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________________ upaniSadoM kA jaina tattvajJAna para prabhAva : eka samIkSA ('vizvazAnti evaM ahiMsA' isa viSaya para, karnATaka vizvavidyAlaya (dhAravADa) ke saMskRta vibhAgadvArA Ayojita rASTrIya carcAsatra meM (22-23 phebruvArI 2013) prastuta kiyA jAnevAlA zodhanibandha) viSaya va mArgadarzana -: DaoN. nalinI jozI ghara kA patA : (prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana, puNe vidyApITha) DaoN. anItA sudhIra botharA zodhachAtrA -: DaoN. anItA botharA. plaoNTa naMbara 44, lena naMbara 8, (saMzodhaka sahAyikA, jaina adhyAsana, puNe vidyApITha) RturAja sosAyaTI, puNe 411037 dinAMka : 12/02/2013 zodhanibandha ke zIrSaka meM nihita gRhItaka : taulanika dRSTi se jainavidyA kA abhyAsa karanevAle saMzodhakoM ke mastiSka meM prAya: vicAroM ke tIna prArUpa pAye jAte haiN| 1) vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA se zramaNa paramparA kI alagatA dikhAne ke lie 'bauddha' aura 'jaina' - isa prakAra kI padAvali upayojita kI jAtI hai / isameM antarbhUta hai ki jo jo bauddhoM ne kiyA vahIM jainoM ne kiyA / dUsarI bAta yaha ki jaina paramparA bahuta hI prAcIna hone para bhI hamezA bauddhoM kA ullekha prathama aura jainoM kA bAda meM kiyA jAtA hai| 2) dUsarA prArUpa yaha hai ki vaidika yA hindu paramparA ko bahuta hI parivartanazIla, samaya ke anurUpa DhalanevAlI evaM lacIlI hone ke taura para mAnA gayA hai / jainiyoM ke samayAnusArI parivartana kaI bAra durlakSita kiye gaye haiN| 3) tIsarA mahattvapUrNa prArUpa yaha hai ki prabhAva kI dizA hamezA vaidika yA hinduoM se zurU hotI hai aura prabhAvita honevAle hamezA jaina hI hote haiM / yahI prArUpa mana meM rakhakara zodhanibandha kA viSaya diyA gayA hai| "upaniSadoM meM nihita vicAra pUrvakAlIna aura bahutahI prabhAvI haiM aura jaina paramparA meM, vizeSata: tattvajJAna meM mAnoM upaniSadoM ko hI Akara grantha mAnakara mahattvapUrNa vicAra cayanita kiye haiM"-yaha bhAvArtha zodhanibandha ke zIrSaka meM samAhita hai / isa gRhItaka kI vividha pahaluoM se samIkSA karanA isa zodhanibandha kA uddezya hai|
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________________ tulanA ke vibhinna AdhAra : isa zodhanibandha ke zIrSaka meM upaniSada aura jaina tattvajJAna kI tulanA karanA apekSita hai / lekina tulanA ke lie sacamuca unameM viSaya, zailI, kAla Adi dRSTi se sAmya honA Avazyaka hai / yahA~ hama spaSTa karate haiM ki upaniSada vibhinna RSiyoM dvArA vibhinna kAla meM, prakaTa kI huI vividhatApUrNa vicAradhArAe~ haiM / mAnA gayA hai ki chaha vaidika darzanoM kA ve mUlAdhAra haiM / jainadarzana kI agara bAta kareM to tattvArthasUtra yaha saMskRta sUtrabaddha pramANita grantha hai / usameM vAGmayIna aMza pAye nahIM jAte / tattvArtha jisa para AdhArita haiM, ve grantha haiM ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI bhASA meM nibaddha Agamagrantha ! ve prAcIna haiM aura unameM tattvajJAna, AcAra, saMvAda Adi saba prAya: saMmizra svarUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / agara tulanA karanI hI hai to Agama aura upaniSadoM kI karanI cAhie / zailIgata sAmya : agara hama prAcInatama ardhamAgadhI-grantha 'AcArAMgasUtra' paDhe to nimnaprakAraka kaI vAkya usameM pAye jAte haiM / 'lokasAra' adhyayana meM 'AtmA' ke bAre meM kahA hai - savve sarA Niyasa'ti / takkA jattha Na vijjai / maI tattha Na gAhiyA / se Na dIhe, Na hasse -- / Na kiNhe, Na NIle --- | Na subbhigaMdhe, Na durabhigaMdhe / Na titte, Na kaDue --- / Na kakkhaDe, Na maue --- / Na kAU / Na ruhe / Na saMge / Na itthI, Na purise, Na aNNahA / pariNNe saNNe / uvamA Na vijjae / arUvI sattA / se Na sadde, Na rUve, Na gaMdhe, Na rase, Na phAse, iccetAva / ' prAya: yahI 'AtmavarNana' pramukhatA se kaThopaniSada meM pAyA jAtA hai / yama-naciketa saMvAda meM AtmA ke bAre meM kahA hai ki - naiSA tarkeNa matirApaneyA / --- ajo nityaH zAzvato'yaM purANo / aNoraNIyAnmahato mahIyAnAtmAsya jantornihito guhAyAm / nAyamAtmA pravacanena labhyo na medhayA na bahunA zrutena / azabdamasparzamarUpamavyayaM tathA'rasaM nityamagandhavaccayat / ' hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki sAkSAtkArI mahAnubhAvoM ne kiye hue AtmasambandhI varNanoM meM sAmya to anivArya rUpa se dikhAyI degA hI / kevala AtmasvarUpa ke hI nahIM kintu mokSavarNana meM bhI prAya: thoDI pAribhASika bhinnatA choDakara samAna anubhUti hI aMkita kI gayI hai / parantu isa AdhAra se hama mUlagAmI tattvavicAroM kA sAmya nahIM siddha kara sakate / eka-dUsare kA prabhAva bhI ise mAnA nahIM jA sakatA / prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama evaM upaniSada ina donoM meM kaI zailIgata sAmya dikhAyI dete haiN| upaniSada evaM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prAya: guru-ziSya 'saMvAda' ke rUpa meM tattvajJAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yamanaciketa, indra-prajApati, yAjJavalkya aura usakI patnI maitreyI', AruNI aura usakA putra zvetaketu Adi aneka saMvAda upaniSadoM meM pAye jAte haiM / pUrI mahAvIravANI sudharmA aura jambu ke saMvAdarUpa meM
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________________ prastuta kI gayI hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM rUDha mAnyatA ke anusAra 36000 praznottara zabdabaddha kiye gaye haiM / rAjapraznIyasUtra meM nihita kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA pradezI kA saMvAda suvikhyAta hai / jisa prakAra upaniSadoM meM gadya, padya evaM gadya-padya mizrita bhAga dikhAyI dete haiM vahI tarIkA jaina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| donoM ke gadyabhAga kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki gadya hone ke bAvajUda bhI usameM dhvani kI dRSTi se eka viziSTa 'layabaddhatA' kI anubhUti hotI hai / layabaddhatA ke AcArAMga sUtra meM nihita kucha udAharaNa dekhie - nAlaM te tava tANAe, saraNAe vA / tumaMpi tesiM nAlaM tANAe vA, saraNAe vA / 5 esa se paramArAmo, jAo logammi itthiio|' isI prakAra taittirIya aura bRhadAraNyaka Adi upaniSadoM meM bhI layabaddha vAkyoM kI racanA pAyI jAtI hai / jaise ki - yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante, yena jAtAni jIvanti, yatprayantyabhisaMvizanti, tadvijJijJAsasva tadbrahmeti / asato mA sadgamaya, tamaso mA jyotirgamaya, mRtyormA amRtaM gamaya / 'samIkaraNAtmaka gola vRttAkAra