Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ maurya candragupta vizAkhAcArya jaina-jagat ke bar3e bar3e tapasvI, vItarAga jitendriya evaM medhAvI muniyoM, upAdhyAyoM evaM AcAyoM ne apane vicakSaNa vyaktitva ke bala para mahAn-se-mahAn samrAToM ko zramana-jIvana yApana kelie prerita kiyA yaha bAta jaina samAja ke lie gauravapUrNa evaM mahimAmayI mAnI jaaegii| isI saMdarbha meM hama mauryavaMzI - saMkSipta sImA ke antargata guptavaMzI - candragupta kA samayAMkana karane cale haiN| etannimitta kucha eka mahatvapUrNa muddoM kA sarala paricaya denA hama sAmprata samajhate haiM / - mauryavaMza: ukta vaMza kI sthApanA kisane kI ? isakA samAdhAna aba itanA jaTila nahIM rhaa| aba itihAsakAra isa bAta para sahamata hue jAte haiM ki mauryavaMza kI sthApanA naMdavaMza meM se AThaveM nanda 'mauryananda' ne kii| isa prasaMga meM mauryananda kA ullekha isalie bhI anivArya ho gayA hai ki jaina samAja kA itihAsa mauryananda ke yuga se spaSTa-se spaSTatara hone lagA hai| kahate haiM-- mauryananda ne kaliMga deza para AkramaNa kiyA thA aura vahAM se mahAvIrasvAmI kI pratimA uThA lAyA thaa| jaina-saMdarbhoM se yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki AThaveM nanda (mauryananda) ne kaliMga para kaba AkramaNa kiyA thA ? parantu unako saMdarbha-saMpreSita tithi' bharose ke yogya nahIM hai| yUnAnI itihAsakAroM dvArA pratipAdita bhAratIya kAla-saMdarbhoM ke pariprekSya meM hama jAnate haiM ki AThaveM nanda ne 451 I0 pU0 meM kaliMga deza para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| isa bAta kI puSTi 'khAravela-prazasti' nAma se vikhyAta abhilekha se ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina itihAsa se jur3a e hue maurya nanda ko hama mauryavaMza kA prathama puruSa mAnate haiN| candragupta maurya nAma se vikhyAta magadha samrAT kyA mauryananda kA putra hai ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM 'asti' aura 'nAsti'- donoM kisma ke uttara milate haiM / jahA~ taka jaina-sAkSya kA sambandha hai, usase patA calatA hai ki candragupta maurya putra hai| isa sthApanA kI dRr3hatara puSTi 'mudrArAkSasa' nAmaka saMskRta nATaka se bhI ho jAtI hai / parantu hama samajhate haiM ki kAlagata vaiSamya ke kAraNa mauryananda aura candragupta ke daramyAna pitA-putra ke rizte kI saMbhAvanA kSINa hai / 'nanda' kI bhrAnti meM Akara loga-bAga candragupta maurya ko padmananda kA putra mAna baiThe haiM / yaha bhI azraddheya prasaMga hai| mauryananda aura candragupta maurya ke madhya tIsare vyakti kI carcA eka vareNya satya ke rUpa meM sAmane A rahI hai| mauryananda ke evaM candragupta ke pitA ke rUpa meM 'pUrvananda' kA ullekha ' manoraMjaka bhI hai aura abhinandanIya bhI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki 'kAmandakIya nItisAra' ke TIkAkAra ne likhA hai ''yaha candragupta kA vizeSaNa hai| ina saMdarbhoM ke AlavAla meM vikasita mauryavaMza kA paricaya isa prakAra hai : putra 1. jaina kAla-gaNanA viSayaka prAcIna paramparA (himavanta therAvalI) se jJAta hotA hai ki vIranirvANa saMvat 149378 I0 pU0 meM jhATaveMnada ne kaliMga para car3hAI kI thii| yaha vizvasanIya nahIM hai| kAraNa, 430-342 IsavI pUrva meM magadha para navama naMda zAsana kara rahA thaa| alabattA yadi yaha saMkhyA vIrajanma se mAna lI jAya to yathArthaparaka ho bhI sakatI hai| yathA 566-146 450 I0 pU0 meM ATaveM nanda ne kaliMga para AkramaNa kiyA hogA / 2. vedavANI, bahAlagar3ha (sonIpata) varSa 33, aMka 7. 3. vIra nirvANa-saMvat aura jaina kAla-gaNanA mRni kalyANa vijaya; pRSTha 166 / 4. draSTavya aMka 2 aura zloka saMkhyA 6 / - zrI candrakAnta bAlI, zAstrI (ka) pUrvanandanaM kuryAt candraguptaM hi bhUmipam // (kha) yoga yazaH zeSe pUrva nandasutastataH / candraguptaH kRto rAjA cANakyena mahaujasA / / aMga itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 5. - kathA saritsAgara : 14/119 - 73
