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The Path of Arhat : A Religious Democracy
(4) Řjusätra Naya : It is still narrower than Vyavahara in its outlook, because it not only emphasizes all the specific qualities but only those specific qualities which appear in a thing at a particular moment, ignoring their existent specific qualities of the past and future. The approach of the Buddhists is of this type. To ignore the specific qualities of past and future and to emphasize on only continuing characteristics of Reality is the fallacy involved here.
(5) Sabda Naya : The Verbalistic approach is called as Sabda naya. It accepts that all synonyms connote the same object. Their meaning is changed only when we use them in different gender, case or context. All languages have synonyms suggesting the same thing. For instance the same person is indicated by the synonyms 'Indra', 'Purandara' and "Sakra'. Though they are synonyms, yet they do indicate different qualities of the same person, because the word Indra' connotes the prosperity of the person, the word 'Sakra' connotes the powerful personality and the word 'Purandara' connotes the destroyer of fortresses. But if these words are used to establish complete identity between them, the distinct qualities which are indicated by them are obliterated and this results in the fallacy called 'Sabdanayabhasa'.
(6) Samabhiradha Naya : It is different from Sabda Naya, because it concentrates on the etymological distinction between the synonyms. If carried to the fallacious extent this standpoint may destroy the original identity pointed by synonyms.
(7) Evambhuta Naya : This Naya recognises only that word which indicates the actual action presently attributed to the individual. For instance Indra can be described as 'Purandara' only when he is acting as the destroyer of fortresses. In other words, among synonym words only that word should be selected which has a co-relation with the action referred to.
Partial truth of Individual Naya : As already noted the purpose of pointing out to this detailed classification of nayas
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