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________________ 3. ahavA heu cauvvihe paNNate taM jahA~ paccakkhe, aNumANe, ovamma -sthAnAMga 338 4. mati: smRti: saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha ityanarthAntarama-tatvArtha 1/ 1 5. tattvArtha bhASya 1 / 15 6. bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa, bhAga 4 pR0 190 - 191 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 7. 8. mUlya darzana kA udbhava evaM vikAsa ', eka navIna dArzanika prasthAna ke rUpa meM 'mUlya darzana' kA vikAsa lautse, brenTAno, eranaphelsa, mAinAMga, hArTamana, arabana, avareTa maiksa zilara Adi vicArakoM kI racanAoM ke mAdhyama se 19vIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM prArambha hotA hai, tathApi zreya evaM preya ke viveka ke rUpa meM parama sukha kI khoja ke rUpa meM evaM puruSArtha kI vivecanA ke rUpa meM mUlya-bodha aura mUlya-mImAMsA ke mUlabhUta praznoM kI samIkSA evaM tatsambandhI cintana ke bIja pUrva evaM pazcima ke prAcIna dArzanika cintana meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH mUlya-bodha mAnavIya prajJA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI prArambha hotA hai| ataH vaha utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA mAnavIya prajJA kA vikaas| mUlya-viSayaka vicAra-vimarza kI yaha dhArA jahA~ bhArata meM 'zreya' evaM 'mokSa' ko parama mUlya mAna kara AdhyAtmikatA kI dizA meM gatizIla hotI rahI, vahIM pazcima meM 'zubha' evaM 'kalyANa' para adhika bala dekara aihika, sAmAjika evaM buddhivAdI banI rhii| phira bhI artha, kAma aura dharma ke trivarga ko svIkAra kara na to bhAratIya vicArakoM ne aihika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke mUlyoM kI upekSA kI hai aura na satya, ziva evaM sundara ke parama mUlyoM ko svIkAra kara pazcima ke vicArakoM ne mUlyoM kI AdhyAtmika avadhAraNA kI upekSA kI hai| mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya mUlya kA svarUpa mUlya kyA hai ? isa prazna ke abhI taka aneka uttara diye gaye haiM- sukhavAdI vicAraparamparA ke anusAra, jo manuSya kI kisI icchA kI tRpti karatA hai athavA jo sukhakara, rucikara evaM priya hai, vahI mUlya hai| vikAsavAdiyoM ke anusAra jo jIvanarakSaka evaM saMvarddhaka hai, vahI mUlya buddhivAdI kahate haiM ki mUlya vaha hai jise mAnavIya prajJA nirapekSa rUpa se vareNya mAnatI hai aura jo eka vivekavAn prANI ke rUpa meM manuSyajIvana kA svataH sAdhya hai| antataH pUrNatAvAdI Atmopalabdhi ko hI mUlya mAnate haiM aura mUlya ke sambandha meM eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiN| vastutaH mUlya ke sandarbha meM ye sabhI dRSTikoNa kisI sImA taka aikAntikatA evaM avAntara kalpanA ke doSa (Naturalistic Fallacy) mImAMsA koSa, pR0 1638 tatroho nAma prakRtAvanyathA dRSaSya vikRtAvanyathA bhAvaH / 10. nyAyasUtra para vAtsayAna bhASya 1/1/1, pR0 53 11. nyAyasUtra para vizvanAtha vRtti 1/1/40 12. nyAyasUtra para vAtsAyana bhASya, pR0 320-21 184 se grasita haiN| vAstava meM mUlya eka anaikAntika, vyApaka evaM bahuAyAmI pratyaya hai, vaha eka vyavasthA hai, eka saMsthAna hai, usameM bhautika aura AdhyAtmika, zreya aura preya, vAMchita aura vAMchanIya, ucca aura nimna, vAsanA aura viveka sabhI samanvita haiN| ve yathArtha aura Adarza kI khAI ke lie eka pula kA kAma karate haiN| ataH unheM kisI aikAntika evaM nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para paribhASita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mUlya eka nahIM, aneka haiM aura mUlya-dRSTiyA~ bhI aneka haiN| ata: pratyeka mUlya kisI dRSTi vizeSa ke prakAza meM hI Alokita hotA hai| vastutaH mUlyoM kI aura mUlya - dRSTiyoM kI isa anekavidhatA aura bahu-AyAmI prakRti ko samajhe binA mUlyoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana bhI sambhava nahIM ho sakatA hai| mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA mUlya-bodha meM mAnavIya cetanA ke vividha pahalU eka-dUsare se saMyojita hote haiN| mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA bhI bahu-AyAmI hai, usameM jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa tInoM hI upasthita rahate haiN| vidvAnoM ne isa bAta ko samyak prakAra se na samajha kara hI mUlyoM ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM bhUla kI hai| yahA~ hameM do bAtoM ko ThIka prakAra se samajha lenA hogA - eka to yaha ki sabhI mUlyoM kA mUlyAMkana cetanA ke kisI eka hI pakSa ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare yaha ki mAnavIya cetanA ke sabhI pakSa eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA nirapekSa hokara kArya nahIM karate haiN| yadi hama ina bAtoM kI upekSA kareMge to hamArA mUlya-bodha apUrNa evaM ekAMgI hogaa| phira bhI mUlya-darzana ke itihAsa meM aisI upekSA kI jAtI rahI hai| erenaphelsa ne mUlya ko icchA (Diz2Ayara kA viSaya mAnA to mAinAMga ne use bhAvanA (phIliMga) kA viSaya btaayaa| pairI ne use ruci (iMTresTa) kA viSaya mAnakara mUlya-bodha meM icchA aura bhAvanA kA saMyoga mAnA hai| sArale ne use anumodana (eprIsiyezana) kA viSaya mAna kara usameM jJAna aura bhAvanA kA saMyoga mAnA hai phira bhI ye sabhI vicAraka kisI sImA taka ekAMgikatA ke doSa se nahIM baca pAye haiN| mUlya-bodha na to kursI aura mez2a ke jJAna ke samAna taTastha jJAna hai aura na preyasI ke prati prema kI taraha mAtra bhAvAveza hI vaha mAtra .
