Prakrit Bhasha Udgam Vikas aur Bhed Prabhed

Author(s): Nagrajmuni
Publisher: Z_Anandrushi_Abhinandan_Granth_012013.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/211416/1

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muni zrI nagarAja jI DI0 liTa [itihAsa evaM sAhitya ke prasiddha vidvAna, aNuvrata ke vyAkhyAtA] prAkRta bhASA: udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda deza aura kAla bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa kA jo kAla-krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, usake anusAra prAkRta kA kAla I0 pU0 500 se prArambha hotA hai / para vastutaH yaha bAta bhASA ke sAhityika rUpa kI apekSA se hai / yadyapi vaidika bhASA kI prAcInatA meM kisI ko sandeha nahIM hai, para, vaha apane samaya meM janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI ho, aisA sambhava nahIM lgtaa| vaha RSiyoM, vidvAnoM tathA purohitoM kI sAhitya-bhASA thii| yaha asambhava nahIM hai ki usa samaya vaidikabhASA meM sAmaMjasya rakhane vAlI aneka boliyA~ pracalita rahI hoN| mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali ne prAdezika dRSTi se eka hI zabda ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ke prayoga ke sambandha meM mahAbhASya meM jo ullekha kiyA hai, sambhavata: vaha isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai ki kucheka pradezoM meM vaidika bhASA ke katipaya zabda una-una pradezoM kI boliyoM ke saMsarga se kucha bhinna rUpa meM athavA kinhIM zabdoM ke koI vizeSa rUpa prayoga meM Ane lage the| yaha bhI asvAbhAvika nahIM jAna par3atA ki inhIM boliyoM meM se koI eka bolI rahI ho, jisake purAvatIrUpa ne parimAjita hokara chandas yA vaidika saMskRta kA sAhityika svarUpa prApta kara liyA ho| katipaya vidvAnoM kA aisA anumAna hai ki vedoM kA racanA-kAla AryoM ke dUsare dala ke bhArata meM praviSTa hone ke bAda AtA hai| dUsare dala ke Arya paMcanada tathA sarasvatI va dRSavatI ke taTavartI pradeza meM hote hue madhya deza meM Aye / isa krama ke bIca veda kA kucha bhAga paMcanada meM tathA sarasvatI va dRSadvatI kI ghATI meM banA aura bahuta-sA bhAga madhyadeza meM praNIta huaa| atharvaveda kA kAphI bhAga jo paravartI mAnA jAtA hai, sambhavataH pUrva meM banA ho| pahale dala ke AryoM dvArA jinheM dUsare dala ke AryoM ne madhyadeza se khader3a diyA thA, veda kI taraha kisI bhI sAhitya ke race jAne kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki madhyadeza ke cAroM ora ke loga jina bhASAoM kA bolacAla meM prayoga karate the, unakA koI bhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| isalie unake prAcIna rUpa kI vizeSatAoM ko hama nahIM jAna sakate, na anumAna kA hI koI AdhAra hai| vaidika yuga meM pazcima, uttara, madhyadeza aura pUrva meM janasAdhAraNa ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI ina boliyoM ke PunamaARAAWASANAANASALAMICASADArmaa d arsaASANASALAALAAAAAAAPAAR sapA pravAAmAvara abhinaya zrIAnanda zrIAnanda any| YYY AYNAVAviews

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AcArya prabhAva samaya zrIAnanda zrIAnanda "I N MAYATiwwvvvivirwwpwwwindutvNI-VIImavivaavywe 4 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya - vaidika yuga se pUrvavartI bhI koI rUpa bhI rahe hoMge, jinake vikAsa ke rUpa meM inakA udbhava huaa| vaidikakAla ke pUrva kI ora samavartI janabhASAoM ko sara jArja griyarsana ne prAthamika prAkRtoM (Primary Prakritas) ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| inakA samaya 2000 I0 pUrva se 600 I0 pUrva taka mAnA jAtA hai| aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki ye prAthamika prAkRteM svaroM evaM vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa, vibhaktiyoM ke prayoga Adi meM vaidika bhASA se bahata samAnatAe~ rakhatI thiiN| ina bhASAoM se vikAsa pAkara uttaravartI prAkRtoM kA jo sAhityika rUpa astitva meM AyA, usase yaha pramANita hotA hai| pataMjali kI dhvaniyoM meM mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne mahAbhASya ke prArambha meM vyAkaraNa yA zabdAnuzAsana ke prayojanoM kI carcA ke sandarbha meM zuddha zabdoM tathA duSTa zabdoM yA apazabdoM kI carcA kI hai| duSTa zabdoM ke prayoga se bacane aura zuddha zabdoM kA prayoga karane para jora dete hue unhoMne nimnAMkita zloka upasthita kiyA hai "yastu prayuGakta kuzalo vizeSe, zabdAn yathAvad vyvhaarkaale| so'nantamApnoti jayaM paratra, vAgyogavid duSyati cApazabdaiH // "" arthAta jo zabdoM ke prayoga ko jAnatA hai, vaisA karane meM kuzala hai, vaha vyavahAra ke samaya unakA yathocita prayoga karatA hai, vaha paraloka meM ananta jaya-utkarSa-abhyudaya prApta karatA hai| jo apazabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha dUSita-doSa bhAgI hotA hai| Age ve duSTa zabdoM yA apazabdoM kI ora saMketa karate hue kahate haiM-eka-eka zabda ke bahata se apabhraMza haiN| jaise go zabda ke gAvI, goNI, gopotalikA ityAdi haiN| yahA~ apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga una bhASAoM ke artha meM nahIM hai, jo pAMcavIM zatI se lagabhaga dazavIM zatI taka bhArata (pazcima, pUrva, uttara aura madhyamaNDala) meM prasRta rahIM, jo prAkRtoM kA uttaravartI vikasita thIM / yahA~ apabhraMza kA prayoga saMskRtetara lokabhASAoM, jinheM usa kAla kI prAkRteM kahA jA sakatA hai, ke zabdoM ke lie hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai, taba lokabhASAoM ke prasAra aura prayoga kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka ho calA ho / unake zabda sambhavata: vaidika aura laukika saMskRta meM praveza pAne laga gaye hoN| ataH bhASA kI zuddhi ke pakSapAtI purohita vidvAn usa para roka lagAne ke lie bahuta prayatnazIla hae hoN| pataMjali ke vivecana kI dhvani kucha isI prakAra kI pratIta hotI hai| ve (pataMjali) kucha Age aura kahate haiM- "sunA jAtA hai ki 'yarvANa-tarvANa' nAmaka RSi the| ve pratyakSa dharmAdharma kA sAkSAtkAra kiye hue the| para aura apara-parA aura aparA vidyA ke jJAtA the| Ipa 1. mahAbhASya, prathama Anhika, pRSTha 7 2. ekaikasya zabdasya bahavo'pabhraMzAH / tadyathA gaurityetasya zabdasya gAvI, goNI, gopotalike tyevmaadyo'pbhrNshaaH| -mahAbhASya, prathama Anhika pRSTha 8

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda jo kucha jJAtavya-jAnane yogya hai use ve jAna cake the| ve vAstavikatA ko pahacAne hue the / ve AdarAspada RSi 'yad vA naH tad vA naH'-aisA prayoga jahA~ kiyA jAnA cAhie, vahA~ 'yarvANaHtarvANaH' aisA prayoga karate the| parantu yAjJika-karpa meM apabhASaNa-azuddha zabdoM kA uccAraNa nahIM karate the| asuroM ne yAjJika karma meM apabhASaNa kiyA thA ata: unakA parAbhava huaa|"1 pataMjali ke kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki vaidika paramparA ke vidvAn paNDita bhI kabhI-kabhI bolacAla meM loka-bhASA ke zabdoM kA prayoga kara lete the| pataMjali ise to kSamya mAna lete haiM parantu isa bAta para ve jora dete haiM ki yajJa meM azuddha bhASA kadApi vyavahRta nahIM honI caahie| vaisA hone se artha kA anartha ho jAtA hai| pataMjali ke kathana se yaha abhivyaM jita hotA hai ki isa bAta kI bar3I cintA vyApta ho gaI thI ki loka-bhASAoM kA uttarottara bar3hatA huA pravAha yAjJika karma-vidhi taka kahIM na pahu~ca jaaye| Age calakara pataMjali yahA~ taka kahate haiM___"yAjJikoM ke zabda haiM ki yadi ahitAgni (yAjJika) agnyAdhAna kiye hue vyakti dvArA apazabda kA prayoga ho jAye to use usake prAyazcita-svarUpa sarasvatI iSTi sArasvata (sarasvatI devatAoM ko uddiSTa kara) yajJa karanA caahie|"2 eka sthAna para pataMjali likhate haiM-..... ......jina pratipAdikoM kA vidhivAkyoM meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, unakA bhI svara tathA varNAnurSI ke jJAna ke lie upadeza saMgraha iSTa hai tAki zaza ke sthAna para SaSa, palAza ke sthAna para palASa aura maJcaka ke sthAna para maMjaka kA prayoga na hone lge|"3 pataMjali ke samakSa eka prazna aura AtA hai| vaha una zabdoM ke sambandha meM hai, jo pataMjali ke samaya yA unase pahale se hI saMskRta meM prayoga meM nahIM A rahe the, yadyapi ve the saMskRta ke hii| USa, tera. cakra tathA peca-ina cAra zabdoM ko pataMjali ne udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne USa ke sthAna para uSitAH, tera ke sthAna para tIrNA:, cakra ke sthAna para kRtavantaH tathA peca ke sthAna para pakvavantaH ke rUpa meM jo prayoga pracalita the, unakI bhI carcA kI hai| 1. evaM hi zrUyate-yaNistarvANo nAma RSayo babhUvuH pratyakSadharmANaH parAvarajJA viditaveditavyA adhigatayAthAtathyAH / te tatra bhavanto yadvAnastadvAna iti prayoktavye yarvANastarvANa iti prayuJjate, yAjJa punaH karmaNi nApabhASante / taiH punarasurairyAjJa karmaNyapabhASitama tataste praabhtaaH| -mahAbhASya, prathama Anhika pRSTha 37-38 2. yAjJikAH paThanti AhitAgnirapazabdaM prayujya prAyazcittIyAM sArasvatImiSTi nirvapet / __ --mahAbhASya prathama Anhika pR0 14 ............."yAni to grahaNAni prAtipadikAni, eteSAmapi svaravarNAnupUrvI jJAnArtha upadezaH kartavyaH / zazaH SaSa iti mA bhUt / palAzaH palASa iti mA bhUt / maJcako maJcaka iti mA mata / -mahAbhASya prathama Anhika pR0 48 4. aprayogaH khalvapyeSAM zabdAnAM nATyaH / kutaH / prayogAnyatvAt yadeSAM shbdaanaamrthe'nyaacchbdaanpryunyjte| tadyathA USetyasya zabdasyArthe kvayUyamuSitAH teretyasyArthe kva yUyaM tIrNAH, cakretyasyArthe kva yayaM kRtavanta:, pecetyasyArthe kva yUyaM pakvavanta iti / -mahAbhASya prathama, Anhika pRSTha 31