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ ( (magadha samrATa) padmananda / mauryananda [ kuNAla-bandhupAlita-indra pAlita-devavarmA-zatadhAra / pUrvananda-candragupta (1)-bindusAra-azoka 3 -1 bRhadazva tiSyagupta puSyamitra (ujjayinI) balamitra (184-60) samprati dravyavardhana | magadhasattA bRhaspati candragupta (2) | para vRSasena sAhasAGaka | zuMgavaMza kA adhikAra rahA puSyadharmA vikramArka puSyamitra' prastuta prasaMga meM dravyavardhana (dadhivAhana vA) kA putra candragupta eka vareNya vyaktitva hai, jisakI amara gAthAoM se jaina-sAhitya samyaktayA AplAvita hai| guptavaMza : jaina-granthoM se patA calatA hai ki samrATa-azoka ne gupta-saMvatsara' claayaa| isa para divaMgata munizrI kalyANavijaya ne apanI nakArAtmaka TippaNI bhI likhI hai| isake viparIta hama isa gupta-saMvatsara para anusaMdhAnapUrvocita zraddhA rakhate haiM aura etannimitta sAkSya DhaDhane meM tatpara haiM / yaha to jaina-zAstroM meM likhA hai ki jaba ujjayinI para se samprati (vaMza) kA zAsana samApta ho gayA, taba "vahA~ kA rAjyAsana azoka ke putra tiSyagupta ke putra balamitra aura bhAnumitra nAmaka rAjakumAroM ko milaa|" bahuta saMbhava hai, tiSyagupta se isa vaMza kA nAma 'guptavaMza' par3A ho ! hama jAnate haiM ki sUryavaMza se 'ikSvAkuvaMza' aura izvAkuvaMza se 'raghuvaMza' kA zAkhA-upazAkhA ke rUpa meM prasphaTana itihAsa-sammata hai; tadvat, naMdavaMza se 'mauryavaMza' aura mauryavaMza se 'guptavaMza' kA prasphuTana vaMza-vijJAna kI dRSTi se prazasta hai aura aitihya hai| hama candragupta ke paricaya-vizleSaNa meM 'guptavaMza' ko dhyAna meM rkheNge| 12 varSIya akAla : bhArata meM 12-12 varSa ke akAla par3ane kA itihAsa kAphI purAnA hai| purANa-zAstroM se jJAta hotA hai ki mahArAjA pratIpa ke jamAne meM 12-varSIya (3364-3352 I0 pU0) akAla par3A thA / jaina-itihAsa ke anusAra bhI 12-varSIya do akAla par3ane kI sUcanA hai| pahalA akAla padmananda (arthAt navama naMda) ke zAsanakAla meM, 382-370 IsavI pUrva meM par3A thaa| dUsarA akAla zaMgavaMzI puSyamitra ke zAsanakAla meM, arthAt 160-148 IsavI pUrva meM par3A thA / ina do akAla-ghaTanAoM kI vajaha se jaina-jagata ko mahatI apuraNIya kSati uThAnI pdd'ii| cUMki prAGa maurya yugoM meM jaina-Agama kevala kaNThastha huA karate the, ataH akAla ke duSprabhAvoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa asaMkhya jainamuni divaMgata hue aura unake amara nirvANa ke sAtha hI kaNThastha jaina-Agama bhI tirohita ho ge| unake panaraAvirbhAva kI sarvavidha saMbhAvanAe~ bhI lupta ho gaI thiiN| lagabhaga yahI sthiti dUsare akAla meM bhI thii| ina donoM akAloM ke bIca meM eka spaSTa vibhAjaka 1. yadA puSyamitro rAjA praghAtitaH tadA maurya vaMzaH samacchinnaH // -prazokAvadAna 2. vikramArka kA ujjayinI meM rAjyAbhiSeka; himavanta therAvalI (vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla-gaNanAH pRSTha 185) aura nirvANa se 236 varSa bItane para magadhAdhipati azoka ne kaliMga para car3hAI kI aura vahAM ke rAjA kSemarAja ko apanI prAjJA manAkara vahA~ para usane apanA 'gapta-saMvatsara' claayaa|' isa para manidhI kI TippaNI (3) dhyAnAkarSita karatI hai : "mAlama hotA hai therAvalI-lekhaka ne apane samaya meM pracalita gAta rAjAmoM ke calAe gupta-saMvat ko azoka kA calAyA huyA mAna lene kA dhokhA khAyA hai| -vIra nirvANa-saMvat aura jaina kAla-gaNanA : pRSTha 171 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhaSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha .
