Jain Bibliography

Author(s): Chhotelal Jain
Publisher: Bharti Jain Parisad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/011050/1

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY ACO 6182 CALL NO. 2016.9010954J/ Tai D.G.A. 79.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY SERIES--No. 1 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY. HAEOL ARCHAE BY riew Dells. CHHOTE LAL JAIN 33 * LIBRO With a Foreword BY DR. KALIDAS NAG, M. A., D. Lit. ( Paris ) CHA Namo arihanAnama 016.9010954J Jai Published by SATIS CHANDRA SEAL, M.A., B.L. Hony. General Secretary, BHARATI JAINA PARISAT 1, Gour Laha Street, Calcutta. 1945

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CANTRAL ARC'ACOI OGKU Usv), HI. Aca , 618 2. Data 2715157. Chandel wo...R 016907025 Printed by GOUR CHANDRA SEN, B.COM. THE SREE BHARATEE PRESS 170. Maniktala Street, Calcutta.

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EUR DEDICATED To PANDIT JUGAL KISHORE MUKHTEAR, The Great Jaina Research Scholar and Author. Editor of THE ANEKANTA Founder of SHREE VIRA SEVA MANDIRA. -By the AUTHOR.

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A NOTE The Bharati Jaina Parisat presents before the scholarly world this volume of "Jaina Bibliography" by Mr. Chhote Lal Jain as the first number of its Jaina Bibliography Seris. The vast field of Jaina Literature, Art and Archaeology, Philosophy and Religion is stili mostly unexplored. The scholars of the East and the West have already made valuable researches into the Vedic and Buddhistic Literature, but unfortunately the Jaina Literature which covers a wide field of indological studies has not been properly appreciated. This is to a great extent due to the apathy of the Jaina community who did not care to bring the religio-cultural heritage of their forebears within the easy reach of the modern scholars. It is a happy sign nowadays that some patrons of the Jaina Culture are trying to organise cultural institutions for Jaina Studies, and there are some Jaina scholars trained in scientific methods who have already made valuable contributions to this branch of knowledge. But a research scholar should have as his constant companion a bibliography of the subject he is interested in. There are the Vedic Bibliography, the Bibliographie Bouddhique and similar bibliographies. For the benefit of the Jaina scholars, Dr. A. Guerinot, a French savant compiled a Jaina Bibliography, but this book covered researches upto the period of 1906. Mr. Jain has tried to supplement the treatise of Guerniot and his book covers researches till 1925. He intends to make it uptodate in another volume.

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( VIII) The spiritual legacies of Jainism should not be confined to the Jaina community alone, but should be made available to entire humanity, especially in this age of crisis when violence threatend to ruin the entire fabric of human civilisation. The death!ess principle of non-violence (ahimsa) is the noblest heritage of Jainism for which the whole mankind should ever be grateful. Even if we fail at present to draw the precise chronological relations of the earlier Tirthamkaras (promulgators of the Sacred Law), we are now definite that in the age of Lord Sri Krsna of the Mahabharata epoch his cousin, Aristanemi examplified in his own life the sublime principle of ahimsa by renouncing the world on the very eve of his wedding, when he saw that hundreds of innocent animals were about to be slaughtered simply for the entertainment of the guests at that royal wedding. That was the starting point of the realisation by Man of his kinship with the dumb animal world, differing from man only in linguistic expression, but animated by the same urge of life. So it was Jainism which for the first time bridged over the gulf between human life and aninal life, and preached the basic truth of one common life pervading the whole Society. From such a profound realisation was born that creative compassion which made man look upon the dumb cattle as "Poems of Pity" in the inimitable words of Mahatma Gandhi, who, as we know, comes from KathiawadGujarat, the home land of Lord Neminatha (C. 1200 B.C.) and which part of India even to-day is the stronghold of Jaina religion and culture. Then came another great preceptor, Lord Parsvanatha (G. 800 B.C.), who was not only a great spiritual leader but the first systematizer of the Jaina philosophy based on the ChaturYana or the four-fold principles, which were amplified by Lord Mahavira (C. 600 B.C.), a senior contemporary of Gautama Budcha. Buddhism no doubt, derived from Jainism its main inspiraiions as well as the principle of the church organisation (Samgha) and the fundamental doctrine of Ahimsa or non-violence. Buddhism simply applied to the life of the individual and of the nation

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(IX) as well as on international plane, the primordial historical truth of Ahimsa which Jainism for the first time discovered like the law of gravitation of the living universe. If we want to keep intact the coun:less cultural heritages of Man and if we want to develop the creative possibilities of mankind to its fullest extent, we must discard the inhumane, nay, canniballistic path of war and violence and take to the path of non-violence as pointed out by the immortal preceptors of Jainism. Such a cause deserves the support and collaboration not only of all men and women of about 20 lacs of Jains scattered all over India, but also of all serious workers in the cause of human welfare, in fact, all servants of humanity in the East as well as in the West. The dream of my esteemed friend, Mr. Chhote Lal Jain, and his colleagues, is to develop such an up-to-date centre of studies on Jaina religion and culture as would be able to give all facilities for research to men and women of all nations irrespective of caste, creed or clime. We know that some western ladies actually joined the order of Jain Nuns and the catholicity of Jainism is remarkablc even in this age. Moreover, we can count upon the deepseatcinstinct of philanthropy which is ingrained in the Jaina comsunity; and so we hope that the idea of developing a world * centre of research or non-violence in the projected seat of Jain rulture would soon materialise and that all organisations in the Fast and the West that are striving to make World Peace a reality would come forward to help my esteemed friend, Mr. Chhote Lal Jain and his colleagues. His first volume of Bibliography will. I am sure, rouse the attention of many scholars to this much-neglected field of research and, I am sure, the publiccations by the Vira sasana Samgha that will follow will sustain the interest thus aroused. Though the work of Mr. Jain is a preliminary work of compilation, he has spared no pains to make the book as useful and attractive to the general readers as possible. I wish him all succeess in his noble mission. Kalidas Nag. u1th July, 1945. Calcutta

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* PREFACE. The contributions of the Jains to the Indian Culture and Sciences have been so vast that the history of India will be incomplete without a reference to them. But, of the three great religions of India-Jainism, Buddhism and Brahmanism, Jainism has been least studied and most misunderstood for want of proper knowledge of the available literature. But still it is a matter of great pleasure and encouragement that the great French scholar, Dr. A. Guerinot supplied the want to some extent by publishing his valuable volumes "Essai De Bibliographie Jaina" in 1906 and "Repertoire d'Epigraphie Jaina" in 1908. These books have been of great help to scholars and students interested in the study of Jainism. Much has been done in the field of Jaina study and many books have been published and numerous articles have appeared in the Indian and foreign journals, since the days of Dr. Guerinot. So it was my long desire to follow the foot-steps of the great French savant and supplement his works by bringing out two more volumes containing all available informations about Jainism from 1906. With that aim in view I went on taking down notes of references to Jains and Jainism from works on various subjects. As an humble student I had the privilege of working at the (Royal) Asiatic Society of Bengal for a number of years and this gave me the facility of using the books of the society. I have also referred to the collections of the Imperial Library and some other libraries. In the volume which is now published, I have excluded almost all the references found in Guerinot's books above mentioned and I have taken care to bring in all references not found in his works and all those published between 1906 and 1925. Bibliography of the books, published since 1925 up-to-date will appear in another volume which is now under preparation,

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(XII) I have to point out here, the departure I have made from the lines of Guerinot. While he has issued a separate volume for Jaina Epigraphy, I have included it under a separate section in this work. Almost all the references given in this book relate to the books written in English and other European languages. I am conscious of the many drawbacks in my book for which I request to be pardoned, since this is only the result of a labour of love without any pretence to scholarship. In this connection I have to place on record my gratitude and thankfulness to the late Babu Balailal Dutt, B.A., the Librarian of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, who helped me by providing me with the necessary books and in some cases by marking out the important references. It was the intention of the authorities of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal to bring out this work as one of their own publications. But since they could not do so owing to war emergencies Mr. S. C. Seal, M.A., B.L., the Honorary General Secretary of the Indian Research Institute and of the Bharati Jaina Parisat has kindly come forward to publish it which otherwise would have remained unpublished till perhaps the end of the present Worldwar. Therefore, I thank him most sincerely for his kindness in bringing this work to the light of the day. I must also thank Mr. Asok Kumar Bhattacharjee, M.A., who, very kindly revised the press copy and helped me in going through the proofs. Before I conclude, I must convey my respectful thanks to Dr. Kalidas Nag, M.A., D. Litt. (Paris), of the Calcutta University and General Secretary, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal for writing the learned foreward to this humble work of mine. I should regard my labour amply rewarded if the scholars and students of research can derive some help from this book for studying the various branches of knowledge of Jainism. Chhote Lal Jain, Calcutta, 25th July, 1945. Sravana Krsna Pratipada, Vira Sambat, 2471.

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A Note (1) Foreword (2) Preface (3) Sections CONTENTS I Bibliographies, Catalogues and Guide Books. II Books of General References (Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers and Census Reports) III Archaeology, Arts, and Museum Reports IV Epigraphy and Numismatics V History and Geography (Including Chronology and Travels and Biography) VI Sociology, Religion (Including Logic and Philosophy), Ethnology and Iconography VII Language and Literature and Educational Statistics (4) Indices. A. Jain works B. Jain writers C. Localities D. Authors: works and papers E. Dynasties F. Personages G. Dignitories H. General (5) Abbreviations Pages 1 V VII XI 8 9- 27 28-169 159-235 236-280 281-315 316-331 333-335 335-337 337-349 349-362 362 363-365 365-367 367-377 379

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SECTION 1 Bibliographies, Catalogues, & Guide Books 1 CHITTY, SIMON CASIE. A Catalogue of Books in the Tamil Language with the names of the authors, the subjects and the dates, as far as they can be ascertained. (JCBRAS, 1849, pp. 53-73). P. 59. Nannul, a grammar written by a Jain ascetic, named Pavanandi, and inscribed to the king Seyakanga, who is conjectured to have reigned at Madura about 800 years ago. P. 54. Karigai, a treatise on versification, by a Jain ascetic named Amrita Sagara. P. 58. Sulamani Nighantu, a vocabulary written by Vira Man. dala, a Jain king. Neither the name of his kingdom nor the chronology of his reign is known. P. 63. Chintamani, a poem in 10 cantos. The name of its author is not mentioned but described as a Jain sage. 2 MURDOCH, JOHN. Classified Catalogue of Tamil Printed Books, etc. Madras, 1865. Pp. xxii-xxiii. Oldest Tamil works now extant, are those which are written, or claimed to have been written, by the Jains, or which date from the era of the literary activity of the Jain sect. Jains of the old Pandya country animated by a national and antiBrahmanical feeling of peculiar strength.

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2 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Extent of the Jain period probably from the 8th or 9th century A.D. to the 12th or 13th. Jains finally expelled from the Pandya country in the reign of Sundar Pandya. Tol-Kappaya, a grammar, written at the very commencement of the Jain period, or about the 8th century A.D. In Tiruvalluvar's age Jainism was rather an esoteric ethical school than an independent objective system of religion. The poem Chintamani written by a Jain probably in the 10th cent. A.D. The Nan-nul, a Tamil grammar and the poetical vocabularies written by Jain scholars came later than Chintamani. P. lxxxiii. Amirtasakarar, a Jain, was a Sanskrit as well as a Tamil scholar. He wrote Karikai, a grammar on tamil verse. Appavaiyar, author of Tandava Malai, said to have been a Jain. Appar, though born of Saiva parents, entered a Jain monastery -Later returned to Saivism again-Lived about the 10th century A.D. P. lxxxix. Mandala Purudar, a Jain ascetic, said to have lived in the time of Raja Krisna Rayar who reigned at Vijaynagar in the beginning of the 16th century-wrote the poetic lexicon Churamani Nikanda. P. xcii. Pavanandi, a Jain living at Sanakapur-wrote the Tamil grammar Nan-nul. P. xciv. Kuna Pandya, first a follower of the Jain religion, afterwards embraced Saivism under the influence of Sambandar, and was induced by him to impale 8000 Jains at Madura. Pp. 65-66. Some finest compositions in the Tamil language are attributed to the Jains-Jains increased by immigrations from the north-At first the Buddhist and the Jain sects lived peacefully together in South India-Defeat of the Buddhists in a great dispute in the reign of Himasitala, the Buddhist king of Conjeveram, about 800 A.D.-Jains overcome by the Saivas, headed by Sambandar, at the time of Kuna Pandya of Madura, about 10th century A.D.---8000 learned Jains put themselves on the impaling stakes. -

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CATALOGUES, & GUIDE BOOKS 3 P. 67. Ramanuja's success in converting the King of Mysore from Jainism to Vaisnavism. P. 70. Extermination of almost all the sains in some parts of the Deccan by the Vira Saivas. P. 73. A few adherents of Jainism found around ConjeveramNone of their religious books seem to have been printed. P. 182. The Chintamani written by a Jain in about the oth century A.D.-the commentator stvles the author as "the master of the learned". 3 OPPERT, GUSTAV. Index to sixty-two Ms. Volumes deposited in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, containing references to Archeological, Historical, Geographical and other subjects. (MJ, 1887). The index to this volume has reference to many Jain matters. Milloue, L. de. Catalogue du Musee Guimet, Lyon, 1883. Pp. xli-xlix. Note on Jainism and names of 24 Tirthankaras and their eniblems. PETERSON, PETER. Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of His Highness the Maharaja of Ulwar. Bombay, 1892. Contains names of some Jain Manuscripts in the library and names of twenty-one manuscripts under the head "Jain and other works in Prakrit". BENDALL, CECIL. Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali and Pra. krit Books in the British Museum acquired during the years 1876-92: London, 1893.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 620. Names of 12 works on Jain religion. P. 624. Names of 42 works in Jain Prakrit both canonical and non-canonical on miscellaneous subjects. 7 MILLOUE, L. de. Petit Guide Illustre au Musee Guimet, Paris, 1894. Pp. 37-40. On Jainism. References to some Jain works of secular importance are also found on p. 605, 611 etc. 8 COOMARSWAMY, HON. P. Gleanings from Ancient Tamil (JCBRAS. xiv, 1895-96, p. 17-40). Literature. P. 20. A Pandya king's conversion from Jainism to Hinduism by Jnana Sambandar. P. 39. E. S. W. Senathi Raja's remarks on Jainism and Buddhism, and the overthrow of Jainism by Sambandar. 9 KAVYATIRTHA, KUNJA VIHARI. Catalogue of Printed Books and Manuscripts in Sanskrit belonging to the Oriental Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1904. Names of 12 printed and 12 manuscript works on general Jain subjects. 10 BLUMHARDT, J. F. Catalogue of the Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Pushtu, and Sindhi Manuscripts in the Library of the British Museum, London, 1905. Pp. 1-17. Names of 34 manuscripts on Jain religion. 11 GUERINOT, A. Essai de Bibliographie Jaina. Paris, 1906. (Annales du Musee Guimet-Bibliotheque d'Etudes, Vol. 22). # t

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CATALOGUES, & GUIDE BOOKS 5 Pp. i-xxxvii. Introduction. Pp. 1-568. It contains references to 852 publications dealing with various Jaina subjects. , 12 BARNETT, L. D. A Supplementary Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit Books in the Library of the British Museum acquired during the years 1892-1906. London, 1908. Pp. 1062-1063. Names of 34 Jain religious poems. Pp. 1082 1084. Names of 77 Jain religious works. Pp. 1093-1096. Names of 93 miscellaneous works on Jain literature (canonical and non-canonical) in Prakrit. 13 An Alphabetical List of Jain Mss. belonging to Government in the Oriental Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (JPASB iv, 1908, p. 407-440). 14 LUARD, ECKFORD. C. A Bibliography of the Literature dealing with the Central India Agency to which is added a series of Chronological tables. London, 1908. Contains names of some Jain publications. 15 GUERINOT, A. Notes de Bibliographie Jaina (J.A. 10th Ser., xiv, 1909, p. 47-148). 16 BARNETT, L. D. and Pope, G. U. V. A Catalogue of the Tamil Books in the Library of the British Museum. London, 1909. P. 580. Names of two Jain religious poems.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 BLUMHARDT, J. F. A Supplementary Catalogue of Hin. dusthani Books in the Library of the British Museum. London, 1909. Pp. 277-278. Names of 18 works on Jainism. 18 BARNETT, L. D. A Catalogue of the Kannada, Badaga, and Kurg Books in the Library of the British Museum. London, 1910. Pp. 269-270. Names of 10 Jain religious poems. Pp. 277-278. Names of 18 works on Jainism. 19 GUERINOT, A. Quelques Collections de Livres Jainas. (J.A., 10th Ser., xvi, 1910, p. 581-586. Notices of works published in the Yosovijaya-Jaina-Grantha-mala, Benares. 20 SASTRI, HARAPRASAD. Report on the Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts (190617-19101). Calcutta, 1911. P. 6. Discovery of a work of the Jinendra School in one of the Jain U pasrayas at Benares. 21 GuerinoT, A. Quelques Collections de Livres Jainas. (J. A., 10th Ser., xix, 1912, p. 373-378) Notices of works published in the Rayachandra-Jaina-Sastra-mala, Bombay. GUERINOT, A. Noe sur un manuscript Jaina. (J. A.. Joth Ser., xix, 1912, p. 605).

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CATALOGUES, & GUIDE BOOKS 7 23 BARNETT, L. D. A Catalogue of the Telugu Books in the Library of the British Museum. London, 1912. P. 310. Chandraprabha Charitra, by Vira Nandi, a disciple of Abhaya Nandi. Translated into Telugu from the original sanskrit by Sathavathanulu Tirupati Venkateswarulu. 24 BLUMHARDT, J. F. A Supplementary Catalogue of Hindi Books in the Library of the British Museum acquired during the years 1893-1912. London, 1913. Pp. 439-443. A miscellaneous list of 164 works of Jain literature. 25 Guide Illustre du Musee Guimet de Lyon. Chalon-sursaone, 1913. P. 63. Some references to the Jain collection in the museum. 26 SASTRI, HARAPRASAD. Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Bishop's College Library, Calcutta. 1915. P. 29-30. Jain manuscripts : 1. Kappasuya or Kalpasutra. 2. Five works on Jaina dogmatic tracts in Prakrit. 3. Syadvada Manjari, with a commentary. 4. Samaya Sara Natakam-a Hindi work going over all the principal topics of Jainism in a dramatic form. 27 SASTRI, HARAPRASAD. Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts. (JBORS, i, 1915, pp. 57-65).

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 69. Library of Jowahir Mall, a Jain yati-Collections of Jain works at the l'pasraya of Bhattaraka l'inerdanji. P. 65. Buddhists and Jains find no place in the volumes of the Catalogus Catalogorun, a register of about forty thousand Sanskrit works. P. 74. Udayin, founder of the city of Pasaliputra according to the Jain tradition. P. 79. Jain chronology on the date of the House of Avanti. 28 . GUPTA, SUPARSHWA DAS. A Collection of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Hindi works in the Jain. Siddhanta Bhavana, Arrah. Arrah, 1919. 29 DALAL, C: D. A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Jain Bhandars at Jesalmere. Edited with Introduction, Indexes and Notes on unpublished works and their authors by Lalchandra Bhagawandas Gandhi. Baroda, 1923 (Gaekwad's Oriental Series, Vol. xxi).

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SECTION II Books of General Reference (Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers and Census Reports) 30 CORNISH, W. P. Report on the Census of the Madras Presidency, 1871, Vol.. I. Madras. 1874. P. 73. Buddhists and Jains and their distribution. Pp. 113-115. Buddhists and Jains-Buddhism extinct-Rise of the Jain sect on the downfall of Buddhism-Jain tenets-Sectarian divisions--Jains, a distinct community-Decline of the sect through Brahmanical persecution. 31 HUNTER, WILLIAM Wilson. Statistical Account of Bengal. 20 vols. London, 1875-77. Vol. 7, p. 224. Rangpur : The Jain population appears to be confined to the Kayahas or Marvaris who have settled in Rangpur, most of whom are wealthy merchants. Vol. 7, P. 383. Dinajpur: The Jains are represented by about . a dozen banking families. * Vol. 8, p. 52. Rajshahi : In 1871 the Jains were principally confined to the town of Rampur Bauleah, and were nearly all Mar: vari bankers and traders, and very wealthy.

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10 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Vol. 9,pp. 58-59, 158-159, 252-265. Murshidabad: The Jains are specially influential in the District of Murshidabad. Harakh Chand Jagat Seth, the fourth Jagat Seth, renounced Jainism and became a Vaisnava. The Parasnath hill in the Hazaribagh District is the most celebrated place of Jain pilgrimage in Bengal. It is thought to have been built by Khusal Chand, the predecessor of Harakh Chand. Vol. 11, p. 64. Jains in Patna. Vol. 12. pp. 39, 41. Gaya: The Jains have a temple at Gaya, and another at Navada-Ruins of Jain temples are common all over the district, testifying to their former ascendency. Vol. 14, pp. 82-83, 86-87. Bhagalpur Kabirpur, situated near Champanagar, is a place of worship belonging to the Jains. Below the buildings of the sannyasis in Sultangunj is a small temple dedicated to Parsvanath. The sannyasis say that Baidyanatha has given orders that the Jains shall no longer worship on his sacred rock. Vol. 15, p. 60. Jains in Munghyr. Vol. 16, pp. 84, 207-227, 318. Jains in Hazaribagh: Their history Philosophy Religion Pilgrimages to Parasnath hill Lohardaga. Jains in Vol. 17, pp. 40, 298-302. Jains in Singbhum: Ruins of Jain temples in Manbhum. Vol. 18, p. 79. Jains in Cuttack. 32 The Rajputana Gazetteer. 2 Vols. Calcutta, 1879. Vol. 1, Introduction, p. 70, 90. The Osval section of the Jains which had its beginning in Rajputana, is perhaps the largest among the merchants. At Rikabdeo in the south west of Mevar, is a famous shrine of the Saraogis; and the temples on Mount Abu are much resorted to by Hindus as well as Jains on pilgrimage. Vol. 1, Bikanir, p. 195, 198, 291. Among the Hindus, the Jains are very strong and a great many merchants belong to the Osval division of that sect. Jain monasteries as places of instruction in ancient days. At Reni there is a handsome Jain temple built in A.D. 942. In the city of Bikanir there are seven Jain monasteries (upasrayas) which possess numerous Sanskrit works. *

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 11 Vol. 1, Bundi, pp. 240-241. The Kasba of Hindoli has six Hindu temples. Near this site there exists a Jain temple with walls painted. Vol. II. Jesalmere, p. 176, 182. There are 19 Jain temples in Jesalmere, 12 of these are situated in the city of Jesalmere and 7 in the districts. The Jain temples in the fort are remarkable for their beautiful stone carving : the oldest one was built in A.D. 1371. Vol. II, Jodhpur, p. 261, 263. Nadolai, Bali, Desvai, and Sadri, in the province of Godwar, were ancient seats of the Jains. Near the site of the fort'at Pokaran there are ruins of an old Jain temple. Vol. II, Mallani, p. 277, 278. The Bhojaks, although themselves Saivites, worship at the Jain temples. Jatis (Jains) are worshippers in the Jain temples and are by profession school-masters. 33 Rice, LEWIS. Report on the Mysore Census of 1881. Bangalore, 1884 Pp. 62-63. Jains, Hindus by nationality, not Hindus by religion. To them is due the earliest cultivation of the South Indian languages and all the early literature of Karsataka. Their principal seats in the State are at Sravana Belgola in Hassan District, Maliyur in Mysore District, and Humcha in Shimoga District. Distribution of the Jains in India. ' P. 73. Cultivation of the Kannada language by the Jains down to about A.D. 1300. 34 ABOTT, H. B. Census of India, 1891, Vol. XXVI : Rajputana Pt. 1. Calcutta, 1892. P. 29. Ratio per 10,000 of all ages (Jains). Table VII-Part D (xlv-xlvii). Ages by religions- Jain population. Table VIII-Part D (lxxi-lxxiii). Civil condition by religions and age- Total Jain population. Table IX-Part D (lxxxv). Education by religion and age - Jains.

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12 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 35 EDWARDS, S. M. Census of India 1901, Vol. 11: Bombay. (Town and Island), Part 5: Report, Bombay, 1901. P. 22; 79. Mandvi has been a Jain centre for the last seventy or eighty years. 36 ALLEN, S. C. Census of India, 1901. Vol, 4 : Assam, Part 1 : Report. Shillong, 1902. P. 46. There are 1,797 Jains in the Province - Some 1,600 are found in the Brahmaputra valley. Most of them are Marvari merch ants. 37 EDWARDS, S. M. The Rise of Bombay. Bombay, 1902. (Reprinted from Vol. x of the Census of India Series 1901). P. 269. Considerable increase of the Jain population in Bombay by 1848 A.D. P. 324. Enormous expansion of the Jains by 1891 A.D. 38 MACDONALD, K. S. Baroda Census Report, 1901. (CR, cxvi, art. 6, 1903, p. 46-67). P. 57. The Jains, 48,290 strong, reject the Vedas, yet call themselves Hindus. They observe caste distinctions and intermarry with Hindus. The sacred books of the Svetambara Jains are in the Magadhi Prakit language, and those of the Digambara Jains in Sanskrit. The Dhundia Jains carry the doctrine of the preservation of animal life to . a shocking extent. 39 YULE, HENRY. and A. C. BURNELL. Hobson-Jobson, London, 1903. P. 447. Jain.

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 40 FRANCIS, W. Bellary. Madras, 1904. (MDG). P. 30. The Jain temples scattered all over the district seem to have been erected about 1070, though the Ganigitti shrine at Hampi was built in 1385 A.D. 13 P.54. The occurrence of the Jains is chiefly found in Bellary, Hadagalli and Harpanahalli taluks. Their temples are scattered throughout those places. Description of their manners and customs. P. 54, 112, 229. Jains of the Bogara subdivision. P. 198. At Adoni are some Jain tirthankaras carved upon rocks. Description. P. 202. At Chinnatumbal there are two ruined and deserted Jain temples with the typical stone pyramidal roofs. P. 206. The village of Peddatumbal contains representations of Jain Tirthankaras. Of the many deserted shrines three seem to have been originally Jain. P. 210. One of the Mackenzie manuscripts states that king Bijjala built a fort and lived at Chippigiri, a Jain colony in ancient days. On the hill north of the village is a Jain temple called "the Basti". The temple contains several representations of seated and standing (nude) figures. Pp. 232-233. In the site of old Kurugodu, stands a collection of Jain temples. The architectural designs in this district exhibit the gradual degrees by which the Jain style shades into the Chalukyan. Pp. 242-243. The village of Kogali was once a considerable Jain centre. The Jain temple in it is still called "the Basti". There are many Jain relics scattered in the village. Inscriptions of the place record gifts to the Jain temple of Chenna-Parsva in the village by the Hoysala ruler Vira Ramnatha in 1275 and 1276 A.D. and to the Virabhadra temple by Achyut Raya of Vijaynagar. P. 248. One of the twelve inscriptions of the Western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI refers to the Jain temple of Barhma Jinalaya in a village anciently called Balguli. P. 273. The stepped towers of the group of Jain temples in Hampi are very noticeable. Besides this group and the Ganigitti there is another Jain shrine.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 291. Kotturu was once a stronghold of the Jains. Basappa Vanquished the Jains of the place in controversy and converted them to the Lingayet faith, and set up a lingain in their principal temple. This temple is now known as the Murukallu-math. It is an unusually good specimen of an undoubtedly Jain temple. Pp. 300-301. In the Rayadrug taluk office there is a Jain image of a nude male figure, fully described. The whole sculpture is executed with much detail and finish. Along the foot of it runs an inscription. There are some Jain antiquities in Rayadrug. These are carvings on rocks known as "Rasa Siddha's hermitage". 41 FRANCIS, W. Anantapur. Vol. 1. (MDG). Madras, 1905. P. 26. In this district the Jains number only some 300 and twothirds of these are found in one taluk, Madakasira. P. 15.1. At Gooty the interior of the little shrine at the foot of the citadel rock has a Jain flavour. Pp. 161-162. Konakondla was at one time a centre of Jainism, and it is (except Kambaduru) the only village in the north or centre of the district which contains any traces of the former prevalence of that faith. Many Jains images and inscriptions near the village. P. 176. The architecture in the three temples of interest in the village Kambaduru contains traces of Jain influence. The one called "The Chola temple" is in style Chalukyan-Fully described. P. 178. There is an old Jain temple in the village Agali containing a nude image of one of the Tirtharkaras. P. 179. In the new Jain temple at Amarpur is an old stone bearing nude figure and an inscription in old Canarese. A similar stone surmounted by two nude figures, bearing an inscription, is in the Anjaneya temple in Tammadahalli. P. 185. At Ratnagari is an old Jain temple. P. 194. Among the lesser antiquities of Penukonda may be noted two Jain temples.