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ApApraAnApAryapravabhina zrAAvAdagrantha zrAAnanda a55 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya . phira ina zabdoM ke aprayoga kA parihAra karate hue ve likhate haiM "ho sakatA hai, ve zabda jinheM aprayukta kahA jAtA hai, anya dezoM, sthAnoM meM prayukta hote hoM, hameM prayukta hote nahIM milate hoN| unheM prApta karane kA yatna kiijie| zabdoM ke prayoga kA kSetra bar3A vizAla hai| yaha pavI sAta dvIpoM aura tIna lokoM meM vibhakta hai| cAra veda haiN| unake chaH aMga haiN| unake rahasya yA tatvabodhaka itara grantha haiM / yajurveda kI 101 zAkhAe~ haiM, jo paraspara bhinna haiM / sAmaveda kI eka hajAra mArga-paramparAe~ haiN| RgvediyoM ke AmnAya-paramparA-krama ikkIsa prakAra ke haiN| atharvaveda nau rUpoM meM vibhakta hai / vAkovAkya (praznottarAtmaka grantha) itihAsa, purANa, Ayurveda ityAdi aneka zAstra haiM, jo zabdoM ke prayoga ke viSaya haiM / zabdoM ke prayoga ke itane vizAla viSaya ko sune binA yoM kahanA ki amuka zabda aprayukta haiM, kevala du:sAhasa hai|"1 / pataMjali ke uparyukta kathana meM do bAteM vizeSa rUpa se pratIta hotI haiM, eka yaha hai-saMskRta ke katipaya zabda lokabhASA ke DhA~ce meM Dhalate jA rahe the| usase unakA vyAkaraNa-zuddha rUpa akSuNNa kaise raha sakatA / loka-bhASAoM ke DhA~ce meM DhalA huA-kicit parivartita yA saralIkRta rUpa saMskRta meM prayukta na hone lage, isa para pataMjali jora dete haiN| kyoMki vaisA hone para saMskRta kI zuddhatA sthira nahIM raha sakatI thii| zaza-SaSa, palAza-palASa, maJcaka, maJjaka jo pataMjali dvArA ullikhita kiye gaye haiM, ve nizcaya hI isake dyotaka haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki saMskRta ke kucha zabda loka-bhASAoM meM itane ghulamila gaye hoMge ki unameM prayoga sahaja ho gyaa| sAmAnyataH ve lokabhASA ke hI zabda samajhe jAne lage hoN| saMskRta ke kSetra para isakI pratikUla pratikriyA huii| vahA~ unakA prayoga banda ho gyaa| ho sakatA hai, ApAtata: saMskRtajJoM dvArA unheM loka-bhASA ke hI zabda mAna liyA gayA ho yA jAnabUjha kara unase durAva kI sthiti utpanna kara lI gaI ho| pataMjali ke mastiSka para sambhavata: ina bAtoM kA asara rahA ho| isalie ve ina zabdoM kI aprayuktatA ke kAraNa hone vAlI bhrAMti kA pratikAra karane ke lie prayatnazIla pratIta hote haiN| zRddha vAk-jJAna, zuddha vAk-prayoga, zuddha vAk-vyavahAra ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane kI pataMjali ko kitanI cintA thI, yaha unake usa kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai jisameM unhoMne akSara-samamnAya parama puNyadAyaka evaM zreyaskara batAyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai : "yaha akSara-samamnAya hI vAksamamnAya hai arthAt vAk-vANI yA bhASA rUpa meM pariNata hone vAlA EYESO SHER 1. sarve khalvapyete zabdA dezAntareSu pryujynte| na caivopalabhyante / upalabdhau yatnaH kriyatAm / mahAJchabdasya prayoga viSayaH / sapta dvIpA vasamatI trayo lokAH, catvAro vedAH, sAGgAH sarahasyA:, bahadhA bhinnA ekAdazamadhvayu zAkhA:, sahasravarmA sAmavedaH ekaviMzatidhA bAhacyaM, navadhA''tharvaNovedaH, vAkovAkyam, itihAsaH, purANam / vaidyakamityetAvAJchabdasya prayoga viSayaH / etAvantaM zabdasya prayogaviSayamananunizamya santyaprayuktA iti vacanaM kevalaM sAhasamAtrameva / -mahAbhASya, prathama Anhika pRSTha 32-33

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda 7 / hai| isa puSpita, phalita tathA candramA va tAroM kI taraha pratimaNDita akSara-samamnAya ko zabda-rUpa brahmatattva samajhanA caahie| isake jJAna se saba vedoM ke adhyayana se milane vAlA puNya-phala prApta hotA hai| isake adhyetA ke mAtA-pitA svarga meM gauravAnvita hote haiN|" astu, sAdhAraNatayA bhASA vaijJAnika prAkRtoM ko madhyakAlIna AryabhASA kAla meM lete haiN| jaisA ki ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve 500 I0 pUrva se 1000 I0 taka kA samaya isameM ginate haiM / katipaya vidvAn 600 I0 pUrva se isakA prArambha tathA 1100 yA 1200 I0 taka samApana svIkAra karate haiN| prAkRta-kAla--tIna bhAgoM meM sthUla rUpa meM yaha lagabhaga milatI-julatI-sI bAta hai| kyoMki bhASAoM ke vikAsa-krama meM kAla kA sarvathA itthaMbhUta anumAna sambhava nahIM hotaa| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla ko prAkRta-kAla bhI kahA jAtA hai / yaha pUrA kAla tIna bhAgoM meM aura bAMTA jAtA hai--prathama prAkRta-kAla, dvitIya prAkRtakAla, tRtIya prAkRta-kAla / prathama prAkRta-kAla prArambha se arthAt 500 I0 pUrva se I0 san ke Arambha taka mAnA jAtA hai / isameM pAli tathA zilAlekhI prAkRta ko liyA gayA hai / dUsarA kAla I0 san se 500 I0 taka kA mAnA jAtA haiN| isameM pravRtta bhASA prAkRta nAma se abhihita kI gaI hai| prAkRta ke antargata kaI prakAra kI prAkRtoM kA samAveza hai, jinake svatantra rUpa spaSTa ho cuke the| tIsare kAla kI avadhi 500 I0 se 1000 I0 taka mAnI jAtI hai / isakI bhASA kA nAma apabhraMza hai, jo prAkRtoM kA uttaravartI vikAsa thaa| paNDita haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha ne bhI pAia sahamahaNNavo kI bhUmikA meM isa prAkRta-kAla ko, jise unhoMne dvitIya stara kI prAkRtoM kA samaya kahA hai, tIna yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prastuta viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa meM upayogI hone se use yahA~ uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai : prathama yuga (vista pUrva 400 I0 se khrista ke bAda 100 I0) (ka) hInayAna bauddhoM ke tripiTaka, mahAvaMza aura jAtaka prabhRti granthoM kI pAli-bhASA / (kha) paizAcI aura cUlikA paishaacii| (ga) jaina Agama-granthoM kI addhamAgadhI bhASA / (gha) aMgagranthabhinna prAcIna sUtroM kI aura paumacariaM Adi prAcIna granthoM kI jaina mahArASTrI bhaassaa| (Ga) azoka-zilAlekhoM kI evaM paravatikAla ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM kI bhASA / azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI bhASA madhyayuga (zistIya 100 se 500) / (ka) trivendram se prakAzita mAsacarita kahe jAte nATakoM aura bAda ke kAlidAsa prabhati ke nATakoM kI zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura mahArASTrI bhaassaaeN| 1. so'yamakSarasamAmnAyo vAksamAmnAyaH puSpitaH phalitazcandratArakavatpratimaNDito veditavyo brahmarAziH sarvavedapuNyaphalAvAptizcAsya jJAne bhavati, mAtA pitarI cAsya svarge loke mahIyete / -mahAbhASya, dvitIya Anhika, pRSTha 113 AMARCANJANAMAN- OADCASION WEREabhA zrIandara INivaranwavimeopranamurarima hommrapmiews

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abhindana zrI AnandakA grantha zrI Ananda tha WW 8 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya (kha) setubandha, gAthAsaptazatI Adi kAvyoM kI mahArASTrI bhASA / (ga) prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM jinake lakSaNa aura udAharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI bhASAe~ / (gha) digambara jaina granthoM kI zaurasenI aura paravartikAla ke zvetAmbaroM kI jaina mahArASTrI bhASA / (Ga) caNDa ke vyAkaraNa meM nirdiSTa aura vikramorvazIya meM prayukta apabhraMza bhASA / zeSa yuga (khristIya 500 se 1000 varSa ) bhinna-bhinna pradezoM kI paravartikAla kI apabhraMza bhASAe~ | paNDita haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha kA yaha vibhAjana prAkRta ke bhedoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlatA hai / prAkRta ke bhedoM ke sambandha meM Age yathAprasaMga vistAra se vicAra kiyA jAyegA / isa sambandha meM vizleSaNa karane se pUrva prAkRta kI utpatti para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / prAkRta ke nAma-nAmAntara prAkRta ke lie pAiya, pAia, pAuya, pAuDa, pAgaDa, pAgata, pAgaya, pAyaa pAyaya, pAyau jaise aneka nAma prApta haiM / jaina aMga sAhitya meM tIsare aMga sthAnAMga sUtra' meM pAgata zabda vyavahRta huA hai / kSamAzramaNa jinabhadragaNikRta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA meM hemacandra sUri ne pAgaya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| rAjazekhara dvArA racita karpUramanjarI nAmaka saTTaka meM pAua zabda AyA hai / vAkpatirAja ne vaha nAmaka apane prAkRta kAvya meM pAyaya4 zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / ye sabhI zabda prAkRta ke artha meM haiM / nATyazAstra ke racayitA AcArya bharata ne nATyazAstra" meM prAkRta ke nAma se isa bhASA ko abhihita kiyA hai / prAkRta kA utpatti-srota bhASA vaijJAnika sAdhAraNatayA aisA mAnate A rahe haiM ki Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa krama ke antargata vaidika bhASA se saMskRta kA vikAsa huA aura saMskRta se prAkRta kA udbhava huA / isIlie bhASA vaijJAnika isakA astitva saMskRta-kAla ke pazcAt svIkAra karate haiM / isa sambandha meM hameM vizada rUpa se vicAra karanA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM kI mAnyatAe~ -- suprasiddha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa AcArya hemacandra ne apane prAkRta - vyAkaraNa meM " prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavaM tata AgataM va prAkRtam / " arthAt prakRti saMskRta hai, vahA~ hone vAlI yA usase Ane vAlI bhASA prAkRta 1. sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 7, sUtra 553 2. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 1466 kI TIkA 3. karpUramaMjarI, javanikA 1, zloka 8 4. gauDavaho, gAthA 62 5. nATyazAstra, adhyAya 17, zloka 1. www.jaineliotrary.org

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabhaMda hai / mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta-sarvasva meM prAkRta kA "prakRtiH saMskRtam tatra bhavaM prAkRtamucyate" prakRti saMskRta hai, vahA~ hone vAlI bhASA arthAt usase niSpanna hone vAlI bhASA prAkRta kahI jAtI hai--aisA lakSaNa kiyA hai / prAkRta-candrikA meM "prakRtiH saMskRtam tatra bhavatvAt prAkRta smRtam" prakRti saMskRta hai, vahA~ hone se yA usase udbhUta hone se yaha bhASA prAkRta kahI gaI hai-aisA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| narasiMha ne SaDbhASAcandrikA meM "prAkRte: saMskRtAyAstu vikRtiH prAkRtI matA" saMskRta rUpa prakRti kA vikAra-vikAsa mAnA gayA hai- aisA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta-saMjIvanI meM kahA gayA hai ki "prAkRtasya sarvameva saMskRtaM yoniH" arthAta prAkRta kA mUla srota sarvathA saMskRta hI hai| nATyazAstra ke prasiddha vidvAn dhanika ne dazarUpaka meM "prAkRte: AgataM prAkRtam prakRti: saMskRtam" / jo prakRti se Agata hai vaha prAkRta hai aura prakRti saMskRta hai-aisA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| siMhadevagaNI ne vAgbhaTAlaGkAra kI TIkA meM "prakRte: saMskRtAt AgataM prAkRtam" saMskRta rUpa prakRti se jo bhASA AI, udbhUta huI, vaha prAkRta hai-aisI vyAkhyA kI hai| kAvyAdarza ke TIkAkAra premacanda tarkavAgIza ne likhA hai--"saMskRtarUpAyA prAkRteH utpannatvAta prAkRtam" saMskRta rUpa prakRti se utpannatA ke kAraNa yaha bhASA prAkRta nAma se abhihita huI hai| nArAyaNa ne rasikasarvasva meM prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke udbhava kI carcA karate hue kahA hai--"saMskRtAt prAkRtamiSTam tato'pabhraMzabhASaNam" saMskRta se prAkRta aura usase apabhraMza astitva meM aaii| prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM tathA kAvyazAstrIya granthoM ke katipaya TIkAkAroM ke uparyukta vicAroM se sAmAnyata: yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki una sabakI prAyaH eka hI dhAraNA thI ki saMskRta se prAkRta utpanna yahA~ sabase pahale socane kI bAta hai ki saMskRta kA artha hI saMskAra, parimArjana yA saMzodhana kI huI bhASA hai, taba usase prAkRta jaisI kisI dusarI bhASA kA udbhUta honA kaise saMbhava ho sakatA hai| yA to prAkRta ke uparyukta vaiyAkaraNoM ne aura kAvyazAstrIya vidvAnoM ne bhASA-tattva yA bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se socA nahIM thA yA unake kahane kA Azaya kucha aura thaa| prakRti zabda kA mukhya artha jana-sAdhAraNa yA svabhAva hotA hai| jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA yA svAbhAvika bhASA--vastuta: prAkRta kA aisA hI artha honA caahie| Age hama kucha vidvAnoM ke matoM kI carcA kareMge, jisase yaha saMgata pratIta hogaa| uparyukta vidvAnoM ne yadi vastutaH saMskRta ko prAkRta kA mUla srota svIkAra kiyA ho, isI artha meM saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti kahA ho to yaha vicAraNIya hai| jaisA ki siddha hai, saMskRta vyAkaraNa se sarvathA niyamita evaM pratibaddha ho cukI thii| aisA hone ke bAda bhASA kA apanA svarUpa to yathAvat banA rahatA hai para usakA vikAsa ruka jAtA hai| usase kisI naI bhASA kA prasUta honA sambhava nahIM hotaa| kyoMki vaha svayaM kisI bolacAla kI bhASA (jana-bhASA) ke AdhAra para saMskAra-yukta rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| AcArya hemacandra jaisA vidvAn jisakI dhArmika paramparA meM prAkRta ko jagat kI AdibhASA taka kahA gayA hai, ise saMskRta se niHsRta mAne, yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai| hemacandra Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne saMskRta ko PAINMainaraninabranAmarwAAJ- ANAMALA . AcAryapravabhiAcAryapravabhi zrIAnanda anyazrIAnandA anya meromainnromeryonextar v.' Arvie