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________________ mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 185 icchA yA ruci kA nirmANa bhI nahIM hai| vaha na to nirA tarka hai aura na hotI hai utanI viveka yA bhAva kI nhiiN| yaha bAta to mUlya vizeSa kI nirI bhAvanA yA sNvednaa| mUlyAtmaka cetanA meM iSTatva, sukhadatA athavA prakRti para nirbhara hai ki usakA mUlya-bodha karate samaya kauna sA pakSa icchA-tRpti kA vicAra avazya upasthita rahatA hai, kintu yaha icchA- pradhAna hogaa| itanA hI nahIM, mUlya-bodha meM deza-kAla aura pariveza ke tRpti kA vicAra yA iSTatva kA bodha viveka-rahita na hokara viveka-yukta tattva bhI cetanA para apanA prabhAva DAlate haiM aura hamAre mUlyAMkana ko hotA hai| icchA svayaM meM koI mUlya nahIM, usakI athavA usake viSaya prabhAvita karate haiN| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha eka sahaja prakriyA na hokara kI mUlyAtmakatA kA nirNaya svayaM icchA nahIM, viveka karatA hai, bhUkha eka jaTila prakriyA hai aura usakI isa jaTilatA meM hI usakI sApekSatA svayaM mUlya nahIM hai, roTI mUlyavAna hai, kintu roTI kI mUlyAtmakatA bhI nihita hai| jo AcAra kisI deza, kAla paristhiti vizeSa meM zubha mAnA svayaM roTI para nahIM apitu usakA mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA para tathA jAtA hai vahI dUsare deza, kAla aura paristhiti meM azubha mAnA jA kSudhA kI vedanA para nirbhara hai| kisI vastu ke vAMchanIya, aiSaNIya yA sakatA hai| sauMdarya-bodha, rasAnubhUti Adi ke mAnadaNDa bhI deza, kAla mUlyavAn hone kA artha hai-niSpakSa viveka kI A~khoM meM vAMchanIya honaa| aura vyakti ke sAtha parivartita hote rahate haiN| Aja sAmAnyajana philmI mAtra icchA yA mAtra vAsanA apane viSaya ko vAMchanIya yA eSaNIya nahIM gAnoM meM jo rasa-bodha pAtA hai vaha use zAstrIya saMgIta meM nahIM milatA banA detI hai, yadi usameM viveka kA yogadAna na ho| mUlya kA janma hai| isI prakAra ruci-bheda bhI hamAre mUlya-bodha ko evaM mUlyAMkana ko vAsanA aura viveka tathA yathArtha aura Adarza ke sammilana meM hI hotA prabhAvita karatA hai| vastuta: mUlya-bodha kI avasthA cetanA kI niSkriya hai| vAsanA mUlya ke lie kaccI sAmagrI hai to viveka usakA ruupaakaar| avasthA nahIM hai| jo vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki mUlya-bodha eka prakAra usameM bhoga aura tyAga, tRpti aura nivRtti eka sAtha upasthita rahate haiN| kA sahaja jJAna hai, ve usake svarUpa se hI anabhijJa haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM zrI saMgamalAla jI pAMDeya kA mUlyoM kI tyAgarUpatA kA rasAnubhUti yA sauMdaryAnubhUti meM aura tatsambandhI mUlya-bodha meM bhI antara siddhAnta bhI ekAMgI hI lagatA hai| unakA yaha kahanA ki "nivRtti hI hai| rasAnubhUti yA sauMdaryAnubhUti meM mAtra bhAvaparaka pakSa kI upasthiti mUlyasAra hai" ThIka nahIM hai| mUlya meM nivRtti aura saMtuSTi (pravRti) donoM paryApta hotI hai, usameM viveka kA koI tattva upasthita ho hI yaha hI apekSita haiN| unhoMne apane lekha meM nivRtti zabda kA do bhinna arthoM Avazyaka nahIM hai, kintu tatsambandhI mUlya-bodha meM kisI na kisI meM prayoga kiyA hai, jo eka bhrAnti ko janma detA hai| kSudhA kI nivRtti viveka kA tattva avazya hI upasthita rahatA hai| mUlya-bodha aura mUlyayA kAmavega kI nivRtti meM tyAga nahIM bhoga hai puna: isa nivRtti ko bhI lAbha sakriya evaM sRjanAtmaka cetanA ke kArya haiN| mUlya-bodha aura mUlyasantuSTi kA hI dUsarA rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| (dekhie-dArzanika lAbha meM mAnavIya cetanA ke vividha pakSoM kA vividha AyAmoM meM eka traimAsika, julAI 1976) / prakAra kA dvandva calatA hai| vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhAvanA yA viveka punazca, yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM hai ki mUlya-bodha meM viveka ke antardvandva meM hI manuSya mUlya-vizva kA AbhAsa pAtA hai yadyapi yA buddhi hI ekamAtra nirdhAraka tattva hai| mUlya-bodha kI prakriyA meM mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA mUlya-bodha meM isa dvandva kA atikramaNa nizcita hI viveka-buddhi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, kintu yahI ekamAtra karatI hai| vastuta: isa dvandva meM jo pahalU vijayI hotA hai usI ke AdhAra nirdhAraka tattva nahIM hai| mUlya-bodha na to mAtra jaiva-preraNA yA icchA se para vyakti kI mUlya-dRSTi banatI hai aura jaisI mUlya-dRSTi banatI hai vaisA utpanna hotA hai aura na mAtra viveka-buddhi se| mUlya-bodha meM bhAvAtmaka hI mUlyAMkana yA mUlya-bodha hotA hai| jinameM jijIviSA pradhAna ho, pakSa kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kintu kevala bhAvonmeSa bhI mUlya- jinakI cetanA ko jaiva preraNAe~ hI anuzAsita karatI hoM, unheM roTI bodha nahIM de pAtA hai| DaoN. govindacandrajI pAMDe ke zabdoM meM "yaha arthAt jIvana kA saMvarddhana hI ekamAtra parama mUlya laga sakatA hai, kintu (mUlya-bodha) kevalabhAva-saghanatA yA icchodvelana na hokara vyakta yA aneka paristhitiyoM meM viveka ke prabuddha hone para kucha vyaktiyoM ko avyakta viveka se alaukika hai, usameM anubhUti kI jIvanta saghanatA cAritrika evaM anya ucca mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu jIvana kA balidAna aura rAgAtmakatA (lagAva) ke sAtha jJAna kI svacchatA aura taTasthatA hI ekamAtra parama mUlya laga sakatA hai| kisI ke lie vAsanAtmaka evaM (alagAva) upasthita hotI hai (muuly-miimaaNsaa)| isa prakAra mUlya-cetanA jaivika mUlya hI parama mUlya ho sakate hoM aura jIvana sarvatobhAvena meM jJAna, bhAva aura icchA tInoM hI upasthita hote haiN| phira bhI yaha rakSaNIya mAnA jA sakatA ho, kintu kisI ke lie cAritrika yA naitika vicAraNIya hai ki kyA sabhI prakAra ke mUlyAMkana meM ye sabhI pakSa samAna mUlya itane ucca ho sakate haiM ki vaha unakI rakSA ke lie jIvana kA rUpa se balazAlI rahate haiM? yadyapi pratyeka mUlya-bodha evaM mUlyAMkana meM balidAna kara de| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa jJAna, bhAva aura icchA ke tattva upasthita rahate haiM, phira bhI vividha prakAra cetanA ke vividha pahaluoM meM se kisI eka kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa ke mUlyoM kA mUlyAMkana yA mUlya-bodha karate samaya inake balAbala meM athavA deza-kAla tathA paristhitijanya tattvoM ke kAraNa hotA hai aura taratamatA avazya rahatI hai| udAharaNArtha-sauMdarya-bodha meM bhAva yA usake pariNAmasvarUpa mUlya-bodha tathA mUlyAMkana bhI prabhAvita hotA hai| anubhUtyAtmaka pakSakA jitanA prAdhAnya hotA hai utanA anya pakSoM kA ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki mUlya-bodha bhI kisI sImA taka dRssttinhiiN| Arthika evaM jaivika mUlyoM ke bodha meM icchA kI jitanI pradhAnatA sApekSa hai, kintu