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 15 WATSON, C. C. Ajmere-Merwara. Ajmer, 1904. (RDG Vol. VII, IA. text). Pp. 35-36. The Jains and their tenets. Their temples. In the Nasiyan Jain temple at Ajmere there is an allegorical representation showing the progress of the tirthankaras through life to nirvana. 43 Hoshiarpur District. Pt. A. Lahore, 1904. (PDG, Vol. XIII. A). Pp. 56-57. The Bhabras are by religion a Jain community. As a caste they have two groups (Osval and Khandarvals) each comprising various gots. 44 RUSSELL, R. V. Wardha District. (CPDG, Vol. A, Descriptive). Allahabad, 1906. P. 54. The district has a sprinkling of Saitvals, who are Jains by religion and are apparently Maratha Banias or Vanis who have been converted to Jainism and therefore form a separate sub-caste. Their chief Guru lives in Poona. 45 Jhelam Dis!rici. Lahore, 1907. (PDG, Vol. XXVII A). P. 46. Dr. Stem's identifications of Singhpura with the Kitas locality and the Jain temple with Murti. P. 114-117. Jain sects : Mandirpanthis, svetambaras, Digambaras, Dhundiapanthis. 46 CORBETT, G. L. and R. V. Russel. Hoshangabad District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Calcutta, 1908. (CPDG).

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16 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 66. The Agarvals are either Hindus or Jains and the Parvars nearly all Jains. The Parvars have a sub-caste called Benaika. 47 Bahawalpur State. Lahore, 1908. (PDG, Vol. XXXVI A). P. 183. The fains are to be found only at Manigadh, Phulra, Derawar, Bahawalpur town and Ahmadpur East. They are divided into three sects in the State vil., (1) the Di gambaras, (2) the Svetambaras and (3) the Dhundias. 48 ERSKINE, K. D. The Mewar Residency. Ajmer, 1908. (Raj. Gaz. Vol. II A, Text). P. 38. Two main ancient divisions of the Jain sects are the Digambaras and the Svetambaras. From the latter come an offshoot known as Dhundia. The Digambara class asserts that woman cannot attain salvation, while the Svetambara holds thc opposite view. P. 220. Among religions, the Jains, as usual, come first with nearly twenty-three per cent. literaie. P. 222. In the town of Dcolia (or Deogarh) there are two Jain temples. In Partabgarh 27 per cent. are Jains. P.203. In the Partabgarh State the principal subdivisions of the Mahajan caste are the Humar, Osval and Narshingpura. Of the Jains, about 56 per cent. belonged to the Digambara, 37 per cent. to the svetambara & 7 per cent. to the Dhundia sects. 49 LUARD, C. E. Western States (Malwa) Gazetteer. Byculla, Bombay, 1908. (CISG, Vol, 5, Pt. A. Text). P. 79. Reference to Jain images in Sia, Pargana Dewas, a village situated at a distance of 7 miles from Dewas. P. 168. In Pachor, Pargana Pachor, mutilated portions of Jain idols are often found when excavating.

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 17 50 LUARD, C. E. and RAM PROSAD DUBE. Indore State Gazetteer. Calcutta, 1908. (CISG, Vol. ii. Text and Tables). Pp. 55-57. In the whole state Jains number about 14,253. The leading bankers and traders in the State are Jains. After the Maharatta conquest of Malva, collisions between Jains and Brahmans were common. The temple of Rama in the town of Kotri formerly belonged to the Jains. Caste and customs of the Jains. P. 57. Of the Mahesris a few are Jains. P. 58. The Osvals-the origin of the division of two classes of Osvals is mentioned. 51 LUARD, C. E. and DWARKA NATH SHEOPURI. Gwalior State Gazetteer. (CISG, Vol. 1, 4 Pts.) Calcutta, 1908-09. Vol. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 45, 205. Imong Jains the Digambaras are the most numerous, svetambaras following, the Dhundias being the least numerous. The Jain scriptures regard Bhadalpur as the birthplace of Sitalanatha, the tenth Tirthankara, whose birthday is still commemorated here by a yearly feast. Vol. 1, Pt. 4. The following photos are found in this part : Zila Gwalior Gird. P. 33.-- Jain temple at Gwalior Fort, Pargana Gwalior Gird. P. 48-Urwai Jain images, cut in rock, at Gwalior Fort. P. 49-Urwai Jain images, cut in rock, at Gwalior Fort. Zila Tonwarghar. P. 144.-Jain twin images at Khutiani Bihar, Pargana Jora. (Now in State Museum). Zila Sheopur. P. 159.-An inscription in a Jain temple at Dubkund, Pargana Sheo pur. P. 160.- Jain images at Dubkund. P. 161.-Jain temples in ruins (exterior view) at Dubkund. P. 162.- Jain temples in ruins (interior view) at Dubkund. Zila Narwar.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 179.- Jain temple at Chanderi, Pargana Pichar. Zila Isagarh. P. 232.- Jain temples at Mungaoli, Paryana Mungaoli. . P. 293.-Jain temple or Para Sahib at Thoban, Pargana Isagarh. P. 234.---Jain temples (east view) at Thoban. P. 235.- Jain temples (general view) at Thoban. P. 236.- Jain temple (west view) at Thoban. Zila Bnilsa. P. 243.--Jain temple at Baro, Pargana Basoda. P. 251.- Jain temple at Bhilsa Pargana Bhilsa. P. 258.- Jain temple at Giaraspur, Pargana Basoda. P. 259.-Jain temple (tront view) at Giaraspur Pargana Basoda. Zila Shajapur. P. 322.-Jain images (group) at Gandhawal, Pargana Sonkach. P. 323.-- Jain temples (in ruins) at Gandhawal. P. 325.-Jain temple (Digambari) at Maksi, Pargana Sonkach. J. 326.- Jain temple (svetambari) at Maksi. P. 327.-Jain temple at Pipalawan Pargana Sonkach. 52 NELSON, A. E. Jubbolpore District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Bombay, 1909. (CPDG). P. 108. The Parvars, who are Jains and Agarvals, are very rich and among modern temples theirs are perhaps the most beautiful and costly. There are fair examples of these in Jubbalpur and Marwar. The Parvars came from Bundelkhand. In a car festival the Jain gods are placed in a temporary pavilion and thousands of Parvars flock to take part in the festival. 53 NELSON, A. E. Raipur District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Bombay, 1909. (CPDG). Pp. 65-66, 258-259. Arang is conspicuous for its Jain remains. The Jain temple of Arang is ornamented on thc exterior with Jain devis and other figures and inside there are three big nude images.

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 19 In another place are found 3 naked Jain figures with the symbols of elephant, a conch and a rhinoceros representing Ajitanatha, Neminatha and Greyamia respectively. About 6 or 7 years ago a Jain statuette made of a precious stone was discovered. 54 ERSKINE, K. D. The Western Rajputana States Residency and the Bikaner Agency. Allahabad, 1909. (RG, Vol. III A, Text). P. 92. Jain sects. P. 256. The Jains of Sirohi state. 55 BEGBIE, L. F. Chanda District l'ol. A. Descriptive. Allahabad, 1909. (CPDG). P. 94. The Jains have a handsome temple in the city. 56 NELSON, A. E. Buldana District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Calcutta, 1910. (CPDG). Pp. 90-92. Jainism-The performance of five duties and avoidance of five sins-Two divisions of the Saraogis. 57 O'MALLEY, L. S. S. Singhbhum, Saraikela and Kharswan. Calcutta, 1910. (BDG). P. 25. The Saravak, serak or Sarak, is a corruption of Sravaka. The Jain temples in Manbhum date back to about the 14th or 15th century A.D. From this it may be inferred that during that period the Jains penetrated to Singhbhum. 58 The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. 3 Vols. Bombay, 1909-10.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Vol. 1. pp. 177, 294. The Jains. There are 9 Jain temples in Bombay. There are no Digambara temples in Bombay. Vol. 1. p. 454 n. Many Jains in Bombay deal in pearls. Vol. 3, p. 353. Among Jain temples the most noteworthy are one at the corner of Parel road, facing Paidhoni, and another on Malabar hill. 20 59 NELSON, A. E. Bilaspur District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Allahabad, 1910. (CPDG). P. 255. On the site of an old temple of Devi in Adbhar, Chandarpur estate, is a hut containing a Jain seated figure. P. 265. Reference to Jain remains and fragments of statuary in Dhanpur, Pendra zemindari. A curious relic is a huge figure of a Jain naked god carved out of a large cylindrical rock. P. 313. At Balalpur there are about 20 families of Digambara Jains and many of the Svetambaras. P. 341. In the town of Karanja are three Jain mandirs. P. 358. In the village of Mundgaon stands a Jain temple. Pp. 59, 368. The block of four large covered cisterns with broken but graceful arches rising above them in the hill fort of Narnala is thought by some to be the handiwork of the Jains. Pp. 54, 55, 389-391. The village of Sirpur in Basim taluk is a very holy spot to Jains. Within Berar, Muktagiri in the Ellichpur taluk of Amraoti district is also a holy place of the Jains. Sirpur has two Jain temples, the great object of reverence is an image of Antariksa Parsvanatha in the chief temple belonging to the Digambara Jain community. The story about the image is narrated. This temple has an inscription dated Samvat 1334 (A.D. 1406). On either side of the doorway are nude Jain figures and over the lintel is a small seated Jina. In the shrine are two small marble Jinas. P. 392. Telhara town, west of Akot taluk: a Svetambara Jain has built a temple to Padmaprabhu. 60 BROWN, C. Akola District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Calcutta, 1910. (CPDG). 3

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. BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE P. 53. In the Patur caves there is a cross-legged seated figure. It has been held to be a Jain relic but may be a Buddhist image. 61 FITZGERALD, S. V. and A. E. NELSON 21 62 Vol. A. Descriptive. Bombay, 1911. (CPDG). P. 355. In the town of Amraoti are two Jain temples. P. 371. Bhatkuli-Reference to Jain temples built about 200 years ago and a figure of Parsvanatha said to have been found buried in the village Garhi. Amraoti District. RUDMAN, F. R. R. Mandla District. Vol. A. Descriptive. Bombay, 1912. (CPDG). 63 P. 40. The only surviving temple built of hewn stone without mortar, is probably the work of the Jains, a community of whom used to live in the neighbourhood of the Kakarramatha temples in Dindori tasil. The finely carved images found near the site belong to the Hindu and Jain religions. GAIT, E. A. Census of India, 1911, Vol. I: India, Part A Report. Calcutta, 1913. P. 119. Hindus and Jains-The Jains share the Hindu belief in transmigration as the doctrine of Karma-They reject the Vedas and worship their twenty-four deified saints-Many Jains regard themselves as Hindus. Pp. 126-127. A map showing distribution of the Jains in India3,53,000 are found in Rajputana and Ajmere-Merwara and 8,15,000 in the adjoining States and provinces-They form an integral part of the Hindu social system-Some of them in quite recent times have joined the Arya Samaj.

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22 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 64 Vol. 5: O'MALLEY, L. S. S. Census of India, 1911. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Sikkim. Part I: Report. Calcutta, 1913. Pp. 209-10. Jains number 11,411-Birth of Mahavira at VaisaliAncient Jain shrines in Patna city, Rajgir and Pawapuri-Parasnath Mountain-Travels of Mahavira-Jain remains in Manbhum-Three main sects of the Jains. P. 213. Connection of the Kumbhipatias with the early Buddhists or Jains. 65 O'MALLEY, L. S. S. Census of India, 1911. Vol. 5: Bengal, Part II;Tables. Calcutta, 1913. Pp. 152-190. Table XIII; Caste. Tribe, Race or Nationality. Jains. Part A. 66 O'MALLEY, L. S. S. Census of India, 1911, Vol. 6: City of Calcutta, P. I: Report. Calcutta, 1913. Pp. 23-24. 1.797 Jains-Most of them are Marvari merchants from Rajputana. 67 Delhi District. Lahore, 1913. (PDG, V.A.). Pp. 79 80. Jainism is only found in the towns among all the well-to-do traders. 68 O'MALLEY, L. S. S. Murshidabad. Calcutta, 1914. (BDG). P. 75. The Jains are an influential section of the community

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 23 owing to their importance as bankers and landholders. The Kayahas, settled at Azimganj, belong almost exclusively to this sect. The great banking family of Jagat Seth was originally Jains. Some Jain families migrated to Murshidabad from Bikanir in the eighteenth century. On the Banks of the Bhagirathi they have their temples ; three of the temples at Parasnath have been constructed at the expense of the Murshidabad Jains. 69 Hissar District. Pt. A. Lahore, 1915. (PDG, II A). Pp. 63-4. Jain sects: Mandirpanthis, Dhundiapanthis: P. 80. Nearly all the members of the Jain sect are to be found in one or other of the divisions of the Banias. All the Osvals, with very few exceptions, appear to be Jains of the Svetambara sect. Of the Agarvals a few are Jains. 70 PATE, H. R. Tinnevally. Vol: 1. Madras, 1917. (MDG). Pp. 100-101. No Jains or Buddhists to be found in the district. The Jain and Buddhist influence in Southern India began to disappear from about the beginning of the seventh century A.D. The ceremony known as kaluvettal (lit. impaling) is associated with the Jains of old and is held to commemorate the savage treatment they received at the hands of their Saiva persecutors. Widespread influence of Jainism and Buddhism in the district can be traced from stone remains found in different places. There are monuments which are attributed either to the Buddhists or the Jains. 71 LISTER, E. Hazaribagh. Patna, 1917. (BODG). Pp. 205-209. The twenty-third Tirthankara Parsvanatha-The last Tirthankara Mahavira--Jain sects : (i) Digambaras, (2) Svetambaras -Quarrel about Parasnath-Buildings-The temple on Parasnath hill -The shrines on Parasnath hill-Madhuban, the administrative head-quarters of the two sects of the Jains..

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24 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 72 TAUK, UMRAO SINGH. A Dictionary of Jaina Biography Part 1-A. Arrah (India), 1917. 73 JAINI, J. L. Jaina Gem Dictionary. Arrah (India), 1918. A Dictionary of Jain Technical Terms for an understanding of the Jain literature. 74 RICHARDS, F. J. Salem, Vol. I, 2 Pts. Madras, 1918. (MDG). Vol. I, Pt.1, pp. 51-52. Amoghavarsa I (A.D. 814-877) was a devout supporter of the Jain faith and a great patron of literature. Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 58 and n. 12. Ganga Raja, the general of BittiDeva, better known as Visnu Vardhana, was one of the three chief supporters of the Jain religion. The other patrons of the religion were Camundaraya, minister of Mara Singa, the Talakad Ganga, and Hulla, the minister of the Hoysala Narasimha I. Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 59. Destruction of Jain temples by the Cholas. Vol. I. Pt. 1, p. 125, n. 1. Dr. Oppert's theory of origin of Right and Lefe Hand Factions (or the struggle between Jainism and Brahmanism). Vol. I. Pt. 2, p. 202. The inscription of Mahendra in the Mallikarjuna mandapa records the building of a Jain Basti or Tagadur by two brothers Nidhiyanna and Chandiyanna, sons of a merchant of Srimangala. Both the Jain and Saiva faiths flourished side by side in the ninth century at Dharmapuri under the imperial patronage of the Nolamba kings, but no relics of the Jain Basti have survived the ravages of time. Vol. I. Pt. 2, p. 240. At Salem there is a Jain figure, seated in an attitude of meditation, now known as Talai-vetti-muni-appan, or the "Muni-with-a-broken-crown".

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 25 75 Sialkot District. Lahore, 1921. (PDG, XXIII A). P. 51. Almost all the Jains of this place belong to the Bhabra sect and are to be found chiefly in the towns of Sialkot and Pasrur. They are usually traders. P. 56. In 1892 the Bhabras of the city constituted a Jain Sabha for their own betterment in religious and social directions. A big "Upasra" and a Jain Library have recently been established in the city. 76 LLOYD, G. T. Census of India, 1921. Vol. 3 : Assam. Pt. 1: Report. Shillong, 1923. * P. 56. The Jains-Increase of their number in the decade from 2,500 to 3,500-They are traders from Rajputana or Western India. Number of Jains by sect : svetambara--9 Digambara--227 Sthanakvasi-3 Sect unspecified-3,264 Total, 3,503 76 A THOMPSON, W. H. Census of India, 1921. Vol. 5: Bengal. 2 Pts. Calcutta, 1923. Pt. 1, pp. 166-167 and Pt. 2, p. 28. The Jains and their number. 1881 1,529. 1891 4,912. 1901 5,232. 1911 6,782. 1921 13,369

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26 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 B THOMPSON, W. H. Census of India, 1921. Vol. 6: City of Calcutta. 2 Pts. Calcutta, 1923. Pt. 1, p. 38 ; Pt. 2, pp. 7, 11. 18-19. The Jains--They number 5,678. 76 C TALLENTS, P. C. Census of India, 1921. Vol. 7 : Bihar and Orissa. 2 Parts. Patna, 1923. Pt. 1, pp. 123 124; Pt. 2, pp. 18, 19, 20, 29, 46. The JainsDefinition of a Jain-The Jains are not all Vaisyas-Many Agarvals are Jains-The Jains are not a Hindu caste-They deny the authority of the Vedas-They number 4,610. 77 JAMES, J. F. W. Patna. (A revised edition of L. S. S. O'Malley's Patna-BODG). Patna, 1924. P. 15. Rise of Jainism. P. 17. Spread of Jainism. P. 61. Patna, early home of both Buddhism and Jainism-Rise and development of Jainism in Patna-Mahavira's death at Pavapuri -The Jain order began to spread over India from this district in the fourth century B.C. P. 71. Jainism-Jain shrines at Patna. Rajgir and PavapuriSthulabhadra, the patriarch of the carly Jain church in the first part of the third century B.C.-A shrine dedicated to Sudarsana -A temple known as Thalmandar, in Pavapuri, marks the spot where Mahavira died-Another temple called Jalmandar stands in the midst of a great tank on the spot where he was buried. Pp. 223-24. Pavapuri and its account. Pp. 230-31. Rajgir and its account. 78 The Book of Knowledge. Vol. 12. Calcutta. Pp. 2023-25: Some founders of religions. Vardhamana, the

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BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE 27 founder of Jainism was a truer teacher than the Buddha-In the midst of much unintelligible stuff about nirvana there is a kernel of solid virtae in Vardhamana's teachings--Grass, trees, animals, and even water have souls (life)--Jainism better than Buddhism. 79 RATNACHANDRAJI : An illustrated Ardha-Magadhi Dictionary. With an introduction by A. C. Woolner. Comprises about 50,000 Ardha-Magadhi words with their Sanskrit equivalents, with explanations in Gujrati, Hindi and English; may be regarded as a Svetambara Jain scripture, concordance, or a : dictionary of the leading passages of all the Jain Sutras. Vol. 1- Indore, 1923.

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SECTION III Archaeology, Arts, and Museum Reports 80 ERSKINE, WILLIAM. Account of the Cave Temple of Elephanta. (TLSB, Vol. I, 1819, p. 198-250). Pp. 202-203. The Jains bear a very great resemblance to the Buddhists in their religious doctrines--Their tenets-They resemble the Hindus in having castes-In all Jain temples images are human, and distinguished only by symbols-Presence of twenty-four Tirthan. kara figures in their temples. P. 233. Thc figure of a horse is the distinctive mark of Sambhava, a Jain Tirthankara-Half-moon appears as the ensign of Chandraprabha, another lain Tirthankara. 81 SYKES, W. H. An Account of the Cave Temples of Ellora. (TLSB, iii, 1823, p. 265-323). Pp. 312-313. Worship of Parsvanatha in Poona in a handsome temple-Objects of Jain worship resemble the Bauddha figures at Ellora, Juneer, Karlee and Kenera-Description of the figure of Parsvanatha --Figure all naked-Common objects of worship to all sects, Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jain. 82 Odeypoor, Mount Aboo, Bheels and Jains. Extracts from the correspondence of an Indian traveller, in the years 1821 and 1822. (A), xviii, 1824.). Pp. 571-575. Gives an account of Jain temples.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 29 83 NEWBOLD, T. J. Note on the State of the Sta! ues of the Jains. (AJ, xxxvii, 1842.) P. 198. There is reference to the defaced statues of the Jains and their persecution by the Brahmanas and Jangamas. (This is an abstract of Mr. Newbold's paper published in full in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Vol. xi, pp. 306-319). 84 MITRA, RAJENDRALAL. The Antiquities of Orissa. 2 Vols. Calcutta, 1875-80. Vol. 2. Pp. 1, 35. A modern Jain temple perched on the highest point of the Khandagiri hill. Vol. 2. Pp. 17-18. Jain gayatri. Vol. 2. p. 35. Jain gumpha or caves. Vol. 2. P. 46. Jain Cave at Khandagiri. 85 CONGREVE, HENRY. On druidical and other antiquities vetween Mettapoliam in Coimbatore and Karnul on the Tungabhadra. (MJ, 1878. pp. 150-168). Pp. 152-153. Vizaimangala : The plan of Jain basti pagoda here similar in some respects to those of the Hindus-Indication of the close connection of Jainism with Buddhism-The first Jains had been Buddhists. Pp. 162-163. Udenhally: Origin of the story of the Jains having built stone houses to escape the vengeance of Siva. Pp. 166-167. Pennakonda : Reference to a Jain figure canopied by a seven-headed snake, and like Buddha, seated cross-legged. 86 BURGESS, JAS. and H. COUSENS. The Antiquities of the town of Dabhoi in Gujarat. Edinburgh, 1888. P. 1. The Brahmanical temples at Siddhapur, Somanatha and

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30 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Ambarnatha, are built in the same style as those of the Jains at Mount Abu and Bhadresvara. P. 2. In his later days Kumarapala greatly favoured the Jains, or perhaps adopted their creed, and they possessed great political influ ence. Visaladeva and his father Viradhavala were largely supported by two wealthy Jain brothers, Vastupala and Tejahpala, famous in their days as builders of temples. Vastupala was a minister of Viradhavala. Temples in most of the principal cities of Gujarat were built or repaired by Vastupala. Visaladeva was encouraged by his minister to repair or rebuild, in rich style, the old temple of Kalika. Vastupala-carita, written in Samvat, 1865 (A.D. 1308) contains information relative to Dabhoi or Darbhavati, and an account in connection with the reigns of Viradhavala and Visaladeva. P. 3. Temples built by Tejahpala. Supply of materials from the Hindu and Jain shrines for the erection of a mosque. P. 5 and note 1. Jain minister Vastupala-Tejahpala's temple at Abu-The prasasti by Somesvara, dated Sam. 1311 or 1254 A.D. incised on the wall of the temple at Dabhoi. P. 7. Tejahpala's temple at Abu. 87 BURGESS. JAS. The Ancient Monuments, Temples and Sculptures of India. Pt. 1: The Earliest Monuments. London, 1897 Plate 58. Jain sculptured pillars excavated at Mathura. Plate 59. Two Jain and a Buddha pillars found at Mathura. Plates 155-156. Jain sculptures from Mathura. 88 CHAKRAVARTI, MON MOHAN. Notes on the Remains in Dhauli and in the Caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. Cuttack, 1902. P. 2. All Jain figures are not nude-"The God of the Jainas is

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS figured naked, young, handsome, with a calin countenance, and arms reaching down to the knees; his breast is marked with the Srivatsa figure". (Varahamihira's Brihat-Samhita Ch. 58, V. 45). P. 3 Halos or bhamandalas are common to all classes of images, Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. All the Tirthankaras have generally halos. Pp. 4-6. The caves of Khandagiri, Udayagiri and Nilgiri-All the caves ascribed to the Jains and not to the Buddhists. Prevalence of Jainism in Khandagiri from a long time-Trisulas open or pointed, Stupas, Svastikas, barred railings, railed trees, wheels, the Goddess Sri common to Jainism as to other religions-Symbols closely connected with Jainism observed in these caves-Jainism fairly well proved to be older than Buddhism, its last two Tirtharkaras, Mahavira and Parsvanatha being historical personages-The last two Tirthankaras are generally assigned respectively to the 6th and 8th century B.C.-Proof of ample margin for the spread of Jainism, the inscriptions support the hypothesis of Jain occupation-King Kharavela of the Hathigumpha inscription made the grant to the Jains-Caves having images s temples, places of worship ; while those without such images . meant as residences for Jain monks. P. 8. The Satagharia cave images of 24 Jain Tirthankaras. Of the three broken caves to the left of the Satabakhria two have images of Tirthankaras and their attendants. The Jain temple over the Satabakhria cave is of the same age as the cave. The other temple crowning the hill was built in the 18th century by a Jain merchant of Cuttack. The Jain caves began to be made at about the time of Asoka's conquest of Kalinga (60 B.C.). P. 9. The revival of Jainism with more elaborate image-worship is apparently due to the influence of the Jains in Western and Southern India. To the influence of the Rastrakutas flourishing from A.D. 748 to A.D. 973, the revival of Jain worship in Orissa in the gth to 11th century may be reasonably supposed to have been due. The subsequent disappearance of Jainism from Orissa is probably attributed to the increasing influence of Vaisnavism and specially of Jagannatha worshipPersecution of Tain and Bauddha Sadhus in the hills round Bhuvanes

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32 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY vara by Madar Mahadeva, grandson of Chodaganga Deva in the close of the 12th century A.D.-No Jain remains have been found which can be authentically dated later than this period. P. 20. In the Jain temple in the terrace of the Khandagiri there is a masonry platform with small walls in which are embedded five images of Tirtharkaras. P. 22. Dr. T. Bloch's remark on the paper--Everything in the caves is of Jain origin. 89 GARRETT, A. Notes on the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. Calcutta, 1902. P. 8. On the upper storey of Lalatendra Kesari cave a number of upright naked figures of Jina. 90 BLOCH, T. The Modern name of Nalanda. (JRAS, 1909, p. 440-443). P. 442. Symbol of heavenly music on images of Jain Tirthankaras in Behar and elsewhere. 91 VOGEL, J. Ph. Catalogue o; the Archeological Museum at Mathura. Allahabad, 1910. P. 11. Many broken statues of Tirthankaras were obtained by Cunningham in the course of his excavations at the western end of Kankali Tila. Kankali Tila was the site of some important Jain building which existed during the rule of the Indo-Scythians. That the Tain establishment, which once occupied this site, existed down to the Muhammadan period, is proved by inscribed Jina images dated in the 12th century of the Vikrama era. P. 17. Two Jain temples discovered in the Kankali Tila. P. 27. The Jain community of ancient Mathura had its main sanctuary on the site of Kankali Tila. There are inscriptions which prove that the great Jain establishment of the Kankali Tila existed till the time of the Muhammadan

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS conquest, when all Buddhist monuments of Mathura had long since fallen into ruins. 33 Pp. 41-43. Some remarks regarding images of Jinas or Tirthankaras-The great Jain site of Mathura is the Kankali Tila-The Tirthankara image is in all probability a purely Indian creation-The most striking feature of the Tirthankara figure is its nudity in which case the image belongs to the Digambara sect-The Jina has symbols not only on the palms and soles, but also in the centre of the breast. The hair is usually arranged in short curls in the shape of spirals turned towards the right. The earlier specimens are somewhat dif ferent : The hair assumes the appearance of a periwig, or it hangs down on the shoulders in straight locks-The earlier Tirthankaras have neither usnisa nor urna but those of the later part of the Middle Ages have a distinct excrescence on the top of the head-In artistic merit Jain figures are far inferior to those of the Buddhists-Devotional scenes are commonly found on the pedestals of Tirthankara figures of the Kusana period-The standing Jain figures are more devoid of grace and expression than the seated ones-Mention is made of the fourfold Jain figures in the possession of the Mathura Museum. In the earlier Jain sculptures of the Kusana and Gupta periods there is nothing to distinguish the individual Tirthankaras, except the snake-hood in the case of Suparsva and Parsvanatha. In mediaeval sculpture there is usually a symbol or cognizance carved on the pedestal to show which Tirthankara the image represents. Pp. 66-82. A list of eighty Jaina sculptures including Jina or Tirthankara images, portions of images, heads, torso etc. Pp. 207-209. List of inscriptions. Kusana period (1st and 2nd centuries A.D.) Dated. Jina four-fold images; inscription dated in the year 5. Jina four-fold image; inscription of the year 35. Jina (?) image, fragmentary inscription of the year 50 in the reign of Huvishka. Jina image; inscription of the year 83 in the reign of Vasudeva. Jina image; fragmentary inscription of the year 83. Jina image; inscription of the year 84 in the reign of Vasudeva. Jina image; inscription of the year go (?). 5

