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JAINA CULTURE
vows to enhance the strength of the anuoratas. The five aņuoratas are related to ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacarya and aparigraha. Since these are observed partially by a lay-votary, they are called anupratas in his case. An ascetic observes them completely, and therefore, in his case they are known as mahāvratas. The oņupratas are technically known as : sthala-pranatipäta-viramana, sthula-mt savāda-viramaņa, sthala-adattādāna-viramana, svad ära-santoșa or svapati-santoșa and iccha-parimaņa or parigraha-parimāņa. Gross Violence :
The sthūla-prānātipata-diramaņa (abstinence from gross viòlence) vow depends on the distinction between subtle violence (sükşma-himsa) and gross violence (sthula-hiṁsa). Subtle violence means taking of life in any form. Abstention from this type of violence is obligatory for the ascetic. Gross violence means destruction of the higher forms of life, i. e., beings with more than one sense-organ. This sort of violence is forbidden to the lay-votary. The first small vow of non-violence is to avoid injury or harm to beings with two or more senses. The lay-votary is also enjoined to avoid as far as possible the killing of beings with one sense, i. e., the sense of touch. Meat-eating is strictly forbidden, as it involves destruction of the higher forms of life. The consumption of alcohol and honey is also banned.
What is violence ? The severance of vitalities out of passion is violence. It is wicked, because it causes pain and suffering to living beings. Killing horrifies all creatures, since every being wishes to live and not to be slain. The positive aspect of non-violence is compassion (anukampa-dayakaruņa.). It is the beneficent mother of all beings. It is manifested in the form of giving protection to all living creatures. Evil cannot dwell in a person crowned with the halo of compassion,
