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where one includes the other. The stock example of inference in Aristotle's logic, viz., they are mortal because they are men, is implied by Dharmakirti in Svabhāva”.
Gaudapāda hardly adds anything new to the concept of noncausal hetu and sticks to the old example of inference of the gait of planets overlooking the objections raised by the Yuktidīpikā and Uddyotakara. Sāmānyatodľsta, according to Gaudapāda, is a case of inference based on prior perception?.
Akalanka alongwith other Jain logicians has made a remarkable contribution to Indian logic by (i) naming what is known as tādātmya amongst the Buddhists, as vyāpakaļwhich is certainly a better name then tādātmya to suggest inclusion of one class into another class, (ii) and by classifying the non-causal hetus into predecessor, successor and simultaneous. These three types of hetus have perhaps not been mentioned by any other logician in India though they are accepted as valid in modern logic. The Mānameyodaya of Nārāyana Bhatta; of course, gives an example of the succeeding probandum from the preceding hetu, though he classifies it under
' and not under 4919, which he does not mention at all. These three types of hetus are based purely upon orderly successiveness and simultaneity.
Out of these two, the fact of simultaneity appears to have been noted by the Sāṁkhyas also who have two different traditions about the seven types of relations-one given by Jayamangala' and the other quoted by Vācaspati in his commentary on the Nyāyaysūtraās. Both of the traditions mention Saāhacarya Sambandha. The case of Vyāpaka hetu is mentioned in the tradition quoted by Vācaspati under the name mātrā. The main opponent of Vācaspati, however,
1. Barlingey, S.S., A Modern Introduction to Indian Logic,
pp. 134-135. 2. तथा पुष्पिताम्रदर्शनादन्यत्र पुष्पिता आम्रा इति सामान्यतोदष्टेन साधयति ।
acararaat çeti -Gaudapāda, on Sankhyakārikā, 5. 3. Pramānasaṁgraha, Kärikā, 29, 30. 4. सम्बन्धाश्च सप्त-तत्र स्वस्वामिभावसम्बन्धः-प्रकृतिविकारसम्बन्ध:-कार्यकारणसम्बन्धः-पात्रपात्रिकसम्बन्धः-साहचर्यसम्बन्धः-प्रतिद्वन्द्विसम्बन्धः
Jayamangalā, Kārikā 5. 5. मात्रानिमित्तसंयोगि-विरोधि-सहचारिभिः स्वस्वामिवध्यधाताद्यैः सांख्यनां सप्तधानुमा ।।
Tāttparyyavșttitikā 1.1.5 तुलसी प्रज्ञा
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