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34 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Undated. Jina (?) statuette inscription. Jina image ; fragmentary inscription. Jina (?) statuette ; inscription of the Gupta (c)) year 57 (A.D. 376-7). Jina pedestal ; inscription of the Gupta (?) year 97 ) (A.D. 416-7). Mediaeval and Later inscriptions. Jina statuette ; inscription of the Vikrama year 1104 (A.D. 1047). Jina statuette ; inscription of the Vikrama year 1234 (?) (A.D. 1177). Tina statuette ; fragmentary inscription. Jina statuette inscription of the Vikrama ycar 1826 (A.D. 1770). 92 SMITH, VINCENT A. A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon. Oxford, 1911. Pp. 267-270. Mediaeval Jain sculpture in all India. 93 BLOCH, THEODOR. Supplementary Catalogue of the Archaeological Section of the Indian Meseum. Calcutta, 1911. P. 94. Jain sculptures. 94 Vasu, NAGENDRANATH. The Archaeological Survey of Mayurabhanja. Vol. 1. Calcutta, 1911. Pp. xlii-xlvi. The Jain influence - Parsvanatha - MahaviraEvidences of Jain influence prevalent in Orissa-Relics found in Jhadesvarapur excel all other works of art under Jain influence to be found in the whole of Orissa- Jain figures found at Khiching and at places close to Adipur, the ancient capital of Mayurabhanja. Pp. 36, 38. Badasai (Barsai): Jain and Buddhist relics-An image of Parsvanatha at the outskirts of village Kosali. P. 92. Pundal: Image of Parsvanatha, showing the prevalence of Jainism in the place.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 35 P. 45. Kosali: Temple of Parsvanatha and its description. P. 95. Doma-Gandara : A broken image of the Jain Tirthankara Parsvanatha. Pp. 109-104. Bhimapur: A very beautiful life-size image of Jain Tirthankara, Vardhamana Swami-Another beautiful image of Vardhamana Swami; worship of this naked image by the people of the village-Another image of Mahavira. P. 108. Pandava Ghat : A sacred place of the Jains-Jain merchants used to come here to see and worship some foot-prints which they believed to be of Jina. 95 MENANT, D. Pelerinage aux Temples Jainas du Girnar. Paris, 1912. (Annales du Musee Guimet-Bibliotheque de Vulgarisation, Tom. xxxix, p. 189-239). 96 GANGULY, MANO MOHAN. Orissa and her remains. Calcutta, 1912. Jain and Buddha figures in the caves-Eight Jain demi-godsJaina dynasty in Kalinga-Jain influence in Orissan History-- Jain influence noticed in the caves-- Jain period of Architecture-Jain Sramanas at Khandagiri-Jain temple on the summit of Khandagiri-Description of the Jain Tirthankaras of the caves-List of Jain TirtharkarasJainism in Kalinga. 97 TABARD, A. M. Sravana-Belgola. (QJMS, iii, 1912-13. p. 12-31). This paper gives a description of the several temples and other interesting buildings at Sravana-Belgola. (1) Chandra Giri. Temples on this hill :-(i) Kuge Brahma Deva Kambha. (ii) Chandragupta Basti. (iii) Kattale Basti. (iv) Paravanathasvami Basti. (v) Sasana Basti. (vi) Chamundaraya Basti. (vii) Erukade Basti. (viii) Savatigandhavarana Basti. (ix) Terina Basti. (x) santisvarasvami Basti. (xi) santinathasvami Basti. (Suparsvanathasyami

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36 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Basti.) (xiii) Chandraprabhasvami Basti. (xiv) Magigamna Basti. (xv) Bhadrabahu's Cave. (xvi) Brahmadeva temple. (xvii) Smaller image. (2) The Town. The chief objects of interest are:- (i) The Guru's Matha. (ii) Bandhara Basti. (iii) Mangayi Basti. (iv) Nagara-Jinalaya. (v) Akkana Basti. (3) Indra Giri or Vindhya Giri. The Principal objects of interest on this hill are:- (i) Gommatesvara. (ii) The twenty four Tirthankaras. (iii) Tyagada Brahmadeva Kambha. (iv) Yakshi Deva. (v) Chauvisatirthankara Basti. (vi) Wodegal or Trikuta Basti. (vii) Siddala Basti. (viii) Channana Basti. (4) Bhadrabahu's Inscription. The article contains illustrations of Gommatesvara, etc. 98 KEITH, J. B. The Indian Problem in relation to Indian Art and Architecture. (DSM, xvi, 1913, p. 89-192). P. 89. India's architectural remains, such as the Buddhist and Jain, are the outcome of self-containing communities who shared in the benefit of these free associations. P. 95, n. The Jains were great bankers of India, and holding the purse strings have enjoyed the friendship of all rulers who have borrowed money from them. Assistance of the Mathura Seths (Jain Digambaras) in the dark days of the Mutiny. The favour and esteem the Jains enjoyed with the Princes of Rajputana and the Delhi Moslems. Treasure of a very beautiful Jain temple in later Mahomedan days in Delhi. 99 SLATER, ARTHUR R. The Caves at Badami. (MR, Jany. 1913). Pp. 13-20. The Jain cave was probably cut out in about A.D. 650. Inside the cave there is a fine specimen of the figure of Maha vira.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 100 HAVELL, E. B. Indian Architecture. London, 1913. P. 197. Jain architecture. 101 JOUVEAU DUBREIL, G. Archeologie du sud de l'Inde. 2 Vols. Paris, 1914. (Annales du Musee Guimet, Bibliotheque d'Etudes, Vols. 26, 27). 37 Vol. 1, pp. 30-32. Buddhist and Jain monasteries-Viharas of Udayagiri-Kharavela inscription. Vol. 1, p. 69, 93. Rani-gumpha, Udayagiri. Vol. 2, p. 2. Jain images. Vol. 2, p. 58. Appar, formerly a Jain. Vol. 2, p. 59. In the time of Manikyavatchaka (800 A.D.) a struggle between Buddhism and Jainism in Ceylon. Vol. 2, p. 93. Balabhadra. 102 COORMARSWAMY, A. K. Notes on Jaina art: ceiling-painting at Kelaniya Vihara. 1914. 103 GOPINATHA RAO, T. A. Elements of Hindu Iconography.. Vol. I, 2 parts. Madras, 1914. Pp. 220 221. All over India the images of the twenty-four Tirthankaras of the Jains are found in the attitude of a Dhyani Buddha-The Jain images are completely divested of clothing and are stark naked; though they may sometimes have ringlets of hair on the head, there is not enough of it for a knot. The Srivatsa mark is, according to the Brihat-Samhita, required to be shown in the figures of the Jain Tirthankaras. 4M

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38 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 SAHNI, DAYA RAM. Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath. With an Introduction by Dr. J. Ph. Vogel. Calcutta, 1914. Pp. 164, 327-328. Jain images and sculptures. 105 AIYAR, V. NATESA. Introduction to the Descriptive List of Exhibits in the Archaeological section of the Nagpur Museum. Allahabad, 1914. Pp. 12-17. Jain sculptures-The origin of the Jain sect-Life of Mahavira-Digambara and Svetambara-The Sasanadevatas or attendant spirits-The secondary gods-The Ganas, Kulas, Sakhas and Gachchhas. 106 SMITH, VINCENT A. Archaeological Research; a Jain duty. (MR, Jany.-June, 1915, PP. 519-522). Importance of Archaeological Research-Duty of wealthy JainsThe field for exploration-The tradition about Chandragupta Maurya -Conflict of Religion in the South-Some books to be studied-Jain Monuments mistaken for Buddhist-The problem of Kausambi-Survey of Monuments above ground-Bibliography-Excavation-Action suggested. 107 SASTRI, H. KRISHNA. South Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses. Madras, 1916. P. 2n. Use of the caverns with rock-cut beds in the Madras and Tinnevelly districts as temples in a much later period either by Buddhists or Jains. P. 77n. Jain images called Chaturmukha or Chaumukhi are often made of a single stone. Pp. 262-265. The Digambara Jain images.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 39 P. 184. The theory of the personification as a goddess of every human or divine activity has pervaded even Jainism and Buddhism. 108 SRINIVAS, T. The Antiquities of Kulpak. (JHAS, 1916. pp. 14-36). Pp. 15-16. Description of a female deity placed on a pedestal with four miniature pillars, and explanation of certain symbols found therein. The Chakra is one of the sacred emblems of the Buddhists, the Jains and the Hindus. With the Buddhists and the Jains the Chakra is "the wheel of the Law", and with the Hindus, "the wheel of Life". The lion cognizance belongs to Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, but from the diminutive antelopes in addition it can be inferred that the pedestal has reference to santinatha. Pp. 22-23. An old Jain temple : The Sikharas and the cells of the three principal deities alone bclong to the original structure. The chief presiding deity is Rikabdeva or Adinatha occupying the middle shrine, the other two are Mahavira and Neminatha. In course of re ation of the temple numerous sculptures were brought to light. Of these the most important are nine images of Tirthaikaras. There is also a fine image of Mahavira, with the little statuettes of the other 23 Tirtharkaras arranged as a border. P. 31-32. Discovery of an inscription of the time of Vikrama. ditya II, (came to the throne in 1076 A.D.) cut on a broken stone, carved at the top with the figures of a Jina and some devotees. It contains a Jain invocation and an imprecatory verse. The present Jain temple is also known as the Manikya Svami Guli among the villagers. P. 33. The Jain Gudi has three shrines but here all the three cells are placed in a row facing the east with the principal one in the middle. The Jain tower has plaster-carved images and other ornaments all round.

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40 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 109 YAZDANI, G. The Antiquities of Warangal. (JHAS, 1916, p. 37-47). P. 47. Near the site of the old town of Anamkond there are several minor temples on the hill. One of them has numerous Jain figures carved in the rock and an inscription cut on a square pillar. 110 MARSHALL, JOHN. Remarks on the monuments of the Dekhan. (JHAS, 1916, p. 125-135). P. 129. Contribution in an almost equal degree of the three great religious sects, the Buddhists, the Hindus and the Jains, in the temples and monastaries of Ellora. Pp. 130 131. Remarks on Jain temples: They are very perfect, very elaborate, very sumptuous, but one and all destitute of creative genius. They are richly decorated, but we are struck with their narrow nerveless design and we gaze unmoved at their composed and icy images. It has always been so with the Jains. They followed the Buddhist at an early date in adopting iconism in their religion, but even at the beginning of the Christian era their sculptures displayed the same nerveless character that they do in mediaeval and later times. It is dangerous to utilize Buddhist works as a basis for determining as grounds of style the age of Jain works, or vice versa. 111 LONGHURST, A. H. Hampi Ruins. Madras, 1917. Pt. I. Religion: Jainism. Pt. II. Buildings on the road to Hampi: Group of Jain temples. Buildings on the northern and eastern sides of the city. Jain temple near the River. Ganigitti Jain temple. 112 NARSIMHACHAR, R. The Kesava temple at Somanathapur. Bangalore, 1917. (Mysore Archaeological Series-Architecture and Sculpture in Mysore, No. 1).

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS P. v-vii. Provisional List of Artistic Buildings of the Hoysala and Dravidian Styles in Mysore. HOYSALA Temple Place Period Reign Remarks Jain bastis Angadi C 1050 Vinayaditya Adinatha-basti Chikka Hanasoge 1090 Do Triple Parsvanatha basti Halebid 1133 Visnuvardhana Jain Basti Cholasandra 1145 Narasimha I Triple Akkana basti Sravana Belgola 1182 Ballala II Santinatha basti Jinanathpur C 1200 DO Santinatha basti Bandalike C 1204 Do Virabhadra Halebid C 1220 Do DRAVIDIAN Chamundaraya-basti Sravana Belgola C 980 Rajamalla Panchakuta-basti Kambadahalli 1120 Visnuvardhana 113 Sarkar, Guru Das. Alleged Buddhist Influence in the Sun temple at Konarak. (IA, xlvii, 1918, p. 209-220). Pp. 209 210. The Khandagiri caves are of Jain origin; this is evident from the Hathigumpha inscription of king Kharavela and three other inscriptions. P. 216. Images of Sri Gaja Laksmi or Mahalaksmi and pictures of trees, etc., are common alike to Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. 114 NARASIMHACHAR, R. The Kesava Temple at Belur. Bangalore, 1919. (Mysore Archaological Series-Architecture and Sculpture in Mysore, No. 2). P. v-vii. Provisional List of Artistic Buildings of the Hoysala and Dravidian Styles in Mysore. Hoysala-Same as in No. 112. Dravidian-Same as in No. 112. Parsvanatha basti at Heggere of C 1160 (Narsimha I)

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TAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 NARASIMHACHAR, R. The Laksmidevi Temple at Dod. dagaddavalli. Bangalore, 1919. an Iysore Archaological Series -Architecture and Sculpture in Mysore, No. 3). P. v. Provisional List of Artistic Buildings of the Hoysala and Dravidian Styles in Mysore. Same as in No. 114. 116 PERIS, M. M. Jain Antiquities of Southern India. (CR. 1919, p. 72-79). Remains of Jain power in South Canara. Four seats of Jain Antiquities in Canara : Karkal, Venoor, Mudbidri and Guruvankere. 117 BASAK, RADHAGOVINDA and DINESH CHANDRA BHATTACHARYYA. A Catalogue of the Archeological Relics in the Museum of the Varendra Research Society, Rajshahi. Raj. shahi, 1919. P. 7. Jain images-Images of Tirthankaras. 118 SRINIVASA, T. Nagai and its remains. (JHAS, 1919-20, pp. 33-46). P. 35. The principal remains at Nagai are a temple with two manda pas, a Jain temple etc. P. 36. Description of a ruined Jain shrine near a templeStanding Jina image in the shrine with five-hooded snake canopy and a triple crown above-Identity of the image with Suparsvanatha, the seventh Tirtharkara of the Digambara Jains-Sculpture of a seated Jina with a seven hooded naga over the head and a square block with a seated Jina on each of its sides and some smaller seated figures below in the mantap attached to the shrine.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 43 119 CHANDA, RAMAPRASAD. Medieval Sculpture in Eastern India. (JDL, iii, 1920, pp. 225-246). The Pali suttas confirm good deal of what is contained in the svetambara Jain canon-The ancient Jain sculptures of Mathura dating from the first century A.D. guarantee the antiquity and authenticity of many of the sain traditions-It is generally believed that there were Jain monks before Mahavira belonging to the order founded by Parsvanatha-Nature of Chaityas mentioned in the ancient Bauddha and Jain texts-Jain description of a chaitya given in full in the Aupapatika Sutra. 120 JAYASWAL, K. P. The Statue of Ajatasatru Kunika, etc. (JBORS, vi, 1920, pj. 173-204). P. 178. The jain name Kunika, spelt also as Konika-"Srenika", the Jain name of Ajatasatru's father (Bimbisara)-The positive and sole use of Srenika amongst the Jains seems to limit the term to - Birphisara. 121 JAGADISA AYYAR, P. V. South Indian Shrines. Madras, 1920. P. 26. Jain temple at Tirupparuttikunram. It is a famous place of Jain antiquarian interest containing ruins of Buddhist and Jain temples. P. 140. Conversion of the Hoysala sovereign Bitti from the Jain faith to that of Visnu by Ramanuja. P. 238. Toleration of Jainism during the reign of King Bukka Raya who allowed the Jains to have their shrines in Hemakuta near the Hindu temple of Pampapati. 122 CHANDA, RAMAPRASAD. Four ancient Yaksa (JDL, iv, 1921, pp. 47-84). Statues.

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44 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 51-52. Prakrit canon of the Jains makes it evident that Yaksa Manibhadra was a popular diety in Eastern India. The Jains recognize Soma, Yama, Varuna and Vaisraman (Vaisravana, Kubera) as the four Lokapalas or the guardian deities of the four cardinal points. Agreements of the Brahmanas, the Bauddhas, and the Jainas in recognising Manibhadra or Manibhadras as a Yaksa. Pp. 81-82. Names of some of the Chaityas mentioned in the Bauddha and Jain texts. svetambara Jain Ardha-Magadhi texts (Angas and Upangas). Wu Chatrapalasa-chaitya to the north-east of Kajangala. (2) Purnabhadra chaitya to the north-east of Champa. (3) Gunasala-chaitya to the north-east of Rajagriha. (4) Dutipalasa-chaitya to north-east of Vaniyagama (Vaisali). (5) Manibhadra-chaitya to the north-east of Mithila. nandana-chaitya to the north-east of Moka. Puspavati-chaitya to the north-east of Tungiya. Kosthaka-chaitya near Benares. ) Kosthaka-chaitya near Sravasti. 123 Dikshit, K. N. Six sculptures from Mahoba. Calcutta, 1921. (Mem. Arch. Sur. India, No. 8). P. 1. Brahmanical and Jain sculptures long known among the ruined shrines of Mahoba, Hamirpur district of British Bundelkhand. 124 SASTRI, HIRANAND. Some recently added sculptures in the Provincial Museum, Lucknow. Calcutta, 1922. (Mem. Arch. Sur. India, No. 11). Pp. 1, 14-15. Three Jain statues of iconographical interest representing Suvidhinatha (Pl. 1, fig. a), Neminatha (Pl. 1, fig. c) and Risabhanatha-The first and second standing nude and marked with symbols of carb and conch-shell-Both consecrated in the (Vikrama) year 1208 (A.D. 1151)-Good examples of mediaeval Jain sculptures of

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS Upper India-The third one sitting cross-legged in meditation on a lotus resting on two lions-Description in details of other figures about this Tirthankara-consecrated in Samvat 1216 ( A.D. 1159)-Good specimen of the Jain Art of the 12th century A.D. .. 125 COOMARSWAMI, ANANDA K. Jaina Sculpture. Massachusetts, 1922. (Bull. Mus. of Fine arts, No. 120, Aug. 1922, p. 53). Mahavira, the historical founder of Jainism and contemporary of Buddha, is represented in Jain art from the Kusan period onwards as a deified saint to whom prayers may be addressed-The sculpture is probably from Bundelkhand, North Central India, and may be assigned to the ninth century. 126 Gwalior Fort Album. Gwalior, 1922. (Published by the Archaological Department, Gwalior State). P. 5. Most of the rock cut Jain sculptures on the Fort were made at the time of Dungarsingh Tomara, a Rajput. Pp. 54-57. Jain rock sculptures (With two plates). 127 GANGULY, MANOMOHAN. Handbook to the Sculptures in the Museum of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. Calcutta, 1922. Pp. 47-49. Jain sculptures. 128 JOUVEAU-DUBREIL, G. Pallava Painting. (IA, lii, 1923 pp. 45-47). : Sittannavasal, a Jain temple, carved out of the rock in the time of Mahendravarman I before his conversion by

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46 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 KRAMRISCH, STELLA. The Expressiveness of Indian Art. (5): Rhythm. (JDL, ix, [Pt. 1] 1923, pp. 116-130). P. 126. Reference to a Jain rock-cut sculpture from Khandagiri * representing a group of girls leaning round a well-fed lady. 130 RAY, Chuni LAL. A further Note on the Ruins at Gholamara. (JBORS, X, 1924, pp. 171-174). The central image, proved to be a Buddhistic image, is the figure of a Jain Tirthankara resembling in many respects the image of what is now worshipped as Bhaironatha-The figure is either of Sumatinatha or of Vardhamana or Mahavira. The figure is now in the Paina Museum, No. 1596 (Archaeology). 131 RAMACHANDRA MUDALIAR, D. B. Indian Music. (QJMS, xiv, 1924, pp. 165-183). P. 168. Destruction of works written during the period of the Pandya kings by the Buddhists and Jains owing to religious animosity. 132 COOMARASWAMI, ANANDA K. Catalogue of Indian Col. lections in the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston, 1924. (Pt. 4: Jain Paintings and Manuscripts). A review of the catalogue is contained in the Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Vol. xxii, 1924. p. 54. 133 Brown, Percy. Indian Painting. Calcutta. Pp. 38, 51. Jain book-illustrations. 134 COOMARASWAMI, ANANDA K. Notes on Jaina Art, the eight Nayikas, ceiling-painting at Kelaniya Vihara. Ceylon 1914.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 135 (I) Progress Report of the Archeological Survey of Western India, 1889-1890. Bombay, 1890. P. 1. Roho: Ruined remnants of a white marble Jain temple. P. 2. Sarotra, Palanpur Agency: An old white marble Jain temple. P. 4. Patan : Temple of Panchasara Parsvanatha-Temple of Sri Parsvanatha containing inscription of the Khadataragachchha Jains. P. 8. INSCRIPTIONS : No. 702-On the base of Parsvanatha under Chhattri, Raho. No. 703-On a pillar supporting the chhattri, Raho. No. 706--On the base of an image in the Jain temple, Bhilri. P. 10. Munjpur: Jami masjid and most of the very early mos of Gujarat constructed chiefty from the material of old Hindu or Jain temples. P. 11. Sankesvara : An old seat of the Jains-Jain temple of Parsvanatha no longer in existence-Its materials used in the cellshrines-Image of Parsvanatha removed to a new temple. . P. 15. DRAWINGS : No. 950-Plan of Ganguakund and of old Jain temple, Lotesvara and Sankesvara. P. 15. PHOTOS : ; No. 1213-Old corridor of temple of Parsvanatha, Sankesvara. No. 1214-Back of old shrine, Sankesvara. P. 16. INSCRIPTIONS : No. 763-On the seat of Parsvanatha, Dilmal. Nos. 769-796-Over a shrine door in the old ruined Jain temple, etc., Sankesvara. 135 (II) Report, do, 1890-1891. Bombay, 1891. P. 3. Pedgaon : Bhairavnatha temple, originally a Jain one. P. 4. Miri: A step well cut in the rock-An inscription below with a Jain figure near it-Buddhist temples mentioned by Dr. Wilson are all Jain.

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48 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 (III) Report, do, 1892-93. Bombay, 1893. P. 4-11. Bhatkal : The large Jain basti, called Jattapa Naikana Chandranathesvara basti. Hadvalli: 3 Jain shrines. Murdesvara: Jain viragals (huge slab of sculptured stone set up to record the death of some person), with attendant worshippers. Gersappa : Chaturmukha basli having in its central shrine the chaumukha or chaturmukha, a square altar with four seated life-sized Jinas-Other temples of interest are those of Vardhamana, Neminatha, Parsvanatha, Virabhadra, Tirumal, and the Kade basti. Bilgi : Temple of Parsvanatha, built in the Dravidian style. Khidrapur : A small Jain temple. P. 15. DRAWINGS : Nos. 1061-1064-Chandranathesvara basti, Bhatkal. Nos. 1079-1082--Chaturmukha basti, Gersappa. No.1083-Vardhamana Svami temple image and Virabhadra temple image, Gersappa. Nos. 1084-1085-Paravanatha temple, Bilgi. P. 16. PHOTOGRAPHS : Nos. 1337-1340--Chandranathesvara basti, Bhatkal. Nos. 1353-1354--Chaturmukha basti, Jatiga shrine at the temple of Parsvanatha, Gersappa. Nos. 1355-Temple of Parsvanatha, Bilgi. P. 17-19. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 910-911-On the seat of a Jain image, Nagpur. Nos. 918-921-A slab in the Chandranathesvara basti, Bhatkal. Nos. 923-925-On a stone at the Parsvanatha temple, Bhatkal. Nos. 933-934-A stone in the Parsvanatha basti, Bhatkal. No. 950 (A.B.)-951-A slab in the old Jain temple, Murdesvara. No. 952--A slab outside the Jain temple called basti Makhi, Murdesvara. Nos. 973-975-Viragal in a small old Jain shrine, Murdesvara. Nos. 981-983-A stone built in the compound of Vardhamanasvami's temple, Gersappa.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS Nos. 984 986-A stone built in the temple of Parsvanatha, Ger sappa. Nos. 989 991-A slab and a pillar in the mandapa of Parsvanatha basti, Gersappa. No. 999 A-On a pillar in the Virabhadra temple, Banavasi. No. 1076-1077-A slab lying in front of Parsvanatha temple, Kolhapur. 135 (IV) Report, do, 1893-4. Poona, 1894. P. 1. Gandhar, Broach district: Some Jain marble sculptures, bearing short inscriptions. P. 4-7. Narsinghpur Standing female figure from a Jain temple and several seated cross-legged Jinas among the figures grouped about. Tewar: Nude Jain figures. Jabalpur Some very good Jain sculptures in the garden of the house occupied by Messrs. Cursetji & Co. Nohta: Jain figures-Image of Chandraprabha. Kundalpur Modern Jain temples. P. 16. DRAWINGS: No. 1151-Jain temple, pillar and doorway, Pathari. P. 16-17. PHOTOS: No. 1403-Colossal Jain image, Bahuriband. No. 1411-Jain images in Cursetji's garden, Jabalpur. No. 1415-Jain temple, Kundalpur. Nos. 1435-1436-Old Jain temple, Pathari. 49 P. 17. INSCRIPTIONS: No. 1093-On the base of a colossal Jain image, Bahuriband. No. 1107-Jain temple, a slab built into wall near shrine door, Kundalpur. 135 (V) Report, do, 1894-1895. Poona, 1895. P. 5-6. Chartana: Jain remains amongst the Hindu-One magnificent Jain column, about 25 feet high. Aunda: Remains of Jain as well as Hindu temples. 7

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50 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 (VI) Report, do, 1897-1898. Poona, 1898. P. 78. Sopra : Lower part of a small marble image of Buddha or a Jina, seated, measuring 3 inches. 135 (VII) Report, do, 1898-1899. Poona. 1899. P. 3-5: Than, Kathiawar : Remains of two small Jain shrines of about the 7th or 8th century A.D. Sejakpur: A ruined Jain temple of considerable merit. P. 11. Pattan: Old shrine of Parsvanatha. P. 13. Veraval : Materials of a plain Jain temple used in the construction of the Jami Masjid. P. 18-19. Miani : Figure of a Buddha or a Jina with a very considerable top-knot on his head, seated cross-legged with the hands on the lap-Temple of Nilakantha and Jain temple, 13th century A.D.sain image, a very unusual sculpture of a Tirthankara, placed in the Brahmanical temple. 135 (VIII) Report, do, 1900-1901. Poona, 1901. P. 2-7. Abu : Dilwara temples of the Jains-Temples of VimalaSa and Tejpala, the former built in 1032 A.D. and the latter about two hundred years later-Ambadevi's shrine-The present image of Risabhadeva in the main shrine, not the original one-Discovery of a curly-haired head of a colossal Jina in black stone-Mahmud of Gazni, the terror of the Hindus and Jains alike-Grants made to the temple of Vimalasa in 1216 and 1217-Additions of marble halls and corridor to the old shrine of Neminatha by Tejapala and Vastupala of Anhilwara. P. 8. Chitorgarh: Jain tower, locally known as the "Chhota Kirtham", built with the ruined but highly decorated Jain temple beside it. P. 11. Conservation : Jain temple in the fort at Belgaum. P. 16-19. PHOTOS : Nos. 1882 2019-Dilwara temples, Mount Abu. Plan of the Dilwara temples, Mount Abu.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 51 135 (IX) Report, do, 1901-1902. Poona, 1901. P. 1. Ter: A place of religious importance, first with the Buddhists and subsequently with the Hindus and Jains. P. 3. Patur: Two caves at Patur, probably Jain. Sirpur : Old temple of Antariksa Parsvanatha of the Digambara Jains-Another modern temple of the community with underground chambers. P. 6. Karinja : Jain temple of Kastasangh. P. 7. Bhojpur: Jain temple with a colossal nude Jina standing in the shrine. P. 9-10. Mehkar : The ruined old dharmasala probably Jain -Lower part of seated Jina near the temple of Balaji--A broken Jain image, inside the temple, dated Sam. 1272 (1215 A.D.). P. 15. Satgaon: Lower portion of an image of Parsvanatha with an inscription dated saka 1173 (1251 A.D.)-It is Digambara, its nakedness being distinctly indicated-An image of a devi with a seated little Jina on the very top of her head. P. 17. Conservation : Jain temple at Belgaum. P. 19. PHOTOS: Nos. 2059-2061-Temple of Antariksa Parsvanatha, Sirpur (Basim). No. 2071-Sculptured wooden brackets in Jain temple of Kastasangh, Karinja (Amraoti). 135 (X) Report, do, 1902-1903. Poona, 1903. P. 4-5. CONSERVATION : Sholapur district : Jain temple in fort Belgaum. Kanara district : Temple of Parsvanatha, Bilgi. West Berar: Old Jain temple, Sirpur. Old Jain caves, Patur. P. 9. PHOTOS : Nos. 2126-2127-Jain tower and temple. 135 (XI) Report, do, 1903-4. Poona, 1904. P. 5-7. PHOTOS :

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52 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 2172-Temple of Parsvanatha, Khajaraha (Bundelkhand). No. 2173-Temple of Adinatha, Do Do. Nos. 2205-2206-Old Jain temple, Arang. No. 2282-Mokalji's temple, sculptured frieze along basement with seated Jina, Chitorgarh. Nos. 2287-2289-Small tower (Jain), Jain temple, etc., Chitorgarh. Nos. 2290-2292, 2311-2313-Satvis (Jain) temples, Chitorgarh. P. 7-8. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 1992-1995-On jambs of the temple of Parsvanatha, Khajaraha (Bundelkhand). No. 2020-Parsvanatha temple, mason's name, Arang. Nos. 2042-2043-On pedestal of the colossal Jain image under a tree, Bahuriband. Nos. 2069-2071-On slabs in Jain temple near Gomukha Kunda, Chitorgarh. P. 16-17. Khajaraha : Collections of both Brahmanical and Jain temples of the uth century-Walls of the Jain temples free from indecent sculptures-Objectionable figures on door jambs of the temple of Parsvanatha. P. 23. Arang : Digambara Jain temple of the 11th century. P. 25. Bahuriband : A colossal standing nude Jain image-Inscription on the block beneath its feet recording erection of a temple of Santinatha. P. 27-28. Ratanpur: The temple of Mahamayi originally Jain, belonging to the Digambara sect-Jain images. P. 32-33. Adbhar: A Jain seated figure in a hut. . P. 37-46. Chitorgarh : Jain tower at Chitor-Temples of the svetambara sect, known as the Satvis temples--Sringar Chavadi Jain temple-Jain temples with dates-Sringara Chavadi built either by the Jain treasurer of Rana Kumbha, or by the son of the treasurer in about 1150 A.D.-Small Jain shrine near the temple, of about 1494 A. D. Kumbha, a promoter of Jain religion-His directions to build the great Jain temple at Ranapur in 1440 A.D. Expression "Sapta-bhanga" peculiar to Jain philosophy-Jain pontiff Jinavallabha (died 1111 A.D.) said to have caused temples of Mahavira and Parsvanatha to be built on Chitrakuta-Conversion to Jainism

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 53 of Haribhadra, a learned Bhahmana, a resident of Chitrakuta-Legend about Haribhadra-Ramakirtti, the chief of the Digambaras and pupil of Jayakirtti-Existence of a prosperous colony of Digambara Jains on the hill in Kumarapala's time. P. 47-60. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 1992 1995--On a Jain temple, Khajaraha. No. 2042-On pedestal of a Jain image, Bahuriband. Nos. 2069-2072-Inscriptions in the Jain temple near Gomukh, Chitorgarh. 135 (XII) Report, do, 1904-1905. Poona, 1905. P. 6-8. PHOTOS: Nos. 2371-2974-Jain temples, Amvam. No. 2395--- Jain temple, Ramgarh. No. 2403-Parsvanatha temple, Bijolia. No. 2456-Parsvanatha temple, Mandalgarh. No. 2457-Risayadeva temple, Mandalgarh. No. 2471-Jain tower, Chitorgarh. No. 2175--Parsvanatha temple, Karera. No. 2190-Jain temple, Ekaling. No. 2191--Parsvanatha temple, Ekaling. No. 2302-Image of Parsvanatha, Mandsaur. P. 9-11. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 2124-2127-On Jain figures and images, Ramgarh. Nos. 2130-2131-On pedestal of a Jain image, Ramgarh. Nos. 2137-2144-On Jain pillar, temple of Parsvanatha, Bijolia. No. 2197-Inscription, temple of Risabhanatha, Menal. P. 12. Paramara inscription dated Samvat 1314 from some Jain temples at Modi, Rampura, Bhanpura district. P. 15-21. CONSERVATION: (Bombay). Jain temple, Belgaum, Belgaum district. Jain temple, Degamve, Belgaum district. Two statues of Jinas, Murdesvara, Kanara district. Jami Masjid, Broach, built of pilsered Hindu or Jain temple materials.

