Tibetan Studies In India

Author(s): V V Gokhale
Publisher: V V Gokhale
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269269/1

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March 31, 1972 Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies No. 18 Tibetan Studies in India (a brief survey) V. V. Gokhale Visiting Professor, at the invitation of Japan Society for the Promotionof Science, Oct. 1971-Feb. 1972. As a Buddhist country and as a buffer-state between China and India, Tibet has been having very close cultural ties with India as well as with China. The thousands of Tibetan translations of Indian books on religion, philosophy, history, art, medicine, etc. made over a period of about a thousand years, and enshrined in the famous collections of Tenjur and Kanjur, are a standing monument to the Indian legacy, which Tibet has zealously and carefully preserved to this day. During this period, Indian Pandits and Tibetan Lotsavas sat side by side in Tibetan and Indian monasteries and engaged themselves in mutual intellectual cooperation almost till the 17th century. For the present, we leave aside this inspiring period, of which much of the materials is still to be critically investigated in all its richness and variety. Coming to the modern times, the first name we come across is that of the devoted Hungarian scholar, Csoma de Koros, who continued the ancient tradition of Indo-Tibetan studies and brought them out of the seclusion of specialized learning into the open field of world-scholarship. After him come Jaschke and Franke, whose work on the West-Tibetan languages and history are well-known. Jaschke's Tibetan-English Dictionary may be regarded as the first one prepared on scientific lines, surpassing all previous efforts in this direction by scholars in India or Europe. Among scholars in Bengal, where interest in Tibet was first aroused in the educated classes of India, the name of Sarat Chandra Das stands out prominently. His Dictionary, based upon his intimate contacts with Tibetan religious traditions, may still be found indispensable to scholars of Tibetology. After the beginnings made at the Calcutta University, Tibetan was introduced as a subject for comparative research in Indology at Santiniketan, where the Poet Rabindranath Tagore had established a centre for international cultural studies, called the Visva-Bharati, with the collaboration of scholars like Sylvain Levi, G. Tucci and others, in the early twenties of this century. It may be noted, that during this early period, the Buddhist Sanskrit literature, represented in Tibetan translations, proved to be the most convenient starting point for Tibe. tology in India and even Western scholars had to accept this Buddhistic approach to Tibetology, because Tibet with its theocratic polity was thoroughly imbued with the spirit of Indian Buddhism, and the Tibetan religious literature was acknowledged to be the standard literature of Tibet-apart from the fact, that in the meanwhile the Tibetans had practically forgotten the Sanskrit origins of their religious inspiration. These traditional Sanskrit-Tibetan studies were given a big hand by Pandit Rahula Sankstyayana of the Uttara Pradesh around 1930, who through his great love for ancient Indian culture and undaunted spirit of adventure succeeded in discovering about

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(7) 1947 3 318 # PER 300 mss. of Sanskrit Buddhist works in the monasteries of Western and Central Tibet, many of which were considered to be lost for good. He managed to photograph some of them- although not always successfully-, and these photographs have been deposited now in the K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute at Patna along with his collection of some important Tibetan books, including the Saskya Suplbum. This Institute has already published some of the important materials in its Tibetan Sanskrit Texts Series. Some of the photographs are still being deciphered. Most of the Sanskrit mss. in this collection are found to have been written on palm-leaves, in various Indian scripts current in the period from about the 10th to the 14th centuries A. D., and the photographs not being always legible, the Tibetan versions of some of the works contained in this collection are of inestimable value in deciphering them. It has thus been brought home to the Tibetologists that not only Nepal, but Tibet also has been a great repository of Sanskrit mss. since at least the 10th century, and that one of the tasks awaiting them is to discover further stores of IndoTibetan learning, like the unexplored mss. Library of Atisa of the 11th century, whose tomb is found at Net'ang near Lhasa, but whose whole collection of books is reported to have been deposited at Reting, about eight miles to the north-east of Lhasa. In so far as Tibetan publications in India are concerned, Tibetan type for printing is now available at various places, particularly after the arrival of the Tibetan scholars in India. The International Academy of Indian Culture, founded by Dr. Raghu Vira and promoted energetically by Dr. Lokesh Chandra and his associates in Delhi has been publishing a series of important Tibetan books on history and philosophy, like the works of Bu-ston, the history of dPao-tsug-lag, etc., which are now difficult to procure from Tibet. A similar series of Tibetan