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rekhA ko AsAnI se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| pahalA akAla (382-370 I0 pU0) sArvabhauma thA, jabaki dUsarA akAla sArvabhauma na thA, balki uttara bhArata taka sImita thaa| jainazAstroM ke parizIlana se patA calatA hai ukta akAla kI vibhISikA se saMtrasta asaMkhya muni, upAdhyAya evaM AcAryagaNa dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kara ge| isase jAhira hai ki usa samaya (160-148 I0 pU0) dakSiNa bhArata akAla kI duzchAyA se surakSita rahA hogaa| bhadrabAha : jaina-jagata kI AcArya paramparA meM mahAsthavira bhadra bAhu kA sthAna atyanta vareNya najara AtA hai| pahale akAla ke duzcakra se baca nikale AcAryoM meM bhadrabAhu hI eka aise vyakti the, jinake sAnnidhya meM jaina-AgamoM kI punaruddhAra-bhAvanA se prerita jaina-muniyoM ne bhagIratha prayatna karake jaina-zAstroM kA Akalana kiyA thaa| balki yUM kahanA cAhie ki jana-AgamoM kI rakSA meM bhadrabAhu kA yogadAna divya evaM prathama koTi kA thaa| bhadrabAhu ke samanAmadhArI eka anya bhadrabAhu bhI hue haiM, jo janmanA brAhmaNa the aura prasiddha AcArya varAhamihira ke bhAI the| sAmAnyatayA yaha batAyA jAtA hai ki pahale to donoM bhAI jaina-dIkSA lekara zramaNa-jIvana yApana karane lage, parantu bhadrabAhu ko kaniSTa hone para bhI zIghra hI 'AcAryatva-pada' para pratiSThita kiyA gayA; ataH AcAryatva-vaMcita varAhamihira krodha ke vazIbhUta punaH 'brAhmaNatva' aMgIkAra karake jyotirvidyA ke balapara jIvana-yApana karane lgaa| cintana : do vyaktiyoM kA samanAmadhArI honA bhrAnti-sRjana meM apane-Apa meM eka apUrva kAraNa hai, jo kahIM bhI do samanAmadhArI vyaktiyoM meM prAyaH hotA rahatA hai, para yahA~ donoM bhadrabAhuoM ke yuga meM akAla ke astitva ne unake samIkaraNa ko aura adhika gaMbhIra banA diyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, candraguptoM kA (jo saubhAgyavaza donoM maurya the) astitva bhI inake samIkaraNa meM paryApta yogadAnI pratIta ho rahA hai| yahA~ bar3e gaMbhIra anusaMdhAna kI apekSA hai, tAki samIkaraNa ko bilagAkara bhadrabAhuoM kI ThIka-ThIka pahacAna ho ske| sAhasAGa ka-saMvat : 146 IsavI pUrva kA sAla : ujjayinI meM eka rAjA sAhasAGka huA hai, jisane apane nAma se 'sAhasAGa kasaMvat' calAyA thaa| bar3e saMtoSa kI bAta hai ki sAhasAGa ka-saMvat kI paramparAe~ mila gaI haiN| yathAprApta kAla-paramparA ke parizIlana se mAlUma par3atA hai ki sAhasAGa ka-saMvat kA pratiSThAna-varSa 146 IsavI pUrva kA sAla hai| isI varSa kI eka anya mahattvapUrNa sUcanA bhI hai| varAhamihira ne 'kutUhalamaMjarI' kI racanA yudhiSThira-saMvat 3042=jaya saMvatsara meM kI thii| viSayAntara hone para bhI yaha jAna lenA nihAyata jarUrI hai ki mahArAjA yudhiSThira kA abhiSeka do bAra huA thA-pahalA abhiSeka pANDu-nidhana ke pazcAt 3188 I0 pU0 meM huA thA; dUsarA abhiSeka bhAratI saMgrAma ke pazcAt 3148 I0pU0 meM huA thaa| ataH prathama abhiSeka-kAla (3158 I0pU0) ke 3042 varSoM ke pazcAt arthAt 3188-3042-146 I0 pU0 meM 'kutUhala-maMjarI' kI racanA huI-ise zaMkAtIta hI samajho / isa adbhuta saMyoga-labdha saMbatsarasAmaMjasya ko dekhate hue mahArAjA sAhasAGaka tathA AcArya varAhamihira kI 'samasAmayikatA' ko kevala anumeya nahIM mAna sakate / yaha eka vAstavikatA hai, jisase yathAsamaya lAbha uThAyA jaaegaa| prAcIna zaka : bhAratIya itihAsa, vizeSatayA jaina itihAsa, zaka-saMvat ke mAdhyama se hI jAnA-pahacAnA jAtA hai / zaka-saMvat ko eka taraha se itihAsa kA mIla-patthara mAna liyA gayA hai| Ananda kI bAta yaha hai ki zaka-saMvat kI prAmANika