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________________ jaina darzana meM AtmA mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziSTaya hai| sandarbha 1. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya, 3/1/1 3. (a) sUtrakRtAMga, prathama adhyayana, (ba) bhagavatI 1/9/5, zataka 15 (sa) uttarAdhyayana 14 / 18 4. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna yA unase kucha paravartI hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna "ajAtazatru " kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha hai| bRhadA. 2/ 15-17 8. gItA 3/27/ 2 /21, 8/17 aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAtasutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, dharmAnanda kauzambI, pR. 18 5. 6. jaina darzana AtmA yA jIva dravya ko astikAya varga ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| jIva dravya kA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA ko mAnA gayA hai| isIlie ise cetana dravya bhI kahA jAtA hai| upayoga yA cetanA ke do prakAroM kI carcA AgamoM meM milatI hai-nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upyog| ina donoM ko kramazaH darzana aura jJAna kahA jAtA hai| nirAkAra upayoga, vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, darzana kahA jAtA hai aura sAkAra upayoga, ko vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jaina darzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na mAnakara aneka dravya mAnatA hai| usake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA hai aura vizva meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM jIva astikAya, cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya hai| jIva ko jaina darzana meM AtmA bhI kahA gayA hai ataH yahA~ AtmA ke sambandha meM kucha maulika praznoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA haiAtmA kA astitva jaina darzana meM jIva yA AtmA ko eka svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka hamAre AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prazna hai AtmA ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pahalI zarta Atma-vizvAsa hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke gaNadharavAda meM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 117 7. gozAlaka kI chaH abhijAtiyA~ vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAeM hai 2 (1) 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita 5 zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, jainoM kA lezyA - siddhAnta kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kapota, (4) tejo, (5) padma, (6) zukla (1) jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asad vastu kI koI sArthaka saMjJA hI nahIM bntii| - (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirmantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA (lohita) varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai) chAndogya upaniSad, 3 / 14 / 3 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 5 / 6 / 1 kaThopaniSad 2/4/12 9. gItA 2/18-20. AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa - (2) jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI kisI vicArazIla sattA arthAt jIva kI sattA ko siddha kara detA hai / devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSa (3) zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~' vahI to jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai| yadi AtmA hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~ yA nahIM? jo niSedha kara rahA hai vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tatva ke astitva kI anivAryatA hai jo usa vicAra kA AdhAra ho / binA adhiSThAna ke koI vicAra yA cintana sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA caahie| mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM- he gautama! yadi koI saMzayakartA hI nahIM hai to 'maiM hU~' yA 'nahIM hU~' yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai? tuma svayaM apane hI viSaya meM sandeha kaise kara sakate ho, phira kisameM saMzaya na hogA ? kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, ve saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| vastutaH jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM / AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiM sukha-duHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai / 4 AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtra bhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai vahI to usakA svarUpa hai| 4 AtmA ke .
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________________ 118 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 astitva ke lie svata: bodha ko AcArya zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke hI nahIM hai, yadi vivAda hai to usakA sambandha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva se hai na ki usake astitva se / svarUpa kI dRSTi se koI zarIra ko hI meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM hai jo yaha socatA ho ki 'maiM AtmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko, aura koI nahIM huuN|6 anyatra zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahate haiM ki bodha se sattA vijJAna-saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai| kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM jo ina ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi hameM sabase pRthak svatantra Atma-tattva ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN|10 AtmA kA svata: bodha hotA hai to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai| jaina darzana aura gItA AtmA ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate pAzcAtya vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para haiN| AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke AtmA eka maulika tattva astitva meM sandeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu sandehakartA meM sandeha AtmA eka maulika tattva hai athavA anya kisI tattva se karanA to sambhava nahIM hai, sandehakartA kA astitva sandeha se pare hai| utpanna huA hai, yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| sabhI darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki sandeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka ke abhAva meM vicAra nahIM saMsAra Atma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, lekina inameM mUla tattva kyA ho sktaa| maiM vicAra karatA hU~, ata: 'maiM hU~' isa prakAra dekArta ke hai? yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| isa sambandha meM cAra pramukha dhAraNAe~ haiManusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaMsiddha hai|8 (1) mUla tattva jar3a (acetana) hai aura usI se cetana kI utpatti hotI (4) AtmA amUrta hai, ata: usako usa rUpa meM to nahIM jAna hai| ajitakezakambalin, cArvAka dArzanika evaM bhautikavAdI isa mata sakate jaise ghaTa, paTa Adi vastuoM kA indriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM jJAna kA pratipAdana karate haiM (2) mUla tattva cetana hai aura usI kI apekSA se hotA hai| lekina itane mAtra se unakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda, zAMkara vedAnta tathA AcAryoM ne isake lie guNa aura guNI kA tarka diyA hai| ghaTa Adi barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (3) kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM jina vastuoM ko hama jAnate haiM unakA bhI yathArtha