma dharma se hindU aura jaina mAnasa kA prabhAvita honA, jaina dharma meM ina amUrtipUjaka dharma - sampradAyoM kI utpatti kA kisI sImA taka kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| lokAzAha kA janma vi.saM. 1475 ke AsapAsa huaa| yadyapi usa kAla taka muslimoM kA sAmrAjya to sthApita nahI ho sakA thA, kintu deza ke aneka bhAgoM meM dhIre-dhIre muslima zAsakoM ne apanA varcasva sthApita kara liyA thaa| gujarAta bhI isase achUtA nahIM thaa| isa yuga kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha thI ki aba taka isa deza meM sthApita muslima zAsaka sAmrAjya kA svapna dekhane lage the, kintu usake lie Avazyaka thA bhArata kI hindU prajA ko apane vizvAsa meM lenaa| ataH mohammada tugalaka, bAbara, humAyU~ Adi ne islAma ke pracAra aura prasAra ko apanA lakSya rakhakara bhI hinduoM ko prazAsana meM sthAna denA prArambha kiyA, phalataH hindU sAmanta aura rAjya karmacArI rAjA ke samparka meM aaye| phalataH para karmakANDamukta jAti-pAti ke bheda se rahita aura bhAtR-bhAva se pUrita islAma kA acchA pakSa bhI unake sAmane AyA jisane yaha cintana karane para bAdhya kara diyA ki yadi hindU dharma yA jaina dharma ko bacAye rakhanA hai to usako karmakANDa se mukta karanA Avazyaka hai| isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa jaina paramparA meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA na kevala uddhava huA, apitu anukUla avasara ko pAkara vaha tejI se vikasita bhI huii| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA kA aura digambara sampradAya meM tArANapaMtha ke udaya ke nepathya meM islAma kI karmakANDa mukta upAsanA paddhati kA prabhAva dikhatA hai / yadyapi jaina dharma kI pRSThabhUmi bhI karmakANDa mukta hI rahI hai, ataH yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina do sampradAyoM kI utpatti ke pIche mAtra islAma kA hI pUrNa prabhAva thA / paramparA ke anusAra yaha mAnyatA hai ki lokAzAha kI muslima zAsana ne na kevala apane khajAMcI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thI, apitu unake dhArmika Andolana ko eka mUka svIkRti to pradAna kI thI, lokAzAha kA kAla mohammada tugalaka kI samApti ke bAda zerazAha sUri aura bAbara kA sattAkAla thA / muslima bAdazAha se apanI AjIvikA pAne ke sAtha-sAtha hindU adhikArI muslima dharma aura saMskRti se prabhAvita ho rahe the| aisA lagatA hai ki ahamadAbAda ke muslima zAsaka ke sAtha kAma karate hue unake dharma kI 55
Page #62
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ acchAiyoM kA prabhAva bhI lokAzAha para pdd'aa| dUsarI ora usa yuga meM hindU-dharma ke samAna jaina dharma bhI mukhyata: karmakANDI ho gayA thaa| dhIre-dhIre usameM se dharma kA AdhyAtmika pakSa vilupta hotA jA rahA thaa| caityavAsI yati karmakANDa ke nAma para apanI AjIvikA ko saMbala banAne ke lie janamAnasa kA zoSaNa kara rahe the| apanI akSaroM kI sundaratA ke kAraNa lokAzAha ko jaba pratilipi karate samaya Agama granthoM ke adhyayana kA maukA milA to unhoMne dekhA ki Aja jaina muniyoM ke AcAra meM bhI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM bahuta bar3I khAI A gaI hai| sAdhakoM ke jIvana meM AI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kI yaha khAI janasAmAnya kI cetanA meM aneka prazna khar3e kara rahI thii| lokAzAha ke lie yaha eka acchA maukA thA ki ve karmakANDa se mukta aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA se yukta kisI dharma paramparA kA vikAsa kara skeN| lokAzAha pUrva jaina saMgha kI kyA sthiti thI? isa sambandha meM thor3A vicAra pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| lokAzAha