isake sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 186 svayaM dRSTi bhI mUlya-bodha se prabhAvita hotI hai| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha mAnate haiN| bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI zreSThatA athavA kaniSThatA aura manuSya kI jIvana-dRSTi paraspara sApekSa haiN| arabana kA yaha kathana ki ke sambandha meM bhI jo matabheda haiM ve sabhI dRSTi-sApekSa hI haiN| vastuta: jo mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM apitu mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI kisI eka dRSTi se sarvocca mUlya ho sakatA hai vahI dUsarI dRSTi se nimna vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko prabhAvita karate haiM, AMzika satya hI mUlya bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| balavattA yA tIvratA kI dRSTi se jahA~ kahA jA sakatA hai| mUlya na to pUrNatayA vastutantra hai aura na Atmatantra jaivika mUlya sarvocca Thaharate haiM, vahIM viveka evaM saMyama kI dRSTi se hii| hamArA mUlya-bodha Atma aura vastu donoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| AdhyAtmika evaM atijaivika mUlya uccatara mAne jA sakate haiN| punaH, sauMdarya-bodha meM, kAvya ke rasa-bodha meM AtmaniSThatA aura vastuniSThatA kisI eka hI dRSTi ke AdhAra para mUlyoM kI taratamatA kA nirdhAraNa bhI ke ina donoM pakSoM ko spaSTa rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| sauMdarya-bodha sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki mUlya aura mUlya-dRSTiyA~ bahu-AyAmI haiM, ve athavA kAvya kI rasAnubhUti na pUrI taraha kRti-sApekSa hai, na pUrI taraha eka-rekhIya na hokara bahurekhIya haiN| eka mUlya para eka dRSTi se vicAra aatm-saapekss| isa prakAra hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki mUlyAMkana karane kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra mUlya-bodha aura unakI taratamatA kA vAlI cetanA aura mUlya donoM hI eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiN| bodha dRSTi-sApekSa hai aura vaha dRSTi-cetanA ke vividha pahaluoM ke mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM donoM parasparAzrita haiN| eka ora mUlya apanI balAbala para nirbhara karatA hai| punazca, cetanA ke vAsanAtmaka aura mUlyavattA ke lie cetana sattA kI apekSA karate haiM dUsarI ora cetana vivekAtmaka pahaluoM meM kaba, kauna, kitanA balazAlI hogA yaha bAta sattA mUlya-bodha ke lie kisI vastu, kRti yA ghaTanA kI apekSA karatI bhI AMzika rUpa se deza-kAla aura parasthitiyoM para nirbhara hogI aura hai| mUlya na to mAtra vastuoM se prakaTa hote haiM aura na mAtra AtmA se| AMzika rUpa se vyakti ke saMskAra aura mUlya-dRSTi para bhii| isa prakAra ata: mUlya-bodha kI prakriyA ko samajhAne meM viSayItaMtratA yA vastutaMtratA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlya-bodha mUlya-dRSTi para nirbhara karatA hai aikAMtika dhAraNAe~ hai| mUlya kA prakaTIkaraNa cetanA aura vastu (yahA~ aura mUlya-dRSTi svayaM mUlya-bodha pr| ve anyonyAzrita haiM, bIja-vRkSa vastu meM kRti yA ghaTanA antarbhUta haiM) donoM ke saMyoga meM hotA hai| perI nyAya ke samAna unameM se kisI kI pUrvatayA-prAthamikatA kA nizcaya kara sImA taka satya ke nikaTa haiM jaba ve yaha kahate haiM ki mUlya vastu aura pAnA kaThina hai| vicAra ke aicchika sambandha meM prakaTa hote haiN| arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura bhAratIya mUlya darzana mUlyoM kI taratamatA kA prazna arabana ke anusAra mUlyAMkana eka nirNayAtmaka prakriyA hai, mUlya-bodha ke sAtha jur3A huA dUsarA sabase mahattvapUrNa prazna jisameM sat ke prati prAthamika vizvAsoM ke jJAna kA tattva bhI hotA hai| hai, mUlyoM ke tAratamya kA bodh| hameM kevala mUlya-bodha nahIM hotA apitu isake sAtha hI usameM bhAvAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka anukriyA bhI hai| mUlyoM ke uccAvaca krama kA yA unakI taratamatA kA bhI bodha hotA hai| mUlyAMkana saMkalpAtmaka prakriyA kA bhAvapakSa hai| arabana mUlyAMkana kI vastuta: hameM mUlya kA nahIM apitu mUlyoM kA, unakI taratamatA-sahita prakriyA meM jJAnapakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvanA evaM saMkalpa kI upasthiti bhI bodha hotA hai| hama kisI bhI mUlya-vizeSa kA bodha mUlya-vizva meM hI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| mUlyAMkana meM nirantaratA kA tattva unakI prAmANikatA karate haiM, alaga ekAkI rUpa meM nhii| ata: kisI mUlya ke bodha ke kA AdhAra hai| jitanI adhika nirantaratA hogI utanA hI adhika vaha samaya hI usakI taratamatA kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai| kintu yaha taratamatA prAmANika hogaa| mUlyAMkana aura mUlya meM antara spaSTa karate hue arabana kA bodha bhI dRSTi-nirapekSa nahIM hokara dRSTi-sApekSa hotA hai| hama kucha kahate haiM ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahI karatA, varan mUlya hI mUlyoM ko ucca mUlya aura kucha mUlyoM ko nimna mUlya kahate haiM kintu apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko nirdhArita karate haiN| mUlyoM kI isa uccAvacatA yA taratamatA kA nirdhAraNa kauna karatA hai? arabana ke anusAra mUlya na koI guNa hai, na vastu aura na kyA mUlyoM kI apanI koI aisI vyavasthA hai jisameM nirapekSa rUpa se smbndh| vastuta: mUlya aparibhASya hai tathApi usakI prakRti ko usake usakI taramatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai? yadi mUlyoM kI taratamatA kI koI sattA se sambandha ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sattA aura aisI vastuniSTha vyavasthA hotI hai to phira taratamatA sambandhI hamAre asattA ke madhya sthita hai| arabana minAMga ke samAna use vastuniSTha vicAroM meM matabheda nahIM hotaa| kintu sthiti aisI nahIM hai| ata: spaSTa hai kahatA hai, kintu usakA artha 'honA cAhie' (Ought to be) meM hai| ki mUlyoM kI taratamatA kA bodha bhI dRSTi-sApekSa hai| mUlya sadaiva astitva kA dAvA karate haiM, unakA sat honA isI para bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kI mUlya- nirbhara hai ki sat ko hI mUlya ke usa rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAye, dRSTiyoM kI vividhatA mUlya-bodha kI sApekSatA ko hI sUcita karatI hai| jisameM sattA aura astitva bhI ho| pazcima meM bhI satya, ziva evaM sundara ke sambandha meM isI prakAra kA mUlya kI vastuniSThatA ke do AdhAra haiM-prathama yaha ki pratyeka dRSTibheda parilakSita hotA hai| kucha loga satya ko parama mUlya mAnate haiM vastu viSaya mUlya kI vidhA meM AtA hai aura dUsare pratyeka mUlya ucca to dUsare kucha loga ziva (kalyANa) ko athavA sundara ko parama mUlya aura nimna ke krama se sthita hai| arabana ke anusAra mUlyoM kI anubhUti