pratiSThApanA varAhamihira ke kAla-sUtra se : 'SaT-dvika-paMca-dviyutaH zakakAlaH tasya raajysy|" mAnI jAtI hai| isa prasaMga meM varAhamihira kI AptatA isalie mahattvapUrNa ho gaI hai ki varAhamihira 'dravyavardhana-candragupta-sAhasAGaka' kA nikaTa-sampRkta vyakti hai| varAhamihira kA 1. "itazca tasmin duSkAle karAle kAlarAtrivat / nirvAhArtha sAdhusaMgha: tIraM niirnidheryo|" -pariziSTa parva 6/55 ! "pratiSThAnapure varAhamihirabhadrabAhu dvijo bAMdhavI prvjito| bhadrabAhorAcAryapadadAne ruSTa: san varAho dvijaveSamAdRtya vArAhI saMhitAM kRtvA nimittai jIvati / " -kalpakiraNAvalI 163 caturvizatyadhike'bde catabhinavame zate zu ke sAhasamallAGke nAbha sye prathame dine saMvat 644, bhAdrapada sRdi 1, zuke zrImad vijayasiMhadeva rAjye / yathA2444=66+600-666-146=850 IsavI san ; saMvata 144-64-850 IsavI san / vidita ho, garda bhilla vaMza ne cAra saMvat calAe , inameM se prathama "vikrama saMvat 15-64 IsavI pUrva se calA thaa| 4. svasti zrI napa sUrya manajazake zAke dvivedAmbara --(2042) mAnAbdamite svaneha si jaye varSe vasantAdike / varSanAma phAlgunaH / jaina itihAsa kalA aura saMskRti 75
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ nidhana zaka saMvat 506=113 IsavI pUrva meM huA mAnA jAtA hai| saMdarbha+dantavArtA ke samanvaya se usakI Ayu 195-113 IsavI pUrva kI mAnI jA rahI hai| yahA~ yaha zaMkA honI nitarAM naisargika hai ki rASTrIya evaM bahu-cacita zaka-saMvat kI upekSA karake prAcIna zaka-saMvat kI kalpanA karanA tathA usakI saMdigdha upayogitA kI sthiti meM usase kAma calAnA kahA~ taka ucita hai ? isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna Avazyaka hai| jainagranthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki maurya-vaMza se pUrva nanda-vaMza thA, naMda-vaMza se bhI pUrva zaka-vaMza thaa| isa pUrvottara zRMkhalA meM Abaddha' zaka-vaMza kI sattA' lagabhaga jaina-jAgaraNa kI samakAlika vAstavikatA hai, isalie nanda-pUrva zaka-vaMza dvArA sthApita zaka-saMvat hI jaina-itihAsa kA sazakta kAla-bodhaka sUtra hai, jisakI upekSA kara sakanA saMbhava nahIM hai / ___ cUMki barAhamihira ne apanI racanA (kutUhala maMjarI) meM yudhiSThira saMvat 3042 kA saMketa diyA hai, ataH usI se 2566 varSa pazcAta : 318:-2566 = 622 I0 pU0 meM sthApita zaka-saMvat kI prAsaMgikatA ko maMjUra karake hI hameM jaina-anusaMdhAna meM udyata honA caahie| aitihAsika sthiti : "bhAratavarSa' samagra aitihAsika dRSTi se eka ikAI ke rUpa meM mAnyatAprApta thA, arthAt sArA bhAratavarSa eka thA aura Aja bhI usakI yahI sthiti hai / parantu zAsana ko sucArU rUpa se calAne ke lie usake aneka prabhAga' parikalpita kiye gae the| kendrIya sattA ekameva thI aura vaha pATalIputra meM sannihita thii| kama-se-kama sikandara-AkramaNa taka usakI yahI 'ekAtmatA' sarvamAnya thI; jaisA ki hamane likhA hai| usa samaya kauzala, kauzAmbI, mAlava, sindha, sA~vIra, lATa, kAzmIra, hastinApura, indraprastha Adi pradeza bhAratIya bhaugolika evaM rAjanayika ikAI ke aMga-sthAnIya pradeza mAne jAte the / magadha-sattA ko sahaja bhAva se kendra sarakAra tathA anya prabhAgIya sattA ko pradeza sarakAra kaha sakate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai purANa-zAstroM meM magadhAvIzoM kA zAsana-kAla saMvatsarollekha-pUrvaka hai, jabaki prAdezika rAjAoM kA nAmAGa kana mAtra se kAma calAyA gayA hai| hamAre Alocya samaya meM magadha para puSyamitra kA zAsana thA aura mAlavA para guptAnvayI candragupta maurya kA zAsana thaa| ujjayinI usa samaya mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI thii| vimarza-parAmarza samanAmadhArI do candraguptoM ke astitva se bhAratIya itihAsa