bodha-pratyakSa nahIM ho jinhoMne parama tattva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa sakatA- kyoMki hameM jinakA bodha pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha ghaTa ke rUpAdi svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya maanaa| gItA, rAmAnuja guNoM kA pratyakSa haiN| lekina ghaTa mAtra rUpa nahIM hai, vaha to aneka guNoM aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (4) kucha vicAraka jar3a kA samUha hai jinheM hama nahIM jAnate, rUpa (AkAra) to unameM se eka guNa aura cetana donoM ko hI parama tattva mAnate haiM aura unake svataMtra astitva haiM jaba rUpaguNa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ko ghaTa kA pratyakSIkaraNa mAna lete haiM meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa aura hameM koI saMzaya nahIM hotA, to phira jJAnaguNa se AtmA kA pratyakSa karate haiN| kyoM nahIM mAna lete| jaina vicAraka spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kabhI bhI jar3a se Adhunika vaijJAnika bhI aneka tattvoM kA vAstavika bodha cetana kI utpatti nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM isa mAnyatA kA pratyakSa nahIM kara pAte haiM jaise Ithara; phira bhI kAryoM ke AdhAra para unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zIlAMkAcArya likhate haiM ki "bhUta samudAya astitva mAnate haiM evaM svarUpa-vivecana bhI karate haiM phira AtmA ke svatantradharmI hai, usakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai, kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUtoM cetanAtmaka kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake astitva ko kyoM na svIkAra ke anya pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM, anya guNoM vAle padArthoM se yA unake kiyA jAye? vastuta: AtmA yA cetanA ke astitva kA prazna mahattvapUrNa samUha se bhI kisI apUrva (navIna) guNa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, hote hue bhI vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai| bhAratIya cintakoM meM cArvAka evaM jaise rukSa bAluka kaNoM ke samudAya se snigdha tela kI utpatti nahIM bauddha tathA pAzcAtya cintakoM meM hyUma, jemsa Adi jo vicAraka AtmA hotii| ata: caitanya AtmA kA hI guNa ho sakatA hai, bhUtoM kA nahIM, kA niSedha karate haiM, vastuta: unakA niSedha AtmA ke astitva kA jar3a bhUtoM se cetana AtmA kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii|"11 zarIra bhI niSedha nahIM, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha hai| ve AtmA ko eka jJAnAdi caitanya guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika svatantra yA nitya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina cetana tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanAzUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI avasthA yA cetanA-pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA kA astitva to unheM bhI caitanya nahIM hai to unake kArya meM caitanya kahA~ se A jAyegA? pratyeka svIkAra hai| cArvAka darzana bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki AtmA kA sarvathA kArya kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se rahA hai| jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM abhAva hai, usakA niSedha mAtra AtmA ko svatantra yA maulika tattva . pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha zakti rUpa se rahA huA kArya vyakta rUpa meM mAnane se hai| buddha anAtmavAda kI pratisthApanA meM AtmA (cetanA) kA sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba bhautika tattvoM meM cetanA nahIM hai, taba yaha kaise niSedha nahIM karate, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha karate haiN| hyUma bhI sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanya guNa vAlA ho jAya? yadi cetanA pratyeka anubhUti se bhinna kisI svatantra Atma-tattva kA hI niSedha karate haiN| bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM udyotakara kA 'nyAyavArtika' meM yaha kahanA samucita jAna par3atA hai ki ho sktii| reNu kI pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA tela reNu kaNoM ke AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyata: koI vivAda saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ata: yaha kahanA yukti-saMgata nahIM hai
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________________ jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 119 ki caitanya mahAbhUtoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai|12 gItA bhI pudgala hI hotA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM jJAna kI utpatti padArthoM ke AtmA kahatI hai ki asat kA prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA aura sat kA vinAza nahIM meM pratibimbita hone se hI mAnI gayI hai| hotA hai|13 yadi caitanya bhUtoM meM nahIM hai to vaha unake saMyoga se nirmita (3) apaudgalika aura amUrtika AtmA paudgalika evaM mUrtika zarIra meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa| zarIra meM caitanya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara vikArI honA kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai? (isa ata: usakA AdhAra zarIra nahIM, AtmA hai| AtmA kI jar3a se bhinnatA prakAra ke bandha kA koI dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha nahIM hai) svarNa aura pASANa siddha karane ke lie zIlAMkAcArya eka dUsarI yukti prastuta karate hue ke anAdibandha kA jo dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai, vaha viSama dRSTAnta hai aura kahate haiM ki "pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya alaga-alaga haiM, pratyeka indriya eka prakAra se svarNasthAnI jIva kA paudgalika honA hI sUcita karatA hai| apane viSaya kA hI jJAna karatI hai, jabaki pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA (4) rAgAdika ko paudgalika kahA gayA hai aura rAgAdika jIva ekatrIbhUta rUpa meM jJAna karane vAlA anya koI avazya hai aura vaha ke pariNAma haiM- binA jIva ke unakA astitva nhiiN| (yadi jIva AtmA hai|"14 paudgalika nahIM hai, to bhAva rAgAdi paudgalika kaise siddha ho sakeMge?) isI sambandha meM AcArya zaMkara kI bhI eka yukti hai, jisake isake sivAya apaudgalika jIvAtmA meM kRSNa, nIlAdi lezyAe~ kaise sambandha meM pro0 e0sI0 mukharjI ne apanI pustaka 'necara oNpha selpha' bana sakatI haiM? meM kAphI prakAza DAlA hai| zaMkara pUchate haiM ki bhautikavAdiyoM ke jaina darzana jar3a aura cetana ke dvaita ko aura unakI svatantra anusAra bhUtoM se utpanna hone vAlI usa cetanA kA svarUpa kyA hai? sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha sabhI prakAra ke advaitavAda kA virodha unake anusAra yA to cetanA una tattvoM kI pratyakSakartA hogI yA unakA karatA hai, cAhe vaha zaMkara kA AdhyAtmika advaitavAda ho athavA cArvAka hI eka guNa hogii| prathama sthiti meM yadi cetanA guNoM kI pratyakSakartA evaM anya vaijJAnikoM kA bhautikavAda ho| lekina isa saiddhAntika mAnyatA hogI, to vaha unase pratyutpanna nahIM hogii| dUsare yaha kahanA bhI hAsyAspada se uparyukta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| isake lie hameM jIva ke hogA ki bhautika guNa apane hI ko jJAna viSaya-vastu banAte haiN| yaha svarUpa ko usa sandarbha meM dekhanA hogA jisameM uparyukta zaMkAe~ prastuta mAnanA ki cetanA jo bhaitika padArthoM kA hI eka guNa hai, unase hI kI gayI haiN| prathamata: saMkoca-vistAra tathA usake AdhAra para hone vAle pratyutpanna hai aura una bhautika padArthoM ko hI apane jJAna kA viSaya