vAkyaracanA', ardhamAgadhI Agama evaM upaniSadoM meM samAna rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai / je guNe se AvaTTe se guNe / jahA aMto tahA bAhiM, jahA bAhiM tahA aMto / " je egaM jANai, se savvaM jANai / se savvaM jANai, se egaM jANai / 12 isI prakAra kI vRttAkAra racanA taittirIya Adi upaniSadoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / jaise ki prANo vA annam / zarIramannAdam / prANe zarIraM pratiSThitam / zarIre prANaH pratiSThitaH / tadetadannamanne pratiSThitam / vAG me manasi pratiSThitA mano me vAci pratiSThitaM / 14 'upamA, dRSTAnta evaM rUpakoM kI bharamAra', upaniSadoM evaM uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaise prAcIna jaina AgamoM kI khAsiyata hai / bRhadAraNyakopaniSada meM kahA hai ki rathacakra ke Are jisa prakAra cakra kI nAbhI meM pratiSThita hote haiM usI prakAra jagat ke saba vastu jAta, prANoM meM pratiSThita hai / 15 yahI upamA bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM ahiMsA ke lie upayojita kI gayI hai / muNDakopaniSada meM brahma aura sthAvara jaMgama padArthoM ke lie makaDI aura usake jAla kI upamA prastuta kI gayI hai / 17 bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM kahA hai ki jaise rezama kA kIDA apane hI mukha se tAra nikAla kara apane ko bA~dhatA hai vaise durbuddhi manuSya viSayarUpa pAzoM se khuda ko bA~dhatA hai / 18 kaThopaniSada meM AtmA ke bAre meM kahA hai ki vaha aNu se bhI aNu hai aura mahat se bhI mahAna hai / 9 yahI kalpanA prAyaH bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM ahiMsA ke bAre meM upayojita kI gayI hai / jaise ki - Natthi aNUdo appaM AyAsAdo aNUNayaM Natthi / jaha jaha jANa mallaM Na vayamahiMsAsamaM atthi / / 20 jaina aura upaniSadakAlIna RSi donoM bhI dravyayajJa ke virodhI hone ke kAraNa donoM meM 'yajJasambandhI rUpaka' hI jAdA tara pAye jAte haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM harakezIya, iSukArIya evaM yajJIya ina tInoM adhyayanoM 3
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________________ meM yajJasambandhI pratikAtmaka artha batAye haiM / chAMdogya, bRhadAraNyaka23 Adi upaniSadoM meM yajJIya vidhi evaM yajJIya upakaraNoM ke nAmoM ke pratikAtmaka adhyAtmapradhAna artha batAye gaye haiN| yahA~ eka bAta kahanA atyanta Avazyaka hai ki zailIgata sAmya kevala bahiraMga sAmya hotA hai / usa para nirbhara hokara agara hama unake antaraMga sAmya kI apekSA kareMge to yaha bahuta baDI galataphahamI hogI / zailIgata vizeSatAe~ kaI bAra samakAlInatA kI vajaha se bhI A sakatI hai / AtmA evaM mokSavarNana kI pradhAnatA tathA bAhyazailIgata sAmya dekhakara hama kataI nahIM kaha sakate ki, upaniSadoM kA jaina tattvajJAna para prabhAva par3A hai / ata: zodhanibandha ke agale bhAga meM donoM meM pAye jAnevAle tAttvika evaM mUlagAmI bheda hama adhorekhita kareMge / upaniSada saMjJA meM antarbhUta 'gUDhavAda' : ___ upaniSada zabda 'upa' aura 'ni' upasargapUrvaka 'sad' dhAtu meM 'kvip' pratyaya lagAkara niSpanna huA hai / zAMkarabhASya meM upaniSada zabda ke tIna bhinna-bhinna artha diye haiM / unameM se eka artha hai, 'rahasya' athavA 'gopanIya vidyA' / amarakoza meM bhI upaniSada ke rahasya' artha ko mAnyatA dI hai / __ upaniSadoM meM nihita gUDhavAda 'kaTha' jaise aneka upaniSadoM meM spaSTata: se pratipAdita hai / * hiraNmayena pAtreNa satyasyApihitaM mukham / / tattvaM pUSannapAvRNu satyadharmAya dRSTaye / 24 * upaniSadaM bho brUhItyuktvA ta upaniSadbrAhmIM vAva ta upaniSadamabrUmeti / / 25 * taM durdazaiM gUDhamanupraviSTaM guhAhitaM gahvareSThaM purANam / 26 * RtaM pibantau sukRtasya loke guhAM praviSTau parame parArdhe / 27 sArAMza upaniSadoM kI brahmavidyA gUDhavAda ke valaya se veSTita hai / jaina tattvajJAna batAne kI rIti yA paddhati, isase bilakula viparIta hai / samagra vizva ke vizleSaNa para AdhArita jaina tattvajJAna sabake lie khulA hai / SaDdravya, realities hone ke kAraNa gUDhavAda kI koI guMjAIza nahIM hai / jIvatattva SaDdravyoM meM se hI eka hai / saMsAra meM vaha zarIra ke Azraya se rahatA hai / isa vizva meM anantAnanta jIva haiM / pratyeka meM cetanAlakSaNa jIva kA astitva pAyA jAtA hai / mahAvIravANI nAma se prasiddha, eka bhI Agamagrantha meM, isa prakAra kA eka bhI vAkya nahIM pAyA jAtA ki, 'he ziSya ! maiM tumheM gUDha rahasyamaya jJAna de rahA huuN|' upaniSadoM kI pratikriyAtmakatA : bhAratIya vidyA ke sabhI abhyAsaka mAnya karate haiM ki Arambha meM daivatapradhAna evaM bAda meM karmakANDapradhAna vaidika sAhitya evaM AcaraNa kI eka svAbhAvika pratikriyA bAda meM AviSkRta huI, usI
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________________ kA nAma 'upaniSada' hai / upaniSada kA dUsarA nAma 'vedAnta' bhI hai / spaSTa hai ki kArmakANDa kA pratikriyA svarUpa maulika jJAna upaniSadoM meM nihita hai / ise 'jJAnakANDa' bhI kahA jAtA hai / vaidika evaM vedottarakAlIna usI paramparA ke kaI RSiyoM ne AtmA evaM brahmatattva kA cintana karake tatsambandhI i hue vicAra upaniSada sAhitya meM nihita hai / nirgrantha tattvajJAna pratikriyAtmaka nahIM hai| bha. pArzvanAtha kA tattvajJAna prAya: isvI ke pUrva AThavIM zatAbdI meM pracalita thA yaha bAta aba siddha ho cukI hai / unake dvArA pratipAdita nirgrantha tattvajJAna meM SaDdravya, navatattva evaM karmasiddhAnta spaSTa rUpa meM maujUda the| zraddhA, jJAna, cAritra evaM tapa inake yathAyogya samanvaya ke dvArA hI mokSamArga kI avadhAraNA pAyI jAtI hai / 29 mUla avadhAraNAoM kA vistAra jaina sAhitya meM avazya pAyA jAtA hai lekina ye avadhAraNAe~ niHsaMzaya maulika haiM, pratikriyAtmaka nahIM haiM / isI vajaha se jaina tattvajJAna ke mUlAdhAra khoje nahIM jA skte| itanA hI nahIM to vedoM kA prArambha jisa Rgveda se huA usameM bhI jaina mUlatattvoM kI avadhAraNA chAyA rUpa se bhI nahIM dikhAyI detI / - upaniSadoM ke mUlAdhAra vAkyoM kI jaina dRSTi se upapatti : yaha kahane meM bilakula hI atyukti nahIM hai ki prAya: pramukha dasa upaniSadoM meM (aura anyatra bhI) punarAvRtta cAra laghuvAkya, sabhI upaniSadoM ke mUlAdhAra haiM / ve nimna prakAra ke haiM / 1) sarva khalu idaM brahma / 2) ayamAtmA brahma / 3) ahaM brahmAsmi / 4) tattvamasi / " 1) sarva khalu idaM brahma : dRzyamAna jagat meM jo jo bhI dikhAyI detA hai vaha saba brahma hai / isameM brahmatattva kI vibhutA varNita hai / matalaba yaha huA ki zarIra ke