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Chapter - 10
Samayasara
to which the quality belongs. And again, the existence of other substances which is asserted by perception cannot be denied. "Unless it is the case either that solipsism is true, or that I myself have no reality, it must be the case that both I and something else exist."
""1
And this would prove that there is a plurality of substances. "All substances will be similar to one another for they are all substances, and they will be diverse from one another, since they are separate substances. And substances which are similar to each other or diverse from one another, stand to each other in the relations of similarity and diversity."
And again if there were no relation between a quality and substance or between a substance and its modes, quality and modes would be unreal, as they cannot exist independently of and apart from a substance to which they belong. A mode which is not a mode of anything and a quality which is not a quality of anything, is neither a mode nor a quality. And a quality which is not a quality is nothing. But if modes and qualities are unreal, substance, too, cannot be real. Thus, the denial of concrete relations between a substance and a quality makes them unreal fictions. On the other hand, with concrete relations, a substance and its attributes are so closely bound together that destruction of one would lead to the destruction of the other. But when the relation is superficial and not intrinsic, the destruction of one need not follow the other's destruction. For example, in the case of an object placed on a table, destruction of one does not necessarily follow the destruction of the other.
According to another law of anekānta, there is a total absence of characteristic qualities of one substance in another. Thus, consciousness is the characteristic of the soul, and therefore, it can never be possessed by physical substance-matter. We have seen that consciousness is split into three factors-belief, knowledge and conduct-from the empirical aspect. Therefore, these are totally absent in the physical existent in any form-material objects, karma, and physical bodies of the living organisms. The attributes of the soul are superficially related to karmic matter and karma. Realiza1. The Nature of Existence by Mc Taggart, vol. 1. pp. 60-61.
2. Ibid.
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