saukSmya evaM sthaulya tathA bandhana aura rAgAdibhAva kA honA sabhI baddha banAtI hai, utanA hI hAsyAspada hai jitanA yaha mAnanA ki Aga apane jIvAtmAoM yA hamAre vartamAna sImita vyaktitva ke kAraNa haiN| jahA~ taka ko hI jalAtI hai athavA naTa apane hI kaMdhoM para car3ha sakatA hai| isa sImita vyaktitva yA baddha jIvAtmA kA prazna hai, vaha ekAnta rUpa se na prakAra zaMkara kA bhI niSkarSa yahI hai ki cetana (AtmA) bhautika tattvoM to bhautika hai aura na abhautik| jaina cintaka muni nathamala jI inhIM se vyatirikta aura jJAnasvarUpa hai| praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue likhate hai ki "merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva na sarvathA paudgalika hai aura na sarvathA apauglik| AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa yadi use sarvathA paudgalika mAneM to usameM caitanya nahIM ho sakatA aura sAmAnya rUpa se jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA yA jIva ko use sarvathA apaudgalika mAneM to usameM saMkoca-vistAra, prakAzamaya, apaudgalika, vizuddha caitanya evaM jar3a se bhinna svatantra tattva yA dravya anubhava, UrdhvagAmIdharmitA, rAgAdi nahIM ho skte| maiM jahA~ taka samajha mAnA jAtA hai| lekina anya dArzanikoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina darzana ke sakatA hU~, koI bhI zarIradhArI jIva apaudgalika nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM vicAra meM jIva kA svarUpa bahuta kucha paudgalika bana gayA hai| yaha AkSepa ne usameM saMkoca-vistAra, bandhana Adi mAne haiM, apaudgalikatA usakI ajaina dArzanikoM kA hI nahIM, aneka jaina cintakoM kA bhI hai aura antima pariNati hai jo zarIra-mukti se pahale kabhI prApta nahIM hotii|"17 unake lie Agamika AdhAroM para kucha tarka bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| muni jI ke isa kathana ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra ne isa viSaya meM eka praznAvalI bhI prastuta ki jIva ke apaudgalika svarUpa usakI upalabdhi nahIM, Adarza haiN| jaina kI thii|26 yahA~ usa praznAvalI ke kucha pramukha muddoM para hI carcA karanA darzana kA lakSya isI apaugalika svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai| jIva kI apekSita hai, jo jIva sambandhI jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM hI pArasparika apaudgalikatA Adarza hai, jAgatika tathya nahIM, jabaki ye sabhI bAteM antarvirodha prakaTa karate haiM baddhajIvoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiN| (1) jIva yadi paudgalika nahIM hai to usameM saukSmya-sthaulya athavA saMkoca-vistAra kriyA aura pradeza parispanda kaise bana sakatA hai? AtmA aura zarIra meM sambandha jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra to saukSya-sthaulya ko pudgala kI paryAya mAnA mahAvIra ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki gayA hai| ___ "bhagavAn-jIva vahI hai jo zarIra hai yA jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna (2) jIva ke apaudgalika hone para AtmA meM padArthoM kA hai?" mahAvIra ne uttara diyA- "he gautama! jIva zarIra bhI hai aura zarIra pratibimbita honA bhI kaise bana sakatA hai? kyoMki pratibimba kA grAhaka se bhinna bhI hai|"18 isa prakAra mahAvIra ne AtmA aura deha ke madhya
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________________ 120 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhinnatva aura ekatva donoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne 1. vyAvahArika dRSTi se zarIyukta baddhAtmA bhoktA hai| " AtmA aura zarIra ke ekatva aura bhinnatva ko lekara yahI vicAra prakaTa 2. azuddhanizcayanaya yA paryAya dRSTi se AtmA apanI mAnasika kiye haiN| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se AtmA anubhUtiyoM yA manobhAvoM kA vedaka hai| aura deha eka hI hai, lekina nizcaya dRSTi se AtmA aura deha kadApi eka 3. paramArtha dRSTi se AtmA bhoktA aura vedaka nahIM, mAtra draSTA nahIM ho skte|19 vastuta: AtmA aura zarIra meM ekatva mAne binA yA sAkSIsvarUpa hai|24 stuti, vandana, sevA Adi aneka naitika AcaraNa kI kriyAe~ sambhava AtmA kA bhoktRtva karma aura pratiphala ke saMyoga ke lie nahIM ho sktiiN| dUsarI ora AtmA aura deha meM bhinnatA mAne binA Avazyaka hai| jo kartA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se unake phaloM kA bhoktA AsaktinAza aura bhedavijJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| naitika bhI hai, anyathA karma aura usake phalabhoga meM anivArya sambandha siddha aura dhArmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AtmA kA zarIra se ekatva aura nahIM ho sakegA, aisI sthiti meM dharma evaM naitikatA kA koI artha hI anekatva donoM apekSita haiN| yahI jaina naitikatA kI mAnyatA hai| mahAvIra nahIM raha jaayegaa| ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki AtmA bhoktA hai, lekina ne aikAntika vAdoM ko chor3akara anaikantika-dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA AtmA kA bhoktA honA baddhAtmA yA zarIra ke lie hI samucita hai| aura donoM vAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki AtmA aura zarIra amuktAtmA bhoktA nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAkSIsvarUpa yA draSTA hotA hai| kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna haiN| AtmA svadeha parimANa hai AtmA pariNAmI hai yadyapi jaina vicAraNA meM AtmAoM ko rUpa, rasa, gandha, varNa, jaina darzana AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnatA hai, jabaki sAMkhya evaM sparza Adi se vivarjita kahA gayA hai, tathApi AtmA ko zarIrAkAra zAMkara vedAnta AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnate haiN| buddha ke svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se samakAlIna vicAraka pUrNakAzyapa bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the| do dRSTiyA~ haiM-eka ke anusAra AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApI) hai, dUsarI ke AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA meM anusAra aNu hai| sAMkhya, nyAya aura advaita vedAnta AtmA ko vibhu koI vikAra, parivartana yA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| mAnate haiM aura rAmAnuja aNu mAnate haiN| jaina darzana isa sambandha meM jaina AcAra sambandhI granthoM meM yaha vacana bahutAyata se upalabdha madhyastha dRSTi apanAtA hai| usake anusAra AtmA aNu bhI hai aura vibhu hote haiM ki AtmA kartA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA bhI hai| vaha sUkSma hai to itanA hai ki eka AkAza pradeza ke anantaveM hI sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai|20 yaha bhI kahA gayA hai bhAga meM samA sakatA hai aura vibhu hai to itanA hai ki samagra loka ko ki sira kATane vAlA zatru bhI utanA apakAra nahIM karatA jitanA vyApta kara sakatA hai|25 jaina darzana AtmA meM saMkoca vistAra ko durAcaraNa meM pravRtta apanI AtmA karatI hai|21 svIkAra karatA hai aura isa AdhAra para AtmA ko svadeha-parimANa yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmA ko akartA mAnane vAle logoM mAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka kA prakAza choTe kamare meM rahane para choTe kamare ko kI AlocanA karate hue spaSTa rUpa meM kahA gayA hai-"kucha dUsare (loga) aura bar3e kamare meM rahane para bar3e kamare ko prakAzita karatA hai vaise hI to dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA, karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM AtmA bhI jisa deha meM rahatA hai use caitanyAbhibhUta