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CATTLE, FIELD AND BARLEY respects. For the present purpose it will, however, suffice to have a brief look at some of the verses in the Manusmrti, quoted here in their most recent translation, viz. that of Derrett. 43
8. 238: 'If cattle damage. unfenced crops there the king shall not inflict punishment for that on their keepers.' 8. 239: ‘One should set up a fence such as a camel cannot see over, and stop up every hole that a dog or a boar could push his head through.' 8. 240: 'If cattle are on a road, 44 in a unfenced field, 45 or in the village, he, the keeper, deserves to be fined too; one may drive off cattle without a keeper.' 8. 241: 'In the case of other fields the cattle should pay a pana and a quarter a head, everywhere the harvest must be made good to the owner of the field: this is the settled rule.' 8. 242: ‘Manu has said that these are not punishable: a cow within ten days of calving, a bull, cattle : belonging to gods, whether or not they are
accompanied by keepers.°46 There is no need to go into details here in a comprehensive and systematic manner. But attention must nevertheless be drawn to the expressions used by Manuand the authors of some other Sūtra and Smộti texts as well as their commentators—when they come to speak of the damage to crops'. These are:47 vi-hims