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54 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 33-34. Jhalrapatan : Temple of santinatha. Abu: Dilwara temples. P. 46. Amvam: A Jain temple belonging to the Digambara sect. P. 51-63. Keshorai Patan : Images of Jina. Bijolia : Jain temples-Temple with Nisedhika pillars setting forth the order of succession of the Jain pontiffs belonging to the Digambara sect-Unnata Sikhara Purana, a Jain poem, inscribed on a rock-An inscription recording repair of Parsvanatha temple by Loliga, a Parvad Mahajana, in about 1160 A.D.--A seated image of a Jina in the double shrined temple of Mahakala and Baijanatha-Seated image of Siva, looking like a Jina. Jadoli: Saiva temple Baijnatha-ka-Mandir with siva in Jina fashion-Digambara chaumukha sculpture, called Parvati by the ignorant people in the temple Undo devra. On the dedicatory blocks of many Saiva temples in Rajputana, Siva is figured like a Jina. Mandalgarh: Temples of Risabhadeva, Undesvara-Mahadeva, Chaturbhuj and Jalesvara-Mahadeva-Figures of Jinas in the temple of Jalesvara. Kareda: A large marble temple of Parsvanatha with an image of the Tirthankara dated 1656 V.E.-Tradition about the erection of the temple with the pecuniary help of a man of the Vanjari caste-Local tradition about Akbar's visit to the temple and erection of a masjid to make the building sacred both to Muhammadans and Jains-The masjid is probably to prevent the temple from being destroyed by the Muhammadans-The temple of Risavdeva at Satrunjaya, has a miniature idgah built upon it for the same purpose. Nagda or Nagahrada : Mandar of Padmavati, a Jain temple. Inscriptions of V.E. 1356 and 1391 on the central shrine pertain to the Digambara sect, and prove that the temple was originally a Digambara one-The loose figure in the mandapa brought from elsewhere and kept there : or, in the time of Kumbhakarna, the temple was appropriated by the devotees of the Kharatara gachchha-Figure of a Jina in the centre of the slab-Adbhudji's temple, a Jain edifice, containing a colossal image of santinatha, set up in V.E. 1494, during the reign of Kumbhakarna, by a merchant named Saranga-Images of Kumthunatha and Abhinandan on the side of the walls-another Jain

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 55 temple dedicated to Parsvanatha-A third dilapidated Jain temple to the north of this temple. 135 (XIII) Report, do, 1905-6. Simla & Poona, 1906. Pp. 5-6. PHOTOS : No. 2565. Great Jain temple, Lukkundi. No. 2577. Jain image in Jain temple, Aminbhavi. Nos. 2583-2585. Old Jain temples, Belgaum. ba Jain temple, Kanthkot. Nos. 2628-2629. Jain temples, Bhadresar. Nos. 2632-2651. Temples of Neminatha, Mahavira, Santinatha, Parsvanatha and Sambhavanatha, Kumbharia. Nos, 2665-2666. Temple of Santinatha, Jhadoli. No. 2667. Temple of Mahavira, Nandia. P. 7. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 2262-2267. On jamb, pillars etc., of the temple of Neminath, Kumbharia. No. 2269-Stone built in wall of temple of Santinatha, Jhadoli. No. 2270-In temple of Mahavira, Pindwara. No. 2272-On pedestal of Jain image, Vasantgadh. CONSERVATION (Southern Division, Bombay Presidency): P. 9. Repairs to Jain temple, Belgaum, Belgaum district. CONSERVTION (Rajputana): Pp. 17-18. Dome of Vimal sa's temples, Abu, Sirohi, ..., ... Jain tower, Chitorgarh, Udaipur. Jain temple, Kalingara, Banswara and Abu, Sirohi. PROTECTED MONUMENTS : P. 20. Jain temples in the fort of Belgaum, Belgaum. An old Jain temple in the jungle in the Bidi taluk, Belgaum. P. 22. Sirohi : Old brass images discovered in the crypt of a Jain temple at Vasantgadh. P. 29. Belgaum: Two Jain shrines. Pp. 38-55. Kanthkot: The Jain temple of Solthamba of 11th century dedicated to Mahavira.

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56 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhadresvar : The Jain temple Jagdusa. Ambaji : The shrine visited by the Hindus, the Parsis and the Jains-Performance of the chaula or hair-cutting ceremony of their children by the Jains here. Kumbharia : Handsome marble temples of the Jains-Tradition about the construction of Jain fanes to the number of 360 by Vimala Sa-Of the five Jain temples the most important is that of Neminatha Colossal image of Neminatha in the shrine, and many objects of Jain worship-A temple dedicated to Mahavira-Various scenes of Jain mythology as in the temple of Vimala sa at Abu-colossal image of Mahavira installed in 1618 A.D., the throne bearing an inscription dated in 1061 A.D.-Temple of santinatha-The ceiling of its hall sculptured with Jain mythological scenes-Temples of Parsvanatha and Sambhava--1092 A.D. the date of Vimala Sa--Construction of the Jain teinples at Kumbharia may be ascribed to the middle of the eleventh century: Sirohi : Inhabited mostly by the Jains or Sravakas-16 Jain temples, the earliest and largest being that of Chamukhji. Mirpur : An old Jain temple, spoken of as one dedicated to Godinatha-Three small modern Jain temples containing a few old inscribed Jain images. Jhadoli: A Jain temple dedicated to santinatha, originally dedicated to Mahavira-An inscription-stone recording installation by Sri-Devachandra Suri of an image of Risabhanatha. Pindwara : An inscription in the temple of Mahavira recording installation of an image of Vardhamana in Samvat 1665 in the village of Pimdaravadaka, i.e., Pindwara-Deposition in the temple of old brass images found in a Jain temple at Vasantgadh. Nandia : Temple of Mahavira. Ajari : Jain temple dedicated to Mahavira. Vasantgadh: Jain temple--Inscription on a Jain image recording installation of the image of Vasantapura i.e., Vasantgadh in the reign of Kumbhakarna in 1450 A.D.-Brass images unearthed and deposited in Mahavira's temple at Pindwara.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 57 Vasa : The temple of Jagadisa-Mahadeva, originally a Jain and then converted into a Brahmanic temple. P. 56-63. INSCRIPTIONS (short abstracts and notes) : Ramgarh : No. 2126. Recording the name of the person and his relatives who caused the Jain image to be made. Bijolia : Nos. 2137-2138. Contain the names, and describe the glory, of certain pontiffs of the Digambaras or as therein called, of Sarasvati-gachchha, Balatkara-gana, Sri-Mula sangha in the line of the Acharya Kundakunda. The names of the pontiffs :(1) Vasantakirtideva, (2) Visalakirtideva, (3) Subhakirtideva, (4) Dharmachandradeva, (5) Ratnakirtideva, (6) Prabhachandradeva, (7) Padmanandi, and (8) Subhachandradeva. They are dated in A.D. 1408 and 1426. No. 2139. Engravings of the names of Bhattaraka Sri-Padmanandideva and Bhattaraka Sri-Subhachandradeva. No. 2141-Inscription incised near the door of the temple of Parsvanatha. No. 2143. Incision on a rock of the Jain poem entitled the Uttama-si (si)khara Purana by Siddhasuri. Chitorgadh : No. 2199. An inscription bearing the name of sri Bhavanachandrasuri, dated Sam. 1903. No. 2204. Dated Sam. 1505-records erection of temples of santinatha called Sri Astapada-Its consecration by jinasagarasuri-List of Jain pontiffs of the Kharatara gachchha. Nos. 2205-2209. Records consecration by Sri-Jinasundarasuri of . alakas (probably niches) in the structure called Sri-Astapada (i.e., Sringara Chavdi) Udaipur: No. 2219. Jain inscription about erection of temple of Mahavira, Ambika, and so forth. Dated in San, 1556. Nos. 2225-2229. Slabs supposed to be connected with the Jain tower at Chitorgarh containing praise of the Jain doctrines. No. 2236. Inscription recording erection of a devakulika or shrine to. Sambhavanatha. Nagna : No. 2241. Dated in Samvat 1497. Records installation of an image of Kunthunatha.

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58 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 2242. Dated Sam. 1486. Records building of a deva. kulika in the temple of Parsvanatha by Porvadbania. No. 2243. (a) Installation of the image of Adinatha by Sri Mativardhana-suri of Kharatara gachchha, (b) Dated Sam. 1391, (c) Dated Sam. 1350 (insert). 135 (XIV) Report, do, 1906-1907. Poona, 1907. P. 4-6. PHOTOS : Nos. 2719-2716. Jain tower restored, Chitorgarh. Nos. 2788-2793. Views of Jain temple in Junagarh, Mandor (Jodhpur State). No. 2808. Wall mouldings of Jain temples, Teori. Nos. 2833-2839. Views of Jain temple, Osia. Nos. 2855. View of Jain temple, Kaparda. Nos. 2884-2889. Views of Jain temple, Juna. No. 2905. Jain arch, Bhinmal. P. 7-8. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 2278, 2279. On pillars and slab in Mahavira's temple, Mungthala. Nos. 2283, 2284. From temples of Vimala sa and Tejapala, Mount Abu. No. 2302. Mandapa of Jain temple, Osia. Nos. 2319-2322. Mandapa of Jain temple, Juna. Nos. 2334, 2335. On pillar near Jain temple, Bhinmal. P. 13. Jain temple at Mewasa. P. 14. Dilwara temple at Abu-Jain tower at ChitorgarhJain temples at Kalinjra. P. 17-18. Articles added to the Victoria Hall Museum at Udaipur, Mewar : (1) a Jain image, (2) a head of a Jain image, (3) Two Jain carvings, etc. P. 26-43. Mungthala : A Jain temple of the 15th century. Patnarayan: The doorway of the enclosure of Patnarayan's temple brought from some Jain temple. Dilvada : Elaborately carved Jain temples. Mandor : A Jain temple.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 59 Ghatiyala : The temple of Mataji-ki-sal originally dedicated to a Jina. Teori : A Jain temple. Osia : Jain and Brahmanic legends about a Jain yati of the name of Ratan Prabhu-A Jain temple of about the last quarter of the 8th century. Kaparda : A very high Jain temple. Juna : Ruins of three Jain temples. 135 (XV) Report, do, 1907-1908. Poona, 1908. P. 4-6. PHOTOS : Nos. 2928-2931.- Jain temple, Nana. No. 2942.-Parsvanatha's temple, Beda. No. 2949.- Jain temple, Beda. Nos. 2954-2957.-Mahavira's temple, Hathundi. Nos. 2959-2964.-Temple of Mahavira, Sevadi. No. 2974.- Jain temple, Sevadi. Nos. 2985-2994.-Temple of Parsvanatha, image of Parsvanatha, Chaumukh temple, Sameta-sikhara sculpture, Sahasrakuta sculpture Satrunjaya Pattika; Parsvanatha's sculpture, Ranpur. Nos. 2997-3000.-Mahavira's temple, etc., Ghanerav. Nos. 3003-2006.-Jain temples, etc., Kumalgarh. Nos. 3025-3027.-Temple of Adisvara, Nadlai. Nos. 3035-3036.- Temple of Padmaprabhu, Nadol. P. 7-8. INSCRIPTIONS : No. 2350.-Mahavira's temple, Nana. Nos. 2352-2353.-Temple of Adinatha, Belar. Nos.-2355-2359.-Temple of Mahavira, Hathunde. Nos. 2360-2372.-Temple of Mahavira, Sevadi. No. 2374.- Jain temple, Boiya. No. 2394.-Parsvanatha's sculpture in chaumukh temple, Ranpur. No. 2395.-Temple of Mahavira, Ghanerav. Nos. 2398-2405.-Temples of Adisvara and Neminatha, Nadlai. P. 10. CONSERVATION (Bombay, Southern Division). Jain temples, Belgaum, Belgaum district. P. 35-59.

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6c JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Sanchor: An inscription in Sanskrit, dated Sam. 1322, recording repair to a chatuskika in the temple of Mahavira by an Osval Bhandari named Chhaghaka. A Jain fane at Sanchor, no longer in existence-Reference in Jinaprabha's Tirthakalpa to a Jain temple, dedicated to Mahavira. Bhinmal Repairs to the temple of Jagatsvami by both the Osvals Provads-Surya worship was common to both the Hindus and Jains in the middle of the 11th century-An inscription dated V.E. 1333, speaks of Purnachandra-Suri of the Parapadra gachchha, and records benefaction of 13 drammas and 7 vimsopakas for the annual worship of Mahavira-Origin of the dissemination of Jainism in Srimala (Bhinmal), as furnished by the Puranas-Spread of Jainism narrated in the Srimala-mahatmya. Pali: The Jain temple called Naulakha containing old images of Tirthankaras with inscriptions dating from V.E. 1144 to 1201. Nana Temple of Mahavira, supposed to contain an image of that Tirthankara as he was, before he attained to Kaivalya, or absolution. Belar: A Jain temple of Parsvanatha. Beda: A Jain temple near the shrine dedicated to Thakur or Visnu-A Jain temple dedicated to Parsvanatha amongst the ruins known as Juna Beda, the image of the Tirthankara containing date Samvat 1644. Bhatund: A carving in a temple in the village, of the figure of a Siva, seated like a Jina. Hathundi: A Jain temple possessing an image of Rata-Mahavira, called Muchhala, i.e., one with thick moustaches-A pillar in its gudhamandapa bears an inscription dated Samvat 1335 Sevadi: A temple of Mahavira, probably of the 10th century. Bali: Reference to a Jain sangha organised by Phulchand Umaji, a native of Kalandari, in the Sirohi State. Sadadi: An upasraya, built by Tarachand Kabadiya, an Osval of the Ray-Kothari-family. Ranpur: Chaumukh temple of Adinatha-Two other Jain temples in its front-To the Jains it is one of the pancha-tirtha in Marwar. Ghanerav: A pancha-tirtha of the Jains in Marwar.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 61 OS 3 135 (XVI) Report, do, 1908-1909. Poona, 1909. P. 5-6. Nadol, Nadlai : Two of the Jain panchatirthas in Marwar. Sanderav : A Jain temple. Korta : Jain temples reported as existing. Jalor : Two Jain temples on the fort. P. 7-9. PHOTOS : No. 3172.-Figure of Jina on ceiling of two-storeyed Jain cave temple, Aihole. Nos. 3199 3201,- Triple-shrined Jain temple near Virupaksa, etc., Aihole. Nos. 3218-3221.-Jain caves, etc., Aihole. No. 3223.-Two leaves of an old .ms. from a Bikaner Jain bhandara, Bombay. Nos. 3230-3232.- Temple of Parsvanatha, etc., Barkana. No. 3233.- Jain temple in front of Rampol on fort, Chitorgarh. Nos. 3239-3242.-Temple of Parsvanatha, etc., Sanderav. Nos. 3243-3248.-Temples of Risabhadeva, Santinatha, Mahavirasvami, etc., Korta. No. 3251.-View of Jain temple, Paladi. No. 3254.-Temple of Santinatha, Thamli. Nos. 3264-3266.-Chaumukh temple, etc., Jalor. Nos. 3268-3269.-Temple of Kumarapala, etc., Jalor. No. 3278.-Ruined Jain temple, etc., Nal-Gudha, No. 3290.-Girnar Jain temple, Junagadh. P. 9-10. INSCRIPTIONS : No. 2428.-- Jain temple, Barkana. Nos. 2438-2442.-Jain temple, Sanderav. No. 2476.-Jain temple opposite Virupaksa temple, Aihole. PROTECTED MONUMENTS : Panch Mahals district. P. 18. No. 10. The fort of Pavagad and the ruined Hindu and Jain temples on the top, Champanir, Halol. Dharwar district. P. 20. No. 11. Old Jain temple in fort, Hangal.

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62 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 35. The Jain basti, Lakkundi, Gadag. P. 35. Jain cave, Aihole. P. 36-56. Kailwada: Two Jain and two Vaisnava temples. Kumalgadh : The temple of Mamadeva originally a Jain fane, and afterwards in V.S. 1515-16 (A.D. 1458-1459) decorated by Rana Kumbha with Brahmanic images-The Jain temple of Pittaliadeva-An inscribed sculpture, dated in V. S. 1516, recording construction of the pedestal of Yugadideva, i.e., Risabhadeva in the temple of Samavasarana-Many other temples, mostly Jain. Nadlai: Jain temples of the place-The fort-hill called Jaykal sacred to the Jains-Jain temple, within the fort, dedicated to Adinatha-inscription on the seat of the image, dated in V.S. 1686, refers to the installation of the image of Adinatha by Vijayasimhasuri of the Tapagachchla--The temple originally erected by Samprati, (supposed grandson of Asoka), the hero of Jain traditions and legends-A temple dedicated to Neminatha (Jadvaji)-A temple dedicated to Adisvara, originally to Mahavira. Nadol: One of the panchatirthas of the Marwar Jains-Of the Jain temples in Nadol the chief one dedicated to Padmaprabha. Barkana : One of the parichatirthas with the Jains in Marwar and Guzarat-A temple of Parsvanatha-Sculptures in the shrine porch peculiar to Jain mythology. Sanderav : Original seat of the Shanderaka gachchha founded Yasobhadrasuri-The temple of Mahavira. Korta : Temples of Santinatha (14th cent.) Rikhabdeva (Risabhadeva), and Mahavira. Jalor : The topkhana, originally a mosque, built of materials from the Hindu temple Sindhurajesvara, and the Jain temples dedicated to the Tirtharkara Adinatha, Mahavira and Parsvanatha. Two Jain temples and a mosque on the fort. 135 (XVII) Report, do, 1909-1910. Poona, 1910. P. 5. Kekind : Jain temple of about the 15th cent.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 63 P. 7-11. PHOTOS : Nos. 3355-3358.-Jain temple at Mission, Pattadakal. Nos. 3414-3419.--Jain temples in fort, etc., Belgaum. No. 3475.-Temple of Parsvanatha, Bairat. No. 3499.-Jain pillar, Siv-dungar. No. 3548-3550.-Temple of Parsvanatha, etc., Phalodi. No. 3562-3563.-Temple of Parsvanatha, Kekind. P. 11-12. INSCRIPTIONS : No. 2499.-Below Jain images, 10 in number, Badami. No. 2506.-Temple of Parsvanatha, Bairat. Nos. 2509-2513.-On pillars in temple of Jin-mata, Jinmata. No. 2526.-In the temple of Parsvanatha, Kekind. P. 21. Khajaraha : Adinatha temple in possession of Jain community. PROTECTED MONUMENTS : P. 24. Belgaum district : No. 2. Old Jain temple etc., Belgaum Fort, Belgaum. No. 3. Old Jain temple, Belgaum Fort, Belgaum. No. 12. Ratta inscription of Saka 1009 and 1043 in a Jain temple in the village, Konnur, Gokak. No. 14. Ratta inscription dated Saka 1127 in an old Jain basti. Kalloli, Gokak. No. 26. Jain temple of Muktesvara, Wakkund, Sampgaon. Kanara district : No. 8. The Jain basti of Parsvanatha, Bilgi, Siddapur. No. 15. The temple of Vardhamanasvami, Nagarbastikeri or Gersappa, Honavar. Nos. 25, 26. Parsvanatha basti and Santesvara basti, Bhatkal, (Petha). No. 29. Chandranatha Deva basti, Hadvalli, Bhatkal (Petha). Panch Mahals district : No. 2. Ruined Jain temples in the old town of Champaner, Champaner, Halol. P. 39-62. Mirpur Khas : Absurdity in accepting the idols discovered at stupa at the place to be Jain images-Jain images are always nude to the waist, and, in the case of Digambara Jains, nude altogether. . No

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64 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pattadakal : Jain temples. Badami : An important group of Jain caves--Probable retirement of the Rastrakut king Amoghavarsa I (cir. A.D. 850), a devout Jain, to Badami to spend the latter part of his life near the Jain cave of about 200 years old at the time. Junagadh : Buddhist caves of the 2nd or grd century and Jain temples of the 13th century. Bairat : The temple of Parsvanatha, in possession of the Saraogis or Digambara Jains. Amer: Three Saiva temples, originally Jain-Figures of Jinas found carved in parts of Lal-Sah-ka-mandar. Sanganer : The Jain temple called Singhiji-ka-mandar, supposed to be of the uth century-Images of the Tirthankaras in the temple are all nude-It is now a Saraogi temple. Chatsu : A fortified temple on the hill called Sivdungar, originally a Saraogi fane, now appropriated to Siva worship-A Jain chhatri at the northern extremity of the temple enclosure. Jin mata : The temple of Jin-mata, was an image of a Tirthankara near its shrine door. Lohagar: Reference to the origin of the Mahesari, one of the well-known bania classes of Rajputana, in the Itihasa Kalpadruma. Khandela : Objects of antiquity in the place are: (1) the temple of Khandesvara Mahavira, (2) a Saraogi temple, (3) Munji ka-Mandar, and (4) some old wells. Ajmer : An inscription dated 1051 V.E. engraved on the image of a Jina found at Bayana in the Bharatpur State records that the image was under the instructions of Surasena of apparently the VagataSangha by the three brothers, Simhaika, Yasoraja and Nounaika. Phalodi: A temple of Parsvanatha, and another of Brahmanistory about the image of Parsvanatha. Medta: 12 Jain temples. 135 (XVIII) Report, do, 1910-1911. Poona, 1911. P. . Old Jain temples on the Pavagada fort, near Champanir.

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: ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 65 P. 16. PHOTOS: No. 3660.-Sculpture of Nandisvara-dvipa in Jain temple, Rupnagar. No. 3669.-Group of sculptures in Jain temple, Arai. No. 3670.-Torana in same, Arai. No. 3674.-Temple of Parsvanatha, Barlu. No. 3675.-Back view of sikhara of same, Barlu. Nos. 3677-3678.-Jain temple, Unstra. Nos. 3680-3682.- Jain temple, Surpura. Nos. 3683-3684.-Jain temple, Nadsar. No. 3688.-Temple of Rikhabdevji. No. 3699.- Jain sculpture, Khed. P. 18. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 2557-2558.-On pillars in Jain temple, Surpura. No. 2559.-Near the shrine-door of Jain temple, Nadsar. Nos. 2563-2564.-On beams of Jain temple, Jasol. Nos. 2566-2571.- Temple of Rikhabdevji, Nagar. Nos. 2572-2573.- Temples of Parsvanatha and Santinatha, Nagar. P. 28. Chota Kailasa, a cave temple of Western India, is a Jain structure. : Pp. 36-45. Kekind: A Jain temple of Parsvanatha, originally dedicated to Vidi-Image of the Tirthankara is dated Sam. 1230. Rupnagar : Sculptures of Nandisvaradvipa in a Saraogi templeThree inscribed memorial pillars. : Nosal : Temple of Anandi Mata. She is the tutelary goddess of Lavadiyas, a khamp of the Khandelval Saraogis and of the Chitalangiyas, a Khamp of the Mahesaris. Arai, or Arami: Discovery of old Jain sculptures of about the 12th century, belonging to the Digambara sect. 135(XIX) Report, do, 1911-1912. Poona, 1912. P. 3. Yati or Jain priest at Mandal in Mevar, in possession of unique portraits of Col. James Tod, the famous Historian of Rajputana.

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66 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 11-15, 57-58. Pavagadh : A hill sacred to both the Hindus and the Jains-A number of Jain temples on the plateau surrounding the peak-A group of Jain cells-Temples dedicated to Chandraprabha and SuparsvaThe Jains notorious for painting and whitewashing their temples. Tankai : Brahmanical, and interesting and elaborately carved Jain caves--The Jain divinity Amba converted into a Hindu goddess. P. 23. PHOTO: No. 3754.-Jain temple in Bavan Deri, Champanir. P. 31. ACQUISITIONS : Junagadh Museum.-One broken head of a Jain idol found from Uparkot or Girnar etc. Rajputana Museum, Ajmer.-(1) Barli inscription of the 3rd ceentury B.C. The words "Viraya Bhagavatse)" are contained in it, and thus it is certain that it originally belonged to some Jain temple, (2) Images of Santinatha, Adinatha, etc. P. 37. Jain temples at Ghori-Three Jain temples at BhodesarA Jain temple at Virawah. Pp. 42-43. CONSERVATION : Inscription slabs in Ankusesvara temple, in the Jain basti, etc., -Saundatti, Parasgad, Belgaum. Temple of Parsvanatha-Bilgi, Siddapur, Kanara. Chaturmukha basti, Jain temple, Namesvarasvami temple-Nagar. bastikeri, Karwar, Kanara. Pp. 53-56. Barlu : A Jain temple dedicated to Parsvanatha. Unstra : A ruined Jain temple, probably of the 13th century. Surpura : An image of a tirthankara in the centre of the shrinedoor of the temple of Mata, originally dedicated to Neminatha. Nadsar : An unusual Jain temple reminding one of a Muham madan mosque. Jasol : A Hindu temple and a Jain one, called Dada-Deva. Nagar : Three Jain temples-(1) one dedicated to Nakoda Parsvanatha, built by the Panch, (2) one to Risabhadeva, built by a woman called Lasibai of the Osval caste, (3) and another to Santinatha by Malasah Seth of the Patwa family from Jaselmer. Khed: Trace of a Jain monument,

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 13$ (XX) Report, do, 1912-1913. Poona, 1913. Pp. 5, 30. Two broken fain images found in excavation work in connection with the drainage work in the Kasba Peth of the Poona city-Muhammadan devastation of the Jain temples containing the images along with the Hindu temples of Punesvara and Narayanesvara, converted into dargahs. Pp. 19-20. PHOTOS: No. 3862.-Rajputana Museum, sculptures of Parsvanatha, siva and Lokulisa-Ajmer. Nos. 3902-3903.- Jain temple, Kohala. P. 26. ACQUISITIONS : Watson Museum, Rajkot.-Paliasan (seat for an idol) with the letters grotere maita etc., etc., (Pallival Jnatiya). P. 35. PROTECTED MONUMENTS (Bijapur district) : The Jain and Vaisnava caves, Badami-The Jain temple of Meguti Aihole, Hungund-The twow storied Jain temple and cave on hill under Meguti, Aihole, Hungund. P. 41. CONSERVATION : Jain and Namesvara Svami temples, Nagarbastikeri, Honavar, Kanara-Parsvanatha Basti, Bilgi, Siddapur, Kanara. P. 47. CONSERVATION (Rajputana) : Dilwara Jain temples on Mount Abu-Adinatha's temple-Vastupala's temple. Pp. 49-50. INSCRIPTION Reports : Jain temple at Gori-Three Jain temples at Bhodesar-Temple at Virawah. P. 52. WORK proposed : Repairing the roofing of the Jain temple, Deogaon, Belgaum, etc. Pp. 55-57. Mori : Supposed Jain temples-Close resemblance of the image of Lakulisa, the last incarnation of Siva, to that of a tirthankara. Kohala : Two Jain temples popularly known as Sas-Vau.