andara bhI brahma hai aura bAhara bhI brahma hai / jaina dRSTi se dekhe to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ajIvatattva kI yAne pudgalaparamANu yA matter kI kucha bhI vyavasthA isa civAdI tattvajJAna meM nahIM hai / hareka vyakti maraNazIla hai / uparokta siddhAnta ke anusAra mRtyu ke uparAnta vaha brahma meM vilIna ho jAyegA / 'phira viziSTa jIvoM ko kisake AdhAra se aura kisa prakAra punarjanma prApta hogA'-yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai / kisI bhI upaniSada meM yaha nahIM kahA hai ki 'sarvaM khalu idaM brahma / ', yaha tattva mokSagata jIva ko hI upayojita hai / / jaina tattvajJAna kI avadhAraNA hai ki saMsAra kA pratyeka jIva svatantra zarIra se yukta hai| mRtyusamaya meM vaha jIva paramANurUpa zarIra kA tyAga karatA hai| kArmaNa zarIra usake sAtha hI rahatA hai| kArmaNa zarIra meM nihita ATha karmoM kI vizeSatAe~, usa jIva kA punarjanma evaM sukha-duHkha Adi taya karatA hai| 5
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________________ 2) ayamAtmA brahma / 3) ahaM brahmAsmi / : ina donoM vAkyoM meM jIvAtmA aura parabrahma kI ekarUpatA kA samIkaraNa batAyA hai / jaina dRSTi se jIvAtmA ke atirikta koI vibhu, svatantra paramAtmA nahIM hai / jainadharma granthoM meM kabhI-kabhI AlaMkArika artha se paramAtmA saMjJA pAyI jAtI hai / lekina yaha avadhAraNA hai ki svapuruSArtha se AdhyAtmika unnati karate karate, jIvAtmA jaba vizuddha hotI hai taba use paramAtmA kahate haiM / eka jIva kabhI bhI dUsarI AtmA meM vilIna nahIM hotA / itanA hI nahIM to muktajIvoM kA svatantra astitva, sad rUpa se kAyama rahatA hai / 4) tattvamasi : isa upaniSadavAkya kA matalaba hai ki, 'tuma vahI parabrahma tattva ho / ' isa vAkya kI jaina upapatti yaha ho sakatI hai ki vizva ke sarva jIvoM meM jIvatva rUpa se sAmya hai / tathA pratyeka jIva meM arthAt AtmA meM anantajJAna Adi catuSTaya kI kSamatA bhI hai / tathApi hareka jIva kI indriyA~, gati, lezyA, sukhaduHkha Adi bilakula alaga-alaga evaM svatantra hai / 'dUsarA jIva bhI mere samAna hI hai' - isa prakAra sahasaMvedana nirmANa karanA, unake bAre meM ahiMsAbhAva dhAraNa karanA, yahI 'tattvamasi' vAkya kI jaina phalazruti hai / sArAMza, upaniSadoM ke AdhArabhUta, sArabhUta, gRhIta vAkyoM meM se jaina tattvajJAna ko AtmA kA astitva evaM svarUpa mAnya hai / lekina zarIradhArI alaga-alaga jIvAtmAe~ evaM vibhu-brahma ina donoM kA layAtmaka sambandha evaM siddhAnta jainoM ko bilakula mAnya nahIM hai / kiMbahunA, pUre prAcIna jainagranthoM meM eka bAra bhI 'brahma' isa zabda kA prayoga, upaniSadoM ke artha meM pAyA nahIM jAtA / sRSTyutpattiviSayaka mAnyatA : pramukha dasa upaniSadoM kA avalokana karate hI pramukhatA se yaha bAta dhyAna meM AtI hai ki dasa meM se sAta upaniSadoM meM sRSTi kI utpatti, usakA kartA, utpattikrama evaM paddhati Adi ke bAre meM bhinna-bhinna vicAra pravAha AviSkRta hue haiN| kiMbahunA, sRSTiviSayaka vicAra upaniSadoM ke tattvajJAna kA eka pramukha aura anivArya bhAga hai / vividha RSiyoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa sRSTiviSayaka vicAroM meM vaicitryamaya vibhinnatA dRgocara hotI hai / * kaThopaniSat : tapa ke pahale jo utpanna huA hai, udaka Adi paMcamahAbhUtoM ke pahale jo utpanna huA hai, prANimAtroM ke hRdayAkAza meM yAne guhA meM praveza karake jo bhUtoM ke samaveta rahatA hai, aisA hiraNyagarbharUpI teja brahma hai / 31 6
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________________ * praznopaniSat : prajApati ko prajA utpanna karane kI icchA huI / usane tapa kiyA / (candra) aura prANa (sUrya) yaha mithuna utpanna kiyA / isa mithuna se saba mUrta-amUrta yAne sthUla-sUkSma sRSTi kI utpatti huI / * muNDakopaniSat 1) indrAdi devoM meM prathama vizva kA kartA, bhuvanoM kA pAlayitA brahmadeva utpanna huA / saba vidyAoM kA AzrayasthAna honevAlI brahmavidyA, usane apanA jyeSTha putra atharvA ko kathana kI / parAvidyA vahI hai jisase avinAzI vidyAe~ do haiM, parAvidyA aura aparAvidyA | brahma prApta hotA hai / * vaha brahma atyanta sUkSma, kSaya se rahita aura prANiyoM kA utpattikAraka hai / " 2) kSayarahita brahma se vizva utpanna hotA hai| jJAna se brahma vRddhi ko pAtA hai| usase anna-prANamana (saMkalpa)-AkAza- bhUtapaMcaka (satya) -bhU Adi saptaloka-karma-karmaphala (amRta) utpanna hotA ------ - 3) parAvidyA satya hai / pradIpta agni se hajAroM cinagAriyA~ utpanna hotI hai tadvat akSarabrahma se nAnA prakAra ke jIva (bhAva) utpanna hote haiM aura usI meM lIna hote hai / 35 4) usa upAdhirahita akSarabrahma se prANa, mana, indriyA~, AkAza, vAyu, teja, udaka aura vizva ko dhAraNa karanevAlI pRthvI - yaha saba utpanna hotA hai / 36 * taittirIyopaniSat 1) tasmAdvA etasmAdAtmana AkAzaH saMbhUtaH / AkAzAdvAyuH vAyoragniH agnerApaH / / adbhayaH pRthivI / / pRthivyA oSadhayaH / / oSadhIbhyo'nnam / / annAtpuruSaH / / sa vA eSa puruSo'nnarasamayaH tasyedameva ziraH || 2) yaha jagat pahale 'asat' (nAmArUpAdi rahita ) thA / usase 'sat' utpanna huA / usane apa Apako nirmANa kiyA / use 'sukRta' kahate haiM / vaha sukRta 'rasa' hai / rasa pAkara AtmA Anandita hotA hai / 38 7 * aitareyopaniSat : utpatti ke pahale isa jagat meM sirpha AtmA thA / dUsarI koI bhI vyApAravAn cIja nahIM thI / usane vicAra kiyA, 'maiM nirmANa karU~' / usane ambha, marIci, mara aura Apa ye cAra loka nirmANa kiye| usake bAda lokapAla nirmANa kiye| usane udaka se eka puruSa nikAlA / use piNDa se yukta kiyA / AtmA ne usa piNDapuruSa kI ora dekhA / yahI usakA tapa thaa| avalokana se piNDapuruSa se mukha utpanna kiyA / mukha se vANI, vANI se agni tathA nAsikA utpanna huI / nAsikA se prANa phira cakSu, karNa, tvacA, loma, hRdaya, mana, candramA, nAbhi, apAna, mRtyu, zizna, reta, udaka * chAMdogyopaniSat 1 ) isa loka kA Azraya AkAza hai| sthAvara-jaMgamAdi sarva bhUtamAtra AkAza se utpanna hote haiM aura AkAza meM hI unakA asta hotA hai| arthAt paramAtmarUpa AzrayasthAna hai |40