ke pUrva 14vIM, 15vIM zatI meM jaina saMgha mukhya rUpa se tIna sampradAyoM meM vibhakta thA-zvetAmbara, digambara aura yaapniiy| isameM bhI lagabhaga 5vIM zatI meM astitva meM AI yApanIya paramparA aba vilupti ke kagAra para thii| eka-do bhaTTAraka gaddiyoM ke atirikta svatantra rUpa se usakA koI astitva nahIM raha gayA thaa| ata: mUlata: zvetAmbara aura digambara ye do paramparAyeM hI astitva meM thii| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai to usa kAla meM muni aura AryA saMgha kA koI astitva nahIM raha gayA thaa| mAtra bhaTTArakoM kI hI pramukhatA thI, kintu bhaTTAraka tyAgI varga ke pratinidhi hokara bhI mukhyata: maThavAsI bane baiThe the| maTha kI sampatti kI vRddhi aura usakA saMrakSaNa unakA pramukha kArya raha gayA thaa| uttara bhArata aura dakSiNa bhArata donoM meM hI sthAna-sthAna para bhaTTArakoM kI gaddiyA~ thI aura dhIre-dhIre sAmAntoM kI taraha ye bhI apane kSetroM aura anuyAyiyoM para apanA zAsana calA rahe the| bhaTTArakoM meM bhI aneka saMgha yathA- kASThA. mAthura, mUla, lAr3avAgar3ha, dravir3a Adi the| jo ki kucha gaNa yA gacchoM meM vibhAjita the| jahA~ taka zvetAmbara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM saMvigna aura suvihita muniyoM kA pUrNa abhAva to nahIM huA thA, phira bhI caityavAsI yatiyoM kI hI pramukhatA thii| samAja para varcasva yati varga kA hI thA aura unakI sthiti bhI maThavAsI bhaTTArakoM ke samAna hI thii| dhArmika kriyAkANDoM ke sAtha yati varga mantra-tantra aura cikitsA Adi se jur3A huA thaa| yaha mAtra kahane kI dRSTi se hI tyAgI varga kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: AcAra kI apekSA se unake pAsa usa yuga ke anurUpa bhoga kI sArI suvidhAyeM upalabdha hotI thii| yati varga itanA prabhAvazAlI thA ki ve apane prabhAva se saMvigna evaM suvihita muniyoM ko apane 56
Page #63
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ varcasva kSetra meM praveza karane meM bhI roka dete the| islAma ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha bhaTTArakoM evaM yatiyoM ke AcAra zaithilya evaM dharmAcaraNa ke kSetra meM karmakANDoM kA varcasva aisI sthitiyA~ thI ki jisane lokAzAha ko dharmakrAnti hetu preraNA dii| lokAzAha ne mUrtipUjA, karmakANDa aura AcAra zaithilya kA virodha kara jaina dharma ko eka navIna dizA dii| unakI isa sAhasapUrNa dharmakrAnti kA prabhAva yaha huA ki prAya: sampUrNa uttara-pazcima bhArata meM lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM unake anuyAyI bana gye| kAlAntara meM unake anuyAyiyoM kA yaha varga gujarAtI lokAgaccha, nAgaurI lokAgaccha aura lAhaurI lokAgaccha ke rUpa meM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA, kintu zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka yati paramparA ke prabhAva se zanaiH zanai: AcAra zaithilya kI ora bar3hate hue isane puna: yadi paramparA kA rUpa le liyA phalata: lokAzAha kI dharmakrAnti ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt puna: eka navIna dharmakrAnti kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lgii| isI lokAgaccha yati paramparA meM se nikala kara jIvarAjajI, lavajIRSijI, dharmasiMhajI, dharmadAsajI, manoharadAsajI, harajIsvAmIjI Adi ne punaH eka dharmakrAnti kA udghoSa kiyA aura Agamasammata muni AcAra para vizeSa bala diyA, phalataH sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kA udaya huaa| sthAnakavAsI paramparA kA uddhava evaM vikAsa kisI eka vyakti se eka hI kAla meM nahIM huA, apitu vibhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA alaga-alaga samaya meM