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________________ mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 187 unakI kisI krama meM anubhUti hai, yaha binA mUlyoM meM pUrvAparatA mAne, jinameM bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca kevala manovaijJAnika avasthA para nirbhara nahIM ho sktii| isa prakAra mUlya prakAra ke haiN| eka-dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiN| arabana kI dRSTi meM mUlyoM kI isI krama-vyavasthA ke AdhAra __mUlya kI sAmAnya carcA ke bAda arabana naitika mUlya para Ate para AtmasAkSAtkAra ke stara haiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie prasthita haiN| arabana ke anusAra naitika dRSTi se mUlyavAna hone kA artha hai manuSya AtmA kI pUrNatA usa stara para hai, jise mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA ke lie mUlyavAna honaa| naitika zubhatva mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta sarvocca mUlya samajhatI hai aura sarvocca mUlya vaha hai jo anubhUti kI para nirbhara hai| mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta ko kucha logoM ne pUrNatA meM tathA jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana meM sabase adhika yogadAna AkArika niyamoM kI vyavasthA ke rUpa meM aura kucha logoM ne sukhayA karatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM ise hama vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA kI avasthA kI gaNanA ke rUpa meM dekhA thA, lekina arabana ke anusAra mAnavIya kaha sakate haiN| mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta kA tIsarA ekamAtra sambhAvita vikalpa hai eka anya AdhyAtmika mUlyavAdI vicAraka DablyU. Ara0 'aatmsaakssaatkaar'| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta ke samarthana meM arabana sAlI jaina paramparA ke nikaTa Akara yaha kahate haiM ki naitika pUrNatA arastU kI taraha hI tarka prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vastuoM kA Izvara ke samAna banane meM hai| kintu kucha bhAratIya paramparAyeM to isase bhI zubhatva unakI kAryakuzalatA meM hai, aMgoM kA zubhatva jIvana jIne meM Age bar3hakara yaha kahatI haiM ki naitika pUrNatA paramAtmA hone meM hai| unake yogadAna meM hai aura jIvana kA zubhatva AtmapUrNatA meM hai| manuSya AtmA se paramAtmA, jIva se jina, sAdhaka se siddha, apUrNa se pUrNa kI 'Atma' (Self) hai aura yadi yaha satya hai to phira mAnava kA vAstavika upalabdhi meM hI naitika jIvana kI sArthakatA hai| zubha usakI AtmaparipUrNatA meM hI nihita hai| arabana kI yaha dRSTi arabana kI mUlyoM kI krama-vyavasthA bhI bhAratIya paramparA ke bhAratIya paramparA ke ati nikaTa hai jo yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa hI hai| jaina evaM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI artha, AtmapUrNatA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya hai| kAma, dharma aura mokSa puruSArthoM meM yahI krama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arabana ke anusAra 'Atma' sAmAjika jIvana se alaga koI arabana ke Arthika mUlya arthapuruSArtha ke, zArIrika evaM manoraMjanAtmaka vyakti nahIM hai, varan vaha to sAmAjika maryAdAoM meM ba~dhA huA hai aura mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke, sAhacaryAtmaka aura cAritrika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha samAja ko apane mUlyAMkana se aura apane ko sAmAjika mUlyAMkana se ke tathA saundaryAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha ke prabhAvita pAtA hai| tulya haiN| ___ arabana ke anusAra svahita aura parahita kI samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna na to pariSkArita svahitavAda meM hai aura na bauddhika parahitavAda bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya meM hai, varan sAmAnya zubha kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svahita aura parahita jisa prakAra pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| yaha dRSTikoNa bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI ThIka isI lokamAnya hai usI prakAra bhAratIya naitika cintana meM puruSArtha-siddhAnta, rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| jaina paramparA bhI svahita aura lokahita kI jo ki jIvana-mUlyoM kA hI siddhAnta hai, paryApta lokapriya rahA hai| sImAoM se Upara uTha jAnA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya mAnatI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne jIvana ke cAra puruSArtha yA mUlya mAne haiM __ arabana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta karate haiM ki 1. artha (Arthika mUlya)-jIvana-yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie mUlyAMkana karane vAlI mAnavIya cetanA ke dvArA yaha kaise jAnA jAya ki bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI AvazkatA hotI hai, ata: daihika kauna se mUlya ucca koTi ke haiM aura kauna se mUlya nimna koTi ke? AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane vAle ina sAdhanoM ko upalabdha karanA hI arabana isake tIna siddhAnta batAte haiM arthapuruSArtha hai| pahalA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhyAtmaka yA Antarika mUlya 2. kAma (manodaihika mUlya)-jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI sAdhanAtmaka yA bAhya mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha pUrti ke sAdhana juTAnA arthapuruSArtha aura una sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karanA haiM ki sthAyI mUlya asthAyI mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiM aura tIsarA kAmapuruSArtha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vividha iMdriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga siddhAnta yaha hai ki utpAdaka mUlya anutpAdaka mUlyoM kI apekSA kAmapuruSArtha hai| ucca haiN| 3.dharma (naitika mUlya)-jina niyamoM ke dvArA sAmAjika arabana inheM vyAvahArika viveka ke siddhAnta yA mUlya ke jIvana yA lokavyavahAra sucAru rUpa se cale, sva-para kalyANa ho niyama kahate haiN| ye hameM batAte haiM ki jaivika mUlya jinameM Arthika, aura jo vyakti ko AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jAye, vaha zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya samAhita haiM; kI apekSA sAmAjika dharmapuruSArtha hai| mUlya jinameM sAhacarya aura cAritra ke mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra 4. mokSa (AdhyAtmika mUlya)-AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA ke haiN| usI prakAra sAmAjika mUlyoM kI apekSA AdhyAtmika mUlya, pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa mokSa hai|