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________________ 2) yaha saba nAmarUpAdi vikAramaya jagat brahma hai| kyoMki yaha jagat brahma se utpanna hotA hai, brahma meM lIna hotA hai| brahma meM hI jIvita rahatA hai| 3) Arambha meM yaha jagat 'asat' thA / bAda meM 'sat' pravRtta huA / usake anantara eka 'aNDA' utpanna huA / eka sAla taka vaha usI avasthA meM rahA / anantara phUTa kara usake do bhAga ho gaye / raupyamaya ardhabhAga pRthvI hai aura suvarNamaya ardhabhAga svarga hai / krama se Aditya nirmANa huA / sarva bhUtamAtra aura sarva viSaya Aditya se utpanna hue / 4) jagat kI utpatti ke pahale eka advitIya aisA 'sat' hI thA / vaha ekamevAdvitIya thA / usane dekhA (cAhA) ki, 'maiM bahuta honA cAhatA hU~ / ' isalie usane teja utpanna kiyA / teja ne cAhA ki, "maiM bahuta honA cAhatA hU~, isalie udaka kA nirmANa huA / isI prakAra aNDaja, jIvaja aura udbhijja bhUtoM kI utpatti huI / 43 * bRhadAraNyakopaniSat : 1) sRSTi ke Arambha meM kucha nahIM thA / yaha saba mRtyu AvRta thA / mRtyu kA dUsarA nAma hai 'azanAyA' / usa azanAyA ne icchA kI, ki maiM AtmavAn ho jAU~ / usane mana nirmANa kiyA / vaha arcana karatA rahA / usase udaka nirmANa huA / usa udaka para jo malaI thI vaha pRthvI huI / 2) sabase pahale kevala AtmA (prathamazarIrI prajApati ) thA / vaha mastaka - hastAdi lakSaNoM se yukta puruSa thaa| vaha prajApati strI-puruSa rUpa meM pariNata huA / una donoM ne vividha prakAra ke rUpa dhAraNa karake saba dvipada-catuSpada sRSTi kI nirmiti kI 45 3) sRSTi ke pahale kevala udaka thA / udaka se kramapUrvaka satya -brahma-prajApati - deva-manuSya Adi kI utpatti huI / namUne ke taura para prastuta kiye hue uparokta sRSTinirmiti sambandhI vicAra ekatrita karane se vidita hotA hai ki vaidika RSiyoM ke prAyaH ye kalpanAviSkAra haiM / sabhI meM ekavAkyatA pAne kI kataI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / kimbahunA eka upaniSada ke antargata bhI do-tIna, alaga-alaga utpattiviSayaka parikalpanAe~ maujUda haiN| ------ jainadarzana kI svAbhAvika prakRti hI yaha hai ki vaha nirmiti ke siddhAnta ke lie, bilkula hI anukUla nahIM hai / 'sat se asat' aura 'asat se sat' nirmANa nahIM ho sakatA, yaha jaina tattvajJAna kI dRDha dhAraNA hai / samUcA vizva jainoM ne jIvatattva yAne cetanA aura ajIvatattva yAne pudgalaparamANu, ina do rAziyoM meM bA~TA hai / tathApi jIva aura pudgaloM ko kisane aura kaise nirmANa kiyA inakI purANakathAtmaka mithakakathAe~ kahIM bhI nahIM pAyI jaatii| vizva sat rUpa se sadaiva anAdi kAla se avasthita hai| ananta kAla taka rahegA / sat kI vyAkhyA meM astitva rUpa dhrauvya aura paryAyarUpa se parivartanazIlatA adhyAhRta 8
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________________ hai| sRSTikartA koI brahma, prajApati, Izvara Adi nahIM hai / jIva aura pudgala ye donoM tattva anAdikAla se eka-dUsare ke samparka meM hai / agara pUre vizva kA vicAra kare to vaha SaDdravyoM se yukta hai / usameM se pA~ca astikAya dravya hai / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya aura kAla-ina SaDdravyoM kI avasthiti loka meM hai / 48 inake saMyoga-viyoga se aura pariNamana se vizva meM gatimAnatA aura niyantraNa donoM sadaiva upasthita haiM / kAla ke ogha meM sRSTi kI utpatti evaM vinAza ko nakAranevAlA jaina tattvajJAna, sRSTyutpattiviSayaka mithaka kathAoM se bhare hue upaniSadoM se prabhAvita honA sarvasvI asambhavanIya hI hai / sRSTi kI utpatti ke bAre meM jainoM kI kevala alaga avadhAraNA hI nahIM kintu upaniSadoM meM nirdiSTa mata-matAntaroM para pratikriyAtmaka TIkA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| svasamaya-parasamaya para AdhArita sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki - evamannaM tu annANaM, ihamegesimAhiyaM / devautte ayaM loe, baMbhautte tti Avare / / IsareNa kaDe loe, pahANAi tahAvare / jIvAjIvasamAutte, suhadukkhasamannie / / sayaMbhuNA kaDe loe, iti vuttaM mahesiNA / mAreNa saMthuyA mAyA, teNa loe asAsae / / mAhaNA samaNA ege, Aha aMDakaDe jage / aso tattamakAsI ya, ayANaMtA musaM vade / / saehiM pariyAehiM, loyaM bUyA kaDe tti ya / tattaM te Na vijANaMti, Na viNAsI kayAi vi / / 49 bhAvArtha yaha hai ki samakAlIna vicAravantoM kI sRSTinirmita kalpanAoM meM, 'sRSTi kisI na kisI dvArA nirmita hai', yaha tathya adhorekhita hotA hai, jo jaina tattvajJAna ko mAnya nahIM hai / jagatkartA ke rUpa meM deva (devatA), brahmA (prajApati), Izvara, pradhAna, svayambhu, mAra Adi ko kathana karanA sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra mRSAvAda kA dyotaka hai / kisI aNDe se nirmita jagat ko bhI mRSAbhASaNa kahA hai / isa vivecana kI antima gAthA meM kahA hai ki yadyapi loka avinAzI hai tathApi usakI utpatti nahIM hai, vinAza nahIM hai, na koI usakA kartA hai na saMhartA hai / arthAt loka anAdiananta hai|
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke 'ArdrakIya' nAmaka chaThe adhyayana meM puruSa, jIva arthAt AtmA ko sarvavyApI aura nitya mAnane meM, jo mukhya Apatti nirmANa hotI hai vaha zabdAMkita kI hai / 48 vI gAthA meM spaSTa kahA hai ki, AtmA ko ekAntataH sarvavyApaka mAnane se, jIvAtmAoM meM bhinnatA nahIM rahegI / manuSya, deva Adi gatiyoM meM bheda nahIM rahegA / jIva na mareMge, na saMsArabhramaNa kareMge, na brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura preSya hoMge, na kITa, pakSI aura sarpa hoMge / 50 prAya: sabhI upaniSadoM meM brahma ko 'vibhu' yAne vyApaka mAnA hai / isa vajaha se punarjanma siddhAnta meM jo tArkika Apatti upasthita hotI hai usakA jikra sUtrakRtAMga ke isa gAthA meM kiyA hai / dasa upaniSadoM meM upasthita kucha tAttvika matabhedoM kI samIkSA : 1) Iza : 'hiraNmayena pAtreNa --- / ' isa prasiddha vacana meM kahA hai ki, satya kA mukha DhaMkA huA hai / pUSan ko AvAhana kiyA hai ki, 'satyadharma ke darzana ke lie tuma yaha Dhakkana haTA do'|51 ___jaina avadhAraNA ke anusAra satya nAma kI koI alaga cIja nahIM hai / jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ye SaDdravya hI sat hai / isake alAvA jagat kI hareka vastu, ghaTanA tathA vyakti anantadharmAtmaka hai / 52 zabda kI zakti maryAdita hai / isalie pratyeka uccArita vAkya kevala nayAtmaka arthAt aMzAtmaka satya hai / anekAntavAda kA bhASAntara hI isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai - Jaina Theory of Multiple Facets of Reality and Truth. 2) kena : isa upaniSada ke prArambha meM hI zAntimantra meM upaniSadavarNita 'brahma' kA nirdeza hai| parantu usake varNana se lagatA hai ki yaha koI tattva nahIM hai vyakti hai / kahA hai ki, 'brahma kA mujhase tiraskAra na ho, brahma bhI merA tiraskAra na kare' / 53 ___ yadyapi isameM brahmatattva kA bodha apekSita hai tathApi lagatA hai ki yaha brahmadeva ko parilakSita karatA jainadharma meM hareka jIva ke prati maitrIbhAva kI vRddhi tathA vairabhAva ke zamana kI icchA prakaTa kI jAtI hai / 54 kisI tattva ke dvArA tiraskAra kI bAta nahIM kahI gayI hai / 3) kaTha : suprasiddha 'yama-naciketa' saMvAda meM yama-naciketa ko kahatA hai ki, 'sUkSma dharmatattva ke bAre meM kucha mata pUcho / dUsarA koI bhI vara mA~go / zatAyuSI, putra-pautra, hAthI-ghoDe, vistIrNa rAjya, icchAnusArI AyuSya bhI tuma mA~gakara lo' / 55 jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra janma-maraNa kI niyantraka 'yama' nAma kI koI devatA nahIM hai / sabakI AyurmaryAdA unake-unake AyuSkarma ke anusAra taya hotI hai / aneka kAraNoM se Ayu kama ho sakatI hai lekina kisI bhI avasthA meM AyurmaryAdA baDhAyI nahIM jA sakatI / vaise bhI dhana-sampatti, putra-pautrAdi 10