astavyasta huA hI hai| athavA hama use samajhane meM asaphala rahe haiM / isa bhrAnti ke AvirbhAva kA kAraNa do-do akAloM kA ghaTita honA bhI hai, aura aparipakva anusaMdhAyakoM meM akAla-ghaTanAoM kA kAlagata vizleSaNAtmaka paricaya prApta karane kI akSamatA bhI hai, phira candra gupta evaM akAla-ghaTanA se jur3e hue samanAmadhArI do bhadrabAhuoM kA vastuparaka paricaya khojanA bhI kisI ne Avazyaka nahIM samajhA / hama bhadra bAhuoM ke prati zraddhAbhibhUta jarUra the, para A~kha uThA kara unheM dekhane aura parakhane kI yogyatA se hama 'kore' the . pariNAmataH yaha bhrAnti apanI jar3a jamAkara udbhUta huI ki pUrvanandaputra candragupta maurya AcArya bhadra bAhu ke prabhAvAkarSaNa se jaina-sAdhu ho gayA thaa| kisI ne yaha socane kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI ki kyA candragupta yuga meM mahAsthavira bhadrabAhu vidyamAna bhI the ? jaina-sAkSyoM se hama pUrNatayA avagata hai ki mahAsthavira kA mahAprayANa' vIra-saMvat 170 =357 I0 pUrva meM huA thaa| usa samaya taka candra gupta padAsIna nahIM huA thaa| paurANika evaM jaina-sAkSyoM se hama isa pariNAma para pahuMce haiM: candragupta maurya 342 IsavI pUrva meM abhiSikta huA thaa| hAlA~ki Adhunika itihAsakAra candragupta maurya ke lie 322-21 IsavIpUrva kA samaya batAte haiM / cUMki hama Adhunika vicAroM kI avahelanA karanA nahIM cAhate aura apanI dhArmika mAnyatAoM ke prati avicala niSThA bhI hameM abhISTa hai, ataH candragupta maurya kA samaya 342-321 IsavIpUrva mAnane meM koI vipratipatti zeSa nahIM raha jaatii| paurANika sAkSyoM ko upasthApita karane se nibandha kA vistAra ho jAegA, ataH hama adhika-se-adhika jaina-sAkSyoM taka sImita raha kara vicAra karate haiM / jainapaTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra : -titthogAlI 705. 1. navAdhikapaMcazatasaMkhae zAke (506) varAhamihirAcAryoM divaMgataH / 622-506=113 IsavI pUrva meM varAhamihira kA nidhana huprA / tA evaM sagaso ya naMdavaMso ya maruyavaMso ya / sayarAheNa paNaTThA samayaM sajjhANavaMseNa // (ka) caudasa pUva cchedo varisasate sattare viNidiTTho / sAhammi thUlabhadde anne ya ime bhave bhAvA / (kha) prArya sudharmA 20, jambU 44, prabhAva 11. zayyaMbhava 23. yazobhadra 50, saMbhUti vijapa 8, bhadrabAhu 14-170, 527-170 = 357 I0 pUrva kA saal| -titthogAlI painnaya AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana granya .
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ trailokyaprajJapti harivaMzapurANa titthogAlIpainnaya rAjA pAlaka == naMda rAjya = vividha tIrtha kalpa 60 155 155 215 215 215 215 vIra-nirvANa se 215 varSa pazcAt candragupta maurya kA udaya haa| yahA~ eka vizeSa 'zabda' hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatA hai, vaha hai-nirvANa / hamane nirvANa kA artha samajha liyA hai- 'mokSa' / jabaki kozagranthAnusAra nAnArthaka 'nirvANa' kA artha kevala mokSa hI nahIM hai, balki kevalI jJAna ko bhI 'nirvANa' kahate haiN| yaha vistAra se batAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki 42 varSa kI vaya meM mahAvIrasvAmI ko kevalI jJAna huA thaa| vaha varSa 566 - 42=557 I0 pU0 kA thA, so 557-215 = 342 I0 pU0 meM candra gupta maurya kA cANakya kI sahAyatA se magadhasamrATa ke rUpa meM abhyudaya jaina-mAnyatA ke sarvathA anurUpa hai aura yahI mAnyatA purANa-zAstroM kI bhI hai| isa Akalana ke anusAra nandakAlIna akAla (382-370 I0 pU0) candra gupta-abhiSeka ke 28-varSa-prAk samApta ho cukA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, usa samaya taka mahAsthavira bhadrabAhu ke divaMgamana ko bhI 15 varSa vyatIta ho cuke the| niSkarSataH kAla-visaMgati ke saMdarbha meM