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 (a) jaina dRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya sAmAnyatayA yaha samajhA jAtA hai nivRttipradhAna jaina darzana meM mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai| dharmapuruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAma ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| jaina- vicArakoM ke anusAra artha anartha kA mUla hai ? sabhI kAma 2 duHkha utpanna karane vAle haiN| 3 lekina yaha vicAra ekAMgI hI mAnA jaayegaa| koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai| jaina vicArakoM ne sadaiva hI vyakti ko svapuruSArtha se dhanopArjana kI preraNA dI hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti ko kevala apane puruSArtha se upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA adhikAra hai| dUsaroM ke dvArA upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA use koI adhikAra nahIM hai| gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI putra ke lie bahana hotI hai aura (ba) bauddha darzana meM puruSArtha catuSTaya dUsaroM kI lakSmI parastrI ke samAna hotI hai| donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai| ataH svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga karanA nyAyasaMgata hai| jainAcAyoM ne vibhinna varNa ke logoM ko kina 4 kina sAdhanoM se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai brAhmaNoM ko mukha (vidyA) se, kSatriyoM ko asi (rakSaNa) se, vaNikoM ko vANijya se aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ko zilpAdi karma se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, kyoMki inhIM kI sAdhanA meM unakI lakSmI kA nivAsa hai|' yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jainadRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM heya haiN| lekina darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArthaM ekAnta rUpa se heya haiN| yadi ve ekAnta rUpa se heya hote to Adi tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva striyoM kI 64 aura puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM kA vidhAna kaise karate? kyoMki unameM adhikAMza kalAe~ artha aura kAma puruSArtha se sambandhita haiN| nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina vicAraNA meM samucita sthAna hai| jaina vicArakoM ne jisake tyAga para bala diyA hai vaha indriya-viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM, bhogoM ke prati Asakti yA rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra karma vipAka se upalabdha bhogoM se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| indriyoM ke sammukha unake viSaya upasthita hone para unake AsvAda se bhI bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, jo sambhava hai vaha yaha ki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti na rakhI jaaye| itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vAsanAtmaka evaM saundaryAtmaka pakSa ko dharmonmukhI banAne tathA unake pArasparika virodha ko samApta karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra mokSAbhimukha paraspara avirodha meM rahe hue sabhI puruSArtha AcaraNIya haiN| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha upAsaka dharmapuruSArthaM aura kAmapuruSArtha kA isa prakAra AcaraNa kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho| 7 bhadra (dUsarI satI) ne to AcArya hemacandra (11vIM zatAbdI) ke pUrva hI yaha udghoSaNA kara dI thI ki jaina paramparA meM to puruSArthacatuSTaya avirodha rahate haiN| AcArya bar3e hI spaSTa evaM mArmika zabdoM meM likhate haiM ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko bhale hI anya koI vicAraka paraspara virodhI mAnate hoM, kintu jinavANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna meM avatarita hone ke kAraNa paraspara asapatna (avirodhI) haiN| apanIapanI bhUmikA ke yogya vihita anuSThAna rUpa dharma, svacchAzaya prayukta artha aura vistrambhayukta arthAt maryAdAnukUla vaivAhika niyantraNa se svIkRta kAma, jinavANI ke anusAra, paraspara avirodhI haiN|" ye puruSArya paraspara avirodhI tabhI hote haiM jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hote haiM aura jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hokara paraspara avirodha kI sthiti meM hoM, asapatna hoM, to ve samyak hote haiM, isalie AcaraNIya hote haiN| kintu jaba mokSa-mArga se vimukha hokara puruSArtha-catuSTaya paraspara virodha meM yA nirapekSa hote haiM, taba ve asamyak yA anucita evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiN| 188 bhagavAn buddha yadyapi nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA ke anugAmI haiM, tathApi unake vicAroM meM artha evaM kAma puruSArtha ke sambandha meM bhI dizAbodha upalabdha hai| dIghanikAya meM artha kI upalabdhi ke lie zrama karate rahane kA sandeza upalabdha hotA hai buddha kahate haiM- Aja bahuta sardI hai, Aja bahuta garmI hai, aba to sandhyA (dera) ho gayI, isa prakAra zrama se dUra bhAgatA huA manuSya dhanahIna ho jAtA hai| kintu jo sardI-garmI Adi ko sahakara kaThora parizrama karatA hai, vaha kabhI sukha se vaMcita nahIM hotA? jaise prayatnavAna rahane se madhumakkhI kA chattA bar3hatA hai, cIMTI kA valmIka bar3hatA hai, vaise hI prayatnazIla manuSya kA aizvarya bar3hatA hai| 1deg itanA hI nahIM, prApta sampadA kA upayoga kisa prakAra ho, isa sambandha meM bhI buddha kA nirdeza hai ki sadgRhastha prApta dhana ke eka bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko vyApAra Adi kAryakSetra meM lagAye aura cauthe bhAga ko Apatti kAla meM kAma Ane ke lie surakSita rakha chodd'e| 11 Aja kA pragatizIla arthazAstrI bhI Arthika pragati ke lie isase acche sUtra prastuta nahIM kara sktaa| buddha kevala arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| ve isa bAre meM bhI pUrNa satarka haiM ki yadi samAja meM dhana kA samucita vitaraNa nahIM hogA to arAjakatA aura asurakSA utpanna hogii| ve kahate haiM, nirdhanoM ko dhana nahIM diye jAne se daridratA bahuta bar3ha gayI aura daridratA ke bahuta bar3ha jAne se corI bahuta bar3ha gyii| 12 corI ke bahuta bar3hane kA artha dhana kI asurakSA hai| isake pIche buddha kA nirdeza yahI hai ki samAja meM dhana kA samavitaraNa honA cAhie tAki samAja kA koI bhI varga abhAva se pIr3ita na ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM artha ko kabhI bhI dharma se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie, ve dharmayukta vyavasAya meM niyojita hone kA hI nirdeza dete haiN| 13 jo jIvana meM dhana kA dAna evaM bhoga ke rUpa meM samucita upayoga nahIM karatA, usakA dhana nirarthaka hai, kyoMki maranevAle ke pIche usakA dhana Adi nahIM jAtA hai aura na dhana se jarAmaraNa se hI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai| 14 kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana karatA hai| udAna meM buddha kahate haiM, "brahmacarya jIvana ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai, .