works, with erudite introductions by Gene Smith is also being published at Delhi, which is fast developing into a center of Tibetan learning. At Varanasi, where the Sanskrit Visvavidyalaya is taking keen interest in Tibetan studies, a new centre of Tibetan publication is coming into being. In the older centers of Tibetan learning, Tibetan journals, bulletins and textbooks are being published at Kalimpong, Darjeeling, Gangtok and Calcutta, among which the Institute of Tibetology at Gangtok in Sikkim deserves a special mention for its propagation of Tibetology through the establishment of a big Tibetan library under the royal patronage of the Chos-rgyal of Sikkim. A publication project of important Tibetan works and textbooks is also being efficiently carried out at Dharmasala under the guidance of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Let us now turn to the more recent tenden cies in the Tibetan studies in India. Political interests of the British rulers in India as well as the modern trends in area-studies all over the world have led the scholars to direct their attention from the religious to the sociological, historical, geographical, linguistic, economic and such other aspects of Tibetan life. Espe. cially, since the large scale migrations of Tibetans into India in 1959, these aspects of Tibetan life, particularly in the border regions of the tribal areas near Assam, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are attracting greater attention. The presence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in India along with his associates have led to the opening of a college for high Tibetan Lamas in Leh (Ladakh) and another at Sarnath with the object of providing them with the necessary training in theory and practice of Tibetan Buddhism. Although these are modelled on the Tibetan pattern, they are bound to absorb some of the modern technical knowledge from their Indian surroundings. The settlement of thousands of Tibetan refu

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March 31, 1972 Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies No. 18 gees in various parts of the country, from the northern regions to some parts in South India like the Mysore State, and then the requirement of the army personnel on the Tibetan borders to know the spoken Tibetan,--these and such other factors are contributing gradually to the closer association of a large number of the Tibetan working class with the Indians. As a consequence of this and to serve the new need of a more intimate knowledge of the Tibetan life and spoken language, Tibetan studies on modern lines are being initiated, unwritten Tibetan dialects are being reduced to writing in the tribal regions of the North-West Frontier, etc., and new terms and phrases for expressing the modern scientific and technological equipment and processes are being coined. Besides the old centres of Tibetan studies, new chairs for language and literature have been instituted in the Universities of Delhi, Banaras, Allahabad, Lucknow, and Gorakhpur among others, and instruction in Tibetan is being given in Schools of Foreign Languages at Delhi, Dalhousie, Pachmari, Khadak-Vasla near Poona, etc. Such are in brief the latest trends in the Tibetan studies in India. We are aware of the excellent work done by scholars in Japan especially in the traditional Tibetan studies, some of which have become indispensable to any worker in Buddhist research and also in modern area-studies among the Tibetan population on the borderland of India. There has already been a certain amount of collaboration between the Japanese and the Indian scholars in research work on Tibetology, and an effort is being made at present to intensify this collaboration at the postgraduate level in the Tokyo University. I have no doubt, that the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies will find it worthwhile encouraging and supporting such mutual cooperative in every possible way, because the scholars in both countries cannot but hold identical views regarding the scientific pursuit of knowledge concerning this important subject. Thank you. (This paper was read at the 19th annual meeting of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies held at Rissho University on November H, 1971.) su. (Fu Ji ) niwataruBen Hui henoYu Jin Li niHou kuGan Xie Shen shiShang gema ta. Shen kuAi Dao noYi woPeng gemasutotomoniTong Shi noDuo Nian *Ben Hui Wei Yuan noFang Cun Xiu Ji Shi gaoShi kunarininarimashi | Hui nioiteCheng Ren sareta. Xue ), Chuan Qi Xin Ding (Dong Yang Wen Ku )noZhu Shi gaTui Ju sare, Zong Wei Yuan niJing noKou Tai Chun (Long Gu Da Xue ), Xi Tian Long Xiong (Jing Du Da oite, arataniGu Wen niGao Qiao Sheng Xiao Shi (Guan Xi Da Xue ), naoDang Ri Da Hui nisakidatsuteKai Cui saretaYi Yuan Hui ni "Tibetan Studies in India" toYi Shi Di Jing Lun niyorusonoBu Zu De Li Jie ] [Shi Di niokeruFa Shi noTi Xi nitsuitechibetsu [sakiyaPai Zi Liao niJi dukuMi Mi Bu Jing Dian noFen Lei ] sonamugiyatsuo(Dong Yang Wen Ku ) [Wu Fo noGou Cheng nitsuite] Chang You Qing (Gao Ye Shan Da Xue ) [Fan noGuo Hao nitsuite] Shan Kou Rui Feng (Dong Jing Da Xue ) Yi Teng Rui Rui (Li Zheng Da Xue ) tooridearu. *Da Hui Ji Shi Li Zheng Da Xue nioiteKai Cui sareta. Yan Jiu Fa Biao Zhe haCi no Di Shi Jiu Hui Da Hui haZhao He Si Shi Qi Nian Shi Yi Yue Er Shi Qi Ri dearou. mKhas grub rje woZui Hou toshitatoiuShi gaChu Lai ru haDai ndonaku, konoZhong noYan Jiu woChe Di sasetaRen ha, tantoraQuan Ti nitsuitenoYan Jiu haYi Wu Shi Ji Yi Hou ni Jie Jue nomamaJin Ri niZhi tsuteiru. teYan Jiu woXing naukotogaShao nakatsutatame, Wen Ti haWei Jiao Li woGu kuShou rukotoniZhuan Xin shikoreranoWen Ti nitsui todeha, Ge Zong Pai noJiao Li woFeng Chi suruRen Da ga, Fu "no niaruDa kinachigaitoRen merareru. sonoHou chibetsu shitaShang deGuan Xiang suruLi Chang wototsuteori, koregaLiang Pai noLiang tantoranioite, Xing Zhe toBen Zun Fo towoTong Yi Shi kotohanaitoZhu Zhang shi, gerukuPai deha Kriya, Carya V. V. Gokhale