huA ataH vicAra aura AcAra ke kSetra meM matabheda bane rhe| jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha sampradAya apane udaya kAla meM hI aneka upasampradAyoM meM vibhAjita rhaa| 17vIM zatAbdI meM isI sthAnakavAsI sampradAya se nikala kara raghunAthajI ke ziSya bhIkhaNajI svAmI ne zvetAmbara terApaMtha kI sthApanA kii| inake sthAnakavAsI paramparA se pRthaka hone ke mUlata: do kAraNa rahe- eka ora sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ne bhI yati paramparA ke samAna hI apanI-apanI paramparA ke sthAnakoM ko nirmANa karavAkara unameM nivAsa karanA prArambha kara diyA to dUsarI ora bhIkhaNajI svAmI kA Agraha yaha rahA ki dayA va dAna kI ye sabhI pravRttiyA~ jo sAvadha hai aura jinake sAtha kisI bhI rUpa meM hiMsA jur3I huI hai, cAhe vaha hiMsA ekendriya jIvoM kI ho, dharma nahIM mAnI jA sktii| kAlAntara meM AcArya bhIkhaNajI kA yaha sampradAya paryApta rUpa se vikasita huA aura Aja jaina dharma ke eka prabuddha sampradAya ke rUpa meM jAnA pahacAnA jAtA hai| ise terApaMtha ke naveM AcArya tulasIjI aura dasaveM AcArya mahAprajJajI ne naI U~cAiyA~ dI hai| 57
Page #64
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMtha ke udaya ke pazcAta kramaza: bIsavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha, madhya aura uttarArddha meM vikasita jaina dharma ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se jo tIna paramparAe~ ati mahattvapUrNa hai, unameM zrImad rAjacandra kI adhyAtmapradhAna paramparA meM vikasita 'kavipaMtha', sthAnakavAsI paramparA se nikalakara banArasIdAsa ke digambara terApaMtha ko navajIvana dene vAle kAnajIsvAmI kA nizcayanaya pradhAna 'kAnajI paMtha' tathA gujarAta ke e.ema. paTela ke dvArA sthApita dAdA bhagavAna kA sampradAya mukhya hai| yadyapi ye tInoM sampradAya mUlata: jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmapradhAna dRSTi ko lokara hI vikasita hue| zrImad rAjacandrajI jinheM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne guru kA sthAna diyA thA, jaina dharma meM kisI sampradAya kI sthApanA kI dRSTi se nahIM, mAtra vyakti ke AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa kI upekSA se janasAdhAraNa kI jaina dharma ke AdhyAtmaka pradhAna sArabhUta tattvoM kA bodha diyaa| zrImada rAjacandra AdhyAtmika prajJAsampanna Azu kavi the| ata: unakA anuyAyI kavipaMtha ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| kAnajIsvAmI kundakunda ke 'samayasAra' Adi granthoM kA adhyayana kara banArasIdAsa aura zrImad rAjacandra kI adhyAtmaka pradhAna dRSTi ko hI jana-jana meM prasArita karane kA prayatna kiyA, kintu vahA~ zrImad rAjacandra ne nizcaya aura vyavahAra donoM para samAna bala diyA vahA~ kAnajI svAmI kI dRSTikoNa mUlata: nizcaya pradhAna rhaa| donoM kI vicAradhArAoM meM yahI mAtra maulika antara mAnA jA sakatA hai| vyakti kI Antarika vizuddhi aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa donoM kA hI mUla lakSya hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki zrI ema.ke. paTela ko san 1957 meM jJAna kA prakAza milA aura unhoMne bhI apane upadezoM ke madhyama se vyakti ke Antarika vikAroM kI vizaddhi para hI vizeSa bala diyaa| phira bhI jahA~ kAnajIsvAmI ne kramabaddha paryAya kI bAta kahI vahA~ zrI ema.ke. paTela jo Age calakara dAdA bhagavAna ke nAma se prasiddha hue ne akrama vijJAna kI bAta khii| akrama vijJAna kA mUla artha kevala itanA hI hai ki AdhyAtmika prakAza kI yaha ghaTanA kabhI bhI ghaTita ho sakatI hai| AdhyAtmika bodha koI yAMtrika ghaTanA nahIM hai| vaha prAkRtika nimayoM se bhI Upara hai| dAdA