kara detA hai, kintu karatA, vaha to akartA hai| ina vAdiyoM ko satya jJAna kA patA nahIM aura yaha bAta kevala saMsArI AtmA ke sambandha meM hai| muktAtmA kA AkAra na unheM dharma kA hI bhAna hai|22 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra ko nAva aura apane tyakta deha kA do tihAI hotA hai| jIva ko nAvika kahakara jIva para naitika karmoM kA uttaradAyitva DAlA gayA hai|23 AtmA ke vibhutva kI samIkSA 1. yadi AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApaka) hai to vaha dUsare zarIroM meM AtmA bhoktA hai bhI hogA, phira una zarIroM ke karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hogaa| yadi yaha yadi AtmA ko kartA mAnanA Avazyaka hai to use bhoktA bhI mAnA jAye ki AtmA dUsare zarIroM meM nahIM hai, to phira vaha sarvavyApaka mAnanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki jo karmoM kA kartA hai use hI unake phaloM kA nahIM hogaa| bhoga bhI karanA caahie| jaise AtmA kA kartRtva karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se 2. yadi AtmA vibhu hai to dUsare zarIroM meM hone vAle sukhasambhava hai, vaise hI AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se hI duHkha ke bhoga se kaise baca sakegA? sambhava hai| kartRtva aura bhoktRtva donoM hI zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM pAye 3. vibhu AtmA ke siddhAnta meM kauna AtmA kisa zarIra jAte haiM, muktAtmA yA zuddhAtmA meM nhiiN| bhoktRtva vedanIya karma ke kAraNa kA niyAmaka hai, yaha batAnA kaThina hai| vastuta: naitika aura dhArmika hI sambhava hai| jaina darzana AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI sApekSa dRSTi se jIvana ke lie pratyeka zarIra meM eka AtmA kA siddhAnta hI saMgata zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM svIkAra karatA hai| ho sakatA hai, tAki usa zarIra ke karmoM ke AdhAra para use uttaradAyI
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________________ jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 121 ThaharAyA jA ske| sktii| isI vaiyaktikatA se rAga aura Asakti kA janma hotA hai, jo 4. AtmA kI sarvavyApakatA kA siddhAnta anekAtmavAda ke tRSNA kA hI eka rUpa hai, 'maiM' bhI bandhana hI hai| sAtha kathamapi saMgata nahIM ho sktaa| sAtha hI anekAtmavAda ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI susaMgata vyAkhyA bhI sambhava nhiiN| jaina darzana kA niSkarSa jaina darzana ne isa samasyA kA bhI anekAntadRSTi se sundara AtmAe~ aneka haiM hala prastuta kiyA hai| usake anusAra AtmA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| AtmA eka hai yA aneka-yaha dArzanika dRSTi se vivAda kA samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA eka hai|28 viSaya rahA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura pratyeka anyatra use aneka bhI kahA gayA hai|29 TIkAkAroM ne isakA samAdhAna zarIra kI AtmA bhinna hai| yadi AtmA ko eka mAnA jAtA hai to naitika isa prakAra kiyA ki AtmA dravyApekSA se eka hai aura paryAyApekSA se dRSTi se nimna aneka samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM aneka, jaise sindhu kA jala na eka hai aura na anek| vaha jala-rAzi kI dRSTi se eka hai aura jala-binduoM kI dRSTi se aneka bhii| samasta ekAtmavAda kI samIkSA jala-bindu apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue usa jala-rAzi se abhinna 1. AtmA ko eka mAnane para sabhI jIvoM kI mukti aura hI haiN| usI prakAra ananta cetana AtmAe~ apanA svataMtra astitva rakhate bandhana eka sAtha hoNge| itanA hI nahIM sabhI zarIradhAriyoM ke naitika hue bhI apanI cetanA svabhAva ke kAraNa eka cetana Atmadravya hI haiN|30 vikAsa evaM patana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ bhI yugapad hoNgii| lekina bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna bar3e sundara DhaMga se aisA to dikhatA nhiiN| saba prANiyoM kA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika TIkAkAroM ke pahale hI kara diyA thaa| ve somila nAmaka brAhmaNa ko vikAsa kA stara alaga-alaga hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM-"he somila ! dravyadRSTi se maiM vyakti mukta ho cuke haiM aura aneka abhI baMdhana meM haiN| ata: AtmAe~ eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana rUpa do paryAyoM kI pradhAnatA se maiM do huuN| kabhI eka nahIM, aneka haiN| nyUnAdhika nahIM hone vAle Atma-pradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, 2. AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktika naitika prayAsoM kA avyaya hU~, avasthita huuN| tInoM kAloM meM badalate rahane vAle upayoga mUlya samApta ho jaayegaa| yadi AtmA eka hI hai to vyaktigata prayAsoM svabhAva kI dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN|"31 evaM kriyAoM se na to usakI mukti sambhava hogI na vaha bandhana meM hI isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra jahA~ eka ora dravyadRSTi (Subaayegaa| stantial view) se AtmA ke ekatva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM 3. AtmA ke eka mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva tathA dUsarI ora paryAyArthika-dRSTi se eka hI jIvAtmA meM cetana paryAyoM ke tajjanita puraskAra aura daNDa kI vyavasthA kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha pravAha ke rUpa se aneka vyaktiyoM kI saMkalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kara jaayegaa| sArAMza meM AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktikatA samApta ho zaMkara ke advaitavAda aura bauddhoM ke kSaNika AtmavAda kI khAI ko jAtI hai aura vaiyaktikatA ke abhAva meM naitika vikAsa, naitika uttaradAyitva pATane kI koziza karate haiN| aura puruSArtha Adi naitika pratyayoM kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| jaina vicAraka AtmAoM meM guNAtmaka antara nahIM mAnate haiN| isIliye vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki sukha-duHkha janma- lekina vicAra kI dizA meM kevala sAmAnya dRSTi se kAma nahIM calatA, maraNa, bandhana-mukti Adi ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka vizeSa dRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai|26 sAMkhyakArikA meM vicAra kI do dRSTiyA~ haiM aura donoM kA apanA mahattva hai| mahAsAgara kI bhI janma-maraNa, indriyoM kI vibhinnatA, pratyeka kI alaga-alaga pravRtti jala-rAzi sAmAnya dRSTi se eka hai, lekana vizeSa dRSTi se nahI, jalaaura svabhAva tathA naitika vikAsa kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA rAzi aneka jala-binduoM kA samUha pratIta hotI hai| yahI bAta AtmA kI anekatA siddha kI gayI hai|27 ke viSaya meM hai| cetanA paryAyoM kI vizeSa dRSTi se AtmA aneka haiM aura cetanA dravya kI dRSTi se AtmA eka haiM jaina darzana ke anusAra Atma anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI dravya eka hai, lekina usameM ananta vaiyaktika AtmAoM kI sattA hai| anekAtmavAda naitika jIvana ke lie vaiyaktikatA kA pratyaya itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka vaiyaktika AtmA bhI apanI parivartanazIla to prastuta kara detA hai, tathApi aneka AtmAe~ mAnane para bhI kucha caitasika avasthAoM ke AdhAra para svayaM bhI eka sthira ikAI na hokara naitika kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ina naitika kaThinAiyoM meM pravAhazIla ikAI hai| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA caritra yA pramukhatama yaha hai ki naitikatA kA samagra prayAsa jisa ahaM ke visarjana vyaktitva parivartanazIla hai, vaha dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM meM badalatA ke lie hai usI ahaM (vaiyaktikatA) ko hI yaha AdhArabhUta banA detA hai| rahatA hai, phira bhI vahI rahatA hai| hamAre meM bhI aneka vyaktitva banate aura anekAtmavAda meM vaiyaktikatA kabhI bhI pUrNatayA visarjita nahIM ho bigar3ate rahate haiM phira bhI ve hamAre hI aMga haiN| isa AdhAra para hama unake