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________________ hai Ara 2 mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 189 yaha eka anta hai| kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA binA yajJa ke jo bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hai, to usakA pramukha dRSTikoNa anta hai| ina donoM antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, kAmapuruSArtha ko dharmAbhimukha banAne kA hI hai|22|| mithyAdhAraNA bar3hatI hai, vyakti mArga se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai|"15 isa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI AdhAra para kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa yahI pratIta vicAradhArAoM meM cAroM puruSArtha svIkRta haiM, yadyapi sabhI ne isa bAta para hotA hai ki jo kAma dharma-aviruddha hai, jisase AdhyAtmika pragati bala diyA hai ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ko dharma-aviruddha honA cAhie yA citta kI vikalatA samApta hotI hai, vaha kAma AcaraNIya hai| aura dharma ko sadaiva hI mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| vastuta: yaha dRSTikoNa isake viparIta dharmaviruddha mAnasika azAntikAraka kAma yA viSayabhoga na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM kA hai, varan samagra anAcaraNIya hai| bhAratIya cintana kI isa sandarbha meM yahI dRSTi hai| manu kahate haiM ki dharmabuddha kI dRSTi meM bhI jaina vicAra ke samAna dharmapuruSArtha nirvANa vihIna artha aura kAma ko chor3a denA caahie|23 mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA yA mokSapuruSArtha kA sAdhana hai| majjhimanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuoM! hai ki jo artha aura kAma dharma virodhI hoM, unheM chor3a denA caahie|24 maiMne ber3e kI bhA~ti pAra jAne ke lie (nirvANalAbha ke lie) tumheM dharma kauTilya apane arthazAstra meM aura vAtsyAyana apane kAmasUtra meM likhate kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nhiiN|"16 arthAt nirvANa kI haiM ki dharma se avirodha meM rahe hue kAma kA hI sevana karanA caahe|25 dizA meM le jAnevAlA dharma hI AcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jo dharma isa prakAra bhAratIya cintakoM kA prayAsa yahI rahA hai ki cAroM nirvANa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, jisase nirvANalAbha meM bAdhA AtI puruSArthoM ko isa prakAra saMyojita kiyA jAye ki ve paraspara sApekSa ho vaha tyAga dene yogya hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha dharma ko eka sAdhana ke hokara avirodha kI avasthA meM rhe| isa hetu unhoMne unakA pArasparika rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie use bhI chor3a sambandha nizcita karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| kauna sA puruSArtha sarvocca dene kA sandeza dete haiN| unakI dRSTi meM parama mUlya to nirvANa hI hai| mUlyavAlA hai isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane bhI AyegItA meM puruSArtha catuSTaya 1. artha hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki dharma aura kAma donoM puruSArtha catuSTaya ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina artha ke hone para upalabdha hote haiN| dhana ke abhAva meM na to kAma-bhoga paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bhI mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| hI prApta hote haiM, aura na dAna-puNyAdi rUpa dharma hI kiyA jA sakatA vahI parama mUlya hai| dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha sambandhI dhRti ko hai|26 kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra meM isI dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA gItAkAra ne rAjasI kahA hai| 17 lekina yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAntipUrNa hogA hai|27 ki gItA meM ina puruSArthoM kA koI sthAna nahI hai| gItAkAra jaba kAma kI 2. kAma hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki viSayoM kI icchA yA nindA karatA hai,18 dharma ko chor3ane kI bAta karatA hai,19 to mokSapuruSArtha kAma ke abhAva meM na to koI dhana prApta karanA cAhatA hai, aura na koI yA paramAtmA kI prApti kI apeMkSA se hii| mokSa hI paramArAdhya hai, dharma, dharma karanA cAhatA hai| kAma hI artha aura dharma se zreSTha hai|28 jaise dahI artha aura kAma kA mokSa ke nimitta parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| kA sAra makkhana hai, vaise hI artha aura dharma kA sAra kAma haiN|29| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI yadi dharma, artha aura kAma mokSa ke avirodhI 3. artha, kAma aura dharma tInoM hI svatantra puruSArtha haiM, tInoM haiM to ve grAhya haiN| gItAkAra kI mAnyatA bhI yahI pratIta hotI hai ki artha kA samAna rUpa se sevana karanA caahie| jo eka kA sevana karatA hai vaha aura kAma ko dharmAdhIna honA cAhie aura dharma ko mokSAbhimukha honA adhama hai, jo do ke sevana meM nipuNa hai vaha madhyama hai aura jo ina tInoM caahie| dharmayukta, yajJa (tyAga) pUrvaka evaM varNAnusAra kiyA gayA meM samAna rUpa se anurakta hai, vahI manuSya uttama hai|30| AjIvikopArjana gItA ke anusAra vihita hI hai| yadyapi dhana kI cintA 4. dharma hI zreSTha guNa (puruSArtha) hai, artha madhyama hai aura kAma meM DUbe rahanevAle aura dhana kA tathA dhana ke dvArA kiye gaye dAna-puNyAdi sabakI apekSA nimna hai| kyoMki dharma se hI mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai, kA abhimAna karanevAle ko gItA meM ajJAnI kahA gayA hai20 tathApi dharma para hI loka-vyavasthA AdhArita hai aura dharma meM hI artha samAhita IsakA tAtparya yahI hai ki na to dhana ko ekamAtra sAdhya banA lenA hai|31 'cAhie aura na usakA tathA usake dvArA kiye gaye satkAryoM kA 5. mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| mokSa ke upAya ke rUpa meM jJAna abhimAna hI karanA caahie| isI prakAra kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM gItA aura anAsakti yahI parama kalyANakAraka hai|32 kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki use dharma-aviruddha honA caahie| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki prANiyoM meM dharma-aviruddha kAma maiM huuN|21 sabhI bhogoM se cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM kramanirdhAraNa vimukha hone kI apekSA gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yahI ucita hai ki unameM puruSArtha catuSTaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhinna dRSTikoNa Asakti kA tyAga kiyA jaaye| vastuta: yaha dRSTikoNa bhogoM ko mokSa ke paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM, lekina sApekSika dRSTi se inameM virodha avirodha meM rakhane kA prayAsa hai| isI prakAra gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki nahIM raha jAtA hai| sAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para artha hI pradhAna