bhagavAna kI paramparA kA vaiziSTaya yaha hai ki unhoMne adhyAtmaka ke kSetra meM jaina evaM hindU paramparA kI samarUpatA kA anubhava kiyA aura isI AdhAra para jahA~ tIrthaMkara paramAtmA kI ArAdhanA ko lakSya banAyA vahIM vAsadeva aura ziva ko bhI apane ArAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra unakI paramparA hindU aura jaina adhyAtma kA eka mizraNa hai| 20vIM zatI meM vikasita ina tInoM paramparAoM kA vaiziSTaya yaha hai ki ve vikAsa para sarvAdhika bala detI hai| unakI dRSTi meM AcAra zuddhi meM pUrva vicAra zuddhi yA dRSTi zuddhi Avazyaka hai| ina navIna pRthaka bhUta 58
Page #65
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ paramparAoM ke atirikta pUrva pracalita paramparAoM meM bhI aitihAsika mahattva kI aneka ghaTanAe~ ghaTita huii| unameM eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA yaha hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo nagna muni paramparA zatAbdiyoM se nAmazeSa yA vilupta ho cukI thI, vaha AcArya zAntisAgarajI se punajIvita huii| Aja deza meM paryApta saMkhyA meM digambara muni hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM isa zatI meM vibhinna gacchoM aura samudAyoM ke madhya ekIkaraNa ke prayAsa to hue, kintu ve adhika saphala nahIM ho paaye| dUsare isa zatI meM caityavAsI yati paramparA prAyaH kSINa ho gii| kucha yatiyoM ko chor3a yaha paramparA nAmazeSa ho rahI hai, vahIM saMvigna muni saMsthA meM dhIre-dhIre AcAra zaithilya meM vRddhi ho rahI hai aura kucha saMvigna pakSIya muni dhIre-dhIre yatiyoM ke samarUpa AcAra karane lage haiN| yaha eka vicAraNIya pakSa hai| sthAnakavAsI samAja kI dRSTi se yaha zatI isalie mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai ki isa zatI meM isa vikIrNa samAja jor3ane ke mahattvapUrNa prayatna hue| ajamera aura sAdar3I ghANerAva meM do mahattvapUrNa sAdhu sammelana hue jinakI phalazruti ke rUpa meM vibhinna sampradAya eka-dUsare ke nikaTa aaii| sAdar3I sammelana meM gujarAta aura mAravAr3a ke kucha sampradAyoM ko chor3akara samasta sthAnakavAsI muni saMgha varddhamAna sthAnakavAsI zravaNa saMgha ke rUpa meM eka juTa huA kintu kAlAntara meM kucha sampradAya puna: pRthaka bhI hue| isa zatI meM terApaMtha samprAdaya ne jaina dharma-darzana se sambandhita sAhitya kA prakAzana kara mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha zatI AdhyAtmika cetanA kI jAgRti ke sAtha jaina sAhitya ke lekhana, sampAdana, prakAzana aura prasAra kI dRSTi se ati mahattvapUrNa rahI hai| sAtha hI jaina dharmAnuyAyI ke videza gamana se ise eka antarrASTrIya dharma hone kA gaurava prApta huA hai| ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma kI sAMskRtika cetanA bhAratIya saMskRti ke AdikAla se lekara Aja taka navonmeSa ko prApta hotI rahI hai| vaha eka gatizIla jIvanta paramparA ke rUpa meM deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue usane apanI gatizIlatA kA paricaya diyA hai| sandarbha 1. 'uttarAdhyayana' 25/27, 21 / 2. dhammapada' 401-403 / 3. 'uttarAdhyayana' 12/44 / 59
Page #66
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 4. 'aMguttaranikAya', 'suttanipAta', 'uddhRtta-bhagavAna buddha (dharmAnanda kausAmbI), pR.- 26 / 5. 'bhagavAna buddha' (dharmAnanda kausAmbI) pR.- 236-239 / 6. 'gItA', 4/33, 26-28 / 7. uttarAdhyayana' 12/46 / 8. 'uttarAdhyayana' 9/40, dekhiye- 'gItA' (zA.) 4/26-28 9. 'dhammapada' 106 / 10. 'sambodhaprakaraNa', gurvaadhikaar| 60
Page #67