akAlaghaTanA ke pariprekSya meM candra gupta aura bhadrabAhu ko karIba-karIva lAnA yA batAnA nirA anaitihAsika hai| phira kahA~ raha jAtA haicandragupta maurya kA muniveza dhAraNa karanA aura jaina-yatiyoM ke sAtha dakSiNa meM cale jAnA ? isa samagra sandarbha-jAla ke pariveza meM candragupta maurya kI jaina dIkSA lene kI bAta haThapUrvaka mana aura mastiSka se nikAlanI hI hogii| aba guptAnvayI candragupta maurya kI bAta karate haiN| hama pataJjaliviracita 'mahAbhASya' tathA vAmanajayAditya-viracita kAzikA' meM par3ate haiM-'puSyamitra sabham' 'candragupta sbhm| ina do naranAthoM kI sabhA meM kauna-kauna kovida-kavi vidyamAna the-yaha batAnA yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai, alabattA itanA smaraNa rakha lenA bahuta jarUrI hai-puSyamitra kI sabhA meM vyAkaraNamUti pataMjali vidyamAna the, candragupta kI sabhA meM vAmana-jayAditya jaise bhASAmUrti vyAkaraNa-ratna vidyamAna the / ataH inakA eka atyalpAkSarI saMdarbha bar3A nirNAyaka siddha huA hai / pahale to ina saMdarbho se inakA paurvAparya kA jJAna hotA hai| magadhanareza puSyamitra pUrvodita vyakti hai, ujjayino-nAtha candragupta pazcAdudita vyakti hai / puSyamitra 185-184 I0pU0 meM magadha-samrAT banA thA / puraNA-zAstra pratipAdita karate haiM ki (candragupta maurya ke) 137ve varSa bAda puSyamitra huaa| paurANika kAla-gaNanA ke anusAra saptarSisaMvat (1) 124 =321 IsavI pUrva meM candragupta maurya kA nidhana huA, so 321-137-+184 I0pU0 se puSyamitra kA yuga Arambha hotA hai| Adhunika itihAsakAroM kA abhimata bho isa mAnyatA se bhinna nahIM hai| unake matAnusAra samrATa azoka kA nidhana 232 IsavIpUrva meM huaa| tatpazcAt kuNAla 8+bandhupAlita 8+indra pAlita 10+devavarmA 7+ zatadhAra 8+ bRhadazva 7 - yoga 48 varSa; so, 232 48= 184 I0 pU0 meM samrAT puSyamitra kA Agamana paurANika bhI hai, aitihAsika bhI hai| yadi paTTAvaliyoM meM aMkita puSpamitra vahI hai, jisakI carcA hama kara rahe haiM, to mAnanA hogA ki jaina-mAnyatA bhI paurANika svIkRti se bahuta dUra nahIM hai| hama pichale anuccheda meM par3ha Ae haiM trailokya prajJapti, harivaMza purANa, titthogAlI aura vividhatIrthakalpa ke anusAra vIranirvANa se 215 varSa bAda candragupta maurya kA udaya huaa| usase 160 varSa bAda puSpamitra magadha-samrAT bnaa| ye saba milAkara 215+160 =375 varSa hue| ataH mahAvIrasvAmI ke kevalI jJAna se 371 varSa bAda, arthAt 557-375=182 I0 pU0 meM puSyamitra kA abhyudaya jaina-kAlagaNanA sammata hai, jo paurANika svIkRti se kevala do varSa nyUna hai| hamane puSyamitra ke kAla-nirdhAraNa para itanI vistRta carcA isalie kI hai ki puSpamitra ke saMdarbha meM guptAnvayI candragupta maurya kA samaya nizcita kara skeN| candragupta maurya (2)puSyamitra ke bAda ujjayinIzvara banA, para vaha kaba banA ? isakA uttara hama viparIta krama se lete haiN| candragupta ke putra sAhasAGa ka ne apanA saMvat calAyA, jo 146 I0 pU0 se parigaNita huA : hama mAna lete haiM -146 I0 pU0 meM 1. kaivalya nirvANaM ni:zreyasamamRtamakSaraM brhm| apunarbhavo'pavarga : mukti mokSo mahAnandaH / / 2. (ka) saMzayya karNAdiSu tiSThate yH| (kha) saMskRta vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa : prathama bhAga : pRSTha 325 / 3 saptaviMzat zataM pUrNa tebhyo zugAna gamiSyati / -halAyudhakoza 124 -kirAta 0 3/14 -vAya jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ sAhasAGa ka ujjayinIzvara banA hogA / 146 I0 pU0 candragupta rAjya kI avarasImA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai| phira isa yuga meM 12-varSIya akAla kA ullekha mahattvapUrNa nirNAyaka dastAveja kI haisiyata pA gayA hai| hama akAla-prakaraNa meM