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________________ aihika sukha bhI vedanIyakarma ke vipAka para aura puruSArtha para avalambita hai / khAsa kara dIrghAyuSya mA~gA nahIM jA sakatA aura diyA bhI nahIM jA sakatA / 56 4) prazna : vidarbha deza kA bhArgava prazna pUchatA hai ki, 'kauna kaunase deva indriyoM kA prakAzana karate haiM aura unameM variSTha kauna hai ?' pippalAda muni kahate hai ki, 'mana - cakSu - zrotra Adi indriyoM ko dhAraNa karanevAle deva AkAza, vAyu, agni, udaka, pRthvI aura vANI haiM' / 57 jaina tattvajJAna meM indriyavicAra kucha alaga hI tarIke se kiyA hai / jagat ke sabhI jIvoM kI vargavArI eka indriyavAle, do indriyavAle isa prakAra kI hai / manuSyaprANI pA~ca indriyA~ evaM mana se yukta hai / indriyA~ evaM sabhI zarIra - mAnasa vizeSatAe~ hareka jIva ko usake 'nAmakarma' ke anusAra prApta hotI haiM / 58 indriyoM kA Adhipatya vAyu, agni Adi devatAe~ nahIM karatI / tAttvika matabheda yahA~ itanA spaSTa hai ki pRthvI, vAyu, agni devatAe~ hI nahIM hai / ye saba pRthvIkAyika, vAyukAyika Adi jIvoM ke samUha rUpa haiM / 59 5) muNDaka : mokSAvasthA meM cakSu Adi saba indriyA~ apane-apane devatA kI ora jAte haiM / karma aura vijJAnamaya AtmA atyanta zreSTha aura vyayarahita brahma meM vilIna hote haiM / 60 jaina avadhAraNA ke anusAra mokSagAmI jIva zarIrarahita aura karmarahita hokara zuddha caitanyasvarUpa ho jAtA hai / svAbhAvika Urdhvagati ke anusAra lokAnta ke agrabhAga meM sthita siddhazilA para kevala astitva svarUpa se nivAsa karatA hai / mokSagAmI jIva kA ho yA saMsArI jIva kA ho, zarIra aura sabhI indriyA~ pudgala yAne paramANusvarUpa hI hotI haiM / mRtyu ke uparAnta ve kahIM gamana nahIM karatI / dahana Adi kriyA se bhasmIbhUta svarUpa meM yahA~ avasthita hotI hai / hareka saMsArI jIva taijasa aura kArmaNa donoM zarIra sAtha meM hI lekara punarjanma dhAraNa karatA hai / 62 unake zarIroM ke vilIna hone kI koI bhI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / 6) mANDukya : isa upaniSada meM tathA anya bhI upaniSadoM meM 'jAgrat', 'svapna', 'suSupti' aura 'turIya' ina cAra avasthAoM kA vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA | svapna ko, nidrA bhI kahA hai / suSupti, svapnarahita pragADha nidrA hai / turIya mokSAvasthA hai / ina cAroM avasthAoM kI manovizleSaNAtmaka cikitsA upaniSada kI eka vizeSatA hai| khAsakara suSupti avasthA meM jIvAtmAdvArA jo prajJAnamaya Ananda pAyA jAtA hai, usakA varNana upaniSada samarasatApUrvaka karate haiM / 63 jaina avadhAraNA prAyaH isake viparIta hI hai / nidrAvasthA kA vizeSa vicAra 'darzanAvaraNIyakarma' ke antargata kiyA jAtA hai / darzanAvaraNIya ke nauM prakAroM meM se pA~ca prakAra nidrA se sambandhita haiM, jaise nidrA, nidrAnidrA, pracalA, pracalApracalA, styAnagRddhi | 14 11
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________________ rUDha jaina mAnyatAoM ke anusAra kevalajJAna kI avasthA meM darzanAvaraNIya karma kA kSaya hotA hai / kevalajJAna kI prApti ke bAda agara vyakti jIvita rahatA hai to vaha bilakula nIMda nahIM letA / yaha avadhAraNA vyAvahArika dRSTi se ThIka nahIM jaMcatI tathApi nidrA ke pA~ca prakAroM meM nihita manovizleSaNAtmaka varNana upaniSada se bhinna hokara bhI khAsa lakSaNIya hai| 7) taittirIya : paMcakoza kA siddhAnta' isa upaniSada kI vizeSatA hai / upaniSadoM ke abhyAsakoM ne yaha paMcakozAtmaka siddhAnta itanA adhorekhita kiyA hai ki upaniSadoM ke pramukha siddhAntoM meM se, vaha eka bana gayA hai / ye pA~ca koza krama se annamaya-prANamaya-manomana-vijJAnamaya aura Anandamaya nAma se prasiddha hai / 65 ___upaniSada ke paMcakozAtmaka varNana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye mAnoM puruSa ke yAne jIvAtmA ke eka ke andara eka honevAle pA~ca koza haiM tathA pahale se anantara kA koza zreSTha hai| jaina tattvajJAna meM 'koza' zabda to prayukta nahIM kiyA hai lekina alaga pAribhASika zabdoM meM pA~ca koza kI upapatti hama lagA sakate haiM / jaina paribhASA meM annamaya, prANamaya aura manomaya koza pudgalasvarUpa hI hai kyoMki bAhyazarIra, prANa aura mana jaina avadhAraNA ke anusAra pudgala ke hI paryAya haiM / 66 AtmA meM ananta catuSTaya nihita hai / usameM jJAna, darzana, vIrya aura saukhya kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai / upaniSada kathita vijJAnamaya aura Anandamaya kozoM kI upapatti, hama ananta catuSTaya meM nirdiSTa saMkalpanAoM ke dvArA saralatA se kara sakate haiM / upaniSadoM ke anusAra pratyeka puruSa pA~ca kozoM se paripUrNa hai / jaina avadhAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka jIva cAhe vaha vanaspati ho, kITa-pataMga ho, pazu-pakSI ho yA manuSya, krama se cAra-pA~ca aura chaha paryAptiyoM se pUrNa hai / chaha paryAptiyoM kA nAmanirdeza isaprakAra kiyA jAtA hai - AhAraparyApti, zarIraparyApti, indriyaparyApti, zvAsocchzvAsaparyApti, bhASAparyApti, manaparyApti / 8) aitareya : isake dUsare adhyAya meM kahA hai ki putra utpanna hone ke bAda gRhastha (pitA) usakA vardhana karatA hai / putrarUpa santati kA vardhana khuda kA hI vardhana hai kyoMki lokaviccheda na hone ke lie, putrAdirUpa santati Avazyaka hai / santati ke rUpa meM pitA hI mAnoM dUsarI bAra janma letA hai / 67 gRhasthAzrama evaM gRhasthoM ke kartavyoM ko mahattva dekara varNana karanA yaha vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA hai / 'putrarUpa santati ko janma dekara hI gRhasthAzrama kI itikartavyatA hotI hai',-isa prakAra kI gRhasthAzramaniSTha avadhAraNA jainagranthoM meM nahIM pAyI jAtI / uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM 'iSukArIya' adhyayana meM isa vicAra kI pratikriyA spaSTa rUpa se dikhAyI detI hai / vivAha aura santAnotpatti karane ke lie putroM ko prerita karanevAle purohita ko usake viraktacitta putra kahate haiM ki -