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAnavatA kI, prema kI, sahajatA, saralatA, anuzAsana, spaSTavAditA, saumyatA, saMyamatA, paropakAritA, dharma kI gahanatA, vANI meM madhuratA, cehare para teja, saMskAroM kI khUzabU se maryAdita jIvana-yAtrA ke musAphira zrI gulAbacanda jI jhAr3acUra kiza Pa IPS | janma: 3 akTUbara, 1918 * svargavAsa : 14 pharavarI, 2007 duniyA kI naz2aroM meM jInA hamako sIkhAyA Apane sikhAyA ha~sanA aba rone ko na kahanA kama
Page #68
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ dhanya huI vaha pArivArika sadgRhasthI rUpI bagiyA, jisameM janma liyA eka aise phUla ne jisakI khUzabU se samasta mAnava jagat mahaka utthaa| dhanya huI usa mA~ kI ratnakukSI, jisase isa gulAba kA janma huaa|dhny hue ve pitA, jinhoMne janma diyA aise gulAba ko jisane pUre jaina jagat meM apane guNoM kI khUzabU bikhera dii| jI hA~, jayapura kI galiyoM meM pale-bar3he zrI gulAbacanda jI jhAr3acUra kA janma 3 akTUbara, 1918 ko pitA zrI phUlacanda jhAr3acUra ke ghara, mAtA zrImatI basantIdevI kI ratnakukSI se huaa| bacapana dillI ke mAlIvAr3A meM biitaa| tatpazcAt joharI bAjAra ke sonthalIvAloM kA rAstA sthita makAna meM biitaa| yahIM se Apane apanA javAharAta kA vyavasAya kiyA aura use bulandiyoM ko chuaa| ApakA vivAha jaina jagat ke pratiSThita evaM suvikhyAta zrI rAjarUpa TA~ka kI suputrI zAntidevI ke sAtha huaathaa|aapkii gRhasthI meM sAta putra kramaza: zrI nemicanda jI, rikhabacanda jI, zItalacanda jI, ramezacanda jI, sunIlakumAra jI, zrIcanda jI evaM vinayacanda jI tathA ekabahana evaM cAra putriyA~ aura ATha pautra va eka pautrI hai, sabhI stsNskaarit| __Apa sahajatA, saralatA kI pratimUrti ke rUpa meM vikhyAta the| Apake cehare para kabhI zikana nahIM dekhI gyii| krodha kI koI lakIra kabhI Apake cehare para nahIM dekhI gyii| Apa Adhunika vicAradhArA ke dhanI the| mIDiyA, khAsataura para sAmAjika, dhArmika mIDiyA ke prabala pakSadhara the| Apa kaI samAcAra-patroM ke saMrakSaka the, jo isa bAta kA paricAyaka hai ki Apa dhArmika akhabAroM ko kitanA adhika protsAhana dete the| yahI paramparA Aja bhI Apake parivAra meM kAyama hai| Apake suputra zrI nemicanda jI svayaM guDamaoNrniMga iNDiyA ke saMsthA saMrakSaka haiM, jo isa bAta ko pramANita karatI hai ki ApakA parivAra dhArmika akhabAroM ke protsAhana ke prati kitanA sajaga hai| on International
Page #69
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ dhArmika kSetra meM bhI Apane apanA lohA mnvaayaa| anekAneka dhArmika kAryakramoM meM ApakI upasthiti hI usa kAryakrama kI saphalatA kI mohara lagAtI thii| Apa kaI saMsthAoM se jur3e rahe, jinameM jvelarsa esosiezana, kuzala saMsthA, zrImAla sabhA Adi pramukha haiN| yahI nahIM Apa dhArmika kArya meM vyasta rahate aura dUsaroM ko bhI dhArmika rAha para calane ke lie protsAhita karate the| mAnava sevA, jIva dayA ko Apa prAthamikatA dete the / Apa kabhI kisI para gussA nahIM karate the / bakaula zItala jaina (jhAr3acUra) nArAja nahIM honA yAnI gussA nahIM karanA ApakI sabase bar3I khAsiyata thI / ApameM milanasAritA evaM spaSTavAditA ke alAvA bhI kaI guNa the | Apane aneka dhArmika yAtrAe~ kIM / vyavasAyika kSetra meM bhI Apane aneka kIrtimAna sthApita kie, jinameM 31 / 33, khArAkuA~, mumbaI -2 meM sabase pahale Apane apanA oNphisa san 1947 meM kholA evaM vahA~ para Apane Ar3hata kA kArya cAlU kiyaa| Aja Apake suputragaNa Apake vyavasAyika sAmrAjya ko Age bar3hAne meM agraNI rahe haiN| amerikA, jApAna, baiMkAka jaise dUrastha sthAnoM para bhI javAharAta ke kAryAlaya khole / jayapura meM videzI grAhakoM ko lAne kA zreya bhI Apako hI hai| Apa na kevala dhArmika, sAmAjika balki sAhitya ke prati bhI khAsI ruci rakhate the| Apane sAhitya ke prati apanI ruci ko nikhArate hue 'ratnamAlA' nAmaka pustaka kA bhI sampAdana kiyA, jo ki pUrva meM dohoM ke rUpa meM likhita thI, lekina Apane usakA sundara saralIkaraNa evaM anuvAda kara puna: sampAdita kiyA, jo javAharAta ke kSetra meM Ane vAle naye logoM ko