par3ha Aye haiM dUsarA akAla 160-148 I0 pU0 meM par3A thaa| aura yahA thor3e se anumAna kI bhI guMjAiza hai ki candragupta kA rAjyAbhiSeka' 170 I0pU0 meM huA hogaa| isa taraha anumAna+saMvatsaMdarbha donoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa ujjayinIzvara candragupta kA zAsanakAla 170-147 I0 pU0 taka sahaja bhAva se svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / 12-varSIya 'akAla' isa kAla-sImA ke antabhukta ho hI jAtA hai| yahI isake pUrvApara-krama kA hamane ujjayinIzvara candragupta ko bAra-bAra guptAnvayI likhA hai| isakA pramukha kAraNa azoka putra tiSyagupta kI vaMzavallarI meM candragupta ko guptAnvayI mAnanA vaMzavijJAna-sammata hai| phira isake sabhA-paMDita vAmana-jayAditya kA honA eka mahattvapUrNa saMdarbha se avagata hotA hai| usake anusAra sAhasAGa ka ko guptAnvayI likhA gayA hai| ata: sAhasAGaka ke saMvat se prAgvartI candragupta ko vAmanajayAditya ke ullekha ke sAtha guptAnvayI mAnanA vijJAna-sammata hai, tarka-saMgata hai aura saMdarbha-siddha bhI hai| bhadrabAhu ke samanAmadhArI bhadrabAhu kI pahacAna aba itanI jaTila nahIM rhii| bhadrabAha ne candragupta ko saMbhAvya duSkAla kI sUcanA dI thii| isakA prabhAva candragupta para par3A / candragupta kA anya nAma 'candragapti' bhI sunane meM AtA hai| yahI candragupta bhadra bAhu se jaina dIkSA lekara vizAkhAcArya bana gyaa| bhadrabAha kA samaya 160-100 IsavIparva taka mAnane yogya hai / candragupta ne yogabala dvArA deha-visarjana kiyA / yahA~ bhUyobhUyaH smaraNa rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki vizAkhAcArya honevAle candragupta ko sarvatra ujjayinIzvara hI likhA hai| candragupta aura bhadrabAhu ke ziSyatva-gurutva kI mAnyatA sarvatra dekhane meM AtI hai / basa antima carcA | zravaNabelagola jaina-tIrtha para bhadrabAha-candragupta kI carcA eka vikhyAta zilAlekha meM vartamAna hai| yaha bhI anumAna hai ki usakA samaya zaka-saMvat 572 hai / yadi ukta zilAlekha para 572 zaka utkIrNa haiM, to mAnanA hogA ujjayinI kI ukta dhArmika gAthA kA yaha prAcInatama sAkSya hai, jo 622 IsavI pUrva se ginA jAtA hai : 622-572=50 I0pU0 ke pramANa se bar3hakara aura pramANa kyA hogA? 1. "guptAnvaya jaladhara mArga yabhasti vAmanajayAditya pramukha mukha kamala vinirgata-sUktimuktAvalI maNikala maMDita varNana vikramAGkanaM sAhasAGkam / -kannar3a paMcatantra, Ala iMDiyA orieNTala kAnphreMsa maisUra, disambara 1935, pRSTha 568 / 2 ".."bhadrabAhu-svAminA ujjayanyAmaSTAMgamahAnimittatatvajJena kAlyazinA nimittena dvAdaza saMvatsara-kAla-vaiSamyamupalabhya kathite sarvasaMgha: uttarapathAd dakSiNapaya prsthitH|" -pArzvanAthabasti kA lekha (ka) "candragupti pa stavA'cakaccAru guNodaya: / " -ratnanaMdiracita bhadrabAhucaritra (kha) "candraguptimuniH zIghra prathamo dazapUNitAma / sarvasaMdhAdhipo jAtaH viSakhAcArya saMjJaka: / / " -bRhatkathAkoza 4. "tatazcojjayinInAtha: candragupto mahIpatiH / viyogAta yatinAM bhadrabAhu ntvaa'bhvnmniH|" - bhadrabAhucaritra 5. "samAdhimaraNaM prApya candragupto divaM yayo" .- pariziSTa parva 8/444 6. (drapTavya TippaNI saMkhyA-3) 7. (ka) "yadIya ziSyo'jani candraga ptaH samagrazIlAnata devavRddhaH / viveza yattIvatapaH prabhAvAta prabhRtIti bhuvanAntarANi / " (kha) 'candraprakAzojjvalasAndrakItiH zrIcandraga to'jani tasya ziSyaH / yasya prabhAvAt banadevatAbhi: pArAdhita: svasthagaNo manInAma // " 8. vIra nIrvANa-saMvat pora jaina kAla-gaNanA : munizrI kalyANa vija pa ; 67-77 pRSTha / 78 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