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________________ 122 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 lie uttaradAyI bane rahate haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana abheda meM bheda, viveka-kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda ekatva meM anekatva kI dhAraNA ko sthAna dekara dharma aura naitikatA ke viveka-kSamatA kI dRSTi se AtmAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gaI lie eka Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| haiM- (1) samanaska, (2) amnsk| samanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM jaina darzana jinheM jIva kI paryAya avasthAoM kI dhArA kahatA viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha hai aura amanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM, hai, bauddha darzana use citta-pravAha kahatA hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM jinheM aisI viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka pratyeka jIva alaga hai, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM pratyeka citta-pravAha naitika jIvana ke kSetra kA prazna hai, samanaska AtmAe~ hI naitika alaga hai| jaise bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM AlayavijJAna hai vaise jaina AcaraNa kara sakatI haiM aura ve hI naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi kara darzana meM Atma-dravya hai, yadyapi hameM ina sabameM rahe hue tAttvika antara sakatI haiM, kyoMki viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana kI upalabdhi hone para hI ko vismRta nahIM karanA caahie| AtmA meM zubhAzubha kA viveka karane kI kSamatA hotI hai, sAtha hI isI viveka-buddhi ke AdhAra para ve vAsanAoM kA saMyamana bhI kara sakatI haiN| AtmA ke bheda jina AtmAoM meM aisI viveka-kSamatA kA abhAva hai, unameM saMyama kI jaina darzana aneka AtmAoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| kSamatA kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isalie ve naitika pragati bhI nahIM kara itanA hI nahIM, vaha pratyeka AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para sktiiN| naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA meM viveka aura saMyama donoM kA usake bheda karatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna pakSoM kI apekSA se AtmA / honA Avazyaka hai aura vaha kevala paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI unhIM meM ke ATha bheda kiye gaye haiM32 sambhava hai jo samanaska haiN| yahA~ jaivika AdhAra para bhI AtmA ke 1. dravyAtmA-AtmA kA tAttvika svruup| vargIkaraNa para vicAra apekSita hai, kyoMki jaina dharma kA ahiMsA2. kaSAyAtmA-krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM yA manovegoM se yukta siddhAnta bahuta kucha usI para nirbhara hai| cetanA kI avsthaa| jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 3. yogAtmA-zarIra se yukta hone para cetanA kI kAyika, vAcika aura jaina darzana ke anasAra jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa mAnasika kriyAoM kI avsthaa| nimna tAlikA se spaSTa ho sakatA hai4. upayogAtmA-AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka aura anubhUtyAtmaka shktiyaaN| yaha AtmA kA cetanAtmaka vyApAra hai| 5. jJAnAtmA-cetanA kI cintana kI shkti| 6. darzanAtmA-cetanA kI anubhUtyAtmakazakti / sthAvara trasa 7. caritrAtmA-cetanA kI saMkalpAtmaka shkti| pRthvIkAya apkAya tejaskAya vAyu vanaspatikAya 8. vIryAtmA-cetanA kI kriyAtmaka shkti| uparyukta ATha prakAroM meM dravyAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA aura darzanAtmA ye cAra tAttvika AtmA ke svarUpa ke hI dyotaka haiM, zeSa . paMcendriya caturindriya trIndriya dvIndriya cAra kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, caritrAtmA aura vIryAtmA ye cAroM AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita svarUpa ke nidarzaka haiN| tAttvika AtmA dravya kI apekSA se nitya hotI hai yadyapi usameM jJAnAdi kI paryAyeM hotI rahatI haiN| jaivika dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM dasa prANa zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI anubhavAdhArita AtmA cetanA kI zarIra se yukta avasthA hai| yaha parivartanazIla haiN| sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM meM cAra zaktiyA~ hotI haiM- (1) sparza-anubhava evaM vikArayukta hotI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA prazna bhI isI anubhavAdhArita zakti, (2) zArIrika zakti, (3) jIvana (Ayu) zakti aura (4) AtmA se sambandhita hai| vibhinna darzanoM meM AtmA-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM zvasana shkti| dvIndriya jIvoM meM ina cAra zaktiyoM ke atirikta svAda jo parasparika virodha dikhAI detA hai, vaha AtmA ke ina do pakSoM meM aura vANI kI zakti bhI hotI hai| trIndriya jIvoM meM sUMghane kI zakti bhI kisI pakSa-vizeSa para bala dene ke kAraNa hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM hotI hai| caturindriya jIvoM meM ina chaha zaktiyoM ke atirikta dekhane kI bauddha darzana ne AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika sAmarthya bhI hotI hai| paMcendriya amanaska jIvoM meM ina ATha zaktiyoM ke bala diyA, jabaki sAMkhya aura zAMkara vedAnta ne AtmA ke tAttvika sAtha-sAtha zravaNa zakti bhI hotI hai aura samanaska paMcendriya jIvoM meM svarUpa para hI apanI dRSTi kendrita kii| jaina darzana donoM hI pakSoM ko inake atirikta manaHzakti bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM kula svIkAra kara unake bIca samanvaya kA kArya karatA hai| dasa jaivika zaktiyA~ yA prANa zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke jIva | pRthvIkAya apkaa|
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________________ jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 123 alpatva aura bahutva Adi kA vicAra inhIM jaivika zaktiyoM kI dRSTi se avasthAe~ AtmA meM ghaTita nahIM hoNgii| phira sthityantara yA bhinna-bhinna kiyA jAtA hai| jitanI adhika prANa zaktiyoM se yukta prANI kI hiMsA pariNAmoM, zubhAzubha bhAvoM kI zakyatA na hone se puNya-pApa kI vibhinna kI jAtI hai, vaha utanI hI bhayaMkara samajhI jAtI hai| vRttiyA~ evaM pravRttiyA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hoMgI, na bandhana aura mokSa kI upapatti hI sambhava hogii| kyoMki vahA~ eka kSaNa ke paryAya ne jo kArya gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA thA, usakA phala dUsare kSaNa ke paryAya ko milegA, kyoMki vahA~ jaina paramparA meM gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIva cAra prakAra ke una satata parivartanazIla paryAyoM ke madhya koI anusyUta eka sthAyI mAne gae haiM- (1) deva, (2) manuSya, (3) pazu (tiryaMca) aura (4) tattva (dravya) nahIM haiM, ata: yaha kahA jA sakegA ki jisane kiyA thA naark| jahA~ taka zakti aura kSamatA kA prazna hai deva kA sthAna manuSya use phala nahIM milA aura jisane nahIM kiyA thA use milA, arthAt se U~cA mAnA gayA hai| lekina jahA~ taka naitika sAdhanA kI bAta hai jaina naitika karma siddhAnta kI dRSTi se akRtAgama aura kRtapraNAza kA doSa paramparA manuSya-janma ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnatI hai| usake anusAra mAnava- hogA,33 ataH AtmA ko nitya mAnakara bhI satata parivartanazIla jIvana hI aisA jIvana hai jisase mukti yA naitika pUrNatA prApta kI jA (anitya) mAnA jAye to usameM zubhAzubha Adi vibhinna bhAvoM kI sthiti sakatI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI siddha ho sakatA mAnane ke sAtha hI usake phaloM kA bhAvAntara meM bhoga bhI sambhava ho hai, anya koI nhiiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI uparyukta cAroM jAtiyA~ svIkRta skegaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana sApekSa rUpa se AtmA ko nitya aura rahI haiM lekina unameM deva aura manuSya donoM meM hI mukta hone kI kSamatA anitya donoM svIkAra karatA hai| ko mAna liyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra eka deva binA mAnava uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA amUrta hone ke janma grahaNa kiye deva gati se sIdhe hI nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai, kAraNa nitya hai|2 bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI jIva ko anAdi, anidhana, jabaki jaina paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI nirvANa kA adhikArI avinAzI, akSaya, dhruva aura nitya kahA gayA hai|35 lekina saba sthAnoM hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA mAnava-janma ko carama, mUlyavAna banA detI hai| para nityatA kA artha pariNAmI nityatA hI samajhanA caahie| bhagavatIsUtra evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| AtmA kI amaratA bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama ke prazna kA uttara dete hue AtmA kI amaratA kA prazna naitikatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa AtmA ko zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM kahA haihai| pAzcAtya vicAraka kAMTa AtmA kI amaratA ko naitika jIvana kI "bhagavAn ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ?" susaMgata vyAkhyA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM "gautama ! jIva zAzvata (nitya) bhI hai aura azAzvata (anitya) bhii|" ke prAcIna yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta vivAda kA viSaya "bhagavAn ! yaha kaise kahA gayA ki jIva nitya bhI hai, anitya bhI?" rahA hai| usa yuga meM yaha prazna AtmA kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke rUpa "gautama ! dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai, bhAva kI apekSA se anityA 36 meM athavA zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM bahucarcita rahA hai| AtmA-dravya (sattA) kI ora se nitya hai arthAt AtmA na to vastuta: Atma-astitva ko lekara dArzanikoM meM itanA vivAda nahIM hai, kabhI anAtma (jar3a) se utpanna hotI hai aura na kisI bhI avasthA meM vivAda kA viSaya hai-AtmA kI nityatA aura anitytaa| yaha viSaya apane cetanA lakSaNa ko chor3akara jar3a banatI hai| isI dRSTi se use nitya tattvajJAna kI apekSA naitika darzana se adhika sambandhita hai| jaina kahA jAtA hai| lekina AtmA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ parivartita hotI vicArakoM ne naitika vyavasthA ko pramukha mAnakara usake AdhAra para hI rahatI haiM, ata: isa apekSA se use anitya kahA gayA hai| Adhunika nityatA aura anityatA kI samasyA kA hala khojane kI koziza kii| darzana kI bhASA meM jaina darzana ke anusAra tAttvika AtmA nitya hai aura ata: yaha dekhanA bhI upayogI hogA ki AtmA ko nitya athavA anitya anubhavAdhArita AtmA anitya hai| jisa prakAra svarNAbhUSaNa svarNa kI mAnane para naitika dRSTi se kauna-sI kaThinAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| dRSTi se nitya aura AbhUSaNa kI dRSTi se anitya hai, usI prakAra Atma AtmA-tattva kI dRSTi se nitya aura vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se AtmA kI nityAnityAtmakatA anitya hai| jaina vicArakoM ne saMsAra aura mokSa kI upapatti ke lie na to jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane nitya-AtmavAda ko upayukta samajhA aura na anitya-AtmavAda ko| isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko ekAnta nityavAda aura ekAnta anityavAda donoM hI sadoSa haiN| AcArya nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anity| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate hemacandra donoM ko naitika darzana kI dRSTi se anupayukta batAte hue haiM-"he jamAlI, jIva zAzvata hai, tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM likhate haiM, yadi AtmA ko ekAnta nitya mAneM to isakA artha hogA ki hai jaba yaha jIva (AtmA) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogaa| isI AtmA meM avasthAntara athavA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| yadi ise ekAnta apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA, nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai| anitya mAna liyA jAye to sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha Adi bhinna-bhinna he jamAlI, jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMki nAraka marakara tiryaMca hotA hai,
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________________ 124 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 tiryaMca marakara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya marakara deva hotA hai| isa prakAra ina anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita nAnAvasthAoM ko prApta karane ke kAraNa use anitya kahA jAtA hai|"37 punarjanma siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karma siddhAnta arthazUnya hai|"40 AcAradarzana naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se AtmA ko nityAnitya (pariNAmI nitya) ke kSetra meM yadyapi punarjanma siddhAnta aura karma siddhAnta eka-dUsare ke mAnanA hI samucita hai| naitikatA kI dhAraNA meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai, ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM vikasita hue AcAradarzanoM ne usakA nirAkaraNa kevala pariNAmInitya AtmavAda meM hI sambhava hai| karma ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| naitikatA kA virodhAbhAsa yaha hai ki jahA~ naitikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI dArzanika nitze ne karma-zakti aura punarjanma meM jisa Atma-tattva kI vivakSA hai use nitya, zAzvata, aparivartanazIla, para jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve mahatvapUrNa haiN| ve likhate haiM- "karmasadaiva samarUpa meM sthita, nirvikAra honA cAhie anyathA punaH bandhana evaM zakti ke jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita haiM tathA kAla patana kI sambhAvanAe~ uTha khar3I hoMgI, vahIM dUsarI ora naitikatA kI ananta haiM isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke vyAkhyA ke lie jisa Atma-tattva kI vivakSA hai use kartA, bhoktA, haiM vahI phira Age yathApUrva kabhI na kabhI avazya utpanna hote hI haiN|"41 vedaka evaM parivartanazIla honA cAhie anyathA karma aura unake pratiphala IsAI aura islAma AcAradarzana yaha to mAnate haiM ki vyakti aura sAdhanA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI taratamatA kI upapatti nahIM apane naitika zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se prApta karatA hai hogii| jaina vicArakoM ne isa virodhAbhAsa kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA aura yadi vaha apane kRtyoM ke phaloM ko isa jIvana meM pUrNatayA nahIM prayAsa kiyA hai| prathamataH unhoMne ekAnta nityAtmavAda aura anityAtmavAda bhoga pAtA hai to maraNa ke bAda unakA