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The Path of Arhat : A Religious Democracy
such as attachment, hatred, greed etc. It moves in Para-bhava, i. e., in the field which is alien to it and hence, it is not moving in Dharma,
(3) Adharma : If Dharma signifies the principle of motion, Adharma in Jainism signifies the principle of non-motion, i, e., rest. It is also unconscious and so does not interfere with the motion of an object. It is just like earth which enables the moving object to take rest and stop the motion.
These concepts of Dharma and Adharma constitute the systematic dynamism of Universe, as, without them, there would be chaos. If things of the Universe are moving according to their nature smoothly, the universe would function smoothly but not otherwise.
(4) Akasa ( Space ) --- It is eternal and uncreated. Without space Dharma and Adharma cannot exist and pudgalas as well as Jivas cannot move. Space is also unconscious and is inseparable constituent of universe.
It is divided into two parts – Lokakaśa and Alokakasa. 'Lokakasa' means space for the functioning of six Dravyas and ‘Alokākāśa' means space beyond Lokakáśa, where nothing exists.
All these Dravyas except Kāla namely Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma and Akaśa move and form their own collections, called 'Astikāya' meaning collectives in space.
(5) Kala ( Time ) - It does not require any space and has, therefore, no Asti-kāya. It is beginning-less, unconscious and helpful in measuring the changes in Pudgalas. Just as space is infinite, time is eternal and an unavoidale component of universe. It is in co-ordination of time, space and motion that Jiva (self) functions in the universe in union with Pudgalas. It is Jivas's motivation which make Pudgalas active and the activity created thereby is manifested through space and time. This is how the universe functions.
This analytical concept of universe is peculiar only to the
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