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68 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY . 135 (XXI) Report, do, 1913-1914. Poona, 1914. P. 9. CONSERVATION (Hyderabad) : The famous caves of Ellora-a group in one place, of the Buddhist, Brahmaninal and Jain sects. P. 21. PHOTOS : No. 4181.- Jain temple, Pattadkal. P. 22. INSCRIPTIONS : No. 2643.-On a stone near Jain temple, Baro. P. 33. MONUMENTS PROTECTED: The Jain temple included in the Mission area about th of a mile from the village on the west, Pattadkal, Badami. P. 35. AGREEMENTS made with owners : Old Jain temple in Fort, Hangal - The Jain basti and Maskin Bhavi, Lakkundi-Parsvanatha basti, Bhatkal-Santesvara basti, Bhatkal-Chandranatha Deva basti, Bhatkal. P. 38. CONSERVATION : Jain temple, Degam, Sampgaon, Belgaum. P. 50. Eastern Nara.-Jain temple at Gori, built in Samvat 1432 (A.D. 1375-76)-Jain temples at Bhodesar-Temple at Virawah, said to have been founded in A.D. 456 by Jeso Parmaro of Barmer. Pp. 60-63 Bhilsa : A Tah-Khanah, a chamber supported on pillars original. ly belonging to a Hindu or Jain temple. Gyaraspur : Temple of Bajramath figures of tirthankaras in its shrines- Probability of the Jains having brought materials from Hindu temples to form the triple-shrined temple for installing images of their tirthankaras-Temple of Malade-an image of a tirthankara in its sanctum, and other nude images and a colossal figure of a standing Jina. 135/XXII Report, do, 1914-1915. Bombay, 1915. P. 4. Reference to a beautiful old wood-carving of Vadi Parsvanatha temple at Pattan in the Kadi division, Baroda State.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 69 P. 7. Devki-Vansol : Excavation of the ruins of a Jain temple at this village. Pp. 10-14. Bodesar : Four Jain temples, and comment on their repairs. Mount Abu : Dilwara temples, and comment on their repairs. Pp. 22-24. PHOTOS : Nos. 4229-4230.-Jain temple (Balabhai Nathubhai). Ahmadabad. Nos. 4231-4232.-Jain temples, Ahmadabad. No. 4338.-Parsvanatha temple Achalgad, Sirohi State. P. 27. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 2716-2717.-On slabs in the Parsvanatha basti. Pp. 33-35. ACQUISITIONS : Watson Museum, Rajkot.-16 inscriptions from the Jain temples of the Satrunjaya hill near Palitana, etc Rajputana Museum, Ajmer.-9 dated Jain images-3 dated Jain images of Adinatha, Sumatinatha and Parsvanatha-Fragment of a small Digambara Jain image--Fragment of an inscribed Digambara Jain image--Part of an inscribed Digambara Jain image of Chandra-. prabhu-Inscribed Jain images of Sumatinatha and Sreyamsanatha-3 Digambara Jain images, two bearing inscriptions and one withoutAn inscription dated Sam. 1157, of the time of Parmara Prince Chamundaraja, and found in a lain temple at Arthuna-Etc. Pp. 41-44. PROTECTED MONUMENTS : Jain cave, Tringalvadi, Igatpuri. Jain temple of Meguti, Aiholli, Hungund. Two-storied Jain temple, etc., Aiholli, Hungund. Mena Basti. (Jain cave), Aiholli, Hungund. Large Jain images, Adargunchi, Hubli. P. 45. AGREEMENTS made with owners : Ratta inscription in a Jain temple in the village of Konnur. Two Jain temples at Belgaum. P. 50. Repairs to the Dharmanathesvara temple, Indore. P. 69. Probability of change of faith of the Kadamba king Harivarman from Jain to Brahmanical sometime between the 5th and 8th years of his reign.

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20 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 6-80. CONSERVATION COMMENTARY : Jain temples at Dilwara, Mount Abu, Sirohi State: The Vimala Sa temple-The upper temple of Vastupala-Tejapala. The monuments at Achalgadh: A Jain temple of ParsvanathaIsolated portions of an original Jain temple. 135 (XXW) Report, do, 1915-1916. Bombay, 1916. P. 4. Reference to the restoration of the Jain tower on Chitorgarh or Chhota Kirtham. P. 25. ACQUISITIONS : Watson Museum, Rajkot.-A manuscript of sraddha-Dinakritya by Jain Acharya Devendra Suri, pages 1-7, complete-etc. P. 28. PROTECTED MONUMENTS: Large Jain image, Adargunchi, Hubli, Dharwar District-etc. Pp. 3o 31. AGREEMENTS EXECUTED: Dharwar: Jain temple at Lakkundi, Gadag toluq, etc. Belgaum : Jain temple of Muktesvara at Wakkund, Sampgaon taluq-Two dated inscriptions in the old Jain temple at Saundatti, Parasgad taluq-An old and typical Jain temple in the jungle with fine carving at Nundgad, Khanapur taluq etc. Kanara : Parsvanathesvara basti and santesvara basti at Bhat. kal in the same Peta-Chandranatha Deva basti at Hadvalli, Peta Bhat. kal, etc. P. 42. INSCRIPTION REPORTS: Eastern Nara-Jain temple at Gori-Two Jain temples at Bhode. sar-Temple at Virawah--etc. P. 47. WORKS PROPOSED : Jain temple in Missionary compound, Pattadkal, Bijapur district. P. 69. CONSERVATION COMMENT : The great image of Risabha, known as "Bavan Gaj" at Barwani, Central India. 135 (XXIV) Report, do, 1916-1917. Bombay, 1917. Pp. 14-16. PHOTOS:

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS No. 4529.- Jain temples, etc., Taranga hill, Mahi-Kantha. No. 4583.-Temple of Rikhabadev, etc., Kolar, Sirohi State. No. 4584.-Temple of Mahavira, etc., Paladi, Sirohi State. No. 4585.-Temple of Parsvanatha, etc., Uthaman, Sirohi State. No. 4596.-Temple of Neminatha etc., Jiraval, Sirohi State. Pp. 17-18. INSCRIPTIONS : Nos. 2740-2741.-On pillar etc. of the temple of Sambhavanatha, Kojra. No. 2744-On the lintel of the Jain temple, Balda. Nos. 2745-2751.-On pillars, etc. of the temple of Mahavira, Paladi. Nos. 2752 2754.-On pillars, etc., of the temple of Santinatha, Vagir. Nos. 8755-2756.- Temple of Parsvanatha, near the image in shrine and on the lintel of shrine doorway, Uthman. Nos. 2778-2780.--Temple of Neminatha, on a jamb, etc., Jiraval. Nos. 2788-2791.-Temple of Mahavira, on a pillar, etc., Varman. P. 33. CONSERVATION : Jain temple in the Mission compound, Pattadkal, Badarai, Bija pur. P. 44. INSCRIPTION REPORTS: Eastern Nara.-Jain temple at Gori-Jain temples at BodeswarTemple at Virawah. P. 46. WORKS PROPOSED (Special repairs) : Jain temple in the Commissariat store-yard, Belgaum. Pp. 55-57. CONSERVTION COMMENT: Badami : Sureli temple (Jain). Dilwara (Abu): Vimala Sa's temple-Tejpala's temple. Pp. 59-72. EXPLORATION: Or (Ur of maps): Jain temple, now dedicated to ParsvanathaIts former dedication was to Mahavira. . Nitora: The shrine of Surya and the temple of Parsvanatha. Kojra: The Jain temple dedicated to Sambhavarratha. Bamanvarji: A temple dedicated to Mahavira, called Bamanvarji, belonging probably to the 14th or 15th century-A Siva linga in this sanctum dedicated to fain worship.

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72 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Balda: A Jain temple of the 14th or 15th century-The shrine contains an image of Mahavira installed in V. 1697. Kolar Temple of Adinatha-Images bearing dedicatory inscriptions, 18th or 19th century of the Vikrama era-Pictorial representation of a legend, probably from the life of a Jain tirthankara. Paladi: Temple of Mahavira-Images of tirthankaras-A Chahamana inscription recording the gradual encroachment of the Chahamanas of Marvar into the territory of the Paramaras of Abu in the beginning of the 13th century A.D. Vagin Two Jain temples, one consecrated to Adinatha and the other to Santinatha. Uthaman : A Jain temple with an inscription. Las: Two Jain temples. Kalandri A Jain temple at Javal dedicated to Mahavira, of perhaps the 14th century. Udrat: Discovery of an image of a tirthankara, showing evidence of the existence of a Jain temple in the place. Jiraval: A Jain temple with inscriptions of the 14th centurycontains an image of Neminatha-The temple was originally consecrated to Parsvanatha. Varman: A Jain temple dedicated to Mahavira. 135 (XXV) Report, do, 1917-1918, Bombay, 1918. Pp. 7-8, 26. CONSERVATION: Kolhapur Group of Jain temples now appropriated by Hindu gods. Dilwara Temple of Adinatha and Vastupala-Tejapala. P. 12. DRAWINGS: Nos. 1394-1395.-Plan of Jain temples, Nos. 1 and 2, Belgaum. P. 13. PHOTOS: No. 4693.-Jain images (broken) near Rama temple, Panala, Kolhapur State. P. 20. AGREEMENTS: Jain temple at Adhargunchi, Hubli, Dharwar. P. 22. CONSERVATION: :

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 3 Jain temple in the Mission compound, Pattadkal, Badami, Bija pur. Pp. 28-31. INSPECTION REPORTS : Bijapur (Bagalkot Subdivision): Jain temple in the Missionary compound at Pattadkal. Kanara: Chaturmukh basti in Nagarbastikeri or Gersappa-Vardhamana Svami temple, Gersappa, and z inscription stones in it-Virabhadra temple, Nagarbastikeri, Gersappa. Nasrat Canals : Jain temple at Gori, built in Sam. 1432 (137576 A.D.)-- Jain temples at Bhodesar. P. 33. WORKS PROPOSED : No. 11.- Jain temples in the Fort, Belgaum. 135 (XXVI) Report, do, 1918-1919. Bombay, 1920. P. 18. PHOTOS : No. 4863.--Jain temple, Gwalior. No. 4873.-Jain images in front of old fort, Jaso, Baghelkhand. *P. 22. ACQUISITIONS : Rajputana Museum, Ajmer.--Head of a marble Jain image found in the enclosure of the Adhai-din ki Jhonpuri at Ajmer. P. 26. PROTECTED MONUMENTS : No. 35.-Old Jain temple in fort, Hangal, Dharwar. Pp. 29-31. CONSERVATION : No. 2.-Old Jain temples outside Commissariat Store yard, Belgaum. No. 3.-Old Jain temple in the corner of Commissariat Store yard, Belgaum. No. 4:-Jain temple behind the German prisoner's mess, Belgaum. No. 9.- Jain temple in the Missionaries' compound at Pattadkal, Badami, Bijapur. No. 37-Jain basti temple at Lakundi, Gadag, Dharwar. No. 56.- Jain temple at Gersappa, Honawar, Kanara. No. 57.-Vardhamana Svami temple at Gersappa, Honawar, Kanara. 10

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74 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 58.-Virabhadra temple at Gersappa, Honawar, Kanara. P. 38. INSPECTION REPORT: Indus left bank division-Jain temple at Gori-Jain temple at Bodeswar-Temple at Virawah. P. 46-47. Fort of Umarkot: A fragment of a Sanskrit inscription, dated Sam. 1563 (1506 A.D.), bearing names of Thakkura Shetasimha (Kshetra-Simha) and tirthankara Ajitanatha. Pp. 60-64. EXPLORATIONS: Jaso, Baghelkhand: Jain images. Sohagpur Jain images showing existence of Jain temples. Un Two divisions of the temples at Un-(1) the Hindu temples, and (2) the Jain temples-Jain images discovered near the Chaubara Dera, a medieval Hindu temple-Erection of one of the images by Ratanakirti (Ratnakirtti), a Jain acharya-A large Jain temple also called Chaubara Dera-In its sanctum stand two Digambara Jain images, one of which is dated in V.S. 13 (? 24)-Another Jain temple, called Goalesvara, containing three huge Digambara Jain imagesReference to the huge image of Risabhadeva at Khajaraha and Girnar. ILLUSTRATIONS: Plate 14. Jain images in front of old palace, Jaso. 135(XXVII) Report, do, 1919,1920. Bombay, 1921. P. 20. DRAWINGS: Nos. 1451-1452.-Plan of two Jain temples, Kohala. No. 1455.-Plans of Bada Jain Mandir, Sandhara. No. 1456.-Plan of Chhota Jain Mandir, Sandhara. No. 1458.-Jain Mandir of Tamboli Sandhara. Pp. 20-23. PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 4927.-Metal Jain image and doorway of shrine, in Barton Museum, Bhavnagar. No. 4928.-Jain stele, in Barton Museum, Bhavanagar. No. 4929.-Jain Visva-Chakra on a stone slab, in Barton Museum, Bhavnagar. Nos. 4991-4992.-Jain temples, Pavagarh, Panch Mahal. Nos. 4993.-Ruined Jain temple, Pavagarh, Panch Mahal. n

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 75 75 No. 5038.-Ukha Mandir, broken Jain image in courtyard, Bayana, Bharatpur. No. 5067.-Large Jain image, Bhanpura, Indore. Nos. 5085-5088.-Jain temples, Kethuli, Indore. Nos. 5089-5090.- Jain temples, Kohala, Indore. Nos. 3099-6101.-Jain temple, Kukdeswar, Indore. No. 5108.- Jain temple, Mori, Indore. Nos. 5110-5111.-Jain temple, Mori, Indore. Nos. 5125-5128.-Bada Jain temple, Sandhara, Indore. Nos. 5129-5130.--Chota Jain temple, Sandhara, Indore. No. 5137.- Jain temple, Vanadia, Indore. Nos. 5142-5145.---Jain temple, Vaikheda, Jaora. P. 33. ACQUISITION : Rajputana Museum, Ajmer : A Digambara Jain image of Santideva,, Budha Peshkar. Pp. 39-41. CONSERVATION : No. 2.-Old Jain temple outside commissariat storeyard, Bel. gaum. No. 3.-Old Jain temple in corner of the commissariat storeyard, Belgaum. No. 4.-Jain temple behind the German prisoner's mess, Belgaum. No. 54.- Jain basti, Lakundi, Gadag, Dharwar. No. No. 65.-Temple of Vardhamana Svami, Nagarbastikeri or Gersappa, Honnavar, Kanara. No. 72.-Vardhamana Svami to the south of King's seat, Sonda, Sirsi, Kanara. Pp. 75-109. EXPLORATION : Sholapur (temple of Mallikarjuna) : Small chambers for storing manuscripts or utensils made of precious metals. Bhatkal : Temples of the place adapted from the types of the Jain bastis at Mudabidri-Two principal Jain temples :-(1) Jattapa Naik Chandranathesvara basti, and (2) Paravanathesvara basti-The Bhatkal temples built in the 16th century by the Chiefs of Sonda or Sundha.

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76 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Kothadi, or Kothri : The Jain temple known as JainabhanjanaJavaresvara-Rama, probably of the 14th century. Pura Gilana : At one time in possession of an ancient Jain temple of the 11th or 12th century-One door-jamb of the temple and some Jain images are left at present. Kohala : Two Jain temples known as Sasbahu-ki-mandir erected sometime in the 16th or 17th century-Images of Mahavira, Vardhamana and two other images of Parsvanatha in one of the temples-The other temple used for worship. Champur: A colossal figure of a Jain Tirthankara, a Digambara image. Pandhara : Jain temple called Tamboli-ka mandir-Temple of Adinatha--Both temples belong to the Digambaras-Another Jain temple dedicated to Adinatha also belongs to the Digambaras. Kethuli, or Ketholi: A Jain temple-The mandapa of this temple is a well-filled museum of Jain iconography-Figures of Mahavira and standing Digambara Jinas-In the sanctum are Jain images which belong to the Digambara sect-Image of Parsvanatha, the presiding . deity of the temple. Kukdesvar: Temple of Parsvanatha-Several modern Jain figures in the interior of the sanctum. Jharda : Two images of female Jain deities under a tree inside the village. Depalpur : A huge Jain temple, in the village of Vanadiya, built during the reign of the Khilji Sultans of Malwa-The image of Adinatha, dedicated in V.E. 1548- (1492-93 A.D.) the principal figure in the temple. Vaikheda : A mediaeval Jain temple, now dedicated to the worship of Parsvanatha-A stone door-frame belonging to a Jain temple -A figurine of a seated Jina-An inscription in characters of the 12th century A.D. recording the name of the merchant Ramade ea, the illustrious Gani of the Srimala sect-Figure of a seated Jina in meditation on a throne,

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 77 Temple of Pataini Devi : The lintel bears three niches each containing the figure of a Jina--A mediaeval image of a female deity with figures of Jinas. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: Plate No. 11.-Porch of Jain temple No. 2, Kohala. Plate No. 12.-Door of Jain temple, No. 1, Kohala. Plate No. 14.-Door of shrine, Bada Jain temple, Sandhara. No. 15.--Bas-relief on lintels, Bada Jain temple, Sandhara. No. 16.-Pillar, Tamboli's temple, Sandhara. No. 17.-Jain temples nos. 1, 10, 11, Kethuli. No. 18.-Gateway of Jain temple, No. 11, Kethuli. No. 19.- Jain temple, Mori ; Door of Jain temple, Mori. No. 20.-- Jain temple, Kukdesvara. No. 22.- Jain colossus near Bhanpura. No. 29.-Panel of Jain temple No. 1, Kethuli. No. 24.-Door of Jain temple, Vaikheda ; Jain temple, Vanedia. No. 26.- Temple of Pataini Devi, Mohar. 135 (XXVIII) Report, do, 1920-1921. Bombay, 1922. P. 2, 116.--Discovery of Jain images during the excavation of the plinth of a house at Naroli, Bharatpur State. P. 16 19. PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 5187-Jain temple, Ghotan, Ahmednagar. Nos. 5238-5239.-- Jain temple converted into Hindu temple, Hallur, Bijapur. Nos. 5245-5377.-Jain images, Bayana, Bharatpur. Nos. 5432-5433.-Jain image lying on hill, Bijawara, Indore State. P. 27. ACQUISITIONS : Rajputana Museum, Ajmer :-A pillar with four-seated Jain images on its four sides-A pedestal of Jain image. P. 42.-INSPECTION REPORT: Iudus left bank divisionJain temple at Gori. P. 47. WORKS PROPOSED : No. 140.-Repairs to the old Jain temples, Deogaon, Belgaum. No. 169.-Repairs to the Jain basti, Lakundi, Dharwar.

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78 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 65-123. EXPLORATION : Ahmedabad : Pillars and carved stones, in the compound wall of the tomb of Malik Shaban at Rakhiyal, taken from some Jain or Hindu temples. Ghotan : Temple of Bali, probably Jain, appropriated later on to the use of Hindu deities. Sohagpur : Jain images in the Thakur's gadhi. Bijawada : Ruins of a very large Jain temple, probably erected during the roth or with century A.D. at Bandarpekhna hills-Its foundations dug up to provide materials for a new Saiva temple-The ruins consists of slabs of stones and three Digambara images-Vijesvara temple entirely built of stones obtained from the ruins of the Jain temple-Images of the Digambara sect built into the walls of the temple. Rajor : The garbhagriha of an ancient temple containing a Jain image and an image of Visnu or Surya. Sundarsi : Temples containing many fragments of Saiva and Jain images. Bihar : Hindu or Jain materials used in the erection of a masjid during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I of Malwa in 844 A.H. (1440 A.D. Kotra : Reference to a headless Jain image in the Gazetteer of Rajgadh. Naroli; Ten inscribed Jain images discovered, all dedicated on the same date V.S. 1193 (A.D. 1130). Hallur : An old Jain temple, locally called "Melgudi", and worshipped as a saiva temple for sometime, probably built during the time when the Digambara Jains were inhabiting the place in about with century A.D. Velapur : A Jain temple of Chalukya type, dedicated to Parsvanatha, in the centre of the village known as Sarkarwada. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: No. 8 (b) Jain temple, Hallur. No. 28 (a) Jain colossus, Bijawad. No. 33 (a) Jain image from Naroli.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 79 136(1) Annual Report of the Provincial Museum Committee, Lucknow, for the year ending 31st March, 1890. Pp. 3-4. Excavations of the great Jain temples buried under the Kankali Tila at Mathura-Discovery to the east of the large Svetambara temple, of a brick stupa, and to the west, of another large temple belonging to the Digambara sect-Yielding of 80 images of Jain Tirthankaras --Reference to some inscriptions proving the correctness of the Jain tradition with respect to the early existence of six divisions of monks, not traced before-These inscriptions settle the antiquity of the doctrine allowing women to become ascetics, as recorded in the Svetambara scriptures. 136 (II) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March, 1891. P. 4. The Jains of the Indo-Scythic period at Mathura used for their sculptures materials from an older temple-There was a Jain temple in Mathura before B. C. 150. In Samvat 78 was set up a statue of Tirthankara Aranatha. Reference to a donative inscription, dated Samvat 1080, proving that some ancient temples were used by the Jains during the greater part of the eleventh century. 136 (MI) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March, 1892. P. 3. An erect Digambara statue of Jina Aranatha, found in one of the old disused stone quarries on the left of the road running beneath the Naubat-khana, the first recorded instance of a Jain statue ever having been found at Fatehpur-Sikri and it is open to conjecture how an image belonging to this sect came there. 136 (IV) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March, 1895. P. 3. A beautiful sculptured image of Mahaviranatha, the 24th Tirthankara of the Jains, dated Samvat 1238 or A.D. 1180.

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80 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 136 (V) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March, 1914. P. 2. Three Jain figures-one representing Neminatha and the other Parsvanatha; the third is of a standing nude Jina without a symbol. 136 (VI) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March, 1915. P. 3. Two statues in alabaster or black marble representing Suvidhinatha and Neminatha, the 9th and 22nd Tirthankaras of the Jains-Both standing nude and flanked by a chowrie-bearer-Their respective symbols of a crab and a conch-shell on the pedestals which bear short votive inscriptions in Sanskrit language and Devanagari characters according to which the images were consecrated in V.S. 1208 (A.D. 1151) on Thursday, the 5th day of the bright half of Asadha. 136 (VII) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March, 1922. Allahabad, 1922. P. 3. Reference to a brass statuette representing a Yakshi () of the Jain pantheon with a child on her left arm and seated in an easy posture over a standing lion. Reference to a brass statuette of Parsvanatha seated in meditation under the canopy of a seven-headed cobra. The date of it's consecration is Samvat 1471 Sravana. 137 (1) Report of the Archeological Survey to the Government of Madras, Bangalore, 21st May, 1891; No 210. Pp. 1, 3. At village Jayankondacholapuram in the Udaiyar. palaiyam taluk of the Trichinopoly district, sketches of Jain images made as available at the village and notes taken of the traditional history-Two Jain images known as Ammanasvami (or, "naked God") -Vellalas once Jains, persecuted by Brahmanas-Their escape from the hands of the latter in disguise as cowherds.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 181 137 (I Report, do, dated Bangalore, 24th June, 1897, No. 103. P. 1. Kistna district, Gudivada : Sketches made of the fine Jain image in the temple-A monolithic pillar with four Jain figures group ed around, and a triple umbrella over each. P. 2. Coimbatore district, Erode taluq, Vijayamangalam : A Jain temple in the village. P. 3. A curious Jain column discovered at Bezwada. P. 4. DRAWINGS : No. 1285| Ceiling panels in a Jain temple, Vijayamangalam, Erode taluq, Coimbatore district. Pp. 5-6. Repalle taluq, Buddhani and Peravali: Jain dibba in the villages. 137 (MI) Report, do, dated Bangalore, 10th May, 1892, No. 210. P. 4. DRAWINGS : No. 1328. Plan and two Jain images, Adipattalagar temple, Magaral, Chingleput district. 137 (IV) Report, do, dated Bangalore, zoth June, 1896, Nos. 757, 758. P. 4. DRAWINGS: No. 1389. Jain figure in the second prakara, Kamaksiamman temple, Conjeeveram. No. 1394. Jain figure on the road to Great Conjeeveram, Ekam. bresvara-svami temple, Conjeeveram. 137 (V) Report, do, dated Bangalore, 23rd June, 1898, No. 140. . P. 2. Tinnevelley district, Kallugumalai, with rock-cuttings on the hill. 137 (VI) Report do, dated Bangalore, ist July, 1899, No. 171. 1

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Extensive Jain sculptures. P. 4. DRAWINGS : Nos. 1406-1410. Jain images on Tinnevelley district. the hill at Kallugumalai, 137 (VII) Report, do, Bangalore, 29th June, 1900, No. 271. P. 6. DRAWINGS : Nos. 364-371. As under Drawings in No. 137 (VI). 137 (VII) a Report, do, Bangalore, 29th June, 1901, No. 258. P. 9. PHOTOGRAPHS : * No. 374. Rock-cut Jain image on the top of the hill at Kallugumalai, Tinnevelley district. 137(VII) b Report, do, Bangalore, 28th June, 1902, No. 215. P. 3. Jain temple at Anjanageri is a noteworthy specimen-Contains a long inscription and some carved Jain sculptures. P. 4. A stone built Jain temple of santinathasvami with a front mandapam of four pillars-Description of the temple and its architecture-The principal image with attending Yaksi and Yaksini-An inscription dated A.D. 1544. P. 15. NOTES ON SURVEY: 1. Field no. 306.-A temple of Jain style completely destroyed. 2. Field no. 413.-A temple in Jain style with thick massive pillars and gopuram. P. 38. Basadi or Basti-A Jain temple. 137 (VII) Annual Report of the Archeological Survey of Madras and Coorg, 1902-03. Madras, 1903. P. 4. Jain image from Vellur.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 83 137(IX) Report, do, Madras and Coorg, 1903-04. Madras, 1904. P. 9. Jain temples, 14th Century: Gangatti temple, near Kamalapur. Group of six Jain temples south of Sri Pampapathi temple. Jain temple, Danavulapad, Proddatur, Cuddapah district. Pp. 26-30. Cuddapah district, Jammalamadugu taluk-Discovery of important Jain statues at Danavulapad on the bank of the Penner river 5 miles below Jammalamadugu. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: (1) Colossal statue of Tirthankara in the shrine of the buried Jain temple, (2) Danavulapad-Ground plan of the buried Jain temple, Danavulapad. P. 36. Jain temple with some fine old brass images at Pennukonda, Anantapur dist. Pp. 38-40. Cuddapah district, Proddatur taluk. Antiquities of Chilamkur-The two temples at the place seem to be survivals of the Jain period. * P. 52. South Arcot district, Tindivanam taluk. Twenty-four Jain figures carved on a hill called "Tirunathar Kunru", near Ginjee. P. 57. Trichinopoly district, Trichinolopoly taluk. Temple at Tiruppallathurai-Two Jain statues buried waist deep, near Pattavaithalai. . P. 58. Trichinopoly district, Perambalur taluk. The square tank at Valikandapuram has a Jain or Buddhist appearance. P. 82. Two underground large sain images near Pattavaithalai. P. 91-92. MONUMENTS SELECTED FOR CONSERVATION. Cuddapah district, Siddhavattum taluk. The old temple of Siddhesvarasvami at Jothi. P. 94. PHOTO: No. 602. A Jain image, Danavulapad. 137 (X) Report, do, Madras and Coorg, 1904-05. Madras, 1905. CONSERVATION :

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 3-4. North Arcot district. The Jain cave temple-Malabar district. The Jain temple at Palghat. P. 15. Ganagitti Jain temple. P. 17. Jain temples at Hampi. Pp. 20-21. Notice of the existence of a Jain temple near Palghat. Pp. 37-38. Cuddapan district. Extent of remains of an old Jain temple discovered at Danavulapad. P. 47. MONUMENTS SELECTED FOR CONSERVATION: No. 2.- The Jain temple at Danavulapad, Cuddapah district. No. 33.-The Jain temple at Guruvayankeri, South Canara district. P. 48. ADDITIONAL LIST OF CONSERVATIONS : No. 52.- The Jain images at Arappakkam, Chingleput district. No. 67.-The Jain figures in the rock at Ginjee, South Arcot district. No. 68.-The Jain temple at Chittamur, South Arcot district. Pp. 51-55. PHOTOS: No. 686.-South-East view of Ganagitti Jain temple, Hampi, Bellary district. No. 687.-North-west view of Ganagitti Jain temple, Hampi, Bellary District. No. 688.-South-east view of dipastambham, Hampi, Bellary District. Nos. 690-92.-East, South-west and North-west views of Jain temple at Hemakutam, Bellary district. Nos. 734-5.-South east view of Buried Jain temple, Danavulapad, Cuddapah Dist. No. 736.-Inscriptions at Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah district. No. 737.-Ornamented sculptures Pani Vattam, Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah dist. No. 738.-Hanuman, Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah district. No. 739.-Sculptures in front of main shrine, Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah district. Nos. 741-2.-Views of two sculptured stones in front of Buried jain temple, Cuddapah district. .

