Introduction to Jainsim

Author(s): Dewan Bahadur A B Lathe
Publisher: Jain Mitra Mandal

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JAINISM
cacy, dons a very small piece of cloth only and practices Tapas all the time. A man rising to a higher stage must rise by each 'successive stage along the march and must keep all the practices of each stage below.
Tapas
Tapas is twelvefold :- [1] Fasting [2] Eating less than a full meal [3] fixing dinners [4] omitting some Ras [ghee, etc.] from the dinner [5] sitting and sleeping in a lonely place [6] putting the body to exercise. This is external Tapas. The internal Tap is [1] Doing penance [2] keeping restraint [3] serving the Teachers [4] Reading the Shastras daily [5] indifference towards one's own body and [6] concentration of mind.
The fifty three rites prescribed for a layman are the eight primary qualities, the twelve Vows, the twelve Tapas. The fifty three rites one Samyabhava or equanimity, the eleven Stages, the four Danas, the habit of drinking water passed through cloth, giving up night-meals and the three jewels. They are all detailed before.
The six daily duties of a man are, (1) worship, (2) business for livelihood by means of (a) the sword, (b) the pen (c) the plough, (d) the scale (e) the tools of arts like carpentry, mechanics, drawing and (f) the rod of the herdsman. No one should be idle and burdensone to others. One who handles the sword has to perform six duties, viz:-self-protection, maintaining purity of heart, up-holding the royal family and treating his subjects and his sons alike and subduing his foes. [3] Charity. [4] Reading and thinking. [5] Self restraint; and [6] Penance.
I shall now briefly enumerate the fifty three ceremonies through which a man living in family life is to pass.
The fifty three ceremonies of the Mahapuran