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CATTLE, FIELD AND BARLEY
465
causative verb bhakşayati when used ahimsārtha in contra - distinction to its being used himsārtha; and it cannot, I think, be disputed that he did achieve his aim. However, whether by giving precisely these and no other examples and counter examples he wanted to intimate in additon that men, or at least certain people, are able strictly to avoid any himsā (by leaving the unavoidable killing to others), whereas for cattle the very process of living means continuously committing injury to other living beings or whether Patañjali at least thought of this distinction, will most probably remain a question which can never be answered.
NOTES
1 Acāryasrisiddhasenadivākaraprañitam Sammatitarkaprakaraṇam, Taina<ietãmbara - rãiagacchiyapradyumnasurisisya - tarkapamcananaorimad - Abhayadevasūrinirmitayā Tattvabodhavidhāyinyā vyākhyayā vibhūșitam .... pathāntara-tippanyādibhiḥ pariskrtya samsodhitam, Gujarātapurătattvamandira, Amadābåd, samvat 1980-1985. Reprinted Kyoto 1984.-I am not sure whether it is this edition which is referred to as no. 2294 in Karl H. Potter, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Bibliography (Revised Edition), Delhi 1983.
2 What I have in view here is, of course, in the first place, H. Lüders' famous article "Die Saubhikas. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des indischen Dramas', originally published in: BSB 1916, pp. 698-737 and reprinted in: Philologica Indica, Göttingen 1940, pp. 391-428.
3 This expression is clearly used here in the general meaning of ‘plant' and not as a technical term by which the Indian 'botanists' etc. distinguish 'trees which bear fruit without having flowered' from 'trces which bear fruits after having flowered', 'creepers' and ‘shrubs'; cf. e.g. Manu 1. 47 f.
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