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS No. 743.-Portion of a figure, Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah dis trict. No. 744--Sitting posture of a lion, do. No. 745.-Portion of a Jain Tirthankara, Buried Jain temple Cuddapah dist. dist. 85 No. 746.-Sculptured base, Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah district. Nos. 747 750.-Inscriptions at the Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah Nos. 751-752.-Sculptured pedestal at the Buried Jain temple, Cuddapah District. No. 811.-Ancient tombs of Jain priests in the burial ground at Mudbidri, Mangalore, South Canara District. Nos. 812-814.-South-east view of Hosabasti, Chandranatha Deva Jain temple, do. 137 (XI) Annual Progress Report of the Archeological Survey, Southern Circle, 1905-06. Madras, 1906 P. 3. Excavation, of the buried Jain shrines at Danavulapad. CONSERVATION: P. 9. The Jain temple at Vijayamangalam, Erode taluk, Coimbatore district. P. 10. The Jain sculptures and inscriptions at Vallimalai, Chittoor taluk, North Arcot district-The Jain basti, sculptures in the Raja's palace and tombs of the Jain priests, Mudbidri, Mangalore taluk, South Canara district--A Jain statue known as Gumtesvara Dev, and the Jain basti known as Chaturmukha, Karakal, Udipi taluk, South Canara discrict. 137 (XII) Report, do, 1906-07. Madras, 1907. CONSERVATION: Pp. 19-20. Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Wynud taluk, Malabar district-The old Jain basti, sculptures in the Raja's palace, tombs of Jain priests, and the great stambha Halcangadi, Mudbidri, Mangalore taluk, South Canara district-A Jain temple at Karakal, Udipi taluk, South Canara district,

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86 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 (XIII) Report, do, 1907-08. Madras, 1908. Pp. 10-17. Ganagitti Jain temples-Jain temples on the rock above the Hampi village-The Jain temples at Danavulapad-The Jain temple at Vijayamangalam-The Jain temples at Sultan's Battery. P. 28. CONDITION OF MONUMENTS : No. 151. Group of Jain figures at Kalugumalai, Sankaranayinar Koyel, Tinnevelley district. 137 (XIV) Report, do, 1908-09. Madras, 1909. Pp. 10-11. Jain residence at Ramatirtham near VizianagramExistence of Jain remains on the hills Budhikonda and DurgakondaJain images on the hill Gurubaktakonda. P. 15. Bellary district. Vijayanagar-Groups of six Jain temples on rock south of Sri Pampapati temple. Ganigitti Jain temple near Kamalapur. P. 17. Cuddapah dist. Danavulapad-Jain temple. Coimbatore dist. Erode taluk, Vijayamangalam-Jain temple. P. 18. South Canara district. Mangalore taluk, Mudakodu, the Jain basti. Tombs of Jain priests. Venur, a Jain figure. Udipi taluk, Karkal, a Jain statue known as Gumtesvaradeo. A Jain temple known as Chaturmukha basti. Uppinangadi taluk, Guruvayankerri, the Jain temple and stambha. Malabar district. Wynaad taluk, Sultan's Batttery, Jain temple. P. 20. Trichinopoly district. Jayankondacholapuram, the Jain statues,

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS Pp. 26-33. CONDITIONS OF MONUMENTS : No. 100.- Jain temple at Vijayamangalam, Erode, Coimbatore distt. No. 110.-Jain sculpture & inscription in the hill, Vallimalai, Chitor, North Arcot district. No. 141.-- (1) The old Jain bastis. (2) Sculptured wooden pillars in the Rajah's palace, Krisnagiri, Mangalore, South Canara district. No. 149.-A Jain figure at Venur, Mangalore, South Canara dist. No. 144.- Jain statue Gumtesvaradev at Karkal, Udipi, South Canara district. No. 147.-Jain temple and stambha at Guruvayankerri, Uppanangudi, South Canara district. No. 194.-Jain temple at Tirupaddikunram, Conjeeveram, Chingleput district. No. 281.-Jain cave at Yanamalai, Madras, Madura district No. 308.- Jain statues at Gangaikondacholapuram, Udaiyarpalaiyan, Trichinopoly district. No. 313.-Jain ruins at Mahadanapuram, Kulittalai, Trichinopoli district. No. 336-Group of Jain figures at Kalugumalai, Ottapidaram, Tinnevelley district. P. 39. PHOTOS : No. 1927.-View of the ruined brick shrine of the top of the Bodi. konda, Ramatirtham, Vizagapatam. No. 1930.-View of the natural cave and two Jain statues lying side by side, Ramatirtham, Vizagapatam. P. 42. No. 2009.- View of sculptured panel of seated image from a Kalungula, Pathalapati Trichinopoly. 137 (XV) Report, do, 1909-10. Madras, 1910. P. 5. Jain temples above the Hampi village, Bellary district.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 6. Jain temple on a hill on the north of the Cheppagiri village, Beliary district. P. 19. Trichinopoly district. Virapatti Jain image in a field at Annavasal on the left side of the road from Trichinopoly to Pudukkottai-Vellanur Jain image in a field on the right side of the road. Madura district. Yanamalai Narasimhasvami temple, Jain sculptures. P. 21. Vizagapatam district, Ramatirtham monastery. A Jain image and several carved stones-Supposed occupation of the site by an extensive colony of Jains. P. 38. CONSERVATION : No. 10.-Jain temple opposite Sita Saravar. Hampi, Vijayanagar, Hospet taluk, Bellary district. No. 23.-Repairs to Jain temple, Danavulapad, Jammalamandugu taluk, Cuddapah district. P. 42.-Repairs to Jain statue, Jayankondacholapuram,, Udaiyar. palaiyam, Trichinopoly. CONSERVATION: Pp. 47 48.-Jain temple, 14th century. No. 55. -Group of seven Jain temples on rock south of Sri. pampapathi temple, Vizianagar, Hospet taluk, Bellary district. No. 56. Ganigitti Jain temple near Kamalapur, Vizianagar, Hospet taluk, Bellary district. CONDITION OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS : P. 57. No. 8.- Jain temple, Danavulapad, Jammalamadugu taluk, Cuddapah district. P. 61. No. 3.- Jain temple, Vijayamangalam, Erode taluk, Coimbatore district. P. 64. No. 1.-Jain temples :-(1) The old Jain bastis, (2) Sculptured wooden pillars in Rajah's palace, (3) Tombs of Jain priests, Mudbidri, Mangalore taluk, South Canara district. P. 66. No. 38.-A Jain figure, Venor, Bangalore taluk, South Canara district.

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ARCH., ART$, & MUSEUM REPORTS .89 No. 39.-State of Gumtesvaradev, Karkala, Udipi taluk, South Canara district. No. 40.-Chaturmukha basti, Karkal, Udipi taluk, South Canara district. No. 42.-Jain temple and stambha, Guruvayankeri, Uppinangadi taluk, South Canara district. No. 45.-Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Wynud taluk, Malabar district. P. 67. No. 9.- Jain sculptures and inscriptions, Vallimalai, Chittoore, North Arcot district. P. 74. No. 59.-Jain temple, Tirupaddikunram, Conjeveram taluk, Chingleput district. P. 88. No. 89.- Jain statues, Jayankondacholapuram, Udaiyarpalaiyam, Trichinopoly district. P. 89.- Jain ruins, Mahadhanapuram, Kutillalai taluk, Trichino poly district. P. 93. No. 1.- Jain cave etc., Yanamalai, Madura. P. 98. No. 15.-Rock-cut temple on the hill group of jain figures, Kalugu-Chelamuthu temple, Kalugumalai, Ottapidaram, Tinnevelley district. Pp. 101-111. PHOTOS. No. Description. Village. District. Age 2054 Seated Jain image, Gurubhaktakonda Ramtir Vizaga. Jain tham. patam. 2056 Three sculptured panels, Bodhi Do. Do. Hindu konda. & Jain 2058 Standing Jain image, Durgakonda. Do. Do. Jain 2083 Standing Jain image, Gurubhakta- Do. Do. Do. konda. 2084 Seated Jain image, Gurubhaktakonda. Do. Do. Do. 2085-6 Seated Jain images, Bodhikonda Do. Do. 2088 Standing Jain image from Durgakonda. Do. Do. Do. 2089 Seated Jain image from Durgakonda. Do. Do. 2090 Standing Jain image from Durgakonda. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 2109 Varthamanasvami temple (south-east Tirupati- Chingleview) kunram. put. Do. 2110 Do. (south view) Do. Do. Do. 2111-2 Thriloganathasvami temple (northeast and east view) Do. Do. Do. 2131 Jain image in a garden Annavasal. Padukkotai State. Do. 2132 Jain image in a field * Vellanore Trichinopoly. Do. 2153-4 Jain temple (north east and east view) Ratnagiri Aanantapur Do. 2155 Jain figure Do. Do. Do. 2161 Image of Parsvanathasvani Do. Do. Do. 2162 Image of Padmavati Amman Do. Do. Do. 2198 Jain image Lepakshi Anantapur. Ancient Hindu. 2244 Jain temple * Cheppagiri Bellary. Dravi dian, 137 (XVI) Report, do, 1910-11. Madras, 1911. P. 2. Sultan's Battery, Wynaad-Once occupied by the Jains. P. 3. Kaveripatnam-Once a seat of the Jains. P. 14. The Durga Konda-Remains at the place originally Buddhist, subsequently occupied by the Jains-Existence of several Jain slab images. P. 29. Jain temple, Vijayamangalam-Has special carvings and shows semblance in every respect to Hindu shrines. Pp. 30-31. Jain images from the Jain temple at Sultan's Battery brought down to Calicut-Traditionally the images were smashed by Tippu Sultan, and after his departure the priests collected the fragments and buried them. P. 32. The Jain temple of Chandranatha svami ,Palghat, built by Doddapayappa Bhattar, has figures of Jain Tirthankaras-A finely carved Jain seated image near the temple.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 91 P. 41. Fort Gingee-Rock-sculptures of twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras. P. 44. Brahmapurisvara temple, Shiyali-Sambandhar and decline of Jainism. CONSERVATION : P. 80. No. 114.--Jain temple, Chippagiri, Alur taluk, Bellary dist. No. 118.- Jain temple, Vijayamangalam, Erode taluk, Coimbatore district. P. 82. No. 127.-Ancient Jain temple, Palghat, Palghattaluk, Malabar district. P. 84. No. 154.-Jain sculptures and inscriptions, Vallimalai, Chittoor district. No. 158.-Jain rock-cut caves, etc., Tirumalai, Polur taluk, North Arcot district. P. 86. No. 185.--Old Jain basti, etc., Mudbidri, Mangalore taluk, South Canara district. No. 186.-Jain statue and three bastis, Venur, Mangalore taluk, South Canara district. No. 187.-Gumtesvara Devi, Karkal, Udipi taluk, South Canara district. No. 188.-Chandramukha basti, Karkal, Udipi taluk, South Canara district. No. 190.-- Jain temple, Guruvayankeri, Uppinangadi taluk, South Canara district. P. 94. No. 239.- Jain images, Arapakam, Chingleput taluk, Chingleput district. P. 96. No. 264.-Jain temple, Triparatikunram, Conjeeveram taluk, Chingleput district. P. 102. No. 299.-Jain image in Annavasal, Virupatty, Trichinopoly taluk, Trichinopoly district. No. 300.- Jain image, Vellanoor, Trichinopoly taluk, Trichinopoly district. No. 306.- Jain statues, Jayankondasholapuram, Udaiyarpalayam taluk, Trichinopoly district. P. 106. No. 329.- Jain cave inscriptions, Yanamalai, Madura taluk, Madura district.

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92 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 108. No. 349.-- Jain sculpture, Kuppulanatham, Tirumangalam taluk, Madura district. P. 118. No. 416.--Jain temple, south of Pampapathi temple, Hampi, Hospet taluk, Bellary district. PHOTOS: No. Description. Village District. Age. P. 120 2275 Jain images Sultan's Battery Malabar Jain 2276-7 Jain figures Do. Do. Do. 2279 Jain temple Palghat Do. Do. 2280 Images & Naga stones in the Jain temple Do. Do. Do. P. 123 2340 23 Tirthankaras at Tirunathankannu Gingee South Arcot Do. 137(XVII) Report, do, 1911-12. Madras, 1912. P. 6. Periapatnam-Discovery of Jain sculptures buried in certain parts of the place. Bezwada Museum-Jain sculptures in the compound of the building P. 31. CONSERVATION : Jain statues Jayangondasholapuram, Udayarpalayam taluk. P. 49. PHOTO: No. 2820.-Rock-cut Jain sculptures in the Fort, Rayadrug, Bellary district. 137 (XVIII) Report, do, 1912-13. Madras, 1913. P. 7. PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES: No. Jain Art and Architecture. C-1 A group of Jain temples. Hampi, Bellary dist. C-2 A Jain image (sitting posture), Villivakkam, Chingleput dist. C-3 A Jain image Do Bezwada Museum, Kistna dist. C-4 Rock-cut Jain sculptures in the fort, Rayadrug, Bellary dist. Stone pillars with sculptures on all four sides, Bezwada, Kistna dist. C-5

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS C-6 Fragments of Jain images discovered near the Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Malabar dist. Foot & armless Jain figure discovered near the Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Malabar dist. Another view of Jain figure discovered near the Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Malabar dist. C-9 South-east view of the Jain temple, Palghat, Malabar dist. C-10 Images & Naga stones in the Jain temple, Palghat, Malabar dist. G11 The 24 Tirthankaras near the Fort, Gingee, South Arcot dist. CONSERVATION: C-7 C-8 P. 29. No. 38.-Jain temples south of Pampapathi temple, Hampi, Hospet taluk, Bellary district. P. 42. Bellary district, Rayadrug taluk. Rayadrug-Jain antiquities, known locally as "Rosa Siddha's 93 hermitage". P. 46. Bellary district, Hospet taluk. Ganagitti temple, a Jain structure. P. 52. ANCIENT MONUMENTS: 1. Group of small Jain temples, south of Pampapati temple. 25. Jain temple on hill side. P. 58. Anantapur district, Kalyandrug taluk. Kambaduru-Two deserted Jain temples and a variety of objects having Jain influence. 137 (XIX) Report, do, 1913-14. Madras, 1914. New monuments included in the standard list of ancient monu ments. P. 4-6. Group of small Jain temples, South of Pampapati temple at Hampi, Hospet, Bellary dist. Jain temple on hill side at Hampi, Hospet, Bellary dist. Twenty-four Jain figures, etc., at Sirukadambur, Gingee, South Arcot dist. Jain statues, etc., at Mettuppatti, Nilakottai, Madura dist. Jain statues, etc., at Kolikkudi, Madura, Madura dist.

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94 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Jain statues, etc., at Kilvalavu, Melur, Madura dist. Jain sculptures, etc., at Uttamapalayam, Periakulam, Madura dist. MONUMENTS DELETED FROM THE LIST OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS. P. 8. Jain temple, Chippagiri, Alur, Bellary. P. 11-13. PHOTO NEGATIVES: C. 34. Different views of Chandranatha, Nemisvara, Chaturmukha Santesvara, Gummatesvara & Jain temples, etc., at Mudabidri, Karkal, Venur, Guruvayankeri, South Canara dist. 1. 28. Landscape view from near Gummatesvara Jain temple, Venur, South Canara. CONSERVATION : Pp. 28, 33. No. 80-- Jain temple, Vijaimangalam, Erode taluk, Coimbatore dist. P. 39-41. South Canara district : Mudabidri : Great Chandranatha temple, old Jain tombs, and the Choutar's palace. Karkal: Colossal Jain statue known locally as Gumta Raj, Chaturmukha temple and the Great stambha at Hateangadi. Venur: Statue of Gommatesvara or Gumta Raya, and Sante svara temple. Guruvayankeri : Two Jain temples dedicated to Santisvara and and Chandranatha and a Jain manastambha. Mangalore : Mangala Devi temple, built in a style peculiar to both Jain and Hindu temples on the West coast. 137 (XX) Report, do, 1914-15. Madras, 1915. P. 2. TREASURE TROVE : No. 8. A stone Jain image, etc., Molagavalli, Alur taluk, Bellary district. P. 6. Jain antiquities discovered in the Ramnad and Madura districts. P. 8. PHOTO NEGATIVE:

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 95 No. C. 97.-Stone image of a Jain saint, Hulibidu, Bellary district. ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PROPOSED TO BE UNDERTAKEN: Pp. 14-15. No. 43.-- Jain temple, Vijayamangalam, Coimbatore district. No. 66.- Jain temple, Tirumalai, North Arcot district. Pp. 22-24. CONSERVATION : No. 57.- Jain temple on Hemakutam rock, Tambrahalli, Hospet taluk, Bellary district. No. 65.- Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Wynaad taluk, Malabar district. No. 68.-Tombs of the Jain priests, Mudabidri, Karkal taluk, South Canara district. No. 69.-Gumtaraya statue, Karkal taluk, South Canara district. No. 71.-Jain temple, Vijayamangalam, Erode taluk, Coimbatore district. P. 37.-Worship of snakes among the Jains of Southern IndiaGroup of Naga-kals found in Jain temples in South Canara-Custom of offering snake stones among the Jains in South Canara. No. 80. Jain temple, Vijiamangalam, Erode taluk, Coimbatore district. No. 146. Jain temple, Tirumalai, Polur taluk, North Arcot dist. 137(XXI) Report, do, 1916-17. Madras, 1917. P. 6. PHOTO NEGATIVES : No. C. 98.--Jain temple on a rock near the river, Hampi, Bellary dist. No. C. 99.-Ganagitti Jain temple, Hampi, Bellary district. No. C. 100-Jain figures in the village, Vengunram, North Arcot dist. No. C. 101. Do. Do. No. C. 102. Do. Do. No. C. 103.-Boulder with Jain figures, Tirrakkol, Do. P. 31. Barabar shrines hewn during Asoka's reign either by the Jains or Buddhists,

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96 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 37-38. Antiquities in Coorg. Jain temples discovered at Mulur-Three stone built Tain temples at Mulur in Nanjarajpatna. ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PROPOSED TO BE UNDERTAKEN : Pp. 9-10. No. 32.-Ganigitti Jain temple, Hampi, Bellary district. No. 33.- Jain temple south of Pampapathi temple, Hampi, Bellary dist. No. 36.- Jain temples, Danavulapad, Cuddapah district. No. 40.-Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Malabar dist. No. 78.- Jain rock-cut caves, etc., Tirumalai, North Arcot district. Pp. 14, 17. CONSERVATION : No. 38.- Jain temple No. 3 on Hemakutam rock, Hampi, Hospet taluq, Bellary district'. No. 69.- Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Wynaad taluq, Malabar dist. 137 (XXII) Report, do, 1917-18. Madras, 1918. P. 6. PHOTO NEGATIVES : Jain art and architecture. P. 5. Photographs of interesting Jain antiquities at Suai. No. C. 104.-Jain figure, Tenkarai, Tinnevelly district. No. C.105.- Jain stone image, Danavulupad, Cuddapah district. P. 10-ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PROPOSED TO BE UNDERTAKEN. Vide No. 137 (xxi) above, under WORKS PROPOSED No. 36 and CONSERVATION No.. 69 No. 33. Remains of buried Jain temple, Danavulpad, Cuddapah dist. No. 43. Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Malabar dist. Pp. 14-16, 18. CONSERVATION : Vide No. 137 (XXI) above, under WORKS PROPOSED and CONSERVATION. No. 32 --Ganagitti Jain temple, Haempi, Hospet taluq, Bellary dist. No. 33 - Jain temple on Hemakutam rock, Do. Do. No. 48 -Buried Jain temple, Danavulapad, Jammalamadugu, Cud. dapah.

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} ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS No. 53 -Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Wynaad taluq, Malabar dist. No. 104-Jain rock-cut caves, etc., Tirumalai, Polur taluk, North Arcot district. P. 23. Jains executed by Santalinga (15th century). 137 (XXIII) `Report, do, 1918-19. Madras, 1919. P. 7. PHOTO-NEGATIVES: *97 Jain art and architecture. No. C. 106-Jain figure at the second entrance of the Siva temple, Tiruvalanjuli, Tanjore district. No. C. 107-Rock carvings of twelve Jain saints, Sirukadambur, South Arcot district. P. 10-11. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORKS PROPOSED TO BE UNDERTAKEN Vide 137 (xxi), under WORKS PROPOSED and CONSERVATION Nos. 38 & 69. No. 53 -Jain temples at Hemakutam hill, Hampi, Bellary district. No. 57 -Jain temple. Mettupudur, Coimbatore district. No. 62 -Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Malabar district. No. 100-Jain images, Tirakkol, North Arcot district. Pp. 15, 18. CONSERVATION: Vide 137 (xxi) under WORKS PROPOSED Nos. 36, 40 & 78. No. 49-Jain temple, Danavulapad, Jammalamadugu taluq, Cuddaph district. No. 57-Jain temple, Sultan's Battery, Wynaad taluq, Malabar dist. No. 102-Jain temple, Tirumalai. Polur taluq, North Arcot district. P. 20. Pallavas, either foreigners, or became Jains or Buddhists. P. 21. Indian builders or sculptors of the 7th century or thereabouts engaged exclusively in erecting Jain and Buddhist monuments. P. 23. The Pallava king Mahendravarman I, first a Jain, after wards Saiva under the influence of Appar or Tirunavukkaraiyar. 13 P. 24. Jainism and Buddhism flourished side by side in the 7th century A.D.-Some of the Pallava kings either Jains or Buddhists,

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 25. Destruction of the Jain monastery at Pataliputtiram, a seat of Jain learning in South Arcot district, by Mahendravarman 1Erection of a siva temple on the spot-As a Jain he is also said to have persecuted the Saivas and the Saint Appar in particular-Hiuen Tsiang's statement showing that the Buddhists, Nirgranthas (Digambara Jains), etc., escaped persecution. 137 (XXIV) Report, do, 1919-20. Madras, 1920. P. 4. New monument. Jain temple with inscriptions, etc., Hampi ruins, Hospet taluq. P. 7. PHOTO-NEGATIVES : Jain art and architecture. No. C-108-Main entrance of the Jain temple, Mettupudur, Coim. batore district. No. C-109-General view of the Jain temple, Mettupudur, Coim batore dist. No. C-110-Broken Jain image in the compound of the Bhimesvara temple, Draksarama, Godavari district. P. 11. ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS TO BE UNDERTAKEN. No. 35-Ganagitti Jain temple, Hampi, Bellary district. No. 52-Jain temple on hill side close to Visnu temple, Hampi, Bel lary district. . Pp. 16, 18, 19, 20, 22. CONSERVATION : Vide 137 (xxi) under Conservation, Nos. 38, 69. No. 31-Jain temple near the elephant stables at Hampi, Hospet, Bel lary dist. No. 44-Group of Jain temples on Hemakutam hill at Hampi, Hospet', Bellary dist. No. 63-Jain temple at Danavulapad, Jammalamadugu, Cuddapah dist. No. 73-Jain temple at Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Malabar district. No. 82-Jain temple at Mettupudur, Erode, Coimbatore dist. No. 122-Jain images in the Jain temple at Tirrakol, Wandiwash, North Arcot dist. P. 33. Hampi ruins. A ruined Jain temple containing inscrip tions in a field at the back of the elephant stables.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 99 137 (XXV) Report, do, 1920-21. Madras, 1921. P. 5. PHOTO-NEGATIVES : Jain art and architecture. No. C. 111-Kathale (Jain) temple, Barkur, South Kanara district. No. C. 112-Chandraprabha Tirthankara, Tiruparatikunram, Chingle put district. No. C. 113-Trilokanatha Jain temple, Tiruparatikunram, Chingleput district. No. C. 114-Jain image of Trilokanatha temple, Tiruparatikunram, Chingleput district. Pp. 9-11. CONSERVATION WORKS PROPOSED : No. 73-Jain temple at Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Malabar district. No. 87-Seventeen Jain tombs, Mudabidri, S. Kanara district. No. 88-Jain statue of Gummatesvara, Karkal, S. Kanara district. No. 114-Jain image in Annavasal, Virappati, Trichinopoly district. No. 132---Jain temple, Tirumalai, North Arcot district. No. 149-Three Jain temples, Mallur, Coorg district. Pp. 14-19. CONSERVATION WORKS DONE: No. 28-Jain temples on the Hemakutam hill at Hampi, Hospet, Bellary district. No. 40-Ganigitti Jain temple at Hampi, Hospet, Bellary district No. 44-Jain temple on hill side, close to Visnu temple at Hampi, Hospet, Bellary district. No. 66-Jain temple at Mettupudur, Erode, Coimbatore district. No. 71-Jain temple at Sultan's Battery, Wynaad, Malabar district. No. 80-Great Chandranatha temple at Mudabidri, Uppinangadi, S. Kanara district. No. 81-Two Jain temples, Santesvara & Chandranatha at Guruvayan keri, Uppinangadi, S. Kanara district. Pp. 25-26. Barkur. Ruined Jain monuments in the villageMembers of the Humcha family were Jains-Conversion from Jainism to Brahmanism of the Hoysala King Visnuvardhana-Jains extirpated throughout the province of Barkur in about 1608-No Jains living

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100 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY there now-Three small groups of Jain monuments, the best of these known as the Kathale Basti. 138 (1) Progress Report of the Archeological Survey, NorthWestern Provinces and Oudh circle. 1892-3. Roorkee, 1893. Pp. 11-12. Marwar State: At Pali, the city of Marwar, a vast lain temple known as Naulakha-The temple was built by Alhana Deva in Samvat 1218. It has cloisters containing small images of the Tirthankaras. Nadola : Handsome Jain temple dedicated to Mahaviranatha -At Jhalor close to Suraspole, South of Jodhpur, are the remains of a temple of Parsvanatha with an inscription of Chandragupta, dated Samvat 80. Pp. 12-14. Sirohi State. Mount Abu. Ancient Jain temples-Within the Achalgarh fort are two Jain temples, one dedicated to Vrisabhanatha and the other to Parsvanatha. Dailwara : Jain temples at or near Dailwara-Temples erected in honour of Vrisabhanatha and Neminatha-The former built by Vimala Sah, a Jain merchant of Anahilvad, in Sam. 1088 (A.D. 1092), the latter built by the two brothers Vastupala and Tejahpala in Samvat 1287 (A.D. 1231). Ajari: Ruins of beautifully carved Mahaviranatha temple, with an inscription of Sam. 1185. Pp. 14-21. Mewar State. Udaypur : The temple built by Rana Jagat Singh II in A.D. 1734 preserves all the main characteristics of the ancient Jain temples of Mewar. Ahar : A beautiful Jain temple trected under the auspices of Mira Bai-Another Jain temple containing interesting series of shrines -A fine Digambara statue bearing daic Samvat 1037 (A.D. 974). Temple villages of Nagda and Eklingaji: Tio temples at Nagda called Sas-bahu rank first as specimens of Jain architecture. Kotragarh : Group of handsome Jain temples.

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ARCH., ARTS,& MUSEUM REPORTS 101 Hill fort of Kamalmere, or Komalgarh : Two ancient Jain temples. Sadri Pass : The Rampura Jain temples, Temple of Parsvanatha erected in A.D. 1440, in the reign of Rana Kumbhakarna-Smaller temple containing a colossal statue of Parsvanatha, the image of Parsvanatha in each of its 86 sikharas-Underneath this larger temple are vaults having ancient statues of Parsvanatha and collection of old Jain mss. Rakhabdeo : Famous for beautifully sculptured Risabhanatha temples, built in A.D. 1375-Sculptures of Hindu gods worshipping the Tirtharkaras in the sanctum of the chief temple. Chitorgarh: A richly carved Jain temple built during the reign of Rana Kumbhakarna-Elaborately carved Jain temples of the 12th century A.D. called satais deorian, or "27 shrines"-Cave above the gaumukha tank apparently used as a Jain hermitage ; it contains several Jain Prakrit inscriptions of the 14th century A.D. Bijolia : A group of a few handsome Jain temples-The largest one, dedicated to Parsvanatha, contains an inscription of Sam. 1232, recording a list of the spiritual heads in the line of Kundakunda Acharya in the Balatkaragana, the Sarasvati gachchha, and the Mulasangha of the Digambaras-An inscription recording erection of the temple of Parsvanatha in Sam. 1226, during the reign of SomesvaraAnother inscription giving a list of the spiritual heads of the Kharatara gachchha. Pp. 21-28. Dhar State. Dhar or Dhara : Musalman buildings erected out of the wrecks of some Jain temples of the 12th cent. A.D.-Colonnade of very fine Jain pillars in the quadrangle of Kamal-ud-din's Dargah built in A.H. 861-- Jain columns in the Jami or Lat Masjid erected in A.H. 807-The Dargah of Abdul Shah Chaugal, built in A.H. 859, the transformation of a Jain temple of the 12th cent. Hill fort of Mandu : Spoils of ancient Jain temple used in a colonnade to the west of Jami masjid-Masjid constructed by Hosang Shah Ghori, in A.H. 808, out of the materials of an ancient Jain temple- Juma masjid, built by Hoshang Shah in A.H. 885 from the wrecks of a magnificent Jain temple.