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________________ veyA ahIyA na bhavaMti tANaM, bhuttA diyA niMti tamaM tameNaM / jAyA ya puttA na havaMti tANaM, ko NAma te aNumannejja evaM || 12 || "Azramadharma kA kramapUrvaka pAlana karanA anivArya nahIM hai / usake apavAda bhI ho sakate haiM"-isa tathya ko yaha gAthA adhorekhita karatI hai| 9) chAMdogya : isa upaniSada ke sAtaveM adhyAya meM 'nArada sanatkumAra' saMvAda aMkita kiyA hai| isa pradIrgha saMvAda meM eka se eka zreSTha bAtoM kI eka dIrgha zRMkhalA prastuta kI hai| kahA hai ki nAma se vANI zreSTha hai / vANI se mana zreSTha hai / isa prakAra saMkalpa -citta-dhyAna-vijJAna-bala- anna- udaka-tejaAkAza- smaraNa - AzA prANa-satya ye saba uttarottara zreSTha mAne haiN| zreSThatA para AdhArita isa prakAra kI ardhatArkika aura atArkika sAraNiyA~ prAcIna jaina granthoM meM pAyI nahIM jAtI / kevala isI upaniSada meM hI nahIM kintu anyatra bhI kaniSThatA-zreSThatA para AdhArita vaicArika zRMkhalAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM / 18 10) bRhadAraNyaka : isa upaniSada meM cAturvarNya kI utpatti, unakI zreSTha-kaniSThatA evaM devoM meM cAturvarNya kI vyavasthA, ina sabake bAre meM eka pradIrgha vivecana hai / Arambha meM kahA hai ki (brAhmaNAbhimAnI ) brahma se pahale brAhmaNoM kI utpatti huI / " jaina paramparA meM janmajAta varNavyavasthA ko kahIM bhI mAnyatA nahIM dikhAyI detI / jo bhI varNa haiM, ve saba karma ke anusAra hI diye gaye haiM / uttarAdhyayana ke paccIsaveM adhyayana ke suprasiddha gAthA meM kahA hai ki - na vi muMDieNa samaNo, na oMkAreNa baMbhaNo / na muNI raNNavAseNaM, kusacIreNa na tAvaso / / 29 / / samayAe samaNo hoI, baMbhacereNa baMbhaNo / nANeNa ya muNI hoi, taveNa hoi tAvaso ||30|| kammuNA baMbhaNo hoi, kammuNA hoi khattio / vaisso kampuNA hoi, suddo havai kammuNA ||31 / / namUne ke taura para diye hue uparokta tAttvika samIkSA se yaha tathya ujAgara hotA hai ki mokSa evaM AtmAsambandhI avadhAraNAoM meM sAmya hone ke bAvajUda bhI, aneka tAttvika evaM sAmAjika muddoM meM, upaniSada aura jaina paramparA meM atyanta mUlagAmI bheda haiM / 13
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________________ jainadarzana kI sughaTita kathana paddhati : * jJAnamImAMsA : prAcIna jainagranthoM meM mati-zruta-avadhi-mana:paryAya evaM kevalajJAna ye jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra, unakA pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANoM meM vibhAjana, pratyeka ke prakAra-upaprakAra tathA una prakAraupaprakAroM kA antara vistRtarUpa se batAyA hai / tattvArtha jaise dArzanika grantha meM hI nahIM kintu upaniSada ke prAya: samakAlIna jainagranthoM meM bhI (jaise vyAkhyAprajJapti, uttarAdhyayana Adi) jJAnamImAMsA sugaThita rUpa se aMkita kI huI hai| yadyapi upaniSada jJAnakANDa hai tathApi jJAna saMkalpanA kI suvyavasthita racanA yahA~ nahIM pAyI jAtI / kucha prAsaMgika pAribhASika zabdoM ke alAvA jAdA spaSTIkaraNa dikhAyI nahIM detA / ve zabda mukhyata: isa prakAra ke haiM - jJAna, vijJAna, parAvidyA, aparAvidyA, ajJAna, avidyA i. / * karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma : jainoM kA punarjanmasiddhAnta sampUrNatayA karmasiddhAnta se jur3A huA hai aura karmasiddhAnta se niSpanna hai / mana-vacana-kAyA kI pratyeka kriyA karma hai / karma pudgalamaya hai / kaSAya aura yoga ke mAdhyama se sUkSmatama karmavargaNAoM kA AtmA ke sAtha bandha hotA hai / bandha ke mukhya cAra prakAra, prakRtibandha ke mukhya ATha prakAra Adi aneka prakAra-upaprakAroM se pUrA karmasiddhAnta puSpita-phalita huA hai / zvetAmbara-digambara donoM ne karIbana 50 pramukha grantha aise likhe haiM jinakA mukhya viSaya karmasiddhAnta hai / sRSTikartA Izvara nakArane ke kAraNa svayaMcalita karmasiddhAnta ko jainadarzana meM ananyasAdhAraNa mahattva hai| upaniSadoM meM khojakara bhI karmasambandhI vivecana atyalpa mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai / 'jaisA karma kare, vaisA phala milatA hai', itanAhI sAmAnya svarUpa isameM dikhAyI detA hai / zubha aura azubha karma, pApa-puNya saMkalpanA, satkRtya aura sadAcaraNa se deva aura manuSyajanma, duSkRtya karanevAloM ko tiryaMcajanma - isa prakAra ke maryAdita vicAra upaniSada meM pAye jAte haiM / IzopaniSad meM 'na karma lipyate nare / ' tathA 'kurvanneveha karmANi jijIviSet zataM samAH / '7deg isI prakAra bRhadAraNyaka meM kahA hai ki, 'yatkarma kurute tadabhisaMpadyate / '79 karmasambandhI ina vicAroM para agara dRSTipAta kare to dikhAyI detA hai ki saiddhAntika dRSTi se ye vacana mAtra sAmAnya hai, subhASitapara hai| * nItizAstra : jainoM kI vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne mokSamArga ke tIna samanvita ghaTaka (ratna) batAye haiM / unakA tIsarA ghaTaka cAritra hai / cAritra kA matalaba hai nIti aura adhyAtma ke anukUla vartana / sAdhucAritra mukhyataH adhyAtmapradhAna hai / zrAvakoM kA cAritra prAyaH mUlagAmI nItitattvoM se pUrI taraha bharA huA hai / pAca suprasiddha mahAvratoM para AdhArita aNuvrata, guNavrata evaM zikSAvratoM para AdhArita gRhasthadharma aneka ucca naitika mUlyoM ko ujAgara karatA hai /