Page #7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ niSkarSa : puSyamitra aura candragupta kI samakAlikatA isa rahasya ko dyotita karatI haiM ki magadha samrATa candragupta maurya ko yahA~ aprAsaMgika hI samajhA jAya / yadi sAhasAMka-saMvat ke saMdarbha dvArA candragupta-zAsana kI avarasImA 146 I0 pU0 prameya hai to usakI UrdhvasImA 170 I0 pU0 anumeya hai / varAhamihira evaM bhadrabAhu kA 'bhrAtRtva' donoM ko 200-100 IsavIpUrva ke madhyAntara meM le jAtA hai, jo madhyAntara candragupta maurya (1) ke pratikUla par3atA hai / varAhamihira kA prastAvita prAcIna zaka 622 I0pU0 kA hai, jo pArzvanAtha bastI ke abhilekha ko Alokita karatA hai aura vahI abhilekha gAthA ko aura kAla-gaNanA ko pramANita karatA hai / ata: tiSyagupta ke vaMza meM hue mauryacandragupta (2)kA vizAkhAcArya bana jAnA jaina-itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / IsavI pUrva 382-370 357 342 276 257 167 184 190-100 170 160-148 146 kAla-sAriNI ghaTanAeM navama naMda kA rAjyAbhiSeka / nandayugIna prathama akAla / mahAsthavira bhadrabAhu kA nidhana / candragupta maurya (1) kA abhyudaya / samrATa azoka kA abhiSeka / samprati ko ujjayinI kA rAjya milaa| balamitra (tiSyagupta kA putra) ujjayinIzvara bnaa| puSyamitra magadha-samrAT banA / AcAryazrI bhadrabAhu kA samaya candragupta maurya (2) ujjayinIzvara bnaa| 12-varSIya dUsarA akAla / sAhasAMka-saMvat kI sthApanA / varAhamihira kA nidhana / candragupta vizAkhAcArya kA nidhana / IsavIpUrva ke lagabhaga pArzvanAthabasni kA abhilekha / -purANazAstra+jainazAstra+anya saMdarbho kA samaveta niSkarSa 100 lagabhaga sainya-prayANa ke anantara, yUnAnI dAzanika arastu keparAmarza para sAtha Ae hue yUnAnI darzanazAstriyoM ke dala ne sikandara ko raktapAta se vimukha karane ke lie bhAratIya RSiyoM, vizeSataH digambara sAdhaoM (jimnosophista) ke prabhAva kSetra evaM Atmabala se prabhAvita hokara kalAnosa evaM dandAmisa (daulAmasa) se bheMTa karane ke lie prerita kiyA itihAsavettAoM ke anusAra kalAnosa tathA dandAmisa hI kramazaH muni kalyANa aura AcArya dhRtisena the| DA0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya ne apanI pustaka 'bhAratIya saMskRti ke srota' meM nimnalikhita mata prastuta kiyA hai "sikandara ko salAha dI gayI thI ki vaha do sammAnita tarkazAstriyoM (jimnosophista) se bheMTa kare jinake nAma kalAnosa jaura dandAmisa the| usane unheM bulAyA, para unhoMne milane se inakAra kara diyA / onesitosa nAmaka yUnAnI dArzanika ko (jisane ethensa meM diyojinIja kI paramparA ke sinika, dArzanika ke rUpa meM nAma kamA liyA thA) sikandara ne una tarkazAstriyoM ko lAne ke lie bhejaa| kalAnosa ne yUnAnI dArzanika ko apane kapar3e utAra kara bAtacIta karane ke lie kahA aura jaba yUnAnI dArzanika te usakA pAlana kiyA taba usase bAtacIta kI, aura bar3e samajhAva-bajhAva ke bAda vaha sikandara se milane ke lie rAjI huA / sikandara usakI nirbhIka svataMtra vatti se prabhAbita huA, hAlAMki usane itanI bar3I senA lekara idhara-udhara bhaTakane aura logoM kA sukha-caina bigAr3ane ke lie sikandara kI bhartsanA kii| kalAnosa ne camar3e kA eka rUkhA Tukar3A dharatI para pheMkA aura dikhAyA ki jaba taka koI cIja kendra para sthita nahIM hotI taba taka usake sire Upara-nIce hote raheMge aura ki yahI usake sAmrAjya kA caritra thA jisake sImAnta sadA alaga hone ke lie sira uThAte rahate the| "antataH apanI mRtyu ke bAda tamheM utanI hI dharatI kI AvazyakatA hogI jitanI kI tumhAre zarIra kI lambAI hai," usane kahA / apanI icchA ke viparIta yaha sikandara ke sAtha phArasa gayA jahAM usane Aga meM praveza kara samAdhi lii| dandAmisa ko apanI mAtabhUmi chor3ane ke lie sahamata nahIM kiyA jA skaa|" -sampAdaka jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti