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self-discipline. The disaparimāna, the upabhoga-paribhoga-parimāna and the anarthadanda-virámaņa vows are known as gunavratas. Confined Area :
The disa-parimāna (confining to an area of a certain extension) vow is meant to reduce quantitatively a man's sinful actions by circumscribing the area in which they can be committed. The more his movements are restricted the fewer living creatures will perish. This gunavrata helps the lay-votary in freeing himself from the empire of greed by putting the acquisition of wealth often out of his reach. The ban is a self-imposed one and covers all directions including upward and downward movements. The vow is defined as the determination, by circumscribing one's range of movement, to desist from minor sin until death.
Moderate Living :
The upabhoga-paribhoga-parimāna (observing moderation in eating, clothing etc.) vow enjoins the lay-votary to lead a moderate life by placing a limit on different objects. It is concerned with (1) things used once or used internally such as food, betel, cooling paste, incense, or such acts as bathing (upabhoga) and (2) things that can be used repeatedly or used externally such as houses, furniture, clothes, jewellery, vehicles (paribhoga). It also puts a ban on the pursuit of fifteen cruel trades. The consumption of honey, alcohol, meat etc., the practice of eating by night and similar other sinful actions are also forbidden. The following are the fifteen cruel trades :
(1) Livelihood from charcoal (angāra-karman). (2) Livelihood from wood (vana-karman). (3) Livelihood from carts (Šakata-karman). (4) Livelihood from transport fees (bhataka-karman). (5) Livelihood from hewing (sphota-karman). (6) Trade in animal by-products (danta-vanijya).