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________________ vividha upaniSadoM meM nihita saMvAdoM meM, upaniSadoM kA nItizAstra bikhare hue svarUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai / taittirIya upaniSada kA, 'satyaM vada, dharmaM cara --- mAtRdevo bhava, pitRdevo bhava --- yAni asmAkaM sucaritAni tAni tvayopAsyAni, no itarANi'72 -yaha nItiupadeza bahuta hI prasiddha hai / bRhadAraNyaka upaniSada meM nihita dAna, damana aura dayA para AdhArita upadeza bhI vAraMvAra uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai / bRhadAraNyaka kA yAjJavalkya-maitreyI saMvAda mUlyAdhiSThita saMvAda kA caramotkarSa hai / chAMdogyopaniSada meM kahA hai ki, 'vyasana-caurya-surApAna-gurustrIsaMbhoga-brahmajJAnI ko mAranevAlA, ina sabako adholoka kI prApti hotI hai|' jaina tattvajJAna meM aura upaniSadoM meM nihita nItimUlyoM kA sArAsAra dRSTi se agara vicAra kareM to hama isa niSkarSa para Ate haiM ki, donoM kI alaga-alaga vizeSatAe~ haiM / lekina, 'jaina cAritrArAdhanA upaniSadoM se prabhAvita hai', isa prakAra kA vidhAna hama nahIM kara sakate / * lokasaMkalpanA : donoM paramparAoM meM trailokya kI avadhAraNA kAyama hai parantu jainoM meM Urdhvaloka, madhyaloka, adholoka ina tIna lokoM kA vistAra, pramANa evaM vibhAga vyavasthita rUpa se diyA hai / svarga ke paTala aura narakoM ke bila ina donoM kI saMkhyA, uttarottara zreSTha-kaniSThatA vistRta rUpa meM varNita hai / madhyaloka ko manuSyaloka kahA hai / usake bIcoM bIca sthita trasanADI meM manuSya aura tiryaMcoM kA astitva kahA hai / jIvoM kI cAra gatiyA~ mAnI hai / kaunakaunase karmoM se, kaunakaunase gatiyoM kA bandha hotA hai, isakA bhI varNana hai / upaniSadoM meM naraka kI avadhAraNA kahIM bhI spaSTa rUpa se nahIM pAyI jAtI / unake anusAra loka tIna haiM - devaloka, pitRloka aura manuSyaloka / ina lokoM ke prati le jAnevAle tIna mArga yA yAna bhI varNita hai, ve haiM - devayAna, pitRyANa aura manuSyayAna / pitRloka, pitRyANa tathA pitara aura zrAddhavidhi kA ullekha upaniSadoM kI vizeSatA hai / 75 jaina tattvajJAna meM piNDa, zrAddha, pitara inameM se kisI ko bhI sthAna nahIM diyA hai / vizeSa kathanIya yaha hai ki Rgveda se lekara purANoM taka pitR, piNDa evaM zrAddha ye saMkalpanAe~ avirata rUpa se dikhAyI detI haiM / isa saMkalpanAoM kA tanika bhI prabhAva jainagranthoM meM dikhAyI nahIM detA / upasaMhAra aura niSkarSa : * nibandha kI prastAvanA meM, zodhanibandha ke zIrSaka meM nihita gRhItaka kI samIkSA kI hai / nibandha kA mukhya prayojana hai ki, 'upaniSadoM kA tattvajJAna evaM jaina prAcIna prAkRta granthoM meM nihita tattvajJAna'inakI tulanA karake, upaniSadoM kA jaina tattvajJAna para prabhAva hai yA nahIM ; agara hai to kaunase muddoM meM haiM ? aura agara nahIM hai to unake tAttvika matabheda bhI sAmane lAnA / 15
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________________ * prArambha meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki yadyapi chaha vaidikadarzanoM kA mUlAdhAra upaniSada haiM tathApi jaina tattvajJAna meM kabhI bhI upaniSadoM ko sAmane rakhakara apanI tattvapraNAlI aura AcAra prastuta nahIM kiyA hai / * aitihAsikatA kI dRSTi se yaha batAyA hai ki prAcIna prAkRta Agama aura upaniSada sAmAnyata: tulanIya haiN| * zIrSaka meM nihita prabhAva kA prArUpa prAyaH donoM ke zailIgata sAmya ke kAraNa hai / AcArAMgasUtra kA AtmavarNana aura kaThopaniSada kA AtmavarNana AzcaryakAraka tarIke se sAmya rakhatA hai / antara kevala bhASA kA hI hai / saMvAda, gadya-padya kI mizratA, gadya meM nihita layabaddhatA, samIkaraNAtmaka gola vRttAkAra vAkyaracanA, upamA, dRSTAnta evaM rUpakoM kI bharamAra - ye saba zailIgata sAmya ke mukhya mudde haiM / AtmA evaM mokSavarNana kI pradhAnatA tathA zailI kA bahiraMga sAmya unake samakAlIna hone kA dyotaka hai, na ki kisI ke kisI para prabhAva kA / * upaniSada saMjJA meM antarbhUta gUDhavAda, kaI upaniSadgata vAkyoM meM aMkita hai / isake bilkula viparIta paddhati jaina tattvajJAna kI hai / samagra vizva ke vizleSaNa para AdhArita jaina tattvajJAna, vAstavavAdI hai aura sabake lie khulA hai| * eka aura mahattvapUrNa bheda yaha hai ki upaniSada meM nihita jJAnakANDa, vaidika karmakANDa ke pratikriyA svarUpa hai / nirgrantha tattvajJAna spaSTataH pratikriyAtmaka nahIM hai / SaDdravya, navatattvoM kI avadhAraNAe~, ni:saMzaya mUlagAmI hai / * sarvaM khalu idaM brahma / ayamAtmA brahma / ahaM brahmAsmi / tattvamasi / - ina cAra mUlAdhAra upaniSada vAkyoM kI samIkSA, zodhanibandha meM yathAsthAna antarbhUta kI hai / sArAMza meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki vibhu-brahma kI saMkalpanA jaina tattvajJAna ke DhA~ce meM nahIM ThIka baiThatI / 'brahma' zabda kA prayoga jaina tattvajJAna meM kahI nahIM pAyA jAtA / * 'sRSTi kI utpatti kisI ke dvArA honA'-yaha pramukha dasa upaniSadoM meM eka ni:saMdigdha gRhItaka hai / zodhanibandha meM sRSTyutpattiviSayaka 10-12 alaga-alaga mAnyatAe~ sandarbhasahita dI haiM / unakI antargata visaMgati ko dekhakara hama kaha sakate haiM ki ye vaidika RSiyoM ke prAya: kalpanAviSkAra haiM / ina matamatAntaroM para sUtrakRtAMga nAmaka grantha ne upasthita kI huI pratikriyA nibandha meM dI hai / jaina dRSTi se trailokya avinAzI hai tathApi usakI utpatti nahIM hai, vinAza nahIM hai, usakA koI kartA-saMhartA nahIM hai arthAt vaha anAdi-ananta hai| * jo tAttvika avadhAraNAe~ jaina tattvajJAna ko bilkula hI saMmata nahIM haiM, unakI samIkSA nibandha meM bahuta hI vistAra se kI hai / 'IzopaniSada' meM nirdiSTa satya ke Upara kA hiraNyamaya Dhakkana, 'kena' meM nirdiSTa brahmadvArA tiraskAra, 'kaThopaniSada' ke yama-naciketa saMvAda meM nihita icchAnusArI dIrghAyu kI 16
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________________ kAmanA aura 'maNDukopaniSada' meM nirdiSTa indriyoM kI adhiSThAtrI devatAe~, 'taittirIya' meM nirdiSTa annamaya, prANamaya Adi paMcakoza kA siddhAnta, 'aitareya' meM kathita putrasantati kA mahattva, 'bRhadAraNyaka' meM nirdiSTa cAturvarNyaviSayaka mAnyatA - ina sabhI muddoM ke bAre meM upaniSada aura jaina paramparA meM atyanta mUlagAmI bheda haiM / * jJAnamImAMsA, karmasiddhAnta - punarjanma aura trailokya saMkalpanA jaina tattvajJAna meM atyanta sughaTita, vyavasthita rUpa meM aMkita hai / ina tInoM ke bAre meM upaniSada meM bikhare hue chuTapuTa vicAra, idhara-udhara prasaMgopAtta prakaTa karate haiM / * donoM meM nihita nItizAstraviSayaka mUlyoM meM hama tara - tama bhAva to nahIM kara sakate lekina, 'jainoM kI samagra cAritrArAdhanA, upaniSadoM se prabhAvita hai' - isa prakAra kA vidhAna hama haragIja nahIM kara sakate / yaha kahanA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki Rgveda se lekara purANoM taka pitR, piNDa evaM zrAddha ye saMkalpanAe~ avirata rUpa se dikhAyI detI hai / isa saMkalpanA kA tanika bhI prabhAva jainagranthoM meM dikhAyI nahIM detA / * vaidika paramparA ke dasa pramukha upaniSada aura prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha prAcIna jaina Agama ina donoM kI sUkSmekSikA ke se hama isa natIje para pahu~cate haiM ki 'AtmA' kA varNana aura mAnavI AyuSya ke antima gantavya 'mokSa' ina donoM bhAratIya AdhyAtmika avadhAraNAoM kA vicAra upaniSada aura jaina tattvajJAna ne kiyA hai / nirgrantha