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Di Shi Ba Hao Ri Ben Xi Cang Xue Hui "Bao Zhao He 47Nian 3Yue 31Ri noPo Ju ninaruWen Xian haHe moShi sareteinai. Di San no Yoga-tantra nihaWai Mian De naShen Kou noXing ha Quan kunainodehanaiga, Nei Mian De naSan Mei woZhong Xin Ke Ti toKao e, Xing Zhe Zi rawoBen Zun toshiteGuan Xiang wonashi, kono Jie Guo Sheng zita (Fa Qian wosuru) Shen womotonikaesu kotonaku, Guan Xiang noXing Zhong nioitemo, mata, Xing woZhong etaHou nioitemo, [Wo haBen Zun Zi Shen dearu] tono Wo Man woChi tsukotoniyotsute, Xi Di woukerutoZhu Zhang su rumonodearu. ninmaPai noLiu Yi niYi reba, Chuan Tong noChang iJiao Cheng no tantorato, Chuan Tong noDuan iMai Zang Jing (teruma)nota ntorato, Shen Shen Zheng Xian notandoraDeng gaaru(Jian Lue niha Thu kvan hutukutu no {Yi Qie Zong Yi } Di Er Zhang Klon chen rab hjams pa Zhong niShuo kareteiru). Dri med hod zer noShu ita{ninmaPai noZong Yi wo Di Si ni Anuttara-yoga-tantra haWai Mian De naShen Kou mdzod)} noZhong niha, tantoranoFen Lei haSi tsuYi Wai noXing haSheng rimizuni, Mu Jin taruJin Gang no Saya pa nihaShuo iteorazu, Fen Lei noShi Fang Quan kuYi ruSuo ganai. niJia ete, saraniZui Gao noBao San Zhong Shen Bo Luo Mi Mu Guan Ding Di Si Pu )woShou keteSheng Qi Di (Utpanna-krama) Ji biJiu Yi Ci Di (Parinispannakrama) noEr tsuniyotsute, Guo haDi Shi San Di noChi Jin Gang noDi niDao Da surutoShuo kumonodearu. kagi noZong Yi dehatantorawoSi Zhong tateruga shikuShuo kumonogamiataranainodeMing Shi Chu Lai nai ga, ninmaPai toDa Chai hanaiyouniSi wareru. Bu ston Rin chen grub hasono{dantoraGai Shuo (5) Guan Ding noQu Bie ha, Jnana-tilaka (Zhi Hui Ming Dian Tohoku No. 422; Peking, No. 14, p. 32) tantora Hui niyoruto, Kriya-tantra nihaShui noGuan Ding toTou Shi no Guan Ding noEr tsuga, Carya-tantra nioiteha, koreEr tsunoTa niJin Gang Guan Ding to toMing Guan Ding noSan tsugaa ri, Yoga-tantra niha, koreraniJia etesarani, Xi Bu Tui Zhuan Deng woRui kuyoudearu. Guan Ding woShou ketaHou ni, San Mei Ye (dam tshig) toLu Yi (sdom pa)woHu Chi suruga, sonoFang Fa nitsuiteha Kriya-Ji bi Carya-tantra nioiteha, Da Cheng Fo Jiao Yi Yi Shang niXiang shikuShuo kareruDian hamirarenai. Yoga-tantra Yi Shang noMi Mi Bu niokerunoLi teFang nitsuiteha{Jin Gang Cheng noGen Ben Zui E noJie Shuo :San Mei Ye akasuShu rDo rje theg pahi rtsa ltun gi rnam bshad dam tshig rab gsal, SK. Vol. 1, No. 126} mata{Jin Gang Cheng noGen Ben toZhi Mo San Wei Ye noJie Shuo rDo rje theg pa tsa ba dan yan lag gi dam tshiggi bshad pa, SK. Vol. 5, No. 64} toiuWen Xian niXiang shii. Ta Zong noXue Zhe notantoranoFen Lei Fa womirunara ba, Atisa ha {Pu Ti Dao Deng Lun , Tohoku, Nos. 3947, 3948 Peking, Nos. 5343, 5344] nioite, Yoga, Mahi-yoga, Anuttara-yoga Qi Xi ntoranoFen Lei woShuo iteiru. shikashi, kakaruFen Lei . Kriya, Carya, Kalpa Quan Ubhaya, (Nih mahi grub mthah rin chen Gyud sde spyi rnam. The Collected Works of Bu ston, part 14 (pha), Sata Pitaka, Nos. 843~1013} nioite Sa skya pa tokawarinona tantoranoFen Lei woKao erareteiruyoudearu mKhas grub rje ga, korenitsuiteha, gerukuPai no haCi noyouniShu beteiru. [Tong Buddhaguahya ha Kriya-tantra nioiteXing Zhe Zi raBen Zun Fo tona riurutoYan wareruga, koreha Kriya, Carya woa marihedatarinonaimonotoKao eteoraretakarano youde, naoYan Jiu shinakerebanaranai] to Bu ston Rin po che haotsushiyatsuteiruga, Bu stonnoZi Shen noLi Chang haMing Que nisareteinai. ] korekaraSi eruyouni, gerukuPai ga, tantorawo Si tsuniFen Lei suruDian deha, Sa skya pa tochigawana iga, Kriya to Carya noLiang tantoranoDuan Jie nio itehaXing Zhe Zi ragaBen Zun Fo tonariurutoShuo iteiru nodearu. konoDian deha, sakiyaPai tonoJian niMing raka naXiang Wei gaaru. Yi Shang noyouni, chibetsutonoXue Seng niYi reba Bu noJing Dian noFen Lei niha, San Zhong , Si Zhong , Wu Zhong , Qi Zhong Deng noFen keFang gaaruga, Shi Jian noShang dehasorehodonochiga igaarutohaRen merarenai. tadaJiao Li Shang deha, Jin Wen Ti nishitayouni, sakiyaPai ha Kriya tantorani oite, Xing Zhe Zi Shen woBen Zun Fo woTong Yi Shi shiteGuan Xiang suru 39 40 (112) D.No.370 P.No. 18|D.No. 393 P.No. 38 D.No.415 P.No. 59 D.No. 443 P.No. 394 395 400 447 416 317 (479) SERRERS 451 452 420 421 371 372 373 or D.No.437 P.No.76 456 Kriya-tantra 115 470 474 475 476 479 422 14 423 124 44 45 46 91 Yoga-tantra No112 97 D.No. 497 P.No.112 480 100 118 134 63 377 378 110 112 115 64 200 400 401 402 403 404 425 426 427 47 48 49 187 488 Guo 1886882 28 iiiinngphtch5dd Carya-tantra D.No.145 P.No.472 116 116 119 120 123 122 163 480 50 51 490 492 379 381 382 383 384 385 500 71 126 116 119 120 123 163 406 407 483 432 493 496 888 58 163 D.No. 363 P.No. 5 364 162 Mahayoga-tantra 130 196 184 389 5678965 497 543 544 566 604 367 368 402 404 428 7 | SK Vol. 10, No. 154, p. 344-1-1 no Nor chen Kun dgah bzaii po noFen Lei noShi Fang niYi ru.

