Jainism

Author(s): M R Gelra
Publisher: Createspace

Page 58

form of speech that are converted into speech when impelled by a soul possessed of the capacity in question constitute speech of the dravya type.
Manas of the bhava type in the form of labdhi and upayoga are pudgalika because it is dependent on pudgal. On the other hand, those aggregates belonging to the materialgrouping of the form of manas which, as a result of the particular type of the Karmas prove beneficial to a soul in its task of considering the merits and demerits, memory etc.-that is, which stimulate the capacity of this soul-constitute manas of the dravya type. Similarly, prana-that is, out-breath, which a soul expels outwards from the abdomen and ucсhvasavayu or apana-that is, in-breath, which a soul conveys inwards into the abdomen are both pudgalika; and inasmuch as they are life-giver they prove beneficial to a soul. Bhasa, manas, prana and apana-these are all found to suffer obstruction and suppression. Hence just like body they are all doubtless pudgalika.
The transformation of a jiva of the form of easement is pleasure and it is produced through an internal cause of the form of special type of karma and an external cause of the form of the concerned substance, place etc. Distress, verily is pain and it is produced through an internal cause of the form of impure karma and an external cause of the form of the concerned substance etc. The continuance of out-breath and in-breath in the case of an embodied soul as a result of the manifestation of ayukarma is life, the discontinuance of out-breath and in-breath is death. All these modifications – pleasure, pain etc. are produced in jivas through the instrumentality of pudgala. Hence in relation to jiva they are treated as benefits due to pudgala.
(vi) Pudgalastikaya
Pudgalastikaya represents the entire macro and micro form of the pudgal present in the universe. The expression astikaya with Pudgala is significant. According to Schubring the liberal version of astikaya is 'mass of all that is'. The Jain philosopher's differ and postulate six dravyas (substances) of which the five, namely jiva, dharma, adharma, akasa and pudgala are astikaya's. Astikaya menas a substance that a continuation of indivisible space points (pradesas) has an extended body.
(vii) Two forms of Pudgala
• Parmanu - The atom • Skandh - Clusters, Mahaskandh - Sometimes prevail throughout the Universe.
PARMANU
• Parmanu is the smallest and indivisible part of pudgala when it is in free-state. • Parmanu - pudgala is only dravya bearing any physical character.
Parmanu has one kind of taste out of five tastes, one kind of smell out of two smells, one kind of colour out of five colours and two kinds of touch out of eight touches.