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amanariranAm.nahanadainararinireverrorariadrimininADINIdanimumadamarindavanADASAJLADANSA R- RAMIN AcAryapravabhinaAcAryapravabhina zrIAnanda nyazrIAnanda anya mmamarimmmmmmmaan 10 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya 11 prAkRta kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jo nirUpita kiyA hai, usakA eka vizeSa Azaya pratIta hotA hai| ye vaiyAkaraNa tathA kAvyazAstrIya TIkAkAra prAyaH prAkRta-kAla ke pazcAdavartI haiN| inakA samaya apabhraMzoM ke anantara Adhunika bhASAoM ke udgama tathA vikAsa ke nikaTa kA hai| taba prAkRta kA paThana-pAThana lagabhaga banda ho gayA thaa| yahA~ taka ki prAkRta ko samajhane ke lie saMskRta-chAyA se kAma lenA par3atA thA arthAt purAtana bhASAoM ke sIkhane kA mAdhyama saMskRta thii| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki saMskRta yadyapi loka-bhASA kA rUpa kabhI bhI nahIM le sakI parantu bhArata kI AryabhASAoM ke AdikAla se lekara aneka zatAbdiyoM taka vaha bhArata meM eka ziSTabhASA ke rUpa meM pravRtta rhii| isa dRSTi se usakI vyApti aura mahattva kSINa nahIM haa| tabhI to jaisA ki sUcita kiyA gayA hai, kAla-kramavaza jana-jana ke lie aparicita banI prAkRta jaisI bhASA jo kabhI sarvajana-pracalita bhASA thI, ko samajhane ke lie saMskRta jaisI ziSTabhASA kA avalambana lenA par3A / sambhavata: prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ke mana para isI sthiti kA asara thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne prAkRta kA AdhAra saMskRta batAyA / yahA~ taka huA, jaina vidvAn, jaina zramaNa, jinakA maulika vAGamaya prAkRta meM racita hai, apane Arya granthoM ke samajhane meM saMskRta chAyA aura TIkA kA sahArA Avazyaka mAnane lage the| vizeSataH hemacandra ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke sambandha meM kucha aura jJApanIya hai| hemacandra ne koI svatantra prAkRta-vyAkaraNa nahIM likhA / vastutaH hemacandra ne siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana ke nAma se bRhat saMskRtavyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| usake sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke samagra viSayoM kA vivecana hai / 1. AcArya hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa racane ke sambandha meM eka ghaTanA hai / gurjarezvara siddharAja jayasiMha, jo gurjaradeza ko kAzmIra, kAzI aura mithilA kI taraha saMskRta vidyA kA prazasta pITha dekhanA cAhatA thA, kA apane rAjya ke vidvAnoM se yaha anurodha thA ki ve eka nUtana vyAkaraNa kI racanA kareM, jo apanI koTi kI atyanta mahattvapUrNa kRti ho / siddharAja jayasiMha ko vizeSataH yaha preraNA taba milI, jaba usane apane dvArA jIte gaye mAlavadeza ke lUTa ke mAla meM Aye eka grantha-bhaNDAra kI gaveSaNA karavAI / usameM dhArAdhIza bhoja dvArA racita eka vyAkaraNa-grantha para siddharAja kI dRSTi par3I, jisa (grantha) kI paNDitoM ne bar3I prazaMsA kii| siddharAja kI sAhityika spardhA jaagii| phalataH usane vidvAnoM se ukta anurodha kiyaa| siddharAja kI rAjasabhA meM hemacandra kA sarvAtizAyI sthAna thaa| ve apratima pratibhA ke dhanI the, aneka viSayoM ke mArmika vidvAn the / prabhAvakacarita meM isa prasaMga kA yoM ullekha kiyA gayA hai "sarve sambhUya vidvAnso, hemacandra vyalokayan / mahAbhaktyA rAjJAsAvabhyarcya prAthitastataH / / zabdavyutpattikRcchAstraM nirmAyAsmanmanoratham / pUrayasva maharSe! tvaM, binA tvAmatra kaH prabhuH // yazo mama tava khyAti:, puNyaM ca muninAyaka ! vizvalokopakArAya, kuru vyAkaraNaM navam // " -prabhAvakacarita 12, 81, 82, 84

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prAkRtabhASA: udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda AThaveM adhyAya meM AcArya ne prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA varNana kiyA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA vizleSaNa grantha kA mukhya viSaya nahIM thA / jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, yuga-pravAha ko dekhate unheM sambhavataH yahI samIcIna lagA ho ki saMskRta ke mAdhyama se prAkRta taka pahu~cA jaae| prAkRta kI sIdhe vyAkhyA karanA unheM rucikara bhI nahIM lagA hogA, kyoMki bolacAla meM prAkRta kA vyavahAra na rahA, itanA hI nahIM, balki usake svatantra adhyayana kI pravRtti bhI kSINa ho cukI thI / usakA adhyayana saMskRta - sApekSa bana hI gayA thaa| lagatA hai, isIlie unheM saMskRta ke AdhAra ko svIkAra karanA samayAnukUla aura adhyayanAnukUla pratIta huA hai / zabdoM ke saMskRta rUpa ina-ina parivartanoM se prAkRta rUpa, yahI prAkRtabhASA meM praveza pAne kA sugamatama mArga thA / astu, isI paripArzva meM unheM saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti kahanA ucita lagA hai, yaha suspaSTa pratIta hotA hai / vastuta: AcArya hemacandra prAkRta kI utpatti ke sambandha meM bhrAnta nahIM the, apane kAvyAnuzAsana kI pahalI kArikA meM ve kahate haiM akRtrimasvAdupadAM paramArthAbhidhAyinIm / sarvabhASApariNatAM, janIM vAcamupAsmahe || alaMkAracUr3AmaNi nAmaka svopajJa vyAkhyA meM isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue ve likhate haiM"akRtrimANi - asaMskRtAni ataeva svAdUni mandadhiyAmapi pezalAni padAni yasyAmiti vigrahaH / " .....tathA suranaratirazcAM vicitrAsu bhASAsu pariNatAM tanmayatAM gatAM sarvabhASApariNatAm / ekarUpA'pi hi bhagavato'rdhamAgadhI bhASA vAridavimuktavArivad AzrayAnurUpatayA pariNamati / " isa bAta ko aura puSTa karane ke lie ve nimnAMkita padya bhI vahIM uddhRta karate haiM-- devA devIM narA nAroM zabarAzcApi zAbarIm / tiryaJco'pi hi tairazvoM menire bhagavadgiram // hemacandra dvArA svayaM apanI vyAkhyA meM kiye gaye isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki ve saMskRta ko kRtrima bhASA mAnate the / prAkRta unakI dRSTi meM akRtrima svAbhAvika yA prAkRtika bhASA thI / astu, isa vicAra - dhArA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAlA manISI yaha sthApanA kaise kara sakatA hai ki prAkRta saMskRta se nikalI hai / 11 hemacandra ke isa vyAkaraNa kI gujarAta meM tathA anyatra bahuta prazasti huI / isa sambandha meM nimnAMkita zloka bahuta prasiddha hai kiM stumaH zabdapAthodherhemacandrayatermatim / ekenApi hi yenedRk kRtaM zabdAnuzAsanam // suprasiddha jaina vidvAn jinamaNDala ne bhI isI prakAra ke udgAra vyakta kiye haiMjayasiMhadevavayaNAu nimmiyaM siddhahemavAgaraNaM / nIse sasadda lakkhaNa nihANamimiNA deNaM // [jaryAsahadevavacanAt nirmitaM siddhahaimavyAkaraNam / niHzeSazabdalakSaNanidhAnamanena munIndreNa // ] contr [D CURR OM Asava amiza dana Ananda abhi Li

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KAANAIL.JANABANKERAJ.AAJASANA.AAR.. .RIAMRAPAL :. dara 12 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya AcArya hemacandra ke pUrvavartI mahAn naiyAyika evaM kavi AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne bhI isI prakAra ullekha kiyA hai akRtrima svAdupadairjanaM jinendraH sAkSAdiva pAsi bhASitaiH / ' __ AcArya hemacandra ne isI paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / yahA~ taka ki AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke zabdoM ko bhI yathAvat rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| rudraTakRta kAvyAlaMkAra ke vyAkhyAtA, suprasiddha alaMkArazAstrI jaina vidvAna nami sAdha ne prAkRta kI vyAkhyA karate hue use saba bhASAoM kA mUla btaayaa| pahale mAnava kI AdibhASA ke sambandha meM vicAra karate samaya nami sAdhu ke vicAroM ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta zabda pAka+kRtaM 2 arthAt pahale kiyA huA (ati prAcIna) se banA hai| nami sAdhu ne apanI vyAkhyA meM yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala se girA huA pAnI yadyapi ekarUpa hotA hai, para bhUmi ke bheda se vaha aneka rUpoM meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra vaha (prAkRtabhASA) aneka rUpoM meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| .........."vahI pANini Adi ke vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se saMskAra pAkara sammArjita hokara saMskRta kahalAtI hai| nami sAdhu ukta vizleSaNa ke saMdarbha meM eka bAta kI aura carcA karate haiM, jo kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| ve kahate haiM ki mUla graMthakAra AcArya rudraTa ne apane vivecanakrama ke madhya prAkRta kA pahale tathA saMskRta Adi kA bAda meM nirdeza kiyA hai| yaha spaSTa hai, yoM kahakara nami sAdhu isa bAta para bala denA cAhate haiM ki prAkRta pUrvavartI hai tathA saMskRta tatpazcAdvartI / nami sAdhu ke vicAra bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa aura mananIya haiN| pUrvoddhRta vaiyAkaraNoM tathA kAvyazAstrIya granthoM ke TIkAkAroM se ye mela nahIM khAte / nami sAdhu prAya: ina sabhI se pUrvavartI the / rAjazekhara jaise ajaina vidvAnoM ne bhI isI bAta kI ora iMgita kiyA hai| rAjazekhara kA samaya lagabhaga nauvIM IsavI mAnA gayA hai| bAlarAmAyaNa kA eka prasaMga hai, jahA~ ve likhate haiM 1. dvAtriMzad dvAtrizikA 1, 18 2. ...... pAk-pUrvakRtaM prAkRtaM, bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibandhanabhUtaM vacanamucyate / 3. ......."meghanirmukta jalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva vibhedAnApnoti |........"paanninyaadi vyAkaraNoditazabda lakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRtamucyate / ......"ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nidiSTaM tadanu saMskRtAdIni / rudraTa kA vivecana prAkRta-saMskRta-mAgadha-pizAcabhASAzca zaurasenI c| SaSTho'tra -bhUribhedo dezamazeSAdapabhraMzaH // .

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda yad yatra yoni kila saMskRtasya sudRzAM jihvAsu yanmodate, zrotrapathAvatAriNi kaTurbhASAkSarANAM rasaH / gadyaM cUrNapadaM padaM ratipatestat prAkRtaM yadvacaH, tA~llATaoNllalitAGgi pazya nudatI dRSTeniSavratam // arthAt jo saMskRta kA utpatti sthAna hai, sundara nayanoM vAlI nAriyoM kI jihvAoM para jo pramoda pAtI hai, jisake kAna meM par3ane para anya bhASAoM ke akSaroM kA rasa kaDuA lagane lagatA hai| jisakA sulalita padoM vAlA gadya kAmadeva ke pada jaisA hRdya hai, aisI prAkRta bhASA jo bolate haiM, una lATadeza (gujarAta) ke mahAnubhAvoM ko he sundari ! apalaka nayanoM se dekha ! isa padya meM prAkRta kI vizeSatAoM ke varNana ke saMdarbha meM rAjazekhara ne prAkRta ko jo saMskRta kI yoni prakRti yA udgama srota batAyA hai, bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se vaha mahattvapUrNa hai / saso meM vAkpatirAja ne prAkRta kI mahattA aura vizeSatA ke sambandha meM jo kahA hai, usakA ullekha pahale kiyA hI jA cukA hai / unhoMne prAkRta ko sabhI bhASAoM kA udgama srota' batAyA hai / gauvo meM vAkpatirAja ne prAkRta ke sandarbha meM eka bAta aura kahI hai, jo bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se mananIya hai / unhoMne kahA hai " prAkRta kI chAyA prabhAva se saMskRta vacanoM kA lAvaNya udghATita yA udbhASita hotA hai / saMskRta ko saMskArotkRSTa karane meM prAkRta kA bar3A hAtha hai| " 1. sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti eto yaNenti vAyAo / enti samudaM ciyanti sAyarAo cciya jalAI // isa ukti se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki saMskRta bhASA kI vizeSatA saMskArotkRSTatA hai arthAt utkRSTatApUrvaka usakA saMskAra - pariSkAra yA parimArjana kiyA huA hai / aisA hone kA kAraNa prAkRta hai / dUsare zabdoM meM prAkRta kAraNa hai, saMskRta kArya hai / kArya se kAraNa kA pUrvabhAvitva svAbhAvika hai / 13 - bAlarAmAyaNa 48, 46 Aakr [sakalA etad vAco vizanti itazca niryAnti vAcaH / AyAnti samudrameva niryAnti sAgarAdeva isa bhASA ( prAkRta) meM saba bhASAe~ praveza pAtI haiM / isIse saba bhASAe~ nikalatI haiM / pAnI samudra meM hI praveza karatA hai aura samudra se hI (vASpa ke rUpa meM) nikalatA hai / jalAni 11 ] 2. ummilai lAyaNNaM payayacchAyAe sakkayavayANaM / sakkayasakkA rukka risaNeNa payayassa vi pahAvo // [ unmIlyate lAvaNyaM prAkRttacchAyayA saMskRtapadanAm / saMskRtasaMskArotkarSaNena prAkRtasyApi prabhAvaH / / ] Na zrI Ananda grantha -- gauDavaho 93 zrI Ananda ___gauDavaho 65 a za Sprickme Guai