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 190 pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki arthAbhAva meM daihika mA~goM (kAma) kI pUrti nahIM hI lAtA hai| isI Azaya ko sAmane rakhate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hotii| dUsarI ora, loka ke arthAbhAva se pIr3ita hone para dharmavyavasthA gayA hai ki 'dhana' meM pramatta puruSa kA dhana arthAt usa vyakti kA dhana yA nIti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| kahA hI gayA hai-bhUkhA kauna sA pApa jisake lie dhana hI sAdhya hai na to isa loka meM aura na paraloka meM hI nahIM karatA? 33 aise AdamI kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| dhana ke asIma moha se mUr3ha banA yadi sAdhaka (vyakti) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to daihika mUlya huA vaha vyakti, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para jaise mArga ko jAnate hue bhI (kAma) hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| manodaihika mUlyoM (icchA evaM kAma) ke mArga nahIM dekhatA, vaise hI vaha bhI nyAyamArga yA dharmamArga ko jAnate hue abhAva meM na to nIti-anIti kA prazna khar3A hotA hai aura na Arthika bhI use nahIM dekha paataa| jaise eka hI nagara ko jAne vAle bhinna-bhinnaH sAdhanoM kI hI koI AvazyakatA hotI hai| dUsare dharmasAdhana aura mArga paraspara bhinna dizAoM meM sthita hote hue bhI paraspara virodhI nahIM AdhyAtmika pragati bhI zarIra se sambandhita hai| kahA gayA hai-dharmasAdhana kahe jAte, usI prakAra paraspara virodhI puruSArtha mokSAbhimukha hone para ke lie zarIra hI prAthamika hai|34 daihika mA~goM kI pUrti ke abhAva meM asapatna (avirodhI) bana jAte haiN| yahIM unameM eka mUlyAtmaka tAratamya citta-zAnti bhI kaise hogI aura jinakA citta azAnta hai vaha kyA spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM sarvocca sthAna mokSa kA hai, usake bAda dharma AdhyAtmika vikAsa karegA? kA sthAna hai| dharma ke bAda kAma aura sabase anta meM artha kA sthAna isI prakAra jaba hama sAdhanAmArga para sAmAjika sandarbha meM AtA hai| kintu arthapuruSArtha jaba lokopakAra ke lie hotA hai, taba vicAra karate haiM, to dharma hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| dharma hI sAmAjika usakA sthAna kAmapuruSArtha se Upara hotA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka arabana vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| dharma ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana asta- ne mUlya-nirdhAraNa ke tIna niyama prastuta kiye haiM-(1) sAdhanAtmaka yA vyasta ho jAtA hai aura asta-vyasta sAmAjika jIvana meM arthotpAdana parata: mUlyoM kI apekSA sAdhyAtmaka yA svata: mUlya uccatara haiM, (2) evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA donoM hI sambhava nahIM hotii| bhogoM kI samarasatA asthAyI yA alpakAlika mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyI evaM dIrghakAlika samApta ho jAtI hai| mUlya uccatara haiM aura (3) asRjaka mUlyoM kI apekSA sRjaka mUlya sAdhya yA Adeza kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para mokSa hI pradhAna uccatara haiN|36 pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki sAre prayAsa jisake lie haiM, vaha to AdhyAtmika yadi prathama niyama ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM, to dhana, pUrNatA kI prApti hI hai| saMkSepa meM sAdhanAtmaka dRSTi se Arthika mUlya sampatti, zrama, Adi Arthika mUlya jaivika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika (artha,) jaivika dRSTi se manodaihika mUlya (kAma), sAmAjika dRSTi se (kAma aura dharma) mUlyoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanamAtra haiM, ve svata: sAdhya nahIM naitika mUlya (dharma) aura sAdhyAtmaka dRSTi se AdhyAtmika mUlya (mokSa) haiN| bhAratIya cintana meM dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM-(1) dAna, (2) bhoga aura (3) naash| vaha dAna ke rUpa meM dharmapuruSArtha kA aura lekina ye sabhI mUlya yA puruSArtha eka-dUsare se svatantra yA bhoga ke rUpa meM kAmapuruSArtha kA sAdhana siddha hotA hai| kAmapuruSArtha nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha skte| mokSa yA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prApti sAmAnya rUpa meM svata: sAdhya pratIta hotA hai, lekina vicArapUrvaka dekhane ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai aura dharmasAdhanA ke lie zarIra Avazyaka para vaha bhI svataH sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prathamata: jaivika hai, zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zarIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti (kAma) AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke rUpa meM jo bhoga kiye jAte haiM, ve svayaM Avazyaka hai| aura unakI pUrti ke lie sAdhana (artha) juTAnA Avazyaka sAdhya nahIM, varan jIvana yA zarIra-rakSaNa ke sAdhanamAtra haiN| ina sabakA hai| isa prakAra sabhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura sabhI Avazyaka bhI haiN| jaina sAdhya svAsthya evaM jIvana hai| hama jIne ke lie khAte haiM, khAne ke lie grantha nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAdi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM aura nahIM jIte haiN| yadi hama kAmapuruSArtha ko kalA, dAmpatya, rati yA sneha jJAnAdi kA sAdhana deha hai aura deha kA sAdhana AhAra hai|35 isa prakAra ke rUpa meM mAneM to vaha bhI Ananda kA eka sAdhana hI ThaharatA hai| isa cAroM puruSArthoM kA mahattva svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI kA prakAra kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI svata: mUlya siddha nahIM hotaa| usakA jo bhI mUlya samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra cAroM sthAna ho sakatA hai vaha mAtra usake dvArA vyakti ke Ananda meM kI gayI puruSArthoM meM eka sAdhya-sAdhana bhAva hai jisameM artha mAtra sAdhana hai aura abhivRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai| yadi alpakAlikatA yA sthAyitva kI mokSa mAtra sAdhya hai| kAma artha kI apekSA se sAdhya aura dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to kAmapuruSArtha mokSa evaM dharma kI apekSA alpakAlika apekSA se sAdhana hai| dharma ko artha aura kAma kA sAdhya aura mokSa kA hI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kAmapuruSArtha ko nimna sthAna usakI sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaba sAdhana hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai| to vaha dUsare kSaNikatA ke AdhAra para hI diyA hai| tIsare apane phala yA pariNAma ke ke virodha meM khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jIvana ke vikAsa ko avaruddha AdhAra para bhI kAma-puruSArtha nimna sthAna para ThaharatA hai, kyoMki vaha karatA hai| jainAgama sAhitya meM mammana seTha kI kathA artha ko sAdhya mAna apane pIche duSpUra-tRSNA ko chor3a jAtA hai| usase upalabdha hone vAle lene kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki jaba 'dhana' Ananda kI tulanA khujalI khujAne se kI gayI hai, jisakI phalaniSpatti sAdhya bana jAtA hai to vaha aihika aura pAralaukika donoM jIvana meM kaSTa kSaNika sukha ke bAda tIvra vedanA meM hotI hai| dharmapuruSArtha sAmAjika
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________________ mUlya darzana aura puruSArtha catuSTaya 191 dhArmika mUlya ke rUpa me svata: sAdhya hai, lekina vaha bhI mokSa kA mUlya jaivika mUlya haiN| Arthika mUlya maulika-rUpa se sAdhana-mUlya haiM, sAdhana mAnA gayA hai jo sarvocca mUlya hai| isa prakAra arabana ke uparyukta sAdhya nhiiN| Arthika zubha svata: mUlyavAn nahIM hai, unakA mUlya kevala mUlya-nirdhAraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa zArIrika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko arjita karane ke puruSArthoM kA yahI krama siddha hotA hai jo ki jaina aura dUsare bhAratIya sAdhana hone meM hai| sampatti svata: vAJchanIya nahIM hai, balki anya zubhoM AcAra darzanoM meM svIkRta haiM, jisameM artha sabase nimna mUlya hai aura kA sAdhana hone ke kAraNa vAJchanIya hai| sampatti eka sAdhana-mUlya hai, mokSa sarvocca mUlya hai| sAdhya-mUlya nhiiN| zArIrika mUlya bhI vaiyaktika mUlyoM ke sAdhaka haiN| svAsthya aura zakti se yukta paripuSTa zarIra ko vyakti acche jIvana ke mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM? anya mUlyoM ke anusaraNa meM prayukta kara sakatA hai| krIr3A svayaM mUlya hai, isa sambandha meM ye tarka diye jA sakate haiM kintu vaha bhI mukhyatayA sAdhaka-mUlya hai| usakA sAdhya hai zArIrika 1. