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ATICHARAS.
Now we come to the things which are partial transgressions of this first vows
A vow (vrata) is observed in two ways, which in the absence of appropriate English Dames, may be called the subjective way and the objective way, or the external and the internal way. In the aticharas it is the subjective or internal way that is broken, while in the external way the vow is not broken, and therefore it is called a partial transgression of the vow.
We are now considering persons in the 5th or desha-virati stage of development, and in all these vows the chief idea is partial self-control (desha virati). And because there is the other factor of samyaktva, there is also love (daya) as a factor in all these vows. In the following things which are aticharas both these factors (self-control and love) are absent.
1. Bandha; means fastening with a rope or chain, and it can be either a buman being or an animal. It can be done merely for cruelty, or it can he done for some other purpose. The person who has taken the first vow never fastens a being up for
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