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Arya prava abhi Xing ST62 14 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya T CUPPECE) AyAryaprava zrI Ananda RSi rAjazekhara tathA vAkpati ke kathana para gaura karanA hogA / ve jaina paramparA ke nahIM the, vaidikaparamparA ke the / jaina lekhaka prAkRta ko apane dharmazAstroM kI bhASA mAnate hue apanI paramparA ke nirvAha athavA usakA bahumAna karane kI dRSTi se aisA kaha sakate haiM, para jahA~ ajaina vidvAn aisA kahate haiM, vahA~ avazya kucha mahattva kI bAta honI cAhie / rAjazekhara aura vAkpati kA kathana niHsandeha prAkRta ke astitva, svarUpa Adi ke yathArtha aMkana kI dRSTi se hai / AcArya siddharSi kA abhimata grantha saMskRta vAG maya ke mahAn kathA-zilpI AcArya siddharSi ne apane " upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA' nAmaka mahAn saMskRta kathA-graMtha meM bhASA ke sambandha meM carcA kI hai, jo prastuta viSaya meM bar3I upayogI hai / ve likhate haiM saMskRta aura prAkRta -- ye do bhASAe~ pradhAna haiN| unameM saMskRta durvidagdha janoM ke hRdaya meM sthita hai / prAkRta bAlakoM ke lie bhI sadbodhakara hai tathA karNapriya hai / phira bhI unheM ( durvidagdha janoM ko ) prAkRta rucikara nahIM lgtii| aisI sthiti meM jaba upAya hai (saMskRta meM grantha racane kI merI kSamatA hai) taba sabhI ke citta kA raJjana karanA cAhie / bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue maiM saMskRta meM yaha isI racanA karU~gA / " 1. saMskRtA prAkRtA ceti, bhASe prAdhAnyamarhataH / tatrApi saMskRtA tAvadurvidagdha hRdi sthitA / / bAlAnAmapi sadbodhakAriNI karNapezalA / tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmapi bhAsate || upAye sati kartavyaM sarveSAM citaraJjanam / atastadanurodhena saMskRteyaM kariSyate // jaisA ki uddharaNa se spaSTa hai, AcArya siddharSi saMskRta ko durvidagdha logoM ke hRdaya meM sthita mAnate haiM / prAkRta, unakI dRSTi meM bAlakoM dvArA bhI samajhe jA sakane yogya hai aura karNapriya hai / koza ke anusAra durvidagdha' kA artha paNDitaMmanya yA garviSTha hai / paraMparayA yaha zabda zrayAn artha meM prayukta nahIM hai / isakA prayoga damiptA yA ahaMkAritA jaise kutsita artha meM hai / yadyapi AcArya siddharSi kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki prAkRta sarvalokopayogI bhASA hai para ve yaha bhI mAnate the ki pANDityabhimAnI janoM ko prAkRta meM racA grantha rucegA nahIM / kAraNa sApha hai, unakA samaya (10vIM 11vIM zatI) vaisA thA, jisakI pahale carcA kI hai, jaba prAkRta kA prayoga lagabhaga banda ho cukA thA aura granthakAra siddhAntataH prAkRta kI upayogitA mAnate hue bhI saMskRta kI ora jhukane lage the| aisA karane meM unakA aisA Azaya pratIta 2. jJAnalavadurvidagdhaM brahmA'pi naraM na raJjayati / "" - upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA, prathama prastAva 51, 53 - bhartRharikRta nItizataka 3

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15 prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda hotA hai ki unakI racanA vidvajjanoM meM samAhata bane / ataeva saMskRta, jo (Linguafrance) kA rUpa liye hue thI, meM racanA karane meM unheM gaurava kA anubhava hotA thA / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAkRta ko jo sarvajanopayogI bhASA kahA jAtA thA, vaha usake atIta kI bAta thI / usa samaya prAkRta bhI saMskRta kI taraha durbodha ho gaI thI / durbodha hote hue bhI saMskRta ke paThana-pAThana kI paramparA taba bhI akSuNa thI / prAkRta ke lie aisI bAta nahIM thI, ataH saMskRta meM grantha likhane kA kucha artha ho sakatA thA / jabaki prAkRta meM likhanA utanA bhI sArthaka nahIM thA / aise kucha kAraNa the, kucha sthitiyA~ thIM, jinase prAkRta vAstava meM lokajIvana se itanI dUra calI gaI ki use gRhIta karane ke lie saMskRta kA mAdhyama apekSita hI nahIM, Avazyaka ho gayA / saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti banAne meM vaiyAkaraNa jisa pravAha meM bahe haiM, usa sthiti kI eka jhalaka hameM AcArya siddharSi kI uparyukta ukti meM dRSTigata hotI hai / yahI pravAha Age itanA vRddhigata huA ki logoM meM yaha dhAraNA baddhamUla ho gaI ki saMskRta prAkRta kA mUla udgama hai / paNDita haragovindadAsa TI. seTha ne prAkRta kI prakRti ke sambandha meM ukta AcAryoM ke vicAroM kA samIkSaNa aura paryAlocana karane ke anantara prAkRta kI jo vyutpatti kI hai, vaha paThanIya hai| unhoMne likhA hai - " prakRtyA svabhAvena siddha prAkRtam" athavA "prakRtInAM sAdhAraNajanAnAmidaM prAkRtam " yaha vAstava meM saMgata pratIta hotA hai / prAkRta ke dezya zabda eka vicAra prAkRta meM jo zabda prayukta hote haiM, prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ne unheM tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai :3. dezya (dezI) / 1. tatsama, 2. tadbhava, (1) tatsama - tat yahA~ saMskRta ke lie prayukta hai / jo zabda saMskRta aura prAkRta meM eka jaise prayukta hote haiM, ve tatsama kahe gaye haiM / jaise--rasa, vAri, bhAra, sAra, phala, parimala, navala, vimala, jala, nIra, dhavala, hariNa, Agama, IhA, gaNa, gaja, timira, toraNa, tarala, sarala, haraNa, maraNa, karaNa, caraNa Adi / (2) tadbhava - varNoM kA samIkaraNa, lopa, Agama, parivartana Adi dvArA jo zabda saMskRta zabdoM se utpanna hue mAne jAte haiM, ve tadbhava kahe jAte haiM / jaise--dharma = dhamma, karma = kamma, yakSa jakkha, 1. pAiya saddamahaNNavo, prathama saMskaraNa kA upodghAta, pRSTha 23 / 2. prAkRta meM jo tatsama zabda pracalita haiM, ve saMskRta se gRhIta nahIM haiN| ve usa purAtana lokabhASA yA prathama stara kI prAkRta ke haiM, jisase vaidika saMskRta tathA dvitIya stara kI prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huA / ataeva ina uttaravartI bhASAoM meM samAna rUpa se ve zabda prayukta hote rahe / vaidika saMskRta se ve zabda laukika saMskRta meM Aye / 3. prathama stara kI prAkRta se uttaravartI prAkRtoM meM Aye hue pUrvokta zabdoM meM eka bAta aura ghaTita huI / aneka zabda, jo jyoM-ke-tyoM bane rahe, tatsama kahalAye / para prAkRteM to jIvita bhASAe~ thIM, kucha AcArya prava zrI Ananda Boxk PHO Jian abhinete Arya 26 abhineta antha 32 zrI Ananda grantha

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ApApravana abhiAgAryapravara abhinaya zrIAnanda zrIAnandakA anya 16 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya brAhmaNa =bamhaNa, kSatriya=khatia, dhyAna= jhANa, dRSTi-didi, rakSati= rakkhai, pRcchati-pucchai. asti = atthi, nAsti natthi ityAdi / (3) dezya (dezI)-prAkRta meM prayoga hone vAle zabdoM kA eka bahuta bar3A samudAya aisA hai ki jo na saMskRta zabdoM ke sadRza hai aura na unase udbhUta jaisA pratIta hotA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ne una zabdoM ko dezya kahA hai| unake udgama kI saMgati kahIM se bhI nahIM judd'tii| jaise uapazya, muMDa=sUkara, tomarI= latA, khuppai=nimajjati, hutta=abhimukha, phuTA=kezabandha, biTTaputra, DAla= zAkhA TaMkA= jaMghA, dhayaNa gRha, jhaDappa = zIghra, cukkai=bhrazyati, kaMdoTTa=kumuda, dhaDha=stUpa, vicchahu= samUha / ina dezya zabdoM para kucha vicAra karanA apekSita hai| isase prAkRta kI utpatti jo eka sImA taka, aba bhI vivAdAspada banI huI hai, ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milegii| yadi prAkRta saMskRta se nikalI hotI to ina dezya zabdoM kA saMskRta ke kinhIM-na-kinhIM zabdoM se to avazya sambandha-srota jur3atA / para aisA nahIM hai| yadyapi saMskRta-prabhAvita katipaya vaiyAkaraNoM ne ina dezya zabdoM meM se aneka nAmoM tathA dhAtuoM ko saMskRta ke nAmoM aura dhAtuoM ke sthAna para Adeza' dvArA pratiSThApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa meM isa prakAra kA upakrama draSTavya hai| etatsambaddha kucha sUtra yahA~ uddhRta kiye jAte haiM--- __ vRkSakSipRyo rukkhachUDhau / / 2 / 127 vRkSakSipayoryathAsaMkhyaM rukkha chuDha ityAdezau vA bhavataH / vRkSa aura kSipR zabda ko (vikalpa se) kramaza: rukkha aura chaDha Adeza hote haiM / yathA-vRkSa:rukkho, kSipRm- chUDhaM, utkSipRm - ucchUTaM / mArjArasya maJjaravaJjarau / / 2 / 132 mArjAra zabdasya maJjara vaJjara ityAdezau vA bhavataH / mArjAra zabda ko (vikalpa se) maJjara aura vaJjara Adeza hote haiN| yathA--mArjAra=maJjaro, vnyjro| trastasya hitthatau // 2 / 136 trasta zabdasya hittha taTTha ityAdezau vA bhvtH| trasta zabda ko (vikalpa se) hittha aura taTTa Adeza hote haiM / yathA-vastam -hitthaM, ttttt| JAN | RAMMAR zabdoM ke rUpa unameM parivartita hote gaye / yadyapi ve zabda saMskRta aura prAkRta meM prathama stara kI prAkRta se samAna rUpa meM Aye the para, vyAkaraNa se niyamita aura pratibaddha hone ke kAraNa saMskRta meM ve zabda jyoM-ke-tyoM bane rhe| prAkRta meM vaisA rahanA sambhava nahIM thaa| ve hI parivartita rUpa vAle zabda tadbhava khlaaye| ata: tadbhava kA abhiprAya, jaisA ki sAmAnyatayA samajhA jAtA hai, yaha nahIM hai ki ve saMskRta zabdoM se nikale haiN| 1. mitravadAgamaH zatruvadAdezaH /