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvamAtra kI pravRtti duHkha-nivRtti svaasthy| manoraMjana cittavikSobha ko samApta karane kA sAdhana hai| krIr3A kI ora hai| kyoMki mokSa duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti hai, ata: vaha aura manoraMjana uccatara mUlyoM ke anusaraNa ke lie hameM zArIrika evaM sarvocca mUlya hai| isI prakAra Ananda kI upalabdhi bhI prANImAtra kA mAnasika dRSTi se svastha rakhate haiN| lakSya hai, cUMki mokSa parama Ananda kI avasthA hai, ata: vaha sarvocca 2. sAmAjika mUlya-sAmAjika mUlyoM ke antargata sAhacarya mUlya hai| tathA caritra ke mUlya Ate haiN| Aja ke mAnavatAvAdI yuga meM to ina 2. mUlyoM kI vyavasthA meM sAdhya-sAdhaka kI dRSTi se eka krama mUlyoM kA mahattva atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai| yadyapi ye donoM mUlya honA cAhie aura usa krama meM koI sarvocca evaM nirapekSa mUlya honA kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana-svarUpa prayukta hote haiM, parantu kucha mahAn caahie| mokSa pUrNa evaM nirapekSa sthiti hai| ata: vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| puruSoM ne saccaritratA evaM samAjasevA ko jIvana ke parama lakSya ke rUpa mUlya vaha hai jo kisI icchA kI pUrti kre| ata: jisake prApta ho jAne meM grahaNa kiyA hai| manuSya samAja kA aMga hai| eka asIma AtmA kA para koI icchA hI nahIM rahatI hai, vahI parama mUlya hai| mokSa meM koI icchA sAkSAtkAra samAja ke sAtha apanI vaiyaktikatA kA ekAkAra karake hI nahIM rahatI hai, ata: vaha parama mUlya hai| kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3. sabhI sAdhana kisI sAdhya ke lie hote haiM aura sAdhya kI 3. AdhyAtmika mUlya-mUlyoM ke isa varga ke antargata bauddhika, anupalabdhi apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai| mokSa kI prApti ke pazcAt koI saundaryAtmaka evaM dhArmika-tIna prakAra ke mUlya Ate haiN| ye tInoM mUlya sAdhya nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha parama mUlya hai| yadi hama kisI anya mUlata: sAdhya mUlya haiN| ye AtmA kI sarvazreSTha yA parama Adarza prakRti mUlya ko svIkAra kareMge to vaha sAdhana-mUlya hI hogA aura sAdhana-mUlya arthAt satyaM, zivaM aura sundaraM kI abhiruciyoM ko tRpti pradAna karate ko parama mUlya mAnane para naitikatA meM sArvalaukikatA evaM vastuniSThatA haiM tathA jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM se zreSTha koTi ke haiN| samApta ho jaayegii| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM ke puruSArtha catuSTaya meM 4. mokSa akSara evaM amRtapada hai, ata: sthAyI mUlyoM meM vaha artha aura kAma jaivika mUlya haiM tathA dharma aura mokSa atijaivika mUlya sarvocca mUlya hai| haiN| arabana ne jaivika mUlyoM meM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka 5. mokSa Antarika prakRti yA svasvabhAva hai| vahI ekamAtra mUlya mAne haiN| inameM Arthika mUlya artha-puruSArtha tathA zArIrika aura parama mUlya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM hamArI prakRti ke sabhI pakSa manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke samAna haiN| arabana ke dvArA atijaivika apanI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM pUrNa samanvaya kI avasthA meM hote haiN| mUlyoM meM sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mAne gaye haiN| unameM sAmAjika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha se aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha se sambandhita bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlya siddhAntoM kI tulanA haiN| jisa prakAra arabana ne mUlyoM meM sabase nIce Arthika mUlya mAne haiM, . arabana aura ebareTa ne jIvana ke vibhinna mUlyoM kI uccatA usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI arthapuruSArtha ko tAratamya kI dRSTi se evaM nimnatA kA jo krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhAratIya cintana se sabase nIce mAnA hai| jisa prakAra arabana ke darzana meM zArIrika aura / kAphI sAmya rakhatA hai| arabana ne mUlyoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA manoraMjana sambandhI mUlyoM kA sthAna Arthika mUlyoM se Upara, lekina sAmAjika mUlyoM se nIce hai usI prakAra bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI kAmapuruSArtha arabana ne sabase pahale mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai-(1) arthapuruSArtha se Upara lekina dharmapuruSArtha se nIce hai| jisa prakAra arabana jaivika aura (2) ati jaivik| ati jaivika mUlya bhI sAmAjika aura ne AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko sarvocca mAnA hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana AdhyAtmika aise do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra mUlyoM ke tIna varga bana meM bhI mokSa ko sarvocca puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| arabana ke dRSTikoNa kI jAte haiM bhAratIya cintana se kitanI adhika nikaTatA hai, ise nimna tAlikA se 1. jaivika mUlya-zArIrika, Arthika aura manoraMjana ke samajhA jA sakatA hai
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________________ pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa mUlya jaivika mUlya 1. Arthika mUlya 2. zArIrika mUlya 3. manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya sAmAjika mUlya 4. saMgaThanAtmaka mUlya 5. cAritrika mUlya AdhyAtmika mUlya 6. kalAtmaka 7. bauddhika 8. dhArmika saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. bhAratIya dRSTikoNa puruSArtha artha puruSArtha kAmapuruSArtha "" dharmapuruSArtha nizcayadharma Ananda (saMkalpa) cit (jJAna) ananta sukha evaM zakti anantajJAna sat (bhAva) anantadarzana isa prakAra apanI mUlya-vivecanA meM prAcya aura pAzcAtya vicAraka anta meM eka hI niSkarSa para A jAte hai aura vaha niSkarSa yaha hai ki AdhyAtmika mUlya yA AtmapUrNatA hI sarvocca mUlya hai evaM vahI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 6. 7. 8. jaina dRSTikoNa artha kAma " yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM sApekSa dRSTi se mUlya sambandhI sabhI vicAra svIkAra kara liye gaye haiM, phira bhI usakI dRSTi meM AtmapUrNatA, vItarAgAvasthA yA samabhAva kI upalabdhi hI usakA ekamAtra parama mUlya hai, kintu usake paramamUlya hone kA artha eka sApekSika krama vyavasthA meM sarvocca honA hai| kisI mUlya kI sarvoccatA bhI anyamUlya sApekSa hI hotI hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| ataH mUlya, mUlya-vizva aura mUlyabodha sabhI sApekSa hai| 284. maraNasamAdhi, 603. uttarAdhyayana, 13 /16. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11/11. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11/7. vyavahAradharma Contemporary Ethical Thoories, Chapter-17pp. 774 192 dekhie-kalpasUtra, saM0 devendramuni, tArakaguru anyamAlA udayapura 1975. yogazAstra 1/52. dazavekAlikaniyukti, 262-264. dIghanikAya, 3/8/2. 9. 10. vahI, 3/8/4, 11. vahI, 3/8/4. 12. vahI, 3/3/4. 13. suttanipAta, 26 / 29. 14. majjhimanikAya, 2/32/4. 15. udAna, jAtyandhavarga 8. 16. majjhimanikAya, 1/22/4. 17. gItA, 18/34. 18. vahI, 17/21. 19. vahI, 18/66. 20. vahI, 16 / 10, 12, 15. 21. vahI, 7/ 11. 22. vahI, 3/13. 23. manusmRti, 4/176. 24. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva 3/18-19. 25. kauTilIya arthazAstra 1/17. 26. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 167/12-13. 27. kauTilIya arthazAstra 1/7. 28. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 167/29. 29. vahI, 167/35. 30. vahI, 167/40. 31. vahI, 167/8. 32. yahI 167/46. 33. bubhukSitaH kiM na karoti pApam ? 34. zarIramAdyaM khalu dharmasAdhanam / 35. nizIyabhASya 4159. 36. phaNDAmeNTala Apha ethiksa, pR0 170-171. .