Nyayavatara and Nayakarnika

Author(s): Siddhasena Divakar, Vinayvijay, A N Upadhye
Publisher: Jain Sahitya Vikas Mandal

Page 312

Introduction
to mind a class of concept in which the qualities of a tree are intermingled with those of a bamboo without distinction or demarcation among them.
2) Samgraha is the description of a thing from the standpoint of its general qualities alone. It is the standpoint of genus. For instance, when the word jiva (soul) is uttered, it refers to all kinds of jīvas, without distinguishing among them, in respect of type, form, etc., etc.
3) Vyavahāra, or the particular, is that point of view which makes a distinction between a genus and its species.
The feature of distinction between the Samgraha and the Vyavahāra lies in the fact that, while the former takes into consideration only the general qualities of a thing, the latter deals only with the particular attributes thereof. The Samgraha is the standpoint of a genus, but the Vyavahāra that of species.
4) Rjusūtra is the standpoint which only takes into account the present form of a thing, without reference to its past or future aspects. When a statement is made from this standpoint it is not to be taken as an absolute truth under all conditions, since the speaker only confines his observations to the present condition of the thing he describes, without troubling himself as to its past and future possibilities or aspects. The Rjusutra recognises nothing but the thing itself as it appears at the moment, and has no concern with its name (nāma), or image (sthāpanā), or with the causes which bring it into existence (dravya). A certain class of philosophers attach great importance to this point of view, and maintain that one ought to consider things only as they appear at the present
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