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adhas zabdasya he ityayamAdezo bhavati / adhas zabda ko heTTha Adeza hotA hai / yathA -- adhaH- he | goNAdayaH / / 2 / 174 siddha hote haiM / yathA- goNAdayaH zabdA anuktaprakRtipratyayalopAgama-varNavikArA bahulaM nipAtyante / jinake prakRti, pratyaya, lopa, Agama tathA varNavikAra AkhyAta haiM, aise goNAdi zabda nipAta se gau: goNo, gAvI balIvaMda: baillo paJcapaJcAzat = paJcAvaNNA, paNapannA vyutsarjanam = vosiraNam apasmAraH = bamhalo dhik dhik = nilayaH = nihelaNaM kSullaka:= khuDDuo viSNu: - bhaTTio asurA:=agayA = dinam = allaM = chi chi paNDakaH = laccho balI = ujjalo puMzcalI = chichaI ityAdi / prAkRta bhASA udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda adhaso heTTha / / 2 / 141 gAva: = gAvIo ApaH = AU vyutsargaH: = viusaggo bahimaithunaM vA = bahiddhA utpalam = kanduTTa sthAsaka: caccikkaM janma = jammaNaM kutUhalam = kuDDu zmazAnam == karasI pauSpaM rajaH = tiGgicchi samartha :- pakkalo karpAsa:== palahI tAmbUlam = jhasuraM zAkhA : sAhulI katherva jjara- pajjaroppAla pisuNa- sa~gha - bolla cava- jampa - sIsa- sAhAH // / 4 / 2 katherdhAtorvajjarAdayo dazAdezA vA bhavanti / 17 kathe dhAtu ko (vikalpa se) vajjara Adi dasa Adeza hote haiM / jaise--vajjarai, pajjarai, uppAlai, pisuNai, saMghai, bollai, cavai, jampai, sIsai, sAhai, ubbukkai iti tUtpUrvasya bukka bhASaNe ityasya / ete cAnyairdeISu paThitA api asmAbhirdhAtvAdezIkRtA vividheSu pratyayeSu pratiSThantAmiti / tathA ca vajjario kathitaH, vajjariUNa kathayitvA vajjaraNaM kathanam vajjaranto kathayan vajjariavvaM kathayitavyamiti rUpasahasrANi sidhyanti / saMskRtadhAtuvacca pratyayalopAgamAdividhiH / duHkhe NivvaraH || 4 | 3 duHkhaviSayasya katheNivvara ityAdezo vA bhavati / Nivvarai- dukkhaM kathayatItyarthaH / duHkha viSayaka kath dhAtu ko ( vikalpa se) Nivvara Adeza hotA hai / jaise Nivvarai - duHkha kA kathana karatA hai / CADR OM prava upAdhyAya pravadatu abhi-dena AsamAna Amadana NAAN

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. .... . .... A AAAAMRASAID .. A A AAA . .. ................ AcAryaprAcAra zrIAnanda AdhAAnandA 18 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA pibeH pijja-Dalla-paTTa-ghoTTAH // 4 / 10 pibaterete catvAra AdezA vA bhavanti / piba ko (vikalpa se) pijja, Dalla, paTTa tathA ghoTTa ye cAra Adeza hote haiN| jaise-pibati-pijjaI, Dallai, paTTaI, ghotttti| nidrAterohIrojau // 4 / 12 nipUrvasya drAte: ohIra uGgha ityAdezo vA bhvtH| ni pUrvaka drAti ko (vikalpa se) ohIra aura una Adeza hote haiM; jaise nidrAti -ohIrai, usai / vaiyAkaraNoM ne AdezoM dvArA dezI zabdoM aura kriyAoM ko saMskRta ke sA~ce meM DhAlane kA jo prayatna kiyA, vaha vastutaH kaSTakalpanA thI, jise samIcIna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| AcArya hemacandra ke jo sUtra Upara sodAharaNa uddhRta kiye gaye haiM, una se do tathya prakAza meM Ate haiN| eka yaha hai ki anya prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM kI taraha hemacandra bhI AdezoM ke rUpa meM usI prakAra kI kaSTakalpanA ke pravAha meM baha gaye / dUsarA yaha hai ki hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke praNayana uddezya, kathana, prakAra Adi para pichale pRSThoM meM jo carcA kI gaI hai, usI sandarbha ko yahA~ jor3A jA sakatA hai arthAt hemacandra saMskRta ke pula se prAkRta ke taTa para pahu~cAnA cAhate the, isalie dezI zabdoM ke AdhAra, vyutpatti srota Adi kucha bhI na prApta hone para bhI unheM vyAkaraNa ko paripUrNatA dene kI dRSTi se Avazyaka lagA hai ki dezI zabdoM aura dhAtuoM ko bhI kyoM chor3A jaae| unake lie kucha jor3a-tor3a kI jA sakatI hai| sambhavata: isI kA pariNAma hemacandra dvArA nirUpita Adeza haiN| hemacandra apane vyAkaraNa ke caturtha pAda ke dUsare sUtra meM kath dhAtu ke sthAna para hone vAle AdezoM kA ullekha kara eka aura bAta sUcita karate haiM ki yadyapi dUsare (sambhavataH dUsare unase pUrvavartI) vaiyAkaraNoM ne inako dezI (rUpoM) meM ginA hai para ve (hemacandra) dhAtvAdezapUrvaka inheM vividha pratyayoM meM pratiSThita karane kI vyavasthA kara rahe haiN| hemacandra ke isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hai ki pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa aneka dezI zabdoM aura dhAtuoM ko dezI (rUpoM) meM par3ha dete the| ve sabhI dezI rUpoM ko siddha karane kA prayAsa nahIM karate the| hemacandra ne to kath dhAtu ke artha meM prayukta hone vAlI daza dezI kriyArUpoM ko upasthita kara digdarzana mAtra karAyA hai, aura bhI aise aneka dezI rUpa rahe hoMge, jinheM pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa dezI meM ginAte rahe hoN| yaha vastusthitiparaka bAta thii| saMskRta ke DhA~ce meM prAkRta ko sampUrNata: DhAlane ke abhiprAya se calA yaha AdezamUlaka krama bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se samucita nahIM thaa| balAta vyAkaraNa ke sA~ce meM utArane se bhASA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhane meM bhrAnti utpanna ho jAtI hai| para kyA kiyA jAtA, yuga kA mor3a hI sambhavataH vaisA thaa| saMskRta-nATakoM para dRSTipAta karane se isa tathya para aura prakAza par3atA hai| jaisA ki prasaMgopAttatayA carcA kI gaI hai| saMskRta-prAkRta racita nATakoM meM sambhrAnta yA uccakulotpanna puruSa pAtra saMskRta meM bolate haiM tathA sAdhAraNa pAtra (mahilA, bAlaka, bhRtya Adi) prAkRta meM bolate haiM / nATakoM kI yaha bhASA-sambandhI paramparA prAkRta kI janabhASAtmakatA kI dyotaka hai / yahA~ kahane kI bAta yaha hai ki ina (uttaravartI kAla meM racita) nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRtoM kA sUkSmatA se parizIlana karane para pratIta hotA hai ki socA saMskRta meM

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda - prabheda 16 gayA hai aura usa (socI huI zabdAvalI ) kA prAkRta meM anuvAda mAtra kara diyA gayA hai / Azcarya taba hotA hai, jaba nATakoM ke kaI prakAzanoM meM yahA~ taka dekhA jAtA hai ki prAkRta bhAga kI saMskRta - chAyA to moTe TAipa meM dI gaI hai aura mUla prAkRta choTe TAipa meM / abhiprAya spaSTa hai, prAkRta ko sarvathA gauNa samajhA gayA / mukhya paThanIya bhAga to unake anusAra saMskRta-chAyA hai / ina nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM svAbhAvika kama pratIta hotI haiM, kRtrima adhika / prAkRtoM ko nATakoM meM rakhanA nATyazAstrIya paramparA kA nirvAhamAtra raha gayA / sArAMza yaha hai ki jahA~ sAhitya - sarjana kA prasaMga upasthita hotA, sarjaka kA dhyAna sIdhA saMskRta kI ora jAtA / dezya zabdoM kA udgama dezya bhASAoM ke udgama srota ke sambandha meM aneka vidvAnoM ne aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai / unameM se kaiyoM kA yoM socanA hai, jaisA ki yathAprasaMga carcita huA hai, AryoM kA pahalA samudAya jo paJcanada va sarasvatI dRSadvatI kI ghATI se hotA huA madhyadeza meM AbAda ho cukA thA, jaba bAda meM Ane vAle AryoM ke dUsare dala dvArA vahA~ se khader3a diyA, taba vaha madhyadeza ke cAroM ora basa gayA / pahalA samUha mukhyata: paJcanada hotA huA madhyadeza meM rahA, jahA~ vaidika vAGamaya kI sRSTi huI / jo Arya madhyadeza ke cAroM ora ke bhUbhAga meM rahate the, unakA vAgvyavahAra apanI prAdezika prAkRtoM meM calatA thA / pradezabheda se bhASA meM bhinnatA ho hI jAtI hai / isalie madhyadeza meM rahane vAle AryoM kI prAkRteM kinhIM aMzoM meM milatI thIM, kinhIM meM nahIM / madhyadeza ke AryoM dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASAe~ chandas ke adhika nikaTa rahI hoMgI kyoMki chandas usI bhU-bhAga kI yA usake Asa-pAsa kI kisI prAktana loka bhASA kA pariniSThita rUpa thI / madhyadeza ke bAhara kI loka bhASAe~ yA prAkRteM apane prAdezika bheda tathA vaidika paramparA se asaMlagnatA ke kAraNa chandas se apekSAkRta dUra thIM / prAkRta sAhitya meM ye dezya zabda gRhIta hue haiM, unakA srota sambhavataH ye hI madhyadeza ke bAhara kI prAdezika bhASAe~ haiM / kyoMki ina loka-bhASAoM kA koI bhI prAktana yA tatkAlIna rUpa vaidika bhASA kA AdhAra yA udgama srota nahIM thA / ataH inase Aye hue zabdoM ke jo dezya nAma se abhihita kiye, anurUpa saMskRta meM zabda nahIM milate / dezabhASA : vyApakatA dezI bhASA kA dezabhASA bahuta prAcIna nAma hai / prAcIna kAla meM vibhinna pradezoM kI lokabhASAe~ yA prAkRteM dezI bhASA yA dezabhASA ke nAma se pracalita thIM / mahAbhArata meM skanda ke sainikoM aura pArSadoM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM ullekha hai-- "ve sainika tathA pArSada vividha prakAra ke carma apane deha para lapeTe hue the / ve aneka bhASA-bhASI the / deza bhASAoM meM kuzala the tathA paraspara apane ko svAmI kahate the / " 1. nAnAcarmabhirAcchannA nAnAbhASAzca bhArata / kuzalA dezabhASASu jalpanto'nyonyamIzvarAH // AcArya prava zrI Ananda - mahAbhArata, zalya parva, 45, 103 Guai Shu AyAyapravara abhinaMdana

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" m` sm` dwytwfr fyh ````````````````r`r `r`r `r``d `rb`mw`h hy yh mtkhlkhl m`trf`yGfhm m` m` m```` `dd w bhrh brdh m AcAryapravaTa AnApAryapravara abhi zrIAnandakanthazrIAnandAan52 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya memornimoviemummonerime NHERI isI prakAra nATyazAstra meM dezabhASAoM ke sambandha meM carcA hai, jo isa prakAra hai "aba maiM dezabhASAoM ke vikalpoM kA vivecana karUMgA athavA deza bhASAoM kA prayoga karane vAloM ko svecchayA vaisA kara lenA caahie|" kAmasUtra meM bhI likhA hai "loka meM vahI bahumata yA bahasamAhata hotA hai, jo goSThiyoM meM na to adhika dezabhASA meM katha kahatA hai|" jaina vAGamaya meM aneka sthAnoM para dezI bhASA sambandhI ullekha prApta hote haiN| udAharaNArthasamrATa zreNika ke putra meghakumAra ke varNana ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai __ "taba vaha medhakumAra............."aThAraha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM meM pravINa huaa| jJAtRdharmakathA sUtra kA eka dUsarA prasaMga hai "vahA~ campA nagarI meM devadattA nAmaka gaNikA nivAsa karatI thii| vaha dhanasampanna......."tathA aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM nipuNa thii|" jaina vAGamaya meM aura bhI aneka prasaMga haiM, jaise ........."vaha dRDhapratijJa bAlaka....... ."aThAraha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada thaa|" ___ ............"dRr3hapratijJa bAlaka..."aTThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM catura thaa|" "vahA~ vANijya grAma meM kAmoddhatA nAmaka vezyA thI, jo... ''aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM kuzala thii|" ina prasaMgoM se yaha anumita hotA hai ki bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM jo lokajanIna bhASAe~ yA paNDita ata Urdhva pravakSyAmi dezabhASA vikalpanam / athavAcchandataH kAryA dezabhASAprayokta bhiH / / -nATyazAstra, 17, 24, 26 nAtyantaM saMskRtenaiva nAtyantaM dezabhASayA / kathAM goSThISu kathayaMlloke bahumato bhavet / / kAmasUtra 1, 4, 50 3. tate NaM se mehekumAre................aTThArasavihippagAra desIbhASA visArae............."hotthA / -jJAtRdharmakathA sUtra 4. tattha NaM caMpAe nayarIe devadattA nAma gaNiyA parivasai uDDA....... ."aTThAradesIbhASA visArayA / -jJAtRdharmakathA sUtra 38, 62 5. tae NaM se daDhapaiNNe dArae..............."aTThArasavihadesippagArabhASA visArae / rAjapraznIya sUtra, patra 148 6. tae NaM daDhapaiNNe dArae..... aTThArasadezIbhASA visaare| --aupapAtika sUtra avataraNa 106 7. tattha NaM vANiyagAme kAmaJjhayA NAmaM gaNiyA hotthA......"aTArasadesIbhASA visArayA / -vipAkazruta patra, 21,22 .

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda 21 haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha ke zabdoM meM prathama stara kI prAkRneM, jinheM sara jArja griyarsana ne Primary Prakritas kahA hai, pracalita thIM, unheM dezabhASA yA dezI bhASA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM katipaya pAzcAtya bhASAvaijJAnikoM kA mata hai ki prAkRta bhASAoM meM jo dezI zabda aura dhAtue~ pracalita haiM, ve vAstava meM dravir3a parivAra tathA Agneya parivAra, jo anArya bhASA parivAra haiM, se AI haiM / kyoMki AryoM kA bhArata Ane se pUrva yahA~ mukhyataH dravir3a parivAra tathA Agneya parivAra kI bhASAe~ bolane vAle loga basate the| AryoM dvArA bhArata kI bhUmi jyoM-jyoM adhikRta kI jAtI rahI, ve (anArya) anya surakSita sthAnoM kI ora sarakate rhe| bAda meM vahA~ bhI Arya' pahu~ca gye| saMgharSa ke bAda Arya, anArya donoM jAtiyoM ke loga vahA~ sthira ho gaye / sAtha-sAtha rahane se pArasparika samparka bar3hanA svAbhAvika thA / phalataH anArya bhASAoM ke kucha zabda AryoM kI bolacAla kI bhASAoM (yA tAtkAlIna prAkRtoM) meM samA gaye / mahAbhArata kA jo uddharaNa dezabhASAoM ke sambandha meM pahale upasthita kiyA gayA hai, usake sandarbha para gaura karane se ukta tathya paripuSTa hotA hai| una sainikoM aura pArSadoM kI veSabhUSA, cAla-DhAla Adi 1. saMbhavata: ve ye Arya the, jo AryoM ke dUsare dala ke madhyadeza meM A jAne para vahA~ se bhAga uThe the aura madhyadeza ke irda-girda AbAda ho gaye the| nAnAveSadharAzcaiva nAnAmAlyAnulopanAH / nAnAvastradharAzcaiva carmavAsasa eva ca // uSNISiNo mukuTinaH sugrIvAzca suvarcasaH / kirITinaH paJca zikhAstathA kAJcana mUrdhajAH / trizikhA dvizikhAzcaiva tathA saptazikhAH pare / zikhaNDino mukuTino muNDAzca jaTilAstathA // citramAlAdharAH kecit kecit romAnanAstathA / vigreharasA nityamajeyA surasattamaiH // kRSNA nirmAsavaktrAzca dIrghapRSThAstanUdarAH / sthUlapRSThA hrasvapRSThA pralambodaramehanAH // mahAbhujA hrasvabhujA hrasvagAtrAzca vAmanAH / kubjAzca hrasvajaGghAzca hastikarNa zirodharAH / / hastinAsA kUrmanAsA vRkanAsAstathApare / dIrghocchvAsA dIrghajaGghA vikarAlA hyadhomukhAH / / mahAdaMSTrA hrasvadaMSTrAzcaturdaSTrAstathA pare / vAraNendra nibhAzcAtye bhImA rAjan sahasrazaH / / gavibhakta zarIrAzca dIptimantaH svalaGa kRtaaH| piGgAkSA zaGa kukarNAzca raktanAsAzca bhArata / / pRthudaMSTrA mahAdaMSTrA: sthUlauSThA harimUrdhajAH / nAnA pAdauSThadaMSTrAzca nAnAhastazirodharAH ||-mhaabhaart zalya parva 145-63-102 OF zrAAnanda NIC AcAryabharA zrIAnandagrantha An m onanewyearwa

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AcAryapravara abhiApAya pravara abhinaya zrIAnanda prAAgandA anya 22 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya - m se prakaTa hai ki ve saMbhavataH anArya jAti ke loga the| devatAoM ke senApati aura asaroM ke vijetA ke rUpa meM skanda hindU-zAstroM meM samAhata haiN| aisA anumAna hai ki AdivAsiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyoM ko unhoMne saMgaThita kiyA ho| mahAbhAratakAra una bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM ke logoM kA vistRta varNana kara dene ke bAda unheM deza-bhASAoM meM kuzala batalAte haiN| AryoM aura anAryoM ke pArasparika samparka tathA sAhacarya se prAdezika bhASAoM ne eka vizeSa rUpa liyA ho / saMbhavataH unheM hI yahA~ dezabhASA se saMjJita kiyA ho| paNDita haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha dravir3a parivAra tathA Agneya parivAra kI tamila, kannar3a, muNDA, Adi bhASAoM se dezI zabdoM ke Ane para sandeha karate haiN| unake kathana kA abhiprAya hai ki aisA tabhI svIkArya hotA, yadi anArya bhASAoM meM bhI dezI zabdoM tathA dhAtuoM kA prayoga prApta hotaa| saMbhavata: aisA nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM eka bAta aura socane kI hai ki ye dezI zabda anArya bhASAoM se jyoM-ke-tyoM prAdezika (mukhyataH madhyadeza ke catu: pArzvavartI) prAkRtoM meM A gaye, aisA na mAnakara yadi yoM mAnA jAe Arya bhASAoM tathA una vibhinna prAdezika prAkRtoM ke samparka se kucha aise naye zabda niSpanna ho gaye jinakA kalevara sampUrNataH na anArya-bhASAoM para AdhRta thA aura na prAkRtoM para hii| una dezI zabdoM ke dhvanyAtmaka, saMghaTanAtmaka svarUpa ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / astu, dezI zabdoM, dezabhASAoM yA dezI bhASAoM ke paripArzva meM itane vistAra meM jAne kA eka hI abhiprAya thA ki prAkRta ke udbhava aura vikAsa para kucha aura prakAza pdd'e| kyoMki yaha viSaya Aja saMdigdhatA kI koTi se mukta nahIM huA hai| vaidika saMskRta tathA prAkRta kA sAdRzya prAkRtoM arthAt sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa bolacAla kI jana-bhASAoM, dUsare zabdoM meM asAhityika prAkRtoM se huA, ThIka vaise hI jaise vaidika bhASA yA chandas kaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM kucha aisA sAdRzya khoja karane para prApta hotA hai, jaisA prAkRta aura laukika saMskRta meM nahIM hai| nimnAMkita udAharaNoM se ise samajhA jA sakatA hai saMskRta RkAra ke badale prAkRta meM akAra, AkAra, ikAra tathA ukAra hotA hai| RkAra ke sthAna meM ukAra kI pravRtti vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI prApta hotI hai / jaise Rgveda 1,46,4 meM kRta ke sthAna / ONNI aika 1. Rtot / / 8 / 1 / 126 / AdeRkArasya atvaM bhavati |-siddh haimazabdAnuzAsana 2. AtkRzA-mRduka-mRdutve vA // 8 / 1 / 127 / eSu AdeRta Ad vA bhavati / 3. itkRpAdau / / 8 / 1 / 128 kRpA ityAdiSu zabdeSu AdeRta itvaM bhavati / uhatvAdau / / 8 / 1 / 131 Rtu ityAdiSu zabdeSu Adeta ud bhavati /

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda ra bhada-prabhada 23 para kucha kA prayoga hai| aura bhI isa prakAra prAkRta meM antya vyaMjana kA sarvatra lopa hotA hai| jaiseyAvat =jAva, tAvat=tAva, yazas=jaso, tamas = tamo / vaidika sAhitya meM hameM yatra-tatra aisI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaise--pazcAt ke lie pazcA (atharvaveda saMhitA 10-4-11) uccAt ke lie uccA (taittirIya saMhitA 2-3-14), nIcAt ke lie nIcA (taittirIya saMhitA 4-5-61) / prAkRta meM saMyukta ya, ra, va, z, Sa, s kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura ina lupta akSaroM ke pUrva ke hasva svara kA dIrgha ho jAtA hai| jaise-pazyati =pAsaha, kazyapaH =kAsavo, Avazyakama = zyAmA sAmA, vizrAmyanti-vIsamai, vizrAma:=visAmo, mizram =mIsaM, saMsparzaH=saMphAso, pragalbha = pagalbha, durlabha = dullaha / vaidika bhASA meM bhI hameM isa koTi ke prayoga prApta hote haiN| jaise apragalbha=apagalbha (taittirIya saMhitA 4-5-61), tryacatrica (zatapatha brAhmaNa 1-3-3-33), durNAza-duNAza (zuklayajuH prAtizAkhya 3-43) / prAkRta ke saMyukta varNoM ke pUrva kA dIrgha svara hrasva ho jAtA hai / jaise tAmram = tambaM, virahAgniH = virahagI, AsyaM = assaM, munIndraH-muNindo, tIrtham =titthaM, cUrNaH cUNNo ityAdi / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI aisI pravRtti prApta hotI hai| jaise--rodasIprA-rodasiprA (Rgveda 10-88-10) amAtra=amatra (Rgveda 3-36-4.) prAkRta meM saMskRta ke da ke badale para aneka sthAnoM para Da hotA hai| jaise--dazanam = DasaNaM, dRSTa: DaTTo, dagdhaH= DaDDho, dolA-DolA, daNDa=DaNDo, daraH=Daro, dataH=DAho, dambhaH-Dambho, darbhaH =Dabho, kadanam = kaDaNaM, dohdH-ddohlo| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI yatratatra isa prakAra kI sthiti prApta hotI hai| jaise--durdama=dUDama (vAjasaneya saMhitA 3 / 36), purodAsa=puroDAza (zuklayajuH pratizAkhya 3 / 44) / 1. antyavyaJjanasya / / 1 / 11 zabdAnAM yad antyavyaJjanaM tasya luga bhavati / 2. lupta ya-ra-va-za-Sa-sAM dIrghaH / / 1 / 43 / (siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana) prAkRtalakSaNavazAlluptA yAdyA upari adho vA yeSAM zakAra SakAra sakArANAM teSAmAdeH svarasya dIrgho bhvti| 3. hrasva: saMyoge / 8 / 184 dIrghasya yathAdarzanaM saMyoge pare hrasvo bhavati / 4. dazana-daSTa-dagdha-dolA-daNDa-dara-dAha-dambha-darbha-kadana-dohade do vA Da: / / 1 / 217 eSu dasya Do vA bhavati / N. Apa AbhandA Ananda pAya - zrIAnanda

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24 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya prAkRta meM saMskRta ke kha, gha, tha, tathA bha kI taraha dha kA bhI ha hotA hai| jaise-sAdhuH sAhU, badhiraH bahiro, bAdhate-vAhai, indradhanu = indrahaNU, sabhA-sahA / / vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI aisA prApta hotA hai| jaise-pratisaMdhAyapratisaMhAya (gopatha brAhmaNa 2.4) prAkRta (mAgadhI ko chor3akara prAyaH sabhI prAkRtoM) meM akArAnta puliMga zabdoM ke prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM o hotA hai| jaise--manuSaH mANaso, dharmaH dhmmo| etat tathA tat sarvanAma meM bhI vikalpa se aisA hotA hai| sa: so, eSaH eso| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI kahIM prathamA ekavacana meM o dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaise--saMvatsaro ajAyata (Rgveda saMhitA 10.160.2) socit (Rgveda saMhitA 1.161.10-11) saMskRta akArAnta zabdoM meM Gasi (paJcamI) vibhikti meM jo devAt, narAta dharmAta, Adi rUpa banate haiM, unameM antya t ke sthAna para prAkRta meM chaH Adeza hote haiN| unameM eka ta kA lopa bhI hai / lopa ke prasaMga ko yoM bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki paMcamI vibhakti meM ekavacana meM (akArAnta zabdoM meM) A pratyaya hotA hai / jaise devAt =devA, narAt=NarA, dharmAt = dhammA Adi / vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI isa prakAra ke katipaya paJcamyanta rUpa prApta hote haiN| jaise-uccAtauccA, nIccAt =nIcA, pazcAt = pshcaa| prAkRta meM paJcamI vibhakti bahuvacana meM bhis ke sthAna para hi Adi hote haiM / jaise devehi Adi / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI isake anurUpa devebhiH jyeSThebhiH garbhArebhiH Adi rUpa prApta hote haiN| 1. kha-gha-tha-dha bhAm / / 8 / 11187 svarAtapareSAmasaMyuktAnAmanAdibhUtAnAM kha gha tha dha bha ityeteSAM varNAnAM prAyo ho bhavati / 2. ataH se?H / / 8 / 3 / 2 akArAntAnnAmnaH parasya syAdeH seH sthAne Do bhavati / vaitattadaH / / 8 / 3 / 3 etattadokArAtparasya syAdeH sejhai bhavati / 4. svaujasamauTchaSTAbhyAMbhisGabhyAMbhyasGasibhyAMbhyasGasosAmGayossup / aSTAdhyAyI // 412 su au jas iti prathamA / am auTa zas iti dvitIyA / TA bhyAM bhis iti tRtIyA / Ga bhyAM bhyas iti caturthI / Gasi bhyAM bhyas iti paJcamI / Das os Ama iti sssstthii| Di os sup iti sptmii| Gases tto-do-du-hi-hinto-lukaH / / 8 / 3 / 8 ataH parasya Dase: tto do duhi hinto luka ityete SaDAdezA bhavanti / jaise vatsAta vacchato, vacchAo, vacchAu, vacchAhi, vacchAhinto, vcchaa| 6. bhiso hi hi hi / / 8 / 3 / 7 ataH parasya bhisaH sthAne kevala: sAnunAsikaH, sAnusvArazca hirbhvti| - www.jainerforary.org