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(4) No. 18 Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies March 31, 1972 tsuteSuo woBao Chi suruFa Shi ni, mataDi Jiu Di nioite Zhong "noYi niGuan suruBian Cai woJu eruwoZhi Jie niFa woShi suruDa Fa Shi (maha-dharma-bhanaka) ninarutosareru. soreyueWu Di toDi Jiu Di tonoJian nioiteSuo Wen noFa noYi woLi Jie shiteWang Shi shinaiYi Tuo woHuo De surukotogaatsuteRan rubekidearu. shi kamoDi Liu Di Qi no Wen Mian dehaRu Lai noFa woDe rukoto, Jiao noHu Chi Zhe tonaruZhi gaGe "niShuo ka reteiruga, sorehaSuo Wen noFa noYi noHuo De woQian Ti to subekimonotoKao erareru. shitagatsute ADV no Wen Yi tomoXiang Si tsuteZu Zhi De Li Jie toiuDian de haJi meteShi Zheng namonodearutoieyou. Zui Hou haFa Shi noJi Ben De Te Xing woShi suWen Mian Xi Lie Zhong , Zui Zhong De Duan Jie niaruDi Jiu Di noShan , sunawachi[Fa noZong Chi toShuo Shi toDe tamonotonaru] toiuWen Mian nitsuitede aru. konoWen Mian noQu Yi haDi Jiu Di noQuan Nei Rong tonoLian Guan woKao Cha surukotoniyoriPan Ming surutoKao erareru. Di Jiu Di noNei Rong noJi Ben Bu Fen gaFa Shi noTi Xi woShi suWen Mian Xi Zhong nosorewoGuang Shuo suruXing Ge womochi, mata Fa Shi noLi Xiang Xing Tai tosonoLi Nian De Xing Ge woJiao Li De Bei Jing wo motsuteGou Xiang surumonodakaradearu. sateDi Jiu Di no ADV noJie Shi woshiteKao Cha suruto, [Da Fa Shi tarukoto (maha-dharma-bhanakatva) woCheng zi Ru Lai noFa Zang woShou Hu suru] toiuWen Mian ga, Di Jiu Di Quan Ti noJi Diao tonaruLi Nian woJi Yue shiteirumonotoshite Chu shiuru. soreha ADV deha [Fa woShuo kumonono Xing ] to[Fa woBao tsumononoXing ] towoYi Wei surutosare ru. soshiteShan hamasanikonoYi niTou niZhao Ying suru monodeari, shitagatsuteDa Fa Shi noCheng Jiu woNei Rong tosu Di Jiu Di Quan Ti noYi woYao Yue Ming Shi surumonodearuto Zhi rareru. Yi Shang noRu kuShi Di niokeruFa noTi Xi ha Tib, Yi ADVniyotsuteBu Zu De niLi Jie womegurasutoJi mete Zu Zhi De namonotoshitePan Ming shitekuru. naoXiang shikuha Ta Ri woQi shitai. dogaaru. sate, Mi Mi Bu Jing Dian noFen Lei noLi teFang nitsuite, ma zusakiyaPai noKao eFang wo Kun dgah shin po no {ta ntoraFen Lei Gyud sdehi rnam gshag, SK. Vol. sakiyaPai Zi Liao niJi duku Mi Mi Bu Jing Dian noFen Lei sonamugiyatsuo no{Kriya, Cary Liang tantoranoFen Lei Bya spyod chibetsutonoDi niFo Jiao gaGuang matsuteYi Lai , ninma noEr Shu niJi duiteShu betemirunaraba, "Kriya, Pai , kagiyuPai , sakiyaPai , oyobigerukuPai noSi tsu Carya, Yoga, Anuttara-yoga noSi tsutonaru. sa Da Zong Pai gaCi "toSheng zita. korerano sorezo Kriya, raniZhong Xing (Bu )niJi duiteFen Lei surunaraba, reha, Mi Jiao woWan Quan niBei eteirumonodearu Carya noLiang tantoraniSan Zhong gaatsute, Ru Mi Bu , ga, sonoZhu Zhang nihaShao shidutsunochigaigaari, Mi Mi Lian Hua Bu , Jin Gang Bu tonari, Yoga-tantra nihaWu Zhong Bu tantoraniGuan shitemo, sonoFen Lei noLi teFang nochiga Bao Bu , Lian Hua Bu , Jie Mo Bu , Jin Gang Bu gaatsute, Ru Lai Bu , iga, kanarinoCheng Du aruyoudearu. noWu tsutonatsuteiru. Anuttara-yoganihaLiu tsuno Zhong Xing (Bao Sheng Wu Liang Shou Bu Kong Cheng Jiu A Chu Da Ri Chi Jin Gang )gaaru. koreraGe Zhong Xing (Bu )nitsuitenoXi Nor chen Kun dgah bzan po kaiFen Lei Fang Fa ha {Kriya, Carya Liang tantoraFen Lei } oyobi, Ta Zong no grub rje no{tanto nomonodehagerukuPai mKhas rGyud sde spyi rnam cf. FundamenranoZong Lun tals of the Buddhist Tantras translated from chibetsutoniGuang matsutaMi Mi Bu tantoranihaJiu Mi to Xin Mi noEr tsunoXi Tong gaari, Jiu Mi noFang ha, Chos rgyal Khrei sro Idebu btsan Shi Dai niGuang matsutamonode Vimalamita ya Nag no Jnanakumara nadoniyo tsuteBa Shi Ji karaJiu Shi Ji madenoJian niFan Yi saretaMi Mi Bu Jing Dian karaCheng ru. koreranoMi Mi Bu Jing Dian wosubete tsumetaShang de, Zheng Li shitamonoga, Jin Ri Nin ma rGyud toHu bareteirumonodearu (Tohoku, Nos. bum 828~844; Peking, Nos. 451~469). Wayman} Deng nikuwashikuShu berareteiru. Ci niXin toiumonoha, Hou Qi Fo Jiao Hong gaatsute Atila, Lo chen Rin chen bzah po, hBrog kara mi lo tsa ba Sa kya ye ses nadonoShi niCheng Li shita Jing Dian Zhong niShuo karerumonodearu. kotoni hKhon dKon mehog ngyal po Sa skya pa Kun dgab shin po noFu Zi ha hBrog mi lo tsa ba kara Hevajra tantra to Gubyasamija Deng noShen Jiao Jing Dian woXue bi, ko reniyotsuteXie Ye woShi Jian shitanode, Sa skya pa Xin Su noZhong Xin tonatsuta. Sa skya pa haXin Mi Jiao (gSan snags gsar ma