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102 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 138 (11) Report, do, 1893-4. Roorkee, 1894. P. 29. List of ancient buildings, Lalitpur dist. Jain temples at Deogarh, Madanpur, Dudali. 138 (HI) Report, do, 1895-6 Roorkee, 1896. Pp. 1-2. EXCAVATIONS at Mathura, Kankali Tila : Ornamental slabs belonging to very ancient Jain stupa-15 inscribed bases of Tirthankaras-Documents containing a number of names of Jain monks-A dated inscription (Sam. 299) incised on the base of a statue of Mahavira. P. 5. DRAWINGS from Mathura : No. 782--Colossal statue of Neminatha, Sam. 1134. No. 783-Inscribed statue of Neminatha, Sam. 1036. No. 784-(a) Ornamental base of the colossal statue of Neminatha, A.D. 1000-1100. (b) Ornamental base of a statue of a Tirthankara. No. 785-Sitting statue of a Jina in red stone. No. 186-Three inscribed four-faced Jinas, dated A.D. 78-120, A.D. 93, A.D. 1022. No. 787-Sitting statue of a Jina in red sand-stone. No. 788-Two statues of sitting Jinas. No. 189--Sitting statue of Risabhanathatha, dated A.D. 100-200. No. 791-Ornamentation on the base of a Jina, Samvat 78. No. 796-Sitting statue of Vardhamana. No. 798-Back view of ancient Jain pillar. 138 (IV) Report, do, 1896-7, Roorkee, 1897. P. 6. Kotah State, Rajputana : Bilas, Nizamat Kishenganj. Ruined dwelling houses, palaces and temples (Saiva and Jain) of an ancient city formerly called Suvarna-Panaripura.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 103 Atru-Ganeshgunj, Nizamat Kunjer. Ruins of a large beautiful Jain temple, built by Maharajadhiraja Jayasimha in Sam. 1319. Pp. 11-12. DRAWINGS: No. 844-Statue of Neminatha (12th century A.D.), Sravasti. No. 860-Sculptured pilaster of an ancient Jain temple, Mathura. No. 863-Circular column sculptured with seated Jinas, Asaikhera. No. 865-Fragment of a Torana from ancient Jain stupa, Mathura. No. 866-Square pillar (sculptured) of Mahaviranatha, Mathura. No. 868-Statue of Munisuvratanatha, dated Samvat, 1063, Agra. No. 869-Lintel sculptured with acanthus leaves from an ancient Jain temple, Mathura. No. 871-Statue of Risabhanatha, dated Samvat 1234, Mainpuri. No. 872-Statue of Adinatha, Dubkund (Gwalior State). Nos. 879-80-Pilaster of Jain temple (12th century A.D.) at Atru, Kotah State, Rajputana. Pp. 13-14. PHOTO NEGATIVES: No. D 656-Carvings on pilaster of medieval Jain temple at Atru, Kotah State. No. D 683-Jain tower erected in Sam. 952, at Chitorgarh, Mewar State. No. D 688-Eastern view of Jain temple of 12th cent. A.D. at Chitorgarh. No. D 689-Interior view showing construction of dome of medieval Jain temple at Chitorgarh. No. D 690-Exterior view of ruined Jain temple built in Sam. 811 at Chitorgarh. 138 (V) Report, do, 1897-8. P. 10. DRAWINGS : No. 881-Standing image of Parsvanatha from Sironi Khurd, Jhansi Dist. No. 882-Images of Trisala Devi, the mother of Mahaviranatha, Batesar, Agra dist. No. 885-Image of Risabhanatha, dated Sam. 1234, from Mainpuri. 138 (VI) Report, do, 1899-1900. Lucknow, 1900.

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104 TAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 3. APPENDIX H.: Mosque reared with the spoil of Hindu temples after careful defacement or besmearing of the sculptured Jain images. 138 (VID) Report of the Arshaeological Survey, United Province & Punjab, 1903-4. Part I. P. 12. The Jain colonnade situated on the south of Qutab Minar, Delhi-Special repairs. 138 (VIII) Report, do, 1903-04. Pp. 14-17. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : Nos. 74-85.--Eleven Jain images in possession of His Highness the Nawab; Sanskrit Vagari; ruler, Lungar Deva ; Sam. 1550 (A.D. 1453); locality, Tonk. Nos. 95-98--Base of a Jain image ; Sanskrit-Nagari ; ruler, Madana Varman; locality Mahoba. No. 95 is datcd Samvat 1211; No. 96 Samvat 1219; Nos. 97-98 are undated. No. 99-Rock immediately south-west of Madan sagar with numerous Jain figures ; Sanskrit-Nagari ; Sam. 1240 ; locality, Mahoba. No. 100-Inscription in the cave in the same rock, details as above. P. 20. PHOTOS : Nos. 393-400-Eleven inscribed Jain images, Tonk (Gwalior State). P. 33. Collection of Jain and other images in the Lucknow Museum. Mahoba : Inscribed fragments of Jains figures. Chipiani : Part of a seated Jain figure containing an inscription dated Sam. 197. P. 34. Fragments of Jain sculptures in the Public Library at Allahabad. Pp. 61-62. Jain images from Tonk (Rajputana). By Pandit Hiranand Shastri. Eleven Jain images excavated at the place in January 1903 :-(1) Parsvanatha, (2) Suparsvanatha, (3) Mahaviranatha, (4) Neminatha, (5) Ajitanatha, (6) Mallinatha, (7) Sreyamsa

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 105 prabhu, (8) Suvidhinatha, (9) Sumatinatha, (10) Padmaprabha and (11) santinatha. Inscriptions at their bases are practically identical, the date Sam. 1510 (A.D. 1453) is invariably the same-The nude figures belong to Digambara sect, as the term mulasamgha is used in the inscriptionsThese were set up by Lapu, his sons Salha and Palha and their wives Lashamini, Suhagini and Gauri, of the Khandelavala division of the Digambara community, and the Vakulyavala gotra-The sculptures were carved in the reign of Lungaradeva. 138 (IX) Report of the Archeological Survey, Northern Circle, 1905-6. Lahore, 1906. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : No. 101-Base of Jain image ; Sanskrit Devanagari ; Vikrama Sam. 1529 (A.D. 1471); Allahabad Public Library. P. 23-Kangra District : Kangra Fort. Two small Jain shrines at the back of the shrine of Ambika Devi--Inscribed image contained in one of these shrines worshipped by Jains. Kangra Bazar : Two Jain sculptures in the temple of Indresvara. 138 (X) Report, do, 1907-8. Lahore, 1908. P. 7. Repairs to Pirthi Raja's temple, Jain colonnade, Delhi. Pp. 14-21. Inscriptions at Mathura Museum on Tirthankara images in Prakrit and Sanskrit in Brahmi character, Kushana period : No. 26. The year 5, the ist month of winter, the 12th day. No. 27. The year 5, the 4th month of winter, the 20th day. No. 48. The year 50, the 3rd month of winter, the 2nd day (?) of reign of Huviska. No. 49. The year 83, the 2nd month of summer, the 16th day of reign of Vasudeva. No. 50. The year 83, the 2nd month of summer, the 25th day. No. 51. The year go (?)

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106 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 53. No. 54 No. 56. No. 67. The year 57 (A.D. 376 ?), the 3rd month of winter, the 13th day. [Gupta (?) period]. No. 68. The year 97 (A.D. 416) the ist month of the rainy season, [Gupta period]. No. 71. (Vikraha ?] Samvat 1204. No. 72. No. 73 No. 71. [Vikrama ?] Samvat 1204. No. 75. Sam. 1896. No. 80. Inscription at Allahabad Public Library on Tirthankara image in Sanskrit-Nagari, Sam. 1524. P. 27. PHOTOS : No. 928-Tirthankara image, Faizabad Museum. P. 34. Discovery of Jain sculptures when excavating the large Jain temple Sobhnath at Mahet. P. 51. ACQUISITION: No. 114-Inscribed Jain statuette from Mata Math, Mathura Museum. 138 (XI) Report, do, 1908-9. Lahore, 1909. Pp. 17-19. 'ACQUISITIONS : Mathura Museum No. 16-Jain sculpture. No. 20-Jain chaumukhi. No. 26-Inscribed Jain image, Balbhadra Kunda. No. 39-Jain chaumukhi of red stone. Nos. 73-74-Headless Jina figure from Sarasvati Kunda. Nos. 161-260-Fragmentary sculptures (Jain, Buddhist, and Brahma nical) exhumed from Shaloka and Ganeswar tanks near Muttra. Pp. 22-23. INSCRIPTION :

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS No. 23-On Jain image from Balbhadar Kunda; Sanskrit-Nagari ; Vadi 7 (?) Friday, Muttra Museum. P. 25. PHOTO: No. 1003-Tirthankara image, Muttra Museum. 138 (XII) Report, do, 1909-10. Lahore, 1910. P. 18 19. INSCRIPTION : No. 7. Statuette of Vrisabhanatha seated ; Prakrit-Kusan Brahmi; the year 84 and the reign of Vasudeva; locality, Balbhadra Kunda near Mathura. P. 20. PHOTOS : No. 1046--Brass image of Jina (locally called Laksminarayana) front. No. 1047 Ditto, back, (with inscription) Temple of Hirma. Pp. 29-31. ACQUISITIONS : Mathura city. No. 42-Tirthankara, obtained from Potra Kunda. No. 43-Tirtharkara Adinatha, obtained from Potra Kunda. No. 44--Female figure nude, probably Jain, from Manoharpur. No. 48-Lintel of some ancient Jain temple with a Tirthankara image and other figures, from Isapur, facing Mathura city on the other side of the Jumna river. No. 49-Headless Tirthankara image, from a building between Gokul and Mahaban. No. 53-A Tirtharkara image, from the site of the orderly room and barracks for English soldiers of the regiment stationed at Mathura. 139 (1) Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey, Bengal Circle 1902. Calcutta, 1902. P. 14. Seated statue of Parsvanatha, and other minor Jain images, in a cave in the Southern face of the Pachar hill-An inscription stat

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108 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY ing worship of Parsvanatha-Existence of a Jain sanctuary in the locality. P. 16. Rajgir, a sacred place to the Jains-Shrines containing stones with the footprints or padukas of some Jain Tirthankara and numerous Jain images-Settlement of the Jains in the place from the beginning of the Christian era-Sonbhandar or "gold treasury" cave, at the foot of the Baibhar hill, made by a Jain monk for the use of his own sect-Two caves made by Muni Vairadeva-Mutilated carving of Jain Tirthankara-Probable occupation of the caves by Jain monks when the Chinese pilgrims visited Rajgir. P. 18. Ancient sculptures in Jain temple in village BaragaonJain pilgrimage to the place-Pawapuri, where Vardhamana Mahavira attained nirvana, a holy tirtha of the Jains. 139 (II) Report, do, Bengal Circle, 1903. Calcutta, 1903. P. 7. Champanagar, Bhagalpur district, sacred to the JainsAntique statues of Adinatha and Mahavira in the Jain temples in the locality-Extinction of Jainism in Eastern India for many centuries that followed. P. 8. The Jahngira hill resorted to as a place of worship by the Hindus, the Buddhists and the Jains alike. P. 13. Parasnath hill, Hazaribagh district, bears footprints or padukas of various Jain Tirthankaras, consecrated on the 9th Feb. 1769 (N.S.). Manbhum dist. : a number of medieval Hindu and Jain temples of about the 14th or 15th century A.D.-Jain remains in Jharkhand-The country taken by the Hos from the sravakas, i.e., the Jains, who came there to work in the numerous copper ores. P. 14. Jain remains observed at Pakbirra, Palma, Churra and Arsa-Other remains at Burran-Jain images at Deoli-Jain images of Adinatha, Parsvanatha and Mahavira collected close to the temples at Pakbirra. Two statues of Tirthankaras forming part of the temple at Palma,-A few similar statues in the village.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 109 Jain Images in the Village Churra-Temples originally belong. ing to the Jains. Jain statues at Arsa-Figure wearing a crown and the head surmounted by a many-hooded cobra-Unusual representation of Parsvanatha. P. 28. PHOTOS : Nos. 63-64-Bhagalpur-Group of ancient Tirthankaras in a Jain temple at Champanagar. Nos. 78-79--Mandar hill- Jain temple, on top, from south. Nos. 98-99-Parasnath hill-General view. Nos. 102-103-Pakbirra-Group of Jain statues. No. 113-Palma-A Jain Tirthankara. Nos. 116-117-Arsa-A ruined Jain temple; a Jain Tirthankara. 139 (III) Report, do, Bengal Circle, 1904. Calcutta, 1904. P. 16. Vaisali, birthplace of Buddha's contemporary and rival Vardhamana Mahavira-He belonged to the Ksatriya class of the Nayas or jnatris--Pawapuri, the place of Mahavira's death-No traces of Jainism at Vaisali-Mention by Hiouen Thsang of a number of Jains residing at the place at his time. 139 (IV) Report, do, Bengal Circle, 1905. Calcutta, 1905. Pt. 2. P. 14. Worship of stupas by Buddhists and Jains is nothing but an adoption of popular form of grave-worship. 139 (V) Annual Report of the Archeological Survey, Eastern Circle, 1905-06. Calcutta, 1907. P. 2. Inscription of Kharavela of the year 165 B.C. at Khandagiri-Inscription on the Sonbhandar cave at Rajgir proving that it was made in the end or zrd century A.D. by a Jain for members of his order.

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110 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 12. Caves at Khandagiri-Doubt whether these caves originally intended as places of retreat for the Jain ascetics or any other orderInterpretation of carvings in the verandah of the Rani-ka-naur. 139 (Vi) Report, do, 1906-07. Calcutta, 1907. P. 15. Udayagiri and Khandagiri-Caves and temples of the places becoming Jain in about the 10th or 11th century-Khandagiri hill crowned by a Jain temple in the end of the last century-Hathigumpha inscription engraved by king Kharavela-The caves are among the most interesting of all the caves in India. 139 (VII) Calcutta, 1908. Report, do, 1907-08. P. 6. Repairs to temple of Parsvanatha, Bhandak, Dist. Chnada -Cleaning of Jain temples at 27th mile from Bunda on Saugor-Cawnpore Road, Dhamoni, district Saugor. P. 9. PHOTO: No. 109. C. Jain statue, Bahuriband, dist. Jubbulpore. P. 18. Flourishing settlement of Jains at Bahuriband-Fragments of Jain images-A standing image of a Tirthankara (Santinatha). P. 34. An old ruined Jain temple of the 11th century at Arang, dist. Raipur, belonging to the Digambaras-Standing Jain imagesFigures of Brahma and Jain devis and Gaumukha, a favourite image of the Jains. Pp. 36-37. Mahamai temple, Ratanpur, district Bilaspur, a Jain temple. originally-Seated Jinas and rows of smaller Jinas- several mutilated Jain images in the village in black stone. 139 (VIII) Report, do, 1911-12. Calcutta, 1912. P. 24. PHOTO: No. 242. C. Statue of Jain Tirthankara in front of the temple, Kukkurmath, district Mandla.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 111 P. 37. Jain temples at Kundalpur, district Damoh. P. 40. Temple of Ranmuktesvar, Kukkurmath, Dindori, dist. Mandla (plate 1)-Date of the temple, gth cent. or earlier, or between 800 and 1200 A.D.-This temple built by the Jains--Nude colossal seated figure. 139 (IX) Report, do, 1912-13. Calcutta, 1913. P. 9. CONSERVATION : Note. 23. Antariksa Parsvankatha temple at Sirpur, Akola dist. Central Provinces. Pp. 25-26. PHOTOS : Nos. 252-3. C. Jain temple & building, Dhamoni, Saugor district Nos. 310. C., 311. C., 311. A.C. Antariksa Parsvanatha temple, Sir pur,, Akola district. P. 42. Old temple at Barsi Takli, Akola district, probably a Jain temple. * P. 43. Temple of Antariksa Parsvanatha, Sirpur, Akola district. P. 48. Kari Talai and Karanpur, Jubbulpore dist. : Brahmanical and Jain temples situated on a low ridge between the two villages-Many Jain figures seated in attitude of meditation. Purwa, near Garha-Narharpuri Guja, Jubbulpore district : Two Jain temples on an adjoining hill. P. 51. Two Jain temples near the Tomb and Mosque of Beljati Sha, Saugor. P. 53. The Fort Saugor-Kiosks built with old sculptured stones, collected from ruins of Hindu or Jain temples. 139 (X) Report, do, 1913-14. Calcutta, 1914. P. 40. Lanji, Balaghat dist: Two sculptured Jain figures in the Fort. 139 (XI) Report, do, 1914-15. Calcutta, 1915. Ancient Monuments in the Central Provinces and Berar repaired since 1902.

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112 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 38. (1) Ruined Jain temple with other statues etc., enclosed in a wirefencing at Eran, Saugor district, Khurai tahsil. P. 40. (2) Jain temple at Dhamoni, Saugor district, Banda tahsil. (3) An old ruined Jain temple, Raipur district, Raipur tahsil. (3) Jain temple, Raipur district, Raipur tahsil. P. 71. A ruined ancient temple at Adbhar, Bilaspur dist.-A mudhut with an image of Devi and a Jain figure. 139 (XII) Report, do, 1915-16. Calcutta, 1916. Expenditure on archaeological works in the Central Provinces during the year. P. 19. An old ruined Jain temple, Arang, Raipur district. 139 (XIII) Report, do, 1916-17. Calcutta, 1917. Expenditure on archaeological works in the Central Provinces and * Berar during the year. Pp. 23-24. (1) An old ruined Jain temple, Arang, Raipur district. (2) A ruined Jain temple, etc., Eran, Saugor district. 139 (XIV) Report, do, 1917-18. Patna, 1918. Expenditure on archaeological works in the Central Provinces during the year. P. 23. (1) An old ruined Jain temple, Arang, Raipur district. (2) 8 stone Jain images, Nauhwara, Jubbulpore district. Pp. 53-54. Bahulara, Bankura district : Images of a Jain statue of Paravanatha in a temple. 139 (XV) Report, do, 1918-19. Patna, 1920. P. 5. Mehkar, Buldana district : The Jain "Madh" or old Dharamsala. * Expenditure on archaological works in Bihar and Orissa during the year.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS P. 23. (1) A Jain temple, Rajgir, Patna district. P. 25. (2) Parsvanatha temple, Bhandak, Chanda district. P. 26. (3) Jain temple etc., Eran, Saugor district. P. 43. Bhandak, Chanda district-Called Bhadravati or Bhadrapura by the Jains: It is the birthplace of Sitalanatha -Image consecrated is from temple of Paresnath which does not exist. 139 (XVI) Report, do, Eastern (now Central) Circle, 1919-20. Patna, 1920. REPAIRS TO MONUMENTS: P. 5. Ruined Jain temple and statues, enclosed in a wire feno ing, Eran, Saugor district. 113 P. 20. (1) Jain temple, Rajgir, Patna district. Po. 24. (2) Old temple of Parasnath, Bhandak, Chanda district. Pp. 27-28. PHOTOS: Antiquities at Khandagiri, Puri. Nos. 1936-7. Jain temples etc. No. 1942. Images inside the Navamuni cave. No. 1965. Hathigumpha. Nos. 1966-68. Ranigumpha. No. 1969. General view of caves. 139 (XVII) Report, do, Central circle, 1920-21. Patna, 1921. P. 10. (1) Jain temple, Rajgir, Patna district. P. 12. (2) Khandagiri and Udayagiri caves etc., Bhubaneswar, Puri dist. 15 Ruined Jain temple and other statues etc., enclosed in a wirefencing, Eran, Saugor district. 140 (1) Annual Report of the Archeological Survey of India, 1902-03. Pt. 2, Calcutta, 1904.

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7 114 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 20. Jain caves at Khandagiri-Their conservation. Pp. 40-42. Caves at Khandagiri and their date. Pp. 108, 195, 199, 204. Hindu, Buddhist and Jain remains discovered at Ter (Tagara), near the western borders of H. H. the Nizam's dominions-Temple of Mahavira and Parsvanatha-These shrines to the west of the town are of modern period without parti cular interest. Pp. 208-209. Stone columns in front of Jain temples, especially in the Kanarese country-No dipamalas attached to Jain temples. 140 (11) Report, do, 1903-04. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1905. P. 5. Jain shrines brought to light at Danavulapadu, on the bank of the Pennar river in Madras. 140 (III) Report, do, 1903-04. Pt. 2. Calcutta, 1906. Pp. 54-55. Hindu, Buddhist and Jain remains in the Central Provinces-Principal Jain shrines, now standing, at Arang in the Raipur district and at Bhandak, near Chanda. P. 68. Buddhist or Jain appearance of the square tank in a temple at Valikondapuram. P. 78. Jain shrines at Danavulapadu, on the bank of the Pennar river in Madras. Pp. 82, 87, 105. Mahavira called Vesalie "a native of Vaisali", in the Jain scriptures-His birthplace at Kundagama in Videha-Pawapuri, in the Patna district, the place of Mahavira's death, and Champa near Bhagalpur are sacred places to the Jains-Nirgrantha monks living at Vaisali at the time of Hiuen Thsang's visit, about 635 A.D.-- Kundagama is same as Vaisali. Padukas of some Jain Tirthankaras are now a very favourite object of worship in the Jain sanctuaries of north-eastern India. Plate 23. Map showing ruins of Hampi, Hospet taluk, Bellary dist.-Jain temples selected for conservation.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 115 140 (IV) Report, do, 1904-05. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1906. P. 4. Mediaeval Jain shrines at Danavulapadu in the Cuddapah district. P. 12. PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES No. 199. Temple of Adinatha, Khajaraho. No. 200. Jain temple, Khajaraho. 140 (V) Repirt, do, 1904-05. Pt. 2. Calcutta. P. 4. Magnificent group of Hindu and Jain temples at Khajuraho-their conservation. Pp. 26-27. Buried temple at Vijayanagar, probably the most extensive Jain temple in the city. Pp. 40-41. Mediaeval Jain shrines at Danavulapadu in the Cuddapah dist. Pp. 59-60. Sarnath, near Benares, claimed by the Jains as one of their sacred sites-A modern temple of the Digambara sect, erected in 1824 A.D.-Footprints and a white marble image of Amsanatha in the temple-Jinaprabhasuri's Tirthakalpa is dated in Sam. 1669 or 1612 A.D. 140 (VI) Report, do, 1905-06. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1907. P. 3. Buried Jain shrines at Danavulapadu in the Cuddapah dist. Pp. 8-9. PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES No. 35. Banganga hill, Jain temple, Rajgir (old). Nos. 44-45. Maniyar Math before demolition of Jain temple, Rajgir (old). No. 51. Maniyar Math after demolition of Jain temple, Rajgir (old). No. 55. Son Bhandar cave, Tirthankara on east face of miniature chaitya, Do.

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116 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Nos. 92-93. Vaibhara hill, cave below westernmost Jain temple, do. 140 (VII) Report, do, 1905-06. Pt. 2. Calcutta. Pp. 15-16. Two Jain images in the Indresvara temple in Kangra, Punjab. Pp. 43-49. Digambara Jain tower at Chitorgadh in Mewar-The tower probably built in 1100 A.D.--Kumarapala's visit to the hill in about the middle of the 12th century-A few shrines on the hill erected by the Svetambaras during the reign of Raja Kumbha-Version about the tower given in a ms. called the sri-Chitrakuta-durga Mahaviraprasada-prasasti, composed in V.S. 1495, by Charitraratnagani. Pp. 58-59. Jain shrine in the site of ancient Rajagriha. P. 60. Mediaeval Jain shrines at Danavulapadu. P. 98., n. 1. Son Bhandar cave, a sanctuary of the Jains. Pp. 107-108. The main group of Dhamnar caves, Jain in origin. Pp. 120-127. Buried Jain remains at Danavulapadu. Pp. 141-149. Jain iconography. P. 166. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : (1) Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela; (2) a short inscription on the Son Bhandar cave, records that it was constructed in the 2nd. or 3rd. century of the Christian era by a Jain for members of his order. ; 140 (VIII) Report, do, 1906-07. Pt. I: Administrative, Simla, 1909. Pp. 26-27. PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES: No. 437. View of Jain temple enclosure, Sarnath. No. 449. Jain temple in Sarnath. No. 594. Jain Tirthankara Parsvanatha, Kahaon (Gorakhpur). 140 (IX) Report, do, 1906-07. Pt. 2. Calcutta.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 117 P. 42. One Jain and twelve Vaisnava temples in Osia, 32 miles north of Jodhpur. P. 81. A sculpture in a Buddhist stupa at Sarnath, depicting Tryambaka engaged in a merry dance on the body of a Jain patriarch. P. 125, n. 3. Origin of Stupa-worship amongst the Buddhists and Jains. Pp. 138, 140-141. Jain remains obtained at Kankali Tila in Mathura-Jain establishment at the place down to the Muhammadan period-Jain sculptures found on the site of the old fort (Sitala Ghati) and in Rani-ki-Mandir. Pp. 189-192. The Jain work Tarkarahasya-dipika and its composer Sri Gunaratna-Suri in connection with the Pasupatas and the Saivas. P. 209. Neminatha temple on Mount Abu built by Tejapala, minister of the Vaghela Chalukya king Viradhavala-The family came from Anahilapura, i.e., Anahilapataka, and professed the Jain faithAnupamadevi, the wife of Tejahpala-Consecration of the temple took place in Samvat 1287-An inscription of V.S. 1013 in the Jain temple at Osia. P. 221, n. 4. The Kurumbas said to have belonged to the Yadava race and to have been Jains by religion. Pp. 232-235. The Pallavas and Jainism. 140 (X) Report, do, 1907-08. Pt. 2. Calcutta, 1911. Pp. 81-131. EXCAVATION at Saheth-Maheth: Maheth, general description-Kachchi-kuti-Finds-Pakki-kuti-- Stupa A-Nausahra gate-Temple of Sobhnath-list of Jain sculpturesMinor finds-Saheth-etc. Pp. 189-204. The ancient temples at Aihole. Description of the village-Temple of Lad Khan-The Kontgudi -Durga temple-Meguti temple-Huchchimalligudi temple-etc. Pp. 205-218. Chaumukh temple at Ranpur.

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118 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Description of temple-History of its erection-Inscriptions in the temple-Local and epigraphic accounts compared-Tod's accountPlan of temple-Fergusson's description-Transcripts and translation of inscriptions. ILLUSTRATIONS: Plates 22-39. Excavations at Saheth-Maheth, including plan and illustration of the temple of Sobhnatha. Plate 69. Ancient temples at Aihole, including an illustration of the Jain temple near Virupaksa. Plates 80-81. Chaumukh temple at Ranpur. 140 (XI) Report, do, 1908-09. Pt. I: Administrative. Calcutta, 1911. P. 3. ACQUISITIONS : 22 Jain images, Madras Museum. P. 6. Jain remains at the Tirupparangunram hill, now believed to represent a linga-Alagarmalai, once occupied by the Jains-Mention in an inscription of the Jain teacher Ajjanandi discovered on the Tirupparangunram hill-Jain remains at Kuppalnattam and KongarPuliyangulam, Madura district, and at Vedal, North Arcot district. 140 (XII) Report, do, 1908-09. Pt. 2. Calcutta. Pp. 22-23. Hemakutam Jain temple at Vijayanagar. Pp. 100-101,108. Hindu and Jain legends in connection with Osia-The Jain temple dedicated to Mahavira. Pp. 118-119. Jain sculptures and inscriptioins discovered on the hills at Tirupparangunram and Alagarmalai-An epitaph in the Topkhana at Jalor refers to a temple of Parsvanatha under the name Kenara-Vihara. 140 (XIII) Report, do, 1909-10. Pt. I: Administrative. Calcutta, 1911.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 119 P. 17. PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 150. Image of a Jain Tirthankara, Mathura Museum. Nos. 210-212. Jain temple at Basti, Hallebid. 140 (XIV) Report, do, 1909-10. Pt. 2. Calcutta, 1914. P. 6. Jain temples above Hampi village. P. 95. A Jain temple in the castle at Mandor. Pp. 131-134. Mention of several lain teachers in some Jain inscriptions-Temple of Parsvanatha at Phalodi, Jodhpur State, and the legend in connection with its origin. 140 (XV) Report, do, 1910-11. Pt. I: Administrative. Calcutta, 1911. P. 6. Adinah masjid at Rohtak, originally a Jain temple but converted into a mosque by Ala-ud-din. 140 (XVI) Report, do, 1910-11. Pt. 2. Calcutta, 1914. P. 18. A pedestal of a Jain image discovered in course of excavation at Saheth-Maheth. P. 83. A seated Jain image on a slab in a cave in the Gurubhaktakonda hill at Ramatirtham. P. 87. Jain slab images and ruins on the Durgakonda hill at. Ramatirtham. 140 (XVII) Report, do, 1911-12. Pt. I. P. 17. Discovery of a broken Jain image of the Kusana period during excavation of the Katra mound, Muttra. ACQUISITIONS: P. 22. Ajmer Museum-A fragmentary Jain record-Images of Santinatha.