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda 25 prAkRta meM ekavacana aura bahuvacana hI hote haiM. dvivacana nahIM hotaa| vaidika saMskRta meM vacana to tIna haiM para isa prakAra ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiM, jahA~ dvivacana ke sthAna para bahavacana ke rUpoM kA prayoga huA hai / jaise-indravaruNau ke sthAna para indravaruNAH, mitrAvaruNau ke sthAna para mitrAvaruNAH, narI ke sthAna para narAH, surathI ke sthAna para surathAH, rathitamau ke badale rathitamAH / isa yuga ke prAkRta ke mahAn jarmana vaiyAkaraNa pizala ne apane vizAla grantha Comparative grammar of the Prakrit language meM saMskRta se prAkRta ke udgama' kA khaNDana karate hue prAkRta tathA vaidika bhASA ke sAdRzya ke dyotaka katipaya udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiM, jinameM se kucha ye haiMprAkRta bhASA vaidika bhASA tvana strIliMga SaSThI ke ekavacana kA rUpa Aye tRtIyA bahuvacana kA rUpa ehi ebhiH bohi (AjJAvAcaka) bodhi tA, jA, ettha tAt, yAt, itthA amhe asme vaggUhi vagnubhi saddhi saghrIm ttaNa Ae ghisu ghrasa rukSava rUkSa uparyukta vivecana se yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAkRtoM kA udgama vaidika-bhASA kAla se prAgvartI kinhIM bolacAla kI bhASAoM yA boliyoM se huA, jaise ki unhIM meM se kisI bolI ke AdhAra para vaidika bhASA astitva meM aaii| 1. ...........This Sanskrit was not the basis of the Prakrit dialects, which indeed go back to a certain popular spoken dialect, which on political or religious grounds, was raised to the status of a literary medium. But the difficulty is that it does not seem useful that all the Prakrit dialects sprang out from one and the same source at least they could not have developed out of Sanskrit, as is generally held by Indian scholars and Hobber, Lassen, Bhandarkar and Jacoby. All the Prakrit languages have a series of common grammatical and lexical characteristics with the Vedic language and such are significantly missing from Sanskrit. -~-~-Page 4. maan A BARAJAVAJSAALAAMADARAMANADARPARASADANUABASAHJAHARAMJAAISATALABILARAARADALAJ.MA A was zrAAnanda anava ra amana amannamrimirmimmmwommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmminarsimirrom

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26 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya prAkRta ke prakAra prAkRteM jIvita bhASAe~ thIM / jaisA ki svAbhAvika hai, bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM bole jAne ke kAraNa unake rUpoM meM bhinnatA aaii| una (bolacAla kI bhASAoM yA boliyoM) ke AdhAra para jo sAhityika prAkRteM vikasita huI, unameM bhinnatA rahanA svAbhAvika thaa| yoM prAdezika yA bhaugolika AdhAra para prAkRtoM ke kaI bheda hue| unake nAma prAyaH pradeza vizeSa ke AdhAra para rakhe gye| AcArya bharata ne nATyazAstra meM prAkRtoM kA varNana karate hue mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, sUrasenI, ardhamAgadhI, bAlIkA, dakSiNAtyA nAma se prAkRta ke sAta bhedoM kI carcA kI hai|' prAkRta ke upalabdha vyAkaraNoM meM sabase prAcIna prAkRta prakAza ke praNetA vararuci ne mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, aura paizAcI ina bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai| caNDa ne mAgadhI ko mAgadhikA aura paizAcI ko paizAcikI ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| chaThI zatI ke suprasiddha kAvyazAstrI daNDI ne kAvyAdarza meM prAkRtoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| unhoMne mahArASTrI (mahArASTrAzrayA), zaurasenI, gaur3I aura lATI ina cAra prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne vararuci dvArA vaNita cAra bhASAoM ke atirikta ArSa, cUlikA, paizAcI aura apabhraMza ina tInoM ko prAkRtabhedoM meM aura batAyA hai| hemacandra ne arddhamAgadhI ko ArSa kahA hai| trivikrama, lakSmIdhara, siMharAja aura narasiMha Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne AcArya hemacandra ke vibhAjana ke anurUpa hI prAkRta bhedoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / antara kevala itanA-sA hai, isameM trivikrama ke atirikta kisI ne bhI ArSa kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| vastutaH jaina-paramparA ke AcArya hone ke nAte hemacandra kA, arddhamAgadhI (jo jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai) ke prati vizeSa AdarapUrNa bhAva thA, ataeva unhoMne ise ArSa nAma se abhihita kiyaa| 1. mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA sUrasenyardhamAgadhI / vAhnIkA dAkSiNAtyA ca sapta bhASAH prakIrtitAH / / -nATyazAstra 17, 18, -prAkRta lakSaNa 3.38 -prAkRta lakSaNa 3.36 2. prAkRta prakAza 10.1-2, 11.1, 12.32 3. paizAcikyAM raNayorlanau // mAgadhikAyAM rasayolazau / / mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM, prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH / sAgaraH sUktiratnAnAM, setubandhAdi yanmayam / / zaurasenI ca gauDI ca, lATI cAnyA ca tAdRzI / yAti prAkRtamityevaM, vyavahAreSu sannidhim / / 5. RSINAmidamArSam / -kAvyAdarza 1.34-35

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda 27 mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta- sarvasva meM prAkRta ko solaha bhedopabhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| unhoMne prAkRta ko bhASA, vibhASA, apabhraMza aura paizAca ina cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| ina cAroM kA vibhAjana isa prakAra hai (1) bhASA - mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI aura mAgadhI / (2) vibhASA -- zAkArI, cANDAlI, zabarI, AbhIrikA aura TAkkI / (3) apabhraMza - nAgara, brAcaDa tathA upanAgara / (4) paizAca - kaikaya, zaurasena evaM pAJcAla / nATyazAstra meM vibhASA ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki zakAra, abhIra, cANDAla, zabara imila, Andhrotpanna tathA vanecara kI bhASA dramila kahI jAtI hai / mArkaNDeya ne bhASA, vibhASA Adi ke varNana ke prasaMga meM prAkRta candrikA ke katipaya zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM ATha bhASAoM, chaH vibhASAoM, gyAraha pizAca bhASAoM tathA sattAIsa apabhraMzoM ke sambandha meM carcA hai / inameM mahArASTrI, AvantI, zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI, vAlIkI, mAgadhI, prAcyA tathA dakSiNAtyA ye ATha bhASAe~, chaH vibhASAoM meM se drAvir3a aura oDhUja ye do vibhASAe~, gyAraha pizAca bhASAoM meM se kAMcIdezIya, pANDya, pAJcAla, gaur3a, mAgadha, brAcaDa, dAkSiNAtya, zaurasena, kaikaya aura drAvir3a ye daza pizAca bhASAe~ tathA sattAIsa apabhraMzoM meM brAcaDa, lATa, vaidarbha bArbara, Avantya, pAJcAla, TAkka, mAlava, kaikaya, gauDa, uDDU, dvaMva, pANDya, kauntala, siMhala, kAliGga, prAcya, kArNATa, kAJca, drAvir3a, gaurjara, AbhIra aura madhyadezIya ye tebIsa apabhraMza vibhinna pradezoM ke nAmoM se sambaddha haiM / jinajina pradezoM meM prAkRtoM kI jina-jina boliyoM kA pracalana thA, ve boliyA~ una-una pradezoM ke nAmoM se abhihita kI jAne lagIM / itanI lambI sUcI dekhakara Azcarya karane kI bAta nahIM hai / kisI eka hI pradeza kI eka hI bhASA usake bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM kucha bhinna rUpa le letI hai aura usa pradeza ke nAmoM ke anurUpa upa-bhASAoM yA boliyoM meM bahuta antara nahIM hotA para yatkiJcit bhinnatA to hotI hI hai / udAharaNa ke lie hama rAjasthAnI bhASA ko leN| vaise to sAre pradeza kI eka bhASA rAjasthAnI hai, para bIkAnera kSetra meM jo usakA rUpa hai, vaha jodhapura kSetra se bhinna hai / jaisalamera kSetra kI bolI kA rUpa inase aura bhinna hai / isI prakAra cittaur3a, DUMgarapura, bAMsavAr3A, ajamera, meravAr3A, koTA, bU~dI Adi hADautI kA kSetra, jayapura yA DhUMDhAr3a kA bhAga, alavara kA ilAkA, bharatapura aura dhaulapura maNDala --- ina saba meM janasAdhAraNa dvArA bolI jAne vAlI boliyA~ thor3I bahuta bhinnatA lie hue haiM / kAraNa yaha hai ki eka hI pradeza meM basane vAle loga yadyapi rAjanaitika yA prazAsanika dRSTi se eka ikAI se sambaddha hote haiM parantu usa pradeza ke bhinna-bhinna bhU-bhAgoM meM pAsa-par3osa kI sthitiyoM ke kAraNa, apanI kSetrIya sAmAjika, sAMskRtika tathA bhaugolika bhinnatAoM yA vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa paraspara jo antara hotA hai, usakA unakI boliyoM para alaga alaga prabhAva par3atA hai aura eka hI bhASA ke antargata hone para bhI unake rUpa meM, kama hI sahI, pArthakya A hI jAtA hai / Upara pizAca bhASAoM aura apabhraMzoM ke jo aneka bheda dikhalAye zrI Anandana grantha 9 zrI Ananda www.conne Ping ca AAR abhina

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orammaruaamaarnamaAAAAdaramarikaawaralasranamasanaMaNMKianarassromania NABARABANJainisairanibartamaas AcArasayabhAcAanaa zrIAnanda an zrIAnanda anya THANIwwwYYYYIWwwvacammoveviviYyiwwview 28 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya gaye haiM, ve paizAcI prAkRta ke kSetra tathA apabhraMza ke kSetra kI anekAneka boliyoM aura upa-boliyoM ke sUcaka haiN| prAkRta ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM yA bhASAoM para Age vistAra se vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| yahA~ to kevala pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM sUcana-mAtra kiyA hai / prAkRtoM kA vikAsa : vistAra-pRSThabhUmi pUrva aura pazcima kI saMskRti tathA jIvana meM prAcIna kAla se hI hama kucha bheda pAte haiN| pazcima ke kRSNa aura pUrva ke jarAsandha jaise rAjAoM ke purANaprasiddha yuddhoM kI zRGkhalA isakI paricAyaka hai| bhArata meM Ane vAle Arya pazcima meM Tike, madhyadeza meM Tike, kucha pUrva meM bhI khader3a diye gaye / para, zAyada magadha taka unakA pahu~canA nahIM huA hogaa| huA hogA to bahuta kama / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kozala aura kAzI se bahuta Age sambhavataH ve nahIM bddh'e| ataH magadha Adi bhArata ke pUrvIya pradezoM meM vaidika yuga ke AdikAla meM vaidika saMskRti ke jo yajJa-yAga pradhAna thI, cinha nahIM prApta hote haiN| aisA anumAna hai ki vaidika saMskRti magadha prabhRti pUrvI pradezoM meM kAphI bAda meM paha~cI, bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA buddha se sambhavataH kucha zatAbdiyA~ pUrva / veda-mUlaka Arya-saMskRti ke pahu~cane ke pUrva magadha AryoM kI dRSTi se nidya thaa| niruktakAra yAska ne magadha ko anAryoM kA deza kahA hai| Rgveda meM kIkara zabda AyA hai, jise uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM magadha kA samAnArthaka kahA gayA hai| brAhmaNakAla ke sAhitya meM bhI kucha aise saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinase prakaTa hai ki taba taka pazcima ke AryoM kA magadha ke sAtha aspRzyatA kA-sA vyavahAra rahA thA / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM pUrva meM basane vAloM ko AsurI prakRti kA kahA gayA hai| Arya sambhavataH anAryoM ke lie isa zabda kA prayoga karate the, jisameM nimnatA yA ghRNA kA bhAva thaa| yahA~ eka bAta kI ora vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna denA hogaa| pahale dala meM bhArata meM Aye madhyadeza meM base Arya jaba dUsare dala meM Aye AryoM dvArA madhyadeza se bhagA diye gaye aura ve madhyadeza ke cAroM ora vizeSataH pUrva kI ora basa gaye to unake bhagAne vAle (bAda meM dUsare dala ke rUpa meM Aye hue) AryoM se vaicArika durAva rahA ho, yaha bahata saMbhAvya hai| unakA vahA~ ke mUla nivAsiyoM se mela-jola bar3hA ho, isakI bhI sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| mela-jola ke dAyare kA vistAra vaivAhika sambandhoM meM bhI huA ho, yoM eka mizrita navaMza astitva meM AyA ho, jo sAMskRtika aura dhArmika dRSTi se pazcima ke AryoM se dUra rahA ho| vaidika vAGamaya meM prApta vrAtya zabda sambhavataH inhIM pUrva meM base AryoM kA, jo sAmAjika dRSTi se pUrva meM basane vAle mUla-nivAsiyoM se sambaddha ho cuke the, dyotaka hai| vrAtya zabda kI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| unameM se eka vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo loga yajJa-yAgAdi meM vizvAsa na kara vratadhArI yAyAvara saMnyAsiyoM meM zraddhA rakhate the, vrAtya kahe jAte the| vrAtyoM ke lie vaidika paramparA meM zuddhi kI eka vyavasthA hai yA ve zuddha honA cAhate to unheM prAyazcittasvarUpa zuddhacarya yajJa karanA par3atA / vrAtya-stoma meM usakA varNana hai| usa yajJa ko karane ke anantara ve bahirbhUta Arya varNa-vyavasthA meM svIkAra kara lie jAte the|