pa) tomoDao Guo nooshiewoto kumono (Lam hbras pa) tomoMing Fu kerarete, Jin Ri Zhi tsuteiru. sonoChuan Tong niCong uXue Zhe Da notsukutsuta Dian moDuo Shu aruga, Zhu namonowoagerunaraba, ikanaruLi You niJi duite, Si tantoraniFen Lei su rukatoiuto, ma Kriyi-tantra haQing Jing Mu Yu Deng noWai Mian De naShen Kou noXing woZhu toshiteShuo kumonodeari, Xiu Fa noJi niha, Xing Zhe Zi rawoBen Zun toGuan Xiang surunodeha naku, Ben Zun woatakamoGuo Wang noyouniXiang Ding shiteka raXi Di (siddhi) woukerukotowoShuo kumonodearu. sunawachiShu Min gaGuo niGui shite, Guo Wang karawari monowomorauyouni, Xing Zhe gaFu nomamanoZhuang Tai de woBian erukotonaku, Zui wozangeshi, Guo Wang nogoto kiBen Zun niQing Yuan wonashite, Zui Gao noXi Di womoraiuke rutoZhu Zhang surumonodearu. Sa skya noWu Da Zu Shi noQuan Ji (Sa skya gon m Jnahi bKah bbum) Nor chen Kun dgah bzan po Quan Ji , Go ram bSod nams sen ge noQuan Ji na Ci ni Carya-tantra haWai Mian De naShen Kou noXing toNei Mian De naSan Mei noXing woDeng shikuXing shite, Xing Zhe Zi rawoBen Zun to shiteGuan Xiang shi, Mu Qian niGuan Xiang niyotsuteSheng zuruBen Zun sono monowoYou Ren noyouniminashitekorekaraE wouke rutoZhu Zhang surumonodearu. 1, No. 1, 3} Ji bi Nor chen Kun dgah bzan po kyi rnam gshag, SK. Vol. 10, No. 134, 135} Tibetan by Ferdinand D. Lessing and Alex

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Di Shi Ba Hao 122 Shi Di Ri Ben Xi Zang Xue Hui "Bao surukotodearu. tosareteiruga, soreha ADV deFen Lei sareruSan Zhong sateXian zuJian Fo nitsuitedearu. Jian Fo tohaYi Ban ni noGong Yang noZhong , Li Yang noGong Yang (ried pahi mchod pa= Fo woJian rukotowoYi Wei suruga, Pu Bian Xing woYao Qiu sareru labha-piji)niXiang Dang suru. mataFo niDui suruGong Yang ha Jing Wen niatsuteha, Ke Shi De naSe Shen woJu eruLi Shi De Ren Jing Wen niha[Gong Jing suru, Zun Zhong suru, Cheng Shi suru, Gong Yang Ge toshitenoFo woZhi Jie niYu Xiang surukotohaBu He Li dea suru] toaruga, sorenitsuite ADV deha[Gong Jing ru. soreyueDi Ba Di Yi Hou noJian Fo ga aaanoGe Wen Mian (bsti stah byed pa = satkira)tohaSan Zhong dearu. nioiteSan Mei toiuXin Li De Te Shu Qing Kuang niokeruZi Jue Zun Zhong (bstun par byed pa=gaurava)niyoruGong Jing De Shi Shi tosareteiruDian nitsuitehaYi Yi noYu Di hana tohaCheng Yang Zan Tan niyotsutesonoGong De woShuo kukotodea i. shikashiQian Qi Di noanoWen Mian nioiteha, Guang Da Jian ru. Cheng Shi (ri mo byed pa=manani)niyoruGong Jing (audarika-darsana, lta ba rgya chen po)toYuan Li tohaGong Jing womotsuteYu rukototoLi Bai nadodearu. Gong (pranidhana-bala, smon lam gyi stobs) tonoEr Tiao [Yang niyoruGong Jing tohaHua San Xiang Wu Xiang Gai Tong na Jian niyotsuteJian Fo noKe Neng suruZhi gaShuo kareteiruta dodearu] toZhu Jie sare, Zhen Shi narumonohenoZi Ji Tou | ||| | | | | | | | me, sonoQu Yi haJing dakedehaPan Ming shigatainodeaYi Qi woYi Wei suruGong Jing toiuJing Shen De Tai Du niLi Dian gaoka ru. soreha ADV deha[Guang Da Jian tohaShu Sheng naruWei Li reteirukara, Gong Yang gasonoShi Jian De Biao Xian toshiteLi Jie (mthu khyad par can)niyotsuteSe Shen (gaugs kyi sareteirutoieyou. konoLi Jie haLi Shi De Ren Ge to You noTu Shi noZhong , aruhuabetsutohaNei Rong woLei Bie shi sku=rupa-kaya)woJian rutokoronomonodearu. Yuan shitenoFo gaXian Cun shinaiJin Ri dehaXian Shi De Tuo Dang Xing womo tamonodeari, arabiaShu Zi sonoTa haNei Rong noBian Hua Li niyotsutetohaZi Nei noZheng Yuan (rai gi yai dag pahi |tsutamonodearou. sorehamataSan Zhong noGong Yang noZhong de Jin Zhan woZhong Bie shitamonodearuga, sorerahaXiang Hu niShi smon lam=adhyatma-samyak-pranidhina) niyo] haGong Jing noGong Yang (bkur stibi mchod pa=satkara-p.) Di noCi Di niYing zite, Li ebaYou Gong Yong Xing tosareruQian Qi tsuteFa Shen (chos kyi sku= dharma-kaya)woJian ru] toXin nadoniyoruXiu Xing toshitenoXiu Xing noGong Yang (sgrub Di toWu Gong Yong Xing tosareruBa Di Yi Hou nadoShi Di noNei Rong noYi kotodearu] toZhu Jie sareteiru. koreniyorutoGuang | pabi mchod pa=pratipatti-p.)niXiang Dang suru. Dong Xiang niDui Ying shite, Zhi Xu datsutaYou Ji De Lian Guan woorinaYi Da Jian tohaSheng retaJing Shen Li niyotsutesonoZhu Zhuang Kuang nioi Ci niFa Shi noTi Xi nioiteFa noTing Wen toLing Shou nitsui shiteiru. teFo noShi Zai woriaruniGan zitoruGuang Da naruShi Jian wo, Yi deDi San noTiao Jian tonaruFa noXiu Xing toCheng Jiu aruihaBao Chi soshitesonoLian Guan woZong He De niBa Zhuo suruto, Yi