Page #70
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ khAsA sambala detI hai| Apa zAstroM ke acche khAse jJAtA the| cikitsA ke bhI Apa acche jAnakara the, khAsataura para Ayurvedika cikitsA kA Apako acchA khAsA jJAna thaa| spaSTavAditA ApakI vizeSatA thii| ___ susaMskAroM ke pratIka, dharma aura jJAna ke pratIka, sAdagI aura saralatA ke pratIka, sAmAjika ekatA aura samarasatA ke pratIka sabako pyAra, sabase prema karane vAle zrI gulAbacanda jI jhAr3acUra kA svargavAsa bhI prema divasa yAnI veleMTAina-De para huaa|aapkaa nidhana sampUrNa jaina samAja kA hI nahIM, balki mAnava jAti kI apUraNIya kSati hai| Apake parivArajana ne saMkaTa aura duHkha kI ghar3I meM bhI apanA Atmabala aura ApA nahIM khoyA aura du:khada sthiti hone ke bAvajUda Apake parijanoM ne Apake netradAna kie, jisase ApakI A~khoM kI rozanI se do andherI jindagiyoM meM rozanI kara gyiiN| __ Apa apane nAma ke hI anurUpa sAmAjika ekatA aura prema kI khuzabU se samAja ko mahakAte rhe| Apa cale gaye, lekina saMskAroM kA bIjAropaNa kara gae, jo Apake parivAra meM nirantara vRddhi kI ora agrasara rhegaa| Apake batAye mArga para calakara Apake siddhAntoM para kharA utarane kA prayAsa karanA hI Apako saccI zraddhAMjali hogii|
Page #71
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma janma sthAna akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA sahAyaka prAdhyApaka prAdhyApaka (prophesara) nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI lekhana sampAdana pradhAna sampAdaka samprati videza bhramaNa 4: : puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra DipTImala puraskAra AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna 10 sadasya : akAdamika samiti : 40 : di. 22.02.1932 zAjApura (ma.pra.) sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 1964-67 1968-85 1985-89 1979-97 30 pustakeM, 60 laghu pustikAe~ 150 pustakeM jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) 'zramaNa' traimAsika zodha patrikA 1986, 1998 1987 1992 1994 vidvata pariSad, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla; jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM * mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura / : * saMsthApaka, prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) ' saciva, prabandha samiti, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii| zikAgo, rAle, hyUsTana, nyU jarsI, uttarI karolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNTo, nyUyArka, kanADA aura yU. ke. /
Page #72
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prAcya vidyApITha : eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI rASTrIya rAjamArga para sthita hai| isa saMsthAna kA mukhya uddezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko puna: pratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 10,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai / isake atirikta 700 hasta likhita pANDulipiyA~ hai| yahA~ 40 patra-patrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai| isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana-adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakAryoM ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| For Printed abAkratiaOffset, OJJAIN Ph. 0734-25617209982767aforg