phala bhogatA hai, lekina phira bhI ke doSoM ko spaSTa kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA, phira yaha batAyA hai ki ve punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra, virodhAbhAsa to taba hotA hai jaba nityatA aura anityatA ko eka hI vyakti ko sRSTi ke ananta meM apane kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke anusAra dRSTi se mAnA jaay| lekina jaba vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nityatA aura hamezA ke lie svarga yA kisI nizcita samaya ke lie naraka meM bheja anityatA kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to usameM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyakti apane kRtyoM kA phala bhogatA rahatA hai, isa rahatA hai| jaina darzana AtmA ko paryAyArthika dRSTi (vyavahAranaya) kI prakAra ve karma siddhAnta ko mAnate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM apekSA se anitya tathA dravyArthika dRSTi (nizcayanaya) kI apekSA se karate haiN| nitya mAnakara apanI AtmA sambandhI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana jo vicAraNAe~ karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para bhI karatA hai| punarjanma ko nahIM mAnatI haiM, ve isa tathya kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM ho pAtI haiM ki vartamAna jIvana meM jo naisargika vaiSamya hai usakA AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma kAraNa kyA hai? kyoM eka prANI sampanna evaM pratiSThita kula meM janma AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA letA hai athavA janmanA aindrika evaM bauddhika kSamatA se yukta hotA hai aura hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke kyoM dUsarA daridra evaM hIna kula meM janma letA hai aura janmanA hInendriya siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaba AtmA ko amara mAna liyA jAtA evaM bauddhika dRSTi se pichar3A huA hotA hai? kyoM eka prANI kA manuSyahai, to punarjanma ko svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| gItA kahatI hai-"jisa zarIra milatA hai aura dUsare ko pazu-zarIra milatA hai? yadi isakA prakAra manuSya vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para unakA parityAga kara naye vastra kAraNa IzvarecchA hai to Izvara anyAyI siddha hotA hai| dUsare, vyakti ko grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA apanI akSamatAoM aura unake kAraNa utpanna anaitika kRtyoM ke lie zarIra grahaNa karatI rahatI hai|" na kevala gItA meM, varan bauddha darzana meM uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharAyA jA skegaa| khAnAbadoza jAtiyoM meM janma lene bhI isI Azaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai|38 DaoN0 rAmAnanda tivArI vAlA bAlaka saMskAravaza jo anaitika AcaraNa kA mArga apanAtA hai, punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki "eka janma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra usakA uttaradAyitva kisa para hogA? vaiyaktika vibhinnatAe~ IzvarecchA kA cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka-kAla vizeSa meM pariNAma nahIM, varan vyakti ke apane kRtyoM kA pariNAma hai| vartamAna Arambha hokara eka-kAla vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu jIvana meM jo bhI kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA use anupalabdha hai aura cirantana kA kAlika sambandha anyAya (tarka viruddha) hai aura isa (eka- jinake phalasvarUpa use naitika vikAsa kA avasara prApta nahIM hotA hai janma ke) siddhAnta se unakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai-punarjanma kA unakA kAraNa bhI vaha svayaM hI hai aura uttaradAyitva bhI usI para hai| siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA cAhatA naitika vikAsa kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hai| eka-janma siddhAnta ke anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgadeyoM ke bheda ko hai, varan unake pIche janma-janmAntara kI sAdhanA hotI hai| punarjanma kA akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogaa|"39 / / siddhAnta prANI ko naitika vikAsa hetu ananta avasara pradAna karatA hai| DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA karma siddhAnta ke AdhAra para punarjanma braiDale naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ko ananta prakriyA mAnate haiN|42 yadi ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM-"karma siddhAnta naitikatA AtmapUrNatA evaM Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI dizA meM satata prakriyA a
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________________ jaina darzana meM AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 125 hai to phira binA punarjanma ke isa vikAsa kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3hA janmoM meM zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-sambandha kI dRSTi se ATha vikalpa mAne jA sakatA hai? gItA meM bhI naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie aneka gaye haiM-(1) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM hI phala deveN| janmoM kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai|43 DaoN0 TATiyA bhI likhate (2) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (3) haiM ki "yadi AdhyAtmika pUrNatA (mukti) eka tathya hai to usake bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (4) sAkSAtkAra ke lie aneka janma Avazyaka haiN|"44 bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (5) vartamAna sAtha hI AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke lie janma ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (6) vartamAna janma ke punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki vartamAna bandhana zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (7) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma kI avasthA kA kAraNa bhUtakAlIna jIvana meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (8) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma bhAvI jo darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate, ve vyakti ke sAtha janmoM meM phala deveN|46 / / samucita nyAya nahIM krte| aparAdha ke lie daNDa Avazyaka hai, lekina isa prakAra jaina darzana meM vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUtakAlIna isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki vikAsa yA sudhAra kA avasara hI samApta evaM bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra cAra prakAra kI kara diyA jaaye| jaina darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake yoniyA~ haiM-(1) deva (svargIya jIvana), (2) manuSya, (3) tiryaMca (vAnaspatika vyakti ko naitika vikAsa ke avasara pradAna karatA hai tathA apane ko evaM pazu jIvana) aura (4) naraka (nArakIya jiivn)|47 prANI apane eka pragatizIla darzana siddha karatA hai| punarjanma kI dhAraNA daNDa ke zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra ina yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| yadi vaha zubha sudhAravAdI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI hai, jabaki punarjanma ko nahIM karma karatA hai to deva aura manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura azubha mAnane vAlI naitika vicAraNAe~ daNDa ke badalA lene ke siddhAnta kA karma karatA hai to pazu gati yA nArakIya gati prApta karatA hai| manuSya samarthana karatI haiM, jo ki vartamAna yuga meM eka paramparAgata kintu marakara pazu bhI ho sakatA hai aura deva bhii| prANI bhAvI jIvana