Wang noYi mataYuan Li niyotsuteFo woJian rutohaZi ranoGen Yuan De nishi, nitsuitedearuga, Shu niDi Liu Di Di Qi Di niatsuteso tokoroFa Shi tohaShi Di nioiteha, Di Yi niaheJian Fo Yi teCheng Shi naYuan woLi toshiteFo noNei De Jing Shen niHong rerukoto] noWan Cheng noDuan Jie woShi sunoWen Mian noQu Yi nitsuitedea (buddha-darsana) toGong Yang (pija)V, Di Er nib| woYi Wei surutoJie seyou. Ta Fang [Fo woJian ru] toiuYi ru. sono Skt. Yuan Wen haZhu Yi Jian Tao suruto[Ting Wen shite heFa noTing Wen (Gravana)toLing Shou (udgrahana)V, | Jian Fo noGai Nian haJing Wen deha[Duo kunoFo gaXian wareru] to [sonoSuo Wen woRu Shi niDeng Zhi nimotodukuBan Ruo toZhi ni Di San nicheFa noXiu Xing (pratipatti)toCheng Jiu (samps- | Huan Yan sareteiruga, soreha ADV deha[Shan Qiao naru yotsuteZhao shiJian rukotoniyoriQin Xiu shiXiu Xing niyotsuteBao dana)aruihaBao Chi (adharana)V, Di Si nid Fang Bian (thabs la mkhas pa=upiya-kausalya)niyo Chi suru] toDu Jie surunogaTuo Dang dearu. koreha ADV heFa noZong Chi (dharani)toShuo Shi (nirdesa)V, Di Wu ni tsuteDuo ku[noFo ] woShi Xian surukaradearu] toZhu Jie nioitehaYao Yue suruto, Shu Sheng naruSan Mei niYi Zhi suru eheFa noShuo Shi matahaWen Da (pariprechi-nirdesa)V, sareteiru. sunawachiFo gaPu Sa noGuang Da Jian toYuan Li to Guan (Ihag mthon=vipasyana) toZhi (shi gnas= koreranoCi Di woGe Di niYing ziteFan Fu shinagaraJian Ci ni niYing ziteZi Ji woShi Xian surunoha, Shan Qiao naruFang Bian niyo samatha)niyotsuteSuo Wen noFa woRu Shi niZhao shi Jian ruko Zi Ji Wan Cheng shiteyukumonotoshiteTi Xi Hua sareteirutoYi rutoiunodearuga, He Li De naJie Shi toieyou. tonioiteQin Xiu surukotogaYuan Yin tonatsuteYi Tuo Luo Ni Jie Lun sareuru. Ci haJian Fo niJiu kuGong Yang nitsuitedearu. sorehaJing Yi (don gyi gzuis=artha-dharani)gaDe rare, sara tokorodeWen Ti haYou noZhu Yao Dian tonaruGe Jing Wen Zhong noNei Yi Wen deha[Fo niDui suruGong Yang (pija, mchod pa)] to niXiu Xing niyotsuteYi Tuo Luo Ni noZhang woJie Tuo shiteSuo Kai noFa Rong Bu Ming namononitsuite, mataFa Shi noTi Xi nitsuite [Pu Sa niDui suruGong Yang ] to[Seng Jia noZhong (samgha'| noYi gaZheng De sareru, toJie sareteirutoieru. su noyoriTou Che shitaLi Jie woQi surutameni, Shi Qin noShi Di | gana, dge hdun gyi tshogs)niDui suruGong Yang nawachirahaYi Tuo Luo Ni noHuo De woShi sutoJian raretei Jing Lun (Arya-dasabhumi-vyakhyana)no Tib. Yi | (sammana, yan dag par mchod pa)] toniSan Fen Yi ru. tokorodekonoFa Shi noTi Xi niatsutehaDi Wu Di ni Hphags pa sa bcubi rnam par bad pa (abbr., | sareurukaniJian eru. sonoZhong , Fo , Pu Sa , Seng Jia Zhong ] oiteWen Chi Tuo Luo Ni ($ruta-grahana-dharani)woDe ADV)noJian Jie woTan Suo shiShao shikusorewoBu Zu shiyouto] niGong Tong suruGong Yang haYi Fu Yin Shi nadoSheng Huo Shang noWu De Zi Ju | taWen Chi Fa Shi ($ruta-dhari dharma-bhanakah)tona Zhao He 47Nian 3Yue 31Ri (3)

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sPob po ra sgan (=sPo hbor + Ra yul) gan ba la srid pa Phyvahi mkhan rjes dban byas No. 18 gshi thog ma/dMu dan Phyva gnen pahi tshe/). dMu Bod rus chen (BKK) Se, rMu, IDon, sTon 1995'gNah khri btsan po yid bshin nor bu & Bon po chos byun (f. 26 a ~27b) PSTAdenorGyal po bkah than Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies God woHan mu) ta] toshiteirunowoBing seteJian ruto, Yuan Zu gaGuan waYi Li deatsutatoSi wareru. riwomotsuta Bd yul gtsai ma ya Bod ka gyag Zhong Guo deha Phyvah noFu "noShi Li woizuremo karaCheng rutoiu. drug haMo Tu , Bod drai po dearukotogawaka|[Fa ] deHu ndeitatoshitaraHun Luan woMian renakatsuta Yar luh Wang Jia noYuan Zu ha, kono BodnoXi Ce niaru. Tong zikotowo, dearou. Te ni Yar lun karaXing tsuta Phyvah Bu ni ru Myas (rTsai stod), rKoi po, sPo o noDi to | Bod hdir dah o mi med / mi ma yin gyis | Xian Ding woJia waerutoshitara, Xian zu[Nan noFa ] "HoShen itsunagariwomotsutarashii. Gri gum btsan w | Phyvah"toYun tsutadearou. Geng ni Phyvah noYin niXian Li tsuZui Sheng Qi nihakono Bod woLing You shitanokamo. ni[Fan ] noGuan Nian woZhong neteZui Zhong De ni[Tu Fan ] noZi wo Zhi renai. korewoNag khri btsan PO niyoru | to Bu ston chos byyuh (vol. Ya, 123 a)moShi shiYi Xuan ndatosureba, Jue shiteBu Dang denaiYi tsunoJie Shi ga Bd ka g-yag drug noZheng Fu deBiao washiteirunodeatsuteiru. Cheng Li surunodehaarumaika. rou. Sui niZhi raretaQing no Yar lun Wang Jia ha, Zai biYi kono Phyvah wo Pelliot Wen Shu noYi Er Liu ha dMu Xi Ri