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śrāvakācāra are the same. Thus, there is no wonder that the abovementioned transgressions of gross-non-violence reflect the Kautilyan views on ‘paśupālana’. In fact the concept of aticāras is based on the 90th adhyāya of Arthaśāstra i.e aticāradanda.
2nd Aņuvrata : The vow of desisting (abstaining) from gross
falsehood.
Sthūla-mşşāvāda-viramaņa-vrata is elaborated in two ways. Sahasā-abhyākhyāna etc. are the five transgressions which are traditionally known and noted in the Upāsakadaśā and Āvaśyaka-sūtra. Among these five, four are concerned with personal ethhics but the last transgression is important because of it's social importance.
(i) The last transgression is kūtalekha-karana i.e. to make false documents.
In the 80'h adhyāya of Arthaśāstra, Kauțilya says, “Deporation is the proper punishment for the persons who prepare false agreements.' In the 86th adhyāya, there is a separate paragraph on the clerk (lekhaka) in the court who dabbles with the facts, changes it, adds something new or ministerpretes the documents. A severe fine is prescribed for preparing such type of kutalekha.
(ii) A further account of the 2nd aņuvrata mentions a number of events in which ambiguous, misleading or deceitful behaviour is likely to occur. However, it is pointed out that such deceitful behaviour is no less a transgression though it is common or natural.
Falsehood regarding the engagement or wedding of a girl is known as kanyālīka. 89th adhyāya of Arthaśāstra titled ‘kanyāprakrama' takes notice of all the crimes regarding unmarried girls. No doubt, the transgression ‘kanyālīka' covers all these crimes.
Falsehood regarding selling or buying of cattle is called