meM kyA anucita dhAraNA hai| hogA yaha usake vartamAna jIvana ke AcAraNa para nirbhara karatA hai| punarjanma ke viruddha yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki yadi vahI AtmA (cetanA) punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai to phira use pUrva-janmoM kI saMdarbha smRti kyoM nahIM rahatI hai| smRti ke abhAva meM punarjanma ko kisa AdhAra 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1575 para mAnA jAye? lekina yaha tarka ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki hama aksara 2. vahI 1571 dekhate haiM ki hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI bhI 3. jaina darzana mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' pR0 54 smRti nahIM rhtii| yadi hama vartamAna jIvana ke vismarita bhAga ko 4. AcArAMgasUtra 1/5/5/166 svIkAra nahIM karate haiM to phira kevala smaraNa ke abhAva meM pUrva-janmoM kI 5. brahmasUtra zAMkarabhASya-3/1/7 ghaTanAe~ bhI acetana stara para banI rahatI haiM aura viziSTa avasaroM para 6. vahI 1/1/2 cetanA ke stara para bhI vyakta ho jAtI hai| yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki 7. vahI 3/2/21, tulanIya-AcArAMga-1/5/5 hameM apane jina kRtyoM kI smRti nahIM hai, hama kyoM unake pratiphala kA 8. divAnacaMda, pazcimI darzana-pR0 106 bhoga kareM? lekina yaha tarka bhI samutica nahIM haiM isase kyA pharka par3atA 9. vizeSAvazyakabhASya-1558 hai ki hameM apane karmoM kI smRti hai yA nahIM? yaha hamane unheM kiyA hai 10 nyAyavartika pR0 366 (AtmamImAMsA pR02 para uddhRta) to unakA phala bhoganA hI hogaa| yadi koI vyakti itanA adhika 11. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA-1/1/8 madyapAna kara le ki naze meM use apane kiye hue madyapAna kI smRti bhI 12. jaina darzana pR0 157 nahIM rahe lekina isase kyA vaha usake naze se baca sakatA hai? jo kiyA 13. gItA-2/16 hai, usakA bhoga anivArya hai, cAhe usakI smRti ho yA na ho|45 14. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA-1/1/8 jaina cintakoM ne isIlie karma siddhAnta kI svIkRti ke 15. A.C. Mookerjee, Nature of self, p 141-143, sAtha-sAtha AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra 16. anekAnta-jUna, 1942 kiyA hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA 17. muni nathamala, 'taTa do pravAha eka Adarza sAhitya saMgha curu, evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA Adi kA jo janmanA naisargika vaiSamya hai, pR054. usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrva-janmoM ke kRtya haiN| saMkSepa meM 18. bhagavatIsUtra- 13/7/495 vaMzAnugata evaM naisargika vaiSamya pUrva-janmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala 19. samayasAra-27 hai| yahI nahIM, varan anukUla evaM pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi bhI 20. uttarAdhyayana-20/37 zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI 21. vahI- 20/48
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________________ 126 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 22. sUtrakRtAMga-1/1/13-21 23. uttarAdhyayana 23/37 tulanIya-kaThopaniSad 1/3/3 24. samayasAra-81-92 25. kramaza: nigoda aura kevalI samudghAta kI avasthA meM aisA hotA hai| 26. vizeSAvazyakabhASya- 1582 27. sArakhyakArikA-18(IzvarakRSNa) 28. samavAyAMga- 1/1 sthAnAMga- 1/1 29. bhagavatIsUtra- 2/1 30. samavAyAMga TIkA 1/1 31. bhagavatIsUtra 1/8/10 32. vahI 12/10/467 33. vItarAgastotra-8/2/3 34. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- 14/19 35. bhagavatIsUtra- 9/6/3/87 36. vahI 7/2/273 37. vahI 9/6/387; 1/4/42 38. gItA- 2/22, tulanA kareM theragAthA- 1/38-688. 39. zaMkara kA AcAra darzana, pR068 40. Jaina Psychology. 173. 41. tilaka gItA rahasya- pR0 268. 42. F.H. Bradley, Ethical Studies P.313.. 43. gItA 6/45. 44. Studies in Jaina Philosophy. P. 221. 84. Jaina Psychology P. 175. 46. sthAnAMgasUtra- 8/2 47. tattvArthasUtra 8/11 SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jainadharma-darzana kI prAcInatama vanaspati aura trasa-ye jIvoM ke cha: prakAra mAne gaye haiM, kintu ina avadhAraNA hai| isake ullekha hameM prAcInatama jaina Agamika granthoM SaTjIvanikAyoM meM kauna sa hai aura kauna sthAvara hai? isa prazna ko yathA- AcArAMga', RSibhASitare, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi lekara prAcInakAla se hI vibhinna avadhAraNAeM jaina paramparA meM upalabdha meM upalabdha hote haiN| yaha suspaSTa tathya hai ki nirgrantha paramparA meM hotI haiN| yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM prAcInakAla se pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi ko jIvana meM pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sAmAnyatayA yukta mAnA jAtA rahA hai| yadyapi vanaspati aura dvIMdriya Adi prANiyoM sthAvara mAnA jAtA hai| paMcasthAvaroM kI yaha avadhAraNA aba sarva svIkRta meM jIvana kI sattA to sabhI mAnate haiM, kintu pRthvI, jala, agni aura hai| digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kA jo pATha pracalita hai usameM to pRthvI, vAyu bhI sajIva haiM- yaha avadhAraNA jainoM kI apanI viziSTa avadhAraNA ap, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati- ina pA~coM ko spaSTa rUpa se sthAvara hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi kahA gayA hai| kintu prAcIna zvetAmbara mAnya Agama AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana meM sUkSma jIvoM kI upasthiti ko svIkAra karanA eka alaga tathya hai Adi kI tathA tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara sammata pATha aura tattvArthabhASya aura pRthvI, jala Adi ko svata: sajIva mAnanA eka anya avadhAraNA kI sthiti kucha bhinna hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM bhI kundakunda hai| jaina paramparA kevala itanA hI nahIM mAnatI hai ki pRthvI, jala Adi ke grantha paMcAstikAya kI sthiti bhI paMcasthAvaroM kI pracalita sAmAnya meM jIva hote haiM apitu vaha yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki ye svayaM bhI jIvana- avadhAraNA se kucha bhinna hI pratIta hotI hai| yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama yukta yA sajIva haiN| isa sandarbha meM AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kI dhavalA TIkA meM ina donoM ke samanvaya kA prayatna huA hai| milatA hai ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi ke Azrita hokara jo jIva rahate sa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara jaina paramparA ke ina haiM, ve pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika Adi jIvoM se bhinna haiN|5 yadyapi prAcIna stara ke Agamika granthoM meM kisa prakAra kA matabheda rahA huA hai, pRthvIkAyika,apakAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA hone para inakI hiMsA bhI isakA spaSTIkaraNa karanA hI prastuta nibandha kA mukhya uddezya hai| aparihArya rUpa se hotI hai| AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya se saptama uddezaka taka pratyeka uddezaka meM pRthvI Adi SaTjIvanikAyoM 1. AcArAMga kI hiMsA ke svarUpa, kAraNa aura sAdhana arthAt zastra kI carcA hameM AcArAMga meM SaTjIvanikAya meM kauna sa hai aura kauna sthAvara upalabdha hotI hai| AcArAMga, RSibhAsita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika hai? isakA koI spaSTataH vargIkaraNa ullekhita nahIM hai| usake prathama Adi meM SaTjIvanikAya ke antargata pRthvI, ap, agni, vAyu, zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana meM jisa krama se SaTjIvanikAya kA