noRong Guang woQu rimodoshi, yagate Bod woGuo Hao to Yi Bu Zu toHun Yin Guan Xi deJie bitsuketeiru(gnah dai po/ suruniZhi tsutanokatoSi wareru. shikashi, Dang Chu ni [Bu Ye ] sPu rgyal noMing gaChuan erareteitanodaka Shi Di niokeruFa Shi noTi Xi ra, Dang Shi , BodnoGuo Hao gaYong irareteitawakehana iGua dearu. ga dMu woMu Fang toshiteitakotoha bGad mdzod -chibetsutoYi Shi Di Jing Lun ni Jiu Tang Shu niha[Yi Mai Fa ] Wei Guo Hao /Xue Wei Zhi Tu Mi ] yoruBu Zu De Li Jie | toari, Xin Tang Shu niha[Fan Fa Sheng Jin , Gu Qi Zi Sun Ri Tu Xiao ] toaru. [Fan ] noYin nimoJin imonotoshiteBian Zhe | (f. 18 b)niLiang Bu Zu noHun Yin Guan Xi haMing Shi sareteiru. ha[Fa ] ya[Fa ] woJian tsuketeLai tanodearu. kore Phyvah haHou Dai dehaShen toHun Tong sareta (dPaho gtsug. Yi Teng Rui Rui ranoGu Dian Yin haFu "piwot / piwot / piwon tonari, Ja. 5 a~b)kotomoShi Shi dearuga, Bu Zu woBiao wasu Gong Tong Yin ha piwb dearu. Bi Zhe hakonoDui Yin ni sPu [Ming Cheng deatsutakotomoQue kade, sonoDian ha[Su Mian ] Da Cheng Fo Jiao nioitePu Sa nitsuideZhong Yao naDi Wei woZhan Shi woHan muBu Zu Ming Phyvah woTi Chu shitaitoSi u. ] Sehu-Phyvah noChang He nimoMing Liao niRen merareta([Su meruniZhi ruRen Ge Gai Nian niFa Shi (dharma-bhanaka, Pelliot Wen Shu noYi 0San Ba niha sru rgyal Bon gyi | Ji noLing Jie ] pp. 28~29). chos smra ba Shuo Fa Zhe )toiunogaaru. Da Cheng Zhu | [] toJie bitsuiteiru[Tu ] nitsuiteha, Li Jing Dian noGe Suo deGuan Shuo sarerusorehaPu Sa noJi Ben De Ce Mian woZhai Shi surumononoRu kudearuga, Jin Shi noYan Jiu niyo ku"Ho" woDui Yin niXiang Ding shitai. Wu Lun , "Ho- rutoDa Cheng noTe Zhi taruXuan Chuan Xing woDan utoTong Shi ni, Da Cheng rgyal noZu gakonoCheng deShi sareru. mata rKoi pono Bod'"dehanaku, "Ho-Phyvah" noXing dearu. Jing Dian noZhi Zuo Liu Bu niZhu Dao De Yi Ge woYan zitatoJia Ding sare | "Ho" haTang Luo Hui Meng Bei noZhong de[Tu ] niyotsuteXie sa] ruLi Xiang De Ren Ge niDui suruHu Cheng demoaru. bla bdag drug..."toshi, Gyal rabs bon pol reteirukara, Tong Yin no[Tu ] ga"Ho"woShi shita tokorodekakaruFa Shi noLi Xiang De Xing Tai toiumonoga (f. 10) demo"Phya rje Yab lha bdal drug"to] toshiteWen Ti hanai. "Ho"haYuan Lai , Nan Ji rino Da Cheng Pu Sa Xing noGen Ben Ti Xi toKan Zuo shiuruShi Di niatsute shiteiru. Geng niSu tsutatokorode Phyar rje sTag Yi Guo woShi shiteIHo Mon", "Ho-Bal"nadotoYong i haRu He niGou Xiang sareRu He naruTi Xi woCheng shiteirukato tsha hal hol (rLaris Po ti bse ru, f. 4a) tomo rareta. mata, gTsai o Jiang noNan An Di Dai wo"Ho iuXing Wei bukaiKe Ti gaariuru. sokodeShi Di noJiao Shi shiteiru. kha'" noCheng deHu bukotomoZhou Zhi noShi Shi dearu. Yar Shuo noYan Yi Jie Shi woMu De tosuruShi Di Jing woJing Cha suruto, mata, Pelliot Wen Shu Er Er Yi Ba deha, lui hakono IHo kha niHan mareruDi dearu. Zui moZhong Ge Di noJing Wen noMo Wei niFa Shi noZai riFang woTi Xi De niShi su Yao nakotoha, Yar lui Wang Jia toTong Zu no iKoi rje dkar Yi Ding noWen Mian gaZu Zhi De niJia Gong sareteirukotowoZhi po gasonoDong Bei niari, Geng nisonoBei niha rTsat Yi ru. sonoWen Mian Xi Lie nitsuite Skt. Yuan Dian , Tib. Yi , toatsute, Pelliot Wen Shu Yi 0San Ba noHou Sok Bu ni, [Bi rjehi Thod kar (p. 1286. 1290)gaatsute sTsai shinaYi Zhu Ben woBi Jiao Jian Tao shi, Fa Shi noTi Xi noNei Rong Gou Zao Deng ga"yul Bod ket gyag drug niZhi tsutatoiwa] rjehi Phyvab (p. 1060) toHu bareteitakotodea woZhui Jiu suruto, sonoZhu Yao Dian noPei He Lian Guan gaZuo Tu noRu re, sonoXi Tong wosPu toHu bi, sPu rgyal toitsu] ru. Hou Zhe ha[Chun Fu ] no Phyvah Bu de, kanarinoShi | kuMing ninaru. btsan po ltinu rgyal po Thod rgyal byun ste ... srid pa kun la miah mdzad pah / PhyrahiTian ga yan Phyva legs ces kyan mchi vo sPu Yuan Tou Chu ([Tai Zha Qu Shen a] p.3) ribin Mei totsupu Yar luh SEA thog ma Phyva Ya 1972 gnah gdod ma Bod yul gtsan ma Phyvahi sa bskos. March 31,