yAne jaina paramparA zramaNadhArA kA prAcInatama AviSkAra hai jo vaidika upaniSadgata dhArA se kaI dRSTi se vibhinna hai / agara hameM tulanA karanI hI hai to, upaniSadoM kI tulanA 'RSibhASita' nAma ke ArSa prAkRta meM likhita jaina prakIrNaka grantha se kI jA sakatI hai / RSibhASita meM 45 Arhat RSiyoM ke vicAra, jaina paramparA ne aMkita kiye haiM / unameM se lagabhaga 30 RSi vaidika paramparA se sambandhita haiM / yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, AruNi Adi kaI vedakAlIna RSiyoM ke vicAra isa grantha meM surakSita haiM / usI grantha ke pArzvanAtha aura vardhamAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM kI tulanA karake bhI hama kaha sakate haiM ki, upaniSada aura jaina tattvajJAna kI vicAradhArAe~ alaga-alaga haiM / 1) AcArAMga (1), pR.206, 207 2) kaThopaniSat, pR. 42 se 54 3) kaThopaniSat 4) chAMdogyopaniSat 5) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat 6) chAMdogyopaniSat 7) AcArAMga (1), pR. 74 8) AcArAMga (1), pR. 77 9) taittirIyopaniSat, pR. 185 ********** sandarbha 17
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________________ 10) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.536 11) AcArAMga (1), pR.96 12) AcArAMga (1), pR.138 13) taittirIyopaniSat, pR.190,191 14) aitareyApaniSat, pR.199 15) sa vA ayamAtmA rathanAbhau ca rathanemau cArA: sarve samarpitA evamevAsminnAtmani sarvANi bhUtAni sarve devAH sarve lokAH sarve prANA: sarva eta AtmAnaH samarpitA: / bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.615,616 16) kuvvaMtassa vi jattaM tuMbeNa viNA Na ThaMti jaha arayA / araehiM viNA ya jahA NaTuM NemI cakkassa / / taha jANa ahiMsAe viNA Na sIlANi ThaMti savvANi / bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gA.786, 787 17) yathorNanAbhiH sRjate gRhRte ca yathA pRthivyAmoSadhayaH saMbhavanti / / yathA sataH puruSAtkezalomAni tathAkSarAtsaMbhavatIha vizvam / / maNDukopaniSat, pR.112 18) veDhei visayahedu kalattapAsehiM duvimoehiM / koseNa kosiyAruvva dammadI Nicca appANaM / / bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gA.911 19) aNoraNIyAnmahato mahIyAnAtmAsya jantornihito guhAyAm / / kaThopaniSata, pR.47 20) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gA.783 21) ke te joI ke va te joiThANA, kA te suyA kiM va te kArisaMga ? ehA ya te kAyarA saMti bhikkhU, kayareNa homeNa huNAsi joI ? / / tavo joI jIvo joiThANaM, jogA suyA sarIraM kArisaMga / kammehA saMjamajogasaMtI, homa huNAmi isiNaM pasatthaM / / uttarAdhyayana 12.43,44 ; 14.8 se 12 ; 25 vA 'yajJIya' nAmaka adhyayana 22) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.285 se 289 23) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.625 se 627 24) IzAvAsyopaniSat, pR.7 25) kenopaniSat, pR.22 26) kaThopaniSat, pR.43 27) kaThopaniSat, pR.49 28) sad dravyalakSaNam / utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat / tattvArthasUtra 5.29 29) nANeNa jANaI bhAve, dasaNeNa ya saddahe / caritteNa nigiNhAi, taveNa parisujjhaI / / uttarAdhyayana 28.35 30) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.310,422 ; bhAratIya tattvajJAna, pR.66 31) kaThopaniSat, pR.58 32) praznopaniSat, pR.79 33) muNDakopaniSat, pR.110 se 112 34) muNDakopaniSat, pR.113 35) muNDakopaniSat, pR.119 36) muNDakopaniSat, pR.120 37) taittirIyopaniSat, pR. 167,168 38) taittirIyopaniSat, pR. 177 39) aitareyopaniSat, pR.201,202 40) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.245 41) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.310 42) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.324 43) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.407,408 44) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.515 45) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.537 se 541 46) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.751 47) tattvArthasUtra 5.29 48) dhammo ahammo AgAsaM, kAlo puggala-jaMtavo / esa logo tti pannatto, jiNehiM varadaMsihi / / uttarAdhyayana 28.7 49) sUtrakRtAMga (1), adhyayana 1, uddezaka 3, gAthA 5 se 9, pR.20,21 50) avvattarUvaM purisaM mahaMta, saNAtaNaM akkhayamavvayaM ca / / savvesu bhUtesa vi savvato se, caMdo va tArAhiM samattarUve / / evaM Na mijjaMti Na saMsaraMti, Na mAhaNA khattiya vesa vesA / kIDA ya pakkhI ya sarIsivA ya, narA ya savve taha devalogA / / sUtrakRtAMga (2), adhyayana 6, gA.47,48 51) IzAvAsyopaniSat, pR.7 52) tattvArthasUtra 5.37 aura usakI TIkA 53) kenopaniSat, pR.10
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________________ 54) mittI me savvabhUesu, veraM majjha na keNai / vaMdittusutta 48 55) kaThopaniSat, pR.35 56) tattvArthasUtra 2.52 aura usakI TIkA 57) praznopaniSat, pR.85 59) pRthivyAmbuvanaspataya: sthAvarAH / tejovAyU dvIndriyAdayazca trasAH / tattvArthasUtra 2.13,14 60) muNDakopaniSat, pR.136 61) tadanantaramUrdhvaM gacchatyAlokAntAt / tattvArthasUtra 10.5 62) vigrahagatau karmayogaH / tattvArthasUtra 2.26 63) mANDukyopaniSat, pR.141 64) tattvArthasUtra 8.8 65) taittiriyopaniSat, pR.182 66) zarIravAGmana:prANApAnA: pudgalAnAm / tattvArthasUtra 5.19 67) aitareyopaniSat, pR.211 68) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.439 se 465 69) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.549 se 552 70) IzopaniSat, pR.2 71) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.723 72) taittiriyopaniSat, pR.161,162 73) bRhadAraNyakopaniSat, pR.749 74) chAMdogyopaniSat, pR.384 75) dahA sArtha upaniSada, pR.55,70,88,478,755 sandarbha-grantha-sUci 1) AcArAMga : vAcanA pramukha, A.tulasI, saM.muni nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI prakAzana, vi.saM.2031 2) isibhAsiyAI suttAI : saM.mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988 4) upaniSadoM meM saMnyAsayoga-samIkSakAtmaka adhyayana : Izvara bhAradvAja, klAsikala pabliziMga kampanI, naI dillI, 1993 5) tattvArthasUtra : vivecaka, paM.sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 2007 6) dahA sArtha upaniSada : saM.hari raghunAtha bhAgavata, 'varadA' senApatI bApaTa mArga, puNe, 1995 / 7) bhagavatI ArAdhanA : zivArya, aparAjitasUriracita vijayodayA TIkA, saM.paM.kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, phalaTaNa, 1990 9) sUtrakRtAMgasUtra : anuvAdaka, amolakaRSi, zrI amola jaina jJAnAlaya, dhuliyA, 2002 **********