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prAkRta bhASA : udgama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda 26 jaisA ki sUcita kiyA gayA hai, bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha se kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva pazcima yA madhyadeza se ve Arya, jo apane ko zuddha kahate the, magadha, aMga, baMga Adi pradezoM meM pahu~ca gaye hoN| vrAtyastoma ke anusAra prAyazcitta ke rUpa meM yAjJika vidhAna kA krama, bahiSkRta AryoM kA varNa-vyavasthA meM puna: grahaNa ityAdi tathya isake paricAyaka haiN| eka bAta yahA~ aura dhyAna dene kI hai / pUrva ke logoM ko pazcima ke AryoM ne apanI paramparA se bahirbhUta mAnate hue bhI bhASA kI dRSTi se unheM bahirbhUta nahIM maanaa| brAhmaNa-sAhitya meM bhASA ke sandarbha meM vrAtyoM ke lie isa prakAra ke ullekha haiM ki ve adurukta ko bhI durukta kahate haiM,' arthAt jisake bolane meM kaThinAI nahIM hotI, use bhI ve kaThina batAte haiN| vrAtyoM ke viSaya meM yaha jo kahA gayA hai, unakI saralatAnugAmI bhASApriyatA kA paricAyaka hai| saMskRta kI tulanA meM prAkRta meM vaisI saralatA hai hii| isa sambandha meM vebara kA abhimata hai / prAkRta bhASAoM kI ora saMketa hai| uccAraNa sarala banAne ke lie prAkRta meM hI saMyuktAkSaroM kA lopa tathA usI prakAra ke anya parivartana hote haiM / vyAkaraNa ke prayojana batalAte hue duSTa zabda ke apAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali ne azuddha uccAraNa dvArA asuroM ke parAbhUta hone kI jo bAta kahI hai, vahA~ unhoMne una para 'he arayaH' ke sthAna para 'helaya' prayoga karane kA Aropa lagAyA hai arthAt unakI bhASA meM 'ra' ke sthAna para 'la' kI pravRtti thI, jo mAgadhI kI vizeSatA hai| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki mAgadhI kA vikAsa yA prasAra pUrva meM kAphI pahale ho cukA thaa| uttarapradeza ke gorakhapura jile ke antarvartI sahagaurA nAmaka sthAna se jo tAmra-lekha prApta huA hai, vaha brAhmI lipi kA sarvAdhika prAcIna lekha hai| usakA kAla IsavI pUrva cauthI zatI hai| yaha sthAna jise hama pUrvI pradeza kaha rahe haiM, ke antargata AtA hai| isameM 'ra' ke sthAna 'la' kA prayoga dRSTigocara hotA hai| aisA bhI anumAna hai ki pazcima meM AryoM dvArA magadha Adi pUrvIya bhU-bhAgoM meM yAjJika saMskRti ke prasAra kA eka bAra prabala prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| usameM unheM cAhe tathAkathita ucca varga ke logoM meM hI sahI eka sImA taka saphalatA bhI milI hogii| para jana-sAdhAraNa taka saphalatA vyApta na ho skii| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha kA samaya yAjJika vidhi-vidhAna, karmakANDa, bAhya zaucAcAra tathA janmagata uccatA Adi ke pratikUla eka vyApaka Andolana kA samaya thA / jana-sAdhAraNa kA isase 1. aduruktavAkyaM duruktamAhuH / -tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa, paMcaviza brAhmaNa 2. te'surA helayo helaya iti kurvantaH parAbabhUvuH / tasmAd brAhmaNena na mlecchita vai nAmabhASita vai / mleccho ha vA eSa yadapazabdaH / -mahAbhASya, prathama Anhika, pRSTha 6 amanarasinivenubuirraturmuscwODANA dhAmanA AdAna

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AcArmapravabhinaAcAryapravara bhiloM zrAAnanda an zrIAnandA anya 30 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya AF prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika thA hI, sambhrAnta kuloM aura rAjaparivAroM taka isakA asara par3A / mahAvIra aura baddha ke samakAlIna kaI aura bhI dharmAcArya the, jo apane Apako tIrthakara kahate the / pUraNa kAzyapa, makkhali gozAla, ajita kezakaMbali, pakudhakatyAyana tathA saMjayavelaTriputta Adi unameM mukhya the| bauddha vAGamaya meM unheM akriyAvAda, niyativAda, acchedavAda, anyonyavAda tathA vikSepavAda ke pravartaka kahA gayA hai| yadyapi AcAra-vicAra meM unameM bheda avazya thA, para ve sabake saba zramaNa saMskRti ke antargata mAne gaye haiN| brAhmaNa-saMskRti yajJa-pradhAna thI aura zramaNa-saMskRti tyAga-vairAgya aura saMyama pradhAna / zramaNa zabda kI vidvAnoM ne kaI prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise zrama, sama aura zama para AdhRta mAnA hai| phalataH tapazcaryA kA ugratama svIkAra, jAtigata janmagata uccatva kA bahiSkAra tathA nirveda kA poSaNa ina para isameM adhika bala diyA jAtA rahA hai / zramaNa-paramparA ke antavartI ye sabhI AcArya yAjJika tathA karmakANDabahula saMskRti ke virodhI the| yaha eka aisI pRSThabhUmi thI, jo prAkRtoM ke vikAsa aura vyApaka prasAra kA AdhAra banI / bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne loka-bhASA ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| sambhava hai, uparyakta dUsare AcAryoM ne bhI loka-bhASA meM hI apane upadeza kiye hoNge| unakA koI sAhitya Aja prApta nahIM hai| mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA lokabhASA kA mAdhyama svIkAra kiye jAne ke mukhyataH do kAraNa sambhava haiN| eka to yaha ho sakatA hai unheM Arya kSetra meM vyApta aura vyApyamAna yAjJika va karmakANDI paramparA ke pratikUla apane vicAra bahujana-hitAya bahujana-sukhAya jana-jana taka sIdhe (Directly) pahu~cAne the, jo lokabhASA dvArA hI sambhava thaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki saMskRta, jisake prati bhASAtmaka uccatA kivA pavitratA kA bhAva thA, jo yAjJika paramparA aura karmakANDa ke puraskartA purohitoM kI bhASA thI, kA svIkAra unheM saMkIrNatApUrNa lagA hogA, jo jana-mAnasa ko dekhate yathArtha thaa| mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA prAkRtoM ke apane upadeza ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM apanAlie jAne para unheM (prAkRtoM kA) vizeSa vega tathA bala prApta huaa| unake samaya meM magadha (dakSiNa bihAra) eka zaktizAlI rAjya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukA thaa| uttara-bihAra meM vajjisaMgha ke katipaya gaNarAjya sthApita ho cake the aura kauzala ke tarAI ke bhAga meM bhI aisI hI sthiti thI, mahAvIra vajjisaMga ke antarvartI licchavi gaNarAjya ke the aura buddha kauzala ke antarvartI malla gaNarAjya ke / yahA~ se prAkRtoM ke uttarottara utkarSa kA kAla gatizIla hotA hai| taba taka prAkRta (mAgadhI) magadha sAmrAjya, jo magadha ke cAroM ora dUra-dUra taka phailA huA thA, ke rAjabhASA ke pada para pratiSThita ho cukI thI / prAkRtoM kA utkaSa kevala pUrvIya bhU-bhAga taka hI sImita nahIM rhaa| vaha pazcima meM bhI phailane lgaa| loga prAkRtoM ko apanAne lge| unake prayoga kA kSetra bar3hane lgaa| bolacAla meM to vahA~ (pazcima) bhI prAkRteM pahale se thI hI, aba ve dhArmika kSetra ke atirikta anyAnya loka-janIna viSayoM meM bhI sAhityika mAdhyama kA rUpa prApta karane lgii| vaidika saMskRti ke puraskartA aura saMskRta ke poSaka

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prAkRta bhASA : udagama, vikAsa aura bheda-prabheda 31 gayA logoM ko isameM apane utkarSa kA vilaya AzaMkita hone lgaa| phalataH prAkRta ke prayoga kI uttarottara saMvarddha nazIla vyApakatA kI saMskRta para eka vizeSa pratikriyA huii| taba taka mukhyataH saMskRta kA prayoga paurohitya, karmakANDa, yAjJika vidhi-vidhAna tathA dhArmika saMskAra Adi se sambaddha viSayoM taka hI sImita thA / aba usameM eka lokajanIna viSayoM para lokanIti, rAjanIti, sadAcAra, samAja-vyavasthA, lokaraMjana prabhati jIvana ke vividha aMgoM kA saMsparza karane vAle sAhitya kI sRSTi hone lgii| prAkRta meM yaha saba cala rahA thaa| loka-jIvana meM racI-pacI hone ke kAraNa loka-cintana kA mAdhyama yahI bhASA thii| ata: usa samaya saMskRta meM jo loka-sAhitya kA sarjana huA, usake bhItara cintana-dhArA prAkRta kI hai aura bhASA kA AvaraNa saMskRta kA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM mahAbhArata kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai| mahAbhArata samaya-samaya para uttarottara saMvaddhita hotA rahA hai| mahAbhArata meM zramaNa-saMskRti aura jIvana-darzana ke jo . aneka pakSa cacita hue haiM, yaha saba isI sthiti kA pariNAma hai| bhASAvaijJAnika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se yaha anveSTAoM ke lie gaveSaNA kA eka mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai / astu---etanmUlaka (saMskRta) sAhitya prAkRtabhASI jana samudAya meM bhI praveza pAne lgaa| isa krama ke bIca prayujyamAna bhASA (saMskRta) ke svarUpa meM bhI kucha parivartana huA / yadyapi saMskRta vyAkaraNa se itanI kasI huI bhASA hai ki usameM zabdoM aura dhAtuoM ke rUpoM meM vizeSa parivartana kI guMjAyaza nahIM Ane lagatI hai to usameM svarUpAtmaka yA saMghaTanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha aisI bAteM samAviSTa hone lagatI haiM, jo una bhASA-bhASiyoM ke lie saralatA tathA anukUlatA lAne vAlI hotI haiN| usameM sAdRzyamUlaka zabdoM kA prayoga adhika hone lagatA hai| usakA zabda-koza bhI samRddhi pAne lagatA hai| zabdoM ke artha meM bhI jahA~-tahA~ parivartana ho jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai, ve naye-naye artha grahaNa karane lagate haiN| vikalpa aura apavAda kama ho jAte haiN| sAtha-hI-sAtha eka bAta aura ghaTita hotI hai, jaba anya bhASA-bhASI loga kisI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karane lagate haiM to unakI apanI bhASAoM para bhI usakA prabhAva par3e binA nahIM rahatA / yaha saba huA, para bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke abhiyAna ke uttarottara gatizIla aura abhivRddhizIla hote jAne ke kAraNa saMskRta uparyukta rUpa meM saralatA aura loka-janInatA grahaNa karane para bhI prAkRtoM kA sthAna nahIM le skii| ataeva taduparAnta saMskRta meM jo sAhitya praNIta huA, vaha vizeSataH vidvadbhogya rahA, usakI loka-bhogyatA kama hotI gii| lambe-lambe samAsa, durUha sandhi-prayoga, zabdAlaMkAra yA zabdADambara tathA kRtrimatApUrNa padaracanA aura vAkyaracanA se sAhitya jaTila aura kliSTa hotA gyaa| sAmAnya pAThakoM kI pahu~ca usa taka kaise hotii| m. ... A nnu -a-Mana:-.. ...... .... ..., van.indakottamNanata nAASDOG bhAvArthaprazabhinsAna zrAAnAgabhiAcArya zrAmAnanda numarim more Permaneman - MH- ~ Parmarva