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Di Shi Ba Hao Ri Ben Xi Cang Xue Hui Bao Di Shi Ba Hao Report of the Japanese Associa tion for Tibetan Studies No. 18 March 31, 1972 Zhao He Si Shi Qi Nian San Yue Ce Yi Ri Fa Xing Bian Ji Fa Xing Ren Bei Cun Yong Dong Jing Du Wen Jing Qu Ben Ju Fa Xing Suo Ip Er noEr Ba no Dong Yang Wen Ku chibetsutoYan Jiu Shi Nei Ri Ben Xi Zang Xue Hui , gcegs so / (DTH. p. 13) Tu Fan no Guo Hao Dvan cun kog ES Z' DTH. p. 111, L. Petech | ri noLiang Di "La struttra del ms. Tib. Pelliot | . +6"btsan po sPu rgyal gyi sha snar" VR "btsan po sPu rgyal Khri sron btsan yab sras" rGyal rabs gsal bahi me lon (f. 54a) HOKH Ri Ben Xi Zang Xue Hui "Bao [toChuan eteiru. kono Bad yul mo, Ben Lai Tsha god 1287. Huang Fu Wei Ming -hBah tsan kun Bo Chuan Gong , DTH. woHan muDi Yu Ming woShu betamonode, Guo Hao dehanaitoSi p.55). wareru. Li eba, Bei Shi Juan Jiu Liu , Bai Lan Chuan ni[Qi Di Dong Shan Kou Rui Feng Bian Zuan Zhe ga"Bod'"noCheng womochikominikuiGe Chu de Bei Jie Tu Gu Hun Xi Bei Li Mo Tu ......] toaru[Mo Tu ] ni ha, Tong zi Sron btsan sgam po niGuan shitemoTong Nian Dai Dang runodearou. Bei Li ha sDe dge niJin i Be ri Sui noKai Huang Nian Jian niXi Fang noYi Da Shi Li toshiteTu Ran Zi wo dearu([Bai Lan to Sum pa no rLass Shi ] PP. 12~ Xian washitachibetsutoMin Zu noGuo Jia woZhong Guo deha[Tu Fan ] 13) tosureba, Mo Tu mokonoJin Bian niQiu merareyou. toHu nda. He woGen Ju nishite[Tu Fan ] noMing gaSheng reta nadotoshiteiru (DTH. p. 110). sonoXian Dai (ibid. kaha, Shi notokorohatsukirishiteinai. shikashi, p. 105) yaXian "Dai (ibid. p. 104) nitsuitemo"sPu] noRu Zang Lu wo IDan ma brag rtsa-Phun po riJi niDuo kunoXue Zhe karaGe Yang noYi Jian gaTi Chu saretei rgyal"woYong iteiru. Zhong Guo nimoZhi rareta"sPu | Khams kyi Padma GanlsGo doh sgo mo toShi shi ru. sonoDai ndoha, chibetsutoRen gaZi ranoGuo woHu n rgyal"[Bu Ye ] , [Fu Ye ] Shi noCheng ha, ikameshiiGuo ] teiru. IDan ma ha hDan ma de, gLoir thai deYun u"Bod"noMing toJie bitsuketaJie Shi dearu. Que | Hao gaBi Yao ninaruYi Qian niYong iraretamonode, Bu Zu Guo sgrol ma lha khai noaruDi , Jin Ri no Dro ma de kani"Bod"haTu Fan noGuo Hao toshite Shol no rdo rios | Jia noShou Chang noHao tomosubekimonodearou. IDan khog Deng Ke niJin i. Ta noDi mo Khams Nei Bu ni yaTang Fan Hui Meng Bei niJian e, Hou Zhe deha[Tu Fan ] toDui Ying shi Dun Huang Nian Dai Ji niha Khyui po Pun sad zu tse ga | arukotohaQue kade mKhas pahi dgah ston (Ja. f. teShu kareteiru. Dun Huang Nian Dai Ji demo, Sroh btsan | rTsai Bod Er Mo Hu woTao Fa shite, sonoEr Mo Hu woBao Mei ] 32 a)niha, Gong Zhu ha mGar noZhui itsuku no womatsu sgam po noShi Ji woCheng erutokoro (DTH. p. 118) niBai Ling shitatoaru (DTH. p. 106). kono rTsai | niJian eteirunode, [Tu Fan ] to"Bod'"woJie bitsu haJin Ri no gTsai dehanaku, IHari mgo karaYu Shu Yi nochi sGo doh sgo mo niZhao itatoshiteiru. ko kerukotohaikanimoTuo Dang noyouniJian eru. shika niwataruGuang Da naDi Yu deari, sonoDong Ji rino rTsahi | no Bod khams Jin Ri no dBus gTsai woHan musore shi, konoXian haMo Quan naBao Zheng woShou keteirumonodehana | smad ni Shai shui no Khyui lui karaYi Zhu shita] dehanaku, Khams noBie Cheng dearu Bod deari, Mo i. You Ming na hGos lo tsa ba gShon nu dpal ha, toKao erareru Khyun po noJi Tuan gaJu Zhu shiteiru|Tu dearuniWei inaitoDan rinakuYun eyou. N Bod khams thams cad shabs kyis bcagste (Ri po che)o OrTsan v Mar mun thDzam glin rgyas bcad +6 hphags pa Don yod snon gyi yi ge rnins rnam(s) las yul hdi la snon min (s)Pu rgyal shes zer la / phyis Bod ces bya bar thchad pa yan ... [Deb snon. Ka 18b-19a] Zhao He 47Nian 3Yue 31Ri niLing You sareteitanoga"Bod'"noDi dearu. Wu | lcags dkyu niyorutoshite"Bod, Bod rab, Bod Lun , "dBus gTsai"woBing seta"Bod'"dearouGua | dras po" wotoriage, sorerawoShun ni"mNah ris hanai([Su Mian noLing Jie ] pp. 11~18). Stein Wen Shu | skor gsum", "dBus gTsai ru bshi", mDo khams toshite, Xi noHu Cheng ha sPu rgyal de, Bod noMing haXin (TLTD II. pp. 8~16, [Gu Dai chibetsutoShi Kao Yi ] sgai gsum"niDang teteiru (f. 62a). Zui Hou no"Bod shiitoZhu Zhang shiteiru. deha, Dun Huang Nian Dai Ji no Sroi | pp. 44~46)gaChuan erutokorodeha, Wen Cheng Gong Zhu hako | drai po'"[Ben Lai no Bod] gaZhi shiteiru "mDo btsan sgam po noXiang niJian eru Bod hadouJie subeki no rTsai yul woTong tsute Tsha God niFu ki, soko khams sgai gsum" haTong Shu (f. 75 a)niyoruto katoiuto, Bi Zhe ha, korewoHou Dai noBian Zuan Shi nimochi de btsan po toGong niLiang San Nian woGuo shita. konokotowoYi (Gua Hu Nei haBi Zhe niyoru), Ip ndamonotoJian nashitai. Bian Zuan haQi Qi Jiu Nian (sBa- | Dun Huang Bian Nian Ji ha, bzed, p. 53) Nian Yi Hou nokotokatoSi ware, Hou Dai noMing ] (640) btsan mo Mun chai koii co/mGar ston | | Cheng womochikondaLi haTa nimoJian rareru(Duan Jian Wei - | rtsan yul zui gis spyan dratis te Bod yul du | Tsha ba sgah (=Tsha ba mdzo sgah.... Tsha rMa rDza Zab mo sgan (=hPhan yul ... IDan ma xt11043) (1)