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120 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 81. Muttra and Lucknow Museums-Buddhist and sain images of early date. P. 41. PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 46. Viranarayana Jain temple, Pattadakal. Nos. 56-58. Jain temple, Baro (C.I.). 140 (XVIII) Report, do, 1913-14. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1915. P. 9. Architecture, exclusively Jain, in Kanara-Temples of the Jains at Mudabidri. P. 27. ACQUISITIONS : Lucknow Museum-Brass images of the later Buddhist and Jain Pantheon. Sarnath Museum-Buddhist and Jain images discovered locally. ILLUSTRATIONS : Plate 10. (a) Chandranatha Jain temple, Mudabidri. (b) Manastambha in front of Chandranatha Jain temple, Mudabidri. Plate 11. (a) Chaturmukha Jain temple, Karkal. 140 (XIX) Report, do, 1913-14. Pt. 2. Calcutta, 1917. Pp. 262-263. Kosam or Kausambi, a holy place to the Jains-Discovery of a fine head of a Jain image. 140(XX) Report, do, 1914-15. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1916. P. 8. Dilwara temples at Mount Abu. P. 11. Tombs of Jain priests at Mudabidri. P. 27. Great Jain temple at Deogarh-Saugoli plates of the early Kadamba king Harivarman. 140 (XXI) Report, do, 1914-15. Calcutta, 1920.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 121 Pp. 39-41. Literary references to Taxila from jain sources. Paumachariya of Vimala Suri- Avasyakaniryukti of Haribhadra SuriTrisastisalakapurusa-charitra of Hemachandra Suri-Vidhipaksa-gachchhiya-Panchapratikramana of Mahendraprabha Suri - Prabhavakacharitra of Prabhachandra Suri -- Darsanaratnaratnakara - Hirasaubhagya of Devavimalagani - Satrunjayamahatmya of Dhanesvara Suri. 140 (XXII) Report, do, 1916-17. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1918. P. 20. Names of a line of Jain teachers given in the two records at Ghusai (Ghosavati). P. 23. Vast influence of the Jains and their creeds pointed out in some records from Madakasira taluq, Anantapur district, Pp. 33-34. Negatives of some Jain objects, Lucknow Museum. 140 (XXIII) Report, 1917-18. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1920. P. 7. Jain temples and Jain images at Deogarh. P. 21. Jain temple of Susani at Morkhana, 12th cent. A.D.. P. 24. A Digambara Jain temple, now occupied by an image of Visnu. p. 32. An inscription at Deogarh supplying names of twenty out of twenty-four Yaksis of the Jain pantheon. P. 33. Vimaladitya, a patron of Jainism-His Guru TrailokyaYogi-Siddhantadeva of the Desi gana. ILLUSTRATIONS : Plate 2. (a, b, c)-Deogarh fort, views of Jain temples and images of Jain Yaksis Chakresvari and Malini or Sumalini. 140 (XXIV) Report, do, 1918-19. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1921. P. 17. Hindu and Jain temples at Un, Nimar district, The interesting temple in the village, Chaubara Dera-Colossal Jain images of the Digambara sect contained in the temple of Goalesvara. 16

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T22 140 (XXV) Report, do, 1919-20. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1922 P. 6. Jain temple in the fort at Deogarh. P. 36. Rajputana Museum, Ajmer-Inscriptions on backs of Jain images, both Svetambara and Digambara, dating from 1119 A.D. to 1664 A.D. P. 43. Hindu and Jain temples at Bhatkal, Kanara district. P. 44. Jain temples at Sandhara, Garoth district-Jain temple at Kukdesvara, Garoth district. PHOTOGRAPH: No. 269. Jain images in the temple of Parsvanatha, Nohara (Bikaner State). 140 (XXVI) Report, do, 1921-22. Pt. 2. Simla, 1924. Pp. 66-69. Ancient Jain caves on the Maungya Tunga Hills in the Nasik District-Their dates assigned to the eighth or the ninth century A.D.-Jina figures in small niches. JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Miri, a small village near Ahmadnagar, a stronghold of Jainism in later mediaeval ages-Numerous Jain images found in its vicinityAll images discovered at Miri are Digambara images. P. 85. An interesting standing image of the Jain Tirthankara Parsvanatha, an object of worship, in the Siddhesvara temple at Bahulara, Bankura. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE VOLUME: Plate 29 (a). Image of Parsvanatha in the temple of Siddhesvara at Bahulara, Bankura. 33 33 33 31 (b). Early caves, Maungya Tunga. Image in shrine of cave no. 1. 32 (a). Early caves, Maungya Tunga. Sculptures in verandah of cave no. 1. (b). Maungya Peak; stele in cave no. 2. 33 141 (1) Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of Mysore, 1903-4. Bangalore, 1904.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 123 P. 4. Jain orators' success in religious disputes-Inscription of the 16th century-Triumphs over European faith, Bauddha and others. P. 5. MANUSCRIPTS : Sripala-charita, in Kannada, by Mangarasa, beginning of the 16th cent.-Kalyanakaraka, a work on medicine in Sanskrit, by Ugraditya, probably 12th or 13th century. 141 (II) Report, do, 1904-05. Bangalore, 1905. Pp. 2-4. The Changalvas and the Kongalvas. P. 4. MANUSCRIPTS : Uttara-purana, Sanskrit work, by Guna Chandra, probable date 898 A.D.-Santinatha Purana, a Kannada Champu work of the 10th cent., by Ponna-Yogamrita, a work on Jain philosophy, probable date 15th century. 141 (111) Report, do, 1905-06. Bangalore, 1906. P. 3. Sravana Belgola inscription-priority of the Jains to the Buddhists-Jain sect, one of the most ancient in India, its first discovery in Mysore. Pp. 4-5. An inscription of 1368 A.D. in Magadi taluq recording reconciliation effected by Bukka Raya between the Jains and the Vaisnavas. P. 6. Literature noticed : Lokopakara, a Kannada work by Chamundaraya, probably of the 19th century treating of rain, wells etc.Dharmopadesamrita, a Sanskrit work on Jain philosophy, by Padmanandi flourishing in the 12th century. 141 (IV) Report, do, 1906-07. Bangalore, 1907. Pp. 14-15. Account of Sculptures in the three Jain temples at Halebid in the Kannada ms. work called "The History of the Ancient Temples at Halebid" by one Sivananji Ganda. P. 15. LITERATURE : Sukti-sudharnava, a Kannada anthology of the 13th cent., com 7.16

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124 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY piled by the Jain Poet Mallikarjuna for the recreation of a Hoysala King-V yavahara-gaaita, a work on arithmetic, composed by Rajaditya, a Jain poet (1104-1141 A.D.) and author of works on Geometry, Algebra and Mensuration-Padma-charita or Maha-Ramayana by Ravisenacharya in the 7th cent. The work contains one of the earliest Jain version of the story of Rama-Kalyanakaraka, a Sanskrit work on medicine by Ugraditya (815-877 A.D.) giving a discourse on the uselessness of a flesh diet. 141 (V) Report, do, 1907-08. Bangalore, 1908. Pp. 2-3. Halebid Jain temples-A Jain image about 20 feet high in a temple built by Punisa, a famous general under Visnuvardhana. Pp. 6-7. The Santara plates of about 700 A.D. Pp. 9-13. Inscriptions of the reign of Visnuvardhana and Ballala III. P. 27. LITERATURE : Astasati by Akalanka, the celebrated Jain philosopher of the 8th cent.-Linganusasana by the Jain author Harsavardhana flourishing in the 11th cent.-Jnanabhaskara-charita a Kannada work on Jain philo sophy by Nemanna of Samadallipura of the 14th cent. 141 (VI) Report, do, 1908-og. Bangalore, 1909. P. 3. Arsikere : Ruined Jain temple styled Sahasrakuta-Jinalaya in the inscriptions-Discovery of new inscriptions in the temple. 5. Siddapura : Basti temple at the foot of the Brahmagiri hillNo Jains living in the village at present. Pp. 6-9. Sravana Belgola : Discovery of 250 new inscriptionsInscriptions in bastis brought to light and copied-Copying of inscriptions on the hills Vindhyagiri and Chandragiri-santinatha basti, in Jinanathapura, built in about 1200 A.D. P. 10. Bevur : Two old Jain inscriptions (Nos. 69 and 70 of Channapatna taluq) on the rock to the north of the Visnu temple on the Tirumappa hill ncar the village-Their existence leads one to suppose that the place was once a Jain settlement.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 125 P. u. Discovery of a Kannada inscription, dated in 1541 A.D., at Bhavanagar in Kathiawar-Importance of the work Lokavibhaga in determining the period of the Pallava king Simhavarma. Pp. 12-29. EPIGRAPHY : Bhadrabahu inscription and its period-Inscriptions during the reign of the Chalukya kings Kirtivarma II, Ranapakarasa, Goggi and Vikramaditya VI-Inscriptions during the period of the Ganga kings Rachamalla II, Ereganga, Marasimha and Rachamalla III-Inscriptions of the Chola kings Vijayalaya, Rajaraja I, Rajendra Chola I and Chola-Ganga-Records of the Hoysala sovereigns Visnuvardhana, Ballala II, Narasimha II and Somesvara-Narasimha III and Ballala III-A record of the Sevunas dynasty-Inscriptions of the Vijaya period pertaining to the reigns of Harihara II, Deva Raya II, Vira Narasimha and Vijaya-Venkatapati Raya-Records of the Mysore kings covering the period from 1663 to about 1850 A.D.-Miscellaneous inscriptions. P. 31. MANUSCRIPTS : Lokavibhaga, a Sanskrit work treating of Jain cosmography, by Simha Suri flourishing in the 5th cent. A.D.-Jivandhara-sat padi, a Kannada work, by the Jain author Kotisvara-Kavi of Sangitapura.. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: Plate 1. Epitaph on Aristanemi, Sravana Belgola. Plate 3. Old inscriptions at Sravana Belgola & at Kudalur. 141 (VII) Report, do, 1909-10. Bangalore, 1910. P. 7. Chikka Bilagumba: Proof of existence of some Jain basti in the vicinity of the village, though no Jains are found now for several miles around. P. 8. Vaidyanathapura : An inscribed stone of about the 8th cent., in the Vaidyanathesvara temple appears to have originally belonged to some Jain temple. Malaganhalli: A Jain epitaph of about the 10th cent. A.D. on a pillar in front of the Mari temple.

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126 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 12-13. A LIST of transcripts of JAIN WORKS prepared in the office of the Survey and sent to the Oriental Library, Mysore : No. 3 Sadbodhachandrodaya, a Sanskrit work by Padmanandi. No. 4 Dharmopadesamrita, a Sanskrit work by Padmanandi. No. 5 Srutavatara, a Sanskrit work by Srindinandi (?). No. 7 Vrittachintaratna, a Sanskrit work by santarajapandita. No. 9 Munivarnsabhyudaya, a Kannada work by Chidananda-Kavi. No. 10 Chikka-sravakachara, No. 11 Sravakachara Do. No. 12 Jnanasara Do. No. 14 Karnataka-Bhasabhusana, a Sanskrit work by Nagavarma. No. 15 Munisuvrata-Kavya, a Sanskrit work by Arhaddasa. No. 19 Supasastra, a Kannada work by Mangarasa. No. 22 Purudeva-Champu, a Sanskrit work by Arhaddasa. No. 24 Bhadrabahucharitam, a Sanskrit work by Ratnanandi. No. 25 Bhadrabahuchari-tarthasangraha, a Kannada work by Jagan nathacharya. P. 14. PHOTOGRAPHS : Nos. 28-49. Jinanathapura basti, Maharnavami Mantapa, Chamunda raya basti, etc.,Sravana Belgola, Hassan District. P. 15. DRAWINGS : Nos. 7-11. Ceiling in front of the Gommatesvara, pillar in Akkana basti, Chandragupta basti and Chamundaraya basti, Sravana Belgola, Hassan district. P. 23. EPIGRAPHY : Avinita, son of the Ganga king Madhavavarma III (Madhava, about 400 A.D.) said to have made a grant to a Jain temple at Perur. P. 27. A Jain epitaph on a pillar in front of the Mari temple at Marganhalli, Mandya taluq. P. 43. Names of some Agarvala Baniyas occurring in some Guzarati inscriptions copied at Sravana Belgola-Their distinction from the Jain Agravalas. Pp. 45-47. MANUSCRIPTS: Discovery of the initial date of the Pallava king Simhavarma in the Jain work called Lokavibhaga by Simha Suri and discussion on the

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 127 subject-Acquirement of a Kannada medical work known as KarnatakaKalyanakaraka by Jagaddala Somanatha (Chitrakavi-Soma), a Jain author belonging to the middle of the 12th cent. 141 (VIII) Report, do, 1910-11. Bangalore, 1911. P. 3. Laksmidevihalli : Discovery of a Jain epitaph of the Ganga period, near the Basavanna temple, pointing to the place having once been a Jain settlement. Kallangere : A Jain image, presumably of Parsvanatha, brought to light in the neighbourhood of the hillock Kanchinakovi Marati. P. 6. Javagal: The temple of Chandranatha, with rows of Tirthankaras here and there on the outer walls of the temple. P. 9. Bastihalli: Examination of the temples of Parsvanatha, Adinatha and Santinatha. P. 13. Belur: In the Kesava temple, figures with dead game and figures shooting with guns and a figure of a Jina. Pp. 15-16. Belgami : In several parts of the village, figures of Jinas lying in a mutilated condition, though no trace of Jain basti is now found. P. 19. Bandalike: The Santinatha basti, with mutilated Jina figures here and there. Chikka-Magadi : An inscribed stone in the Basavanna temple having seated figures of a Jain teacher and four female disciplesSeveral Jina images lying about in a mutilated condition. Hanchi: A new inscription on a stone at the Virabhadra temple. It has a large Svastika at the top with a seated Jina figure to the left. P. 20. Kuppatur : A seated image of Jina in the Jain temple. P. 21. Sravana Belgola: Erection of one of the bastis by the Ganga king, Sivamara on the small hill at Sravana Belgola. P. 25. A LIST of transcripts of Jain works prepared in the office of the Survey and sent to the Oriental Library, Mysore : No. 5 Belgolada Gommatesvara-charitre, a Kannada work by Ananta kavi. No. 6 Khagendramanidarpana, a Kannada work by Mangaraja,

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128 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Do. No. 7 Karkalada Gommatasvami charitre, .a Kannada work by Chandrama. No. 9 Siddha-Stotra, a Sanskrit work by Asadhara Suri. No. 10 Panchakalyana-Stotra, a Sanskrit work by Do. No. 11 Mangaraja-nighantu, a Kannada work by Mangaraja. No. 12 Kannada Ratnakarandaka, a Kannada work by Ayatavarma. No. 13 Loka-Svarupa, a Kannada work, author not known. No. 14 Karmaprakriti, a Kannada work, Do. No. 15 Paramagamasara, a Kannada work by Chandrakirti. No. 16 Gadyachintamani a Sanskrit work by Vadibhasimha Suri. No. 24 Samudrika laksana, a Sanskrit work by Bhadrabahu. No. 25 Karmaprakriti, a Sanskrit work by Abhayachandra. No. 26 Kriyachulika, Do. Author not Known. No. 27 Ganadhara Stotra, Do. No. 28 Ratnakarandaka or Upasakadhyayana, a Sanskrit work by Samantabhadra. No. 29 Dravyasamgrahagama, a Prakrit work by Nemichandra. No. 30 Prabhanjana-charitre, a Kannada work by Mangarasa. No. 31 Udyogasara, a Kannada work by Atmajna. No. 32 Chandranathastaka, a Kannada work by Gunavarma. No. 33 Sripala-charitre, a Kannada work by Mangarasa. No. 34 Sanatkumara Satpadi, a Kannada work by Bommarasa. P. 27. PHOTOGRAPHS : Nos. 39-41. Views of Parsvanatha basti at Bastihalli in the Hassan dist. No. 42. Santinatha basti figure Do. EPIGRAPHY: (a) Ganga period P. 98. An inscription near the Basavanna temple at Laksmidevi. halli, recording a grant of land to a Jain nun named ParamabbeKantiyar in connection with a basti called Biduga Jinalaya. (b) Chalukya period, Pp. 40-41. An inscription of the reign of Tribhuvanamalla or Vikramaditya having reference to the ruined Jain temple at Kuppatur, Sorab talug. It mentions a Jain muni named Parvata of the MulaSangha, etc. Do.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 129 (c) Hoysala period Pp. 43-49. An inscription at Belur of Visnuvardhana recording a grant in 1129 A.D. to a Jain temple named Malli Jinalaya -Epigraphs on the pedestals of images in temples of Parsvanatha and Adinatha at Bastihalli near Halebid. An inscription in the Somesvara temple at Belgami, dated in 1199, recording that during the reign of Ballala II, Heggade Siriyanna and a few others granted certain customs duties to Padmanandi-deva for the god Mallikamoda-Santinatha-deva of the Hiriyabasadi at Balligrame-Description in details of two records, dated in 1207 A.D., and copied at Hanchi Sorab taluk. The one on a stone lying in the pond to the south of the Virabhadra temple, the other in front of the ruined Naranarayana temple. A record of King Narasimha III to the north of Bennegudda at Halebid, giving some interesting details about the Jain gurus of the Balatkara-gana-An inscription on the pedestal of the image in the Santinatha temple at Bastihalli near Halebid. P. 59. MANUSCRIPTS : Discovery of the earliest Saka date viz., 380 in the Jain work Lokavibhaga-Acquisition of an astrological work Jatakatilaka, written in 1049 A.D., by the Jain poet Sridharacharya, author of Chandraprabha-charita, a Kannada champu. 141 (IX) Report, do, 1911-12. Bangalore, 1912. P. 3. Seringapatam: The Adisvara temple, a Jain basti, with a seated figure of Adinatha. P. 4. Kalasavadi: A place containing at one time numerous bastis or Jain temples. P. 9. Talkad: An inscribed stab built into the wall of the Anjaneya temple appears to have belonged to some Jain temple-The site of the Jain temple converted to a private garden and the images removed to Mysore. 17

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130 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 3. P. 14. Vijayapura : Two Jina images lying half buried in the earth in the fort to the south of the Arkesvara temple. P. 15. T.-Narsipur : A panel containing a seated Jina figure in front of the taluq office. P. 16. Mugur. T.-Narsipur 88: An old Jain epitaph. P. 17. Chamrajnagar : Parsvanatha temple with figures of Parsvanatha. P. 27. WORKS TRANSCRIBED : (1) Bhujabali-charitre, (2) Uttarapurana (in part), and (3) Jainendra-vyakaranam (in part). P. 29. DRAWINGS: No. 2. Elevation of Chamundaraya basti, Sravana Belgo!a, Hassan district. EPIGRAPHY: (a) Ganga period. P. 35. Importance of an inscription of the Ganga Durvinita in explaining the connection with Pujyapada and the work Sabdavatara. P. 37. A Jain epitaph (T.-Narsipur 88) at Mugur-Two Jain re: cords in the Mahabalesvara temple on the Chamundi hill near Mysore. (b) Period unknown. P, 68. A Jain record built into the wall of the new Vaikunthanarayana temple at Talkad. It records the death of Lokacharya. P. 68. MANUSCRIPTS: Traivarnikachara, a Jain law-book in Sanskrit, by Nemichandra flourishing probably in the 15th cent. Bhujabali-charitre, a Kannada poem, by the Jain poet Panchabana giving an account of Bhujabali or Gommata, a son of Vrisabha, composed in about 1612 A.D. Bharatesa-Vaibhava, a Jain work written in 1612 A.D. by Ratnakara-siddha, giving an account of Bharata, a son of Vrisabha. 141 (X) Report, do, 1912-13. Bangalore, 1919.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 131 Pp. 3-7. Sravana Belgola: Survey of the town of Sravana Belgola and its surroundings, as also of the larger and smaller hills, Vindhyagiri and Chandragiri-the Jain matha in the town-Inspection of a collection of mss. bearing mostly on Jain literature. Pp. 7-8. Jinanathapura: Santinatha basti in the village. Hale-Belgola: A ruined Jain temple with figures of Parsvanatha and Jinas. Aghalaya A Chaturvimsati-Tirthankara figure in front of the Mallesvara temple. P. 9. Channarayapatna: Two beams built into the front portion of the Kesava temple are from some Jain temple. Pp. 10-11. Hola Narsipur: Inscribed door-jambs of the Lakshminarasimha temple belonged at one time to a Jain temple-Another pretty structure is the Neminatha basti-Renovation of the Ankanathesvara temple in Ankanathapura with materials of ruined Jain bastis, containing here and ther Jain epitaphs of about the 10th cent. P. 16. Saligrama: Two Jain temples in the village, both dedicated to Anantanatha--worship by the Jains of two sculptured foot-prints on rock Gurugalare. P. 18. Chikka Hanasoge: The three-celled temple of Adinatha -The place once an important flourishing Jain settlement, possessing at one time 64 bastis. P. 22. Heggadadevankote: The Parsvanatha basti, with an inscription on the pedestal of the image of Parsvanatha. P. 27. List of PHOTOGRAPHS of Jain bastis, etc. Pp. 29-36, 50-51. EPIGRAPHS : General-Old inscriptions near Lakkidone at Sravana BelgolaA few inscriptions of the Ganga period mostly consisting of old Jain epitaphs copied at Hole-Narsipur taluq, and short inscriptions discovered at Sravana Belgola-A Jain epitaph of the Kadamba dynasty of about 950. This record is built into the ceiling of the Subrahmanya temple at Ankanathapura, Hole Narsipur taluq-An inscription (about 1100 A.D.) of the Kongalva king Dudda-Mallarasa, recording A

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132 <2 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY his grant of the village of Aybavalli to Prabhachandradeva for the erection and occasional repairs of a Jain temple-A record (about 1115 A.D.) of Vira-Kongalva-Deva, a lay disciple of Prabhachandra-Siddhanta-Deva; he caused the erection of Satyavakya-Jinalaya-Two inscriptions of the Hoysalas found on pedestals of two Jina figures at Sravana Belgola-Another inscription of the time of the Narasimha I, a Hoysala king, on a Jain image in Anantanatha basti at SaligramaInscriptions on the pedestal of the image of Adinatha in the ruinedJain basti and in the garbhagriha of the Adinatha basti at Chikka Hanasoge, Yedatore taluq-Records found on the images of Chandranatha, Vardhamana and Neminatha in the Jain matha at Sravana Belgola. Pp. 57-58. MANUSCRIPTS: Jinendra-Kalyanabhyudaya, a work on the mode of Jain worship, by Ayyapparva, of the Jainalapaka lineage, and completed in 1319 A.D. -Chandraprabha-Satpadi, an account of Chandraprabha, by Doddana, and composed in 1578. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: Pl. 1-Jina figures in the fort Anantanatha basti at Saligrama. Pl. 4-Images at Sravana Belgola and Jinanathapura. Pl. 5-View of the Santinatha basti at Jinanathapura and an inscribed Jina figure at Saligrama. Pi. 8-Inscriptions at Sravana Belgola and Kunche. 141 (XI) Report, do, 1913-14. Bangalore, 1914. P. 7. Hulidenhalli: A seated Jina figure below a tamarind tree in the village. It belonged to a basti or Jain temple no longer in existence. P. 16. Gopinatha Hill: A Jain inscription on the east face of the cliff. P. 21. Chikka Hanasoge: Jain epitaphs of the 9th and 10th centuries. The place was once an important Jain settlement. Pp. 26, 37-38. EPIGRAPHY:

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 133 General-A reference to Nagamangala plates, recording a grant by Sripurusa to a Jain temple erected by Paramagula's consort Kundachchi-Two Jain epitaphs dated about goo and g10, belonging to the Ganga period in Gaddebasava and Ramesvara temples, Chikka Hanasoge, Yadatore taluq, another Jain inscription at the place, of about the same date, recording the death of the devoted sravaki Jakkiyabbe, wife of Nagakumara. Pp. 55-56. MANUSCRIPTS : . Vrata-svarupa, a Jain work, by Prabhachandra-Gayatri-vyakhyana, a Jain commentary on the Vedic verse called the Gayatri--Sukumaracharitra, by Santinatha, of about the 12th cent. 141 (XL) Report, do, 1914-15. Bangalore, 1915. Pp. 4-5. Kalya (Kalleha): Once a holy place to both the Jains and the Lingayats-An inscription at the place recording a compact made in 1368 A.D. by Bukka-Raya of Vijayanagara to settle difference between the Vaisnavas and the Jains-A reference to a fierce fight between the Jains and the inhabitants of the city named Kalavati. Pp. 6-7. Bisakur: Once a city of considerable importance, containing 75 bastis or Jain temples. Sankigatta : A basti dedicated to Vardhamana-Geneaology of the Hoysala kings from Vinayaditya to Narasimha I given in the inscription on the back of the image of Vardhamana is carved out of an inscription stone-There are about 30 families of Jains in the village. Pp. 16-17. Begur: Once an important Jain settlement. P. 19. Hosaholalu : An epitaph in the Parsvanatha basti dated in 1118 A.D. and of the time of the Hoysala king Visnuvardhana. P. 26. Kambadahalli : A place holy to the Jains-To the south of the Brahmadeva pillar is the Jain temple Pancha basti or Panchakuta basti-To the north of this basti is the basti dedicated to santinatha or temple known as Bhandara basti-Ruins of a basti with a seated Jina figure on a hill to the south of Kambadahalli-From an inscrip tion found on rock Donneboranare it is clear that this basti was dedicated to Chandraprabha.

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134 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pp. 26-27. Bellur: A basti dedicated to Vimalanatha. Pp. 31-32. Sravana Belgola and its bastis : The picture of a forest scene in the Jain matha intended to illustrate the six lesyas of Jain philosophy. P. 36. PHOTOGRAPHS : Nos. 65-68. Views of basti and Brahmadeva pillar, Kambadahalli, Mysore dist. Nos. 80-108. Chandragupta basti ; Chamupdaraya basti; painting of forest scene at the Sravana Belgo!a matha ; Akkana basti; Jinanathapura basti; and inscriptions for a revised edition of Sravana Belgola volume-Sravana Belgola, Hassan dist. P. 37. DRAWINGS : No. 6. Kattale basti, stone-screen, Sravana Belgola, Hassan dist. EPIGRAPHY: (a) Ganga period P. 46. A Jain epitaph (middle of gth cent), built into the floor in front of the shrine of the goddess in Nagesvara temple at Begur, Bangalore taluq, recording the death of a disciple of Monabhattara-Another epitaph in the same village recording the death of a Jain nun named Mankabbe-Kantiyar. (b) Hoysala period Pp. 51-54, 67-68. A record of the time of Visnuvardhana stating erection of a basti at Kattarighatta by Demikabbe-Another record of this reign on the left jamb of the north doorway of the Santinatha basti at Kambadahalli, Nagamangala taluq. A record of the reign of Narasimha I on a beam in front of the image of Santisvara in the Santinatha basti at Kambadahalli, Naga mangala taluq-Another inscription of this reign is on the back of the image of Vardhamana in the Vardhamana basti at Sankigatta, Magadi taluq. An epitaph of the reign of Ballala II on a beam in the Santisvara basti at Kambadahalli, Nagamangala taluq. A record of the time of Narasimha II stating that Sala, one of the ancient kings born in the Hoysala family, struck a fierce tiger by order of a Jina-muni, and hence his line became known as Hoysala-Varsa.

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& "3 MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS: An epigraph of about 1200 in the Santinatha basti at Kambadahalli, Nagamangala taluq, recording grant of some privileges to the Jains by the Saivas. An epitaph, dated in 1311, of a Jain merchant Payisett, son of Nagi-setti, on the west outer wall of the inner Prakara around Gommatesvara on the larger hill at Sravana Belgola. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: Plate. 1-View of tower of Akkana-basti at Sravana Belgola. 12 (2)-View of Panchakuta-basti at Kanbadahalli. 15 (2)-Adisvara in Chandragupta-basti. 17-Painting at the Jain matha at Sravana Belgola. "" ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 33 135 141 (XIII) Report, do, 1916. Bangalore, 1917. P. 8. Narasimharajapura (Yedehalli): At the west end locally known as Singanagadde are three bastis or Jain temples and a Jain matha known as Sugappa's math, said to be affiliated to the Kolalamatha near Lal Bagh,, Bangalore. P. 10. Balehonnur: A Jina figure on one of the two boulders on the bank of the Bhadra. Pp. 12-13, 17. Sringeri (Sringapura): Several temples at the place, including a Jain basti-A figure of Jina for Buddha in Vidyasankara temple-The Parsvanatha basti; an inscription in it, dated in 1161, is the oldest lithic record in the village. P. 21. Chikmagalur: Discovery of two Jain epitaphs of the close of the 11th century. P. 22. Mattavara: The Parsvanatha-basti. P. 27. Varuna: A mound known as basti-littu to the west of the village. Here once stood a large basti or Jain temple. Ketamanhalli: Numerous viragals-A mutilated Jina figure on the way to the village. EPIGRAPHY:

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136 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 48-50. Erection of the Neminatha basti by the general of the Silahara king Vijayaditya at Eksambi in the Kundi Province, and a grant made to it in 1165 A.D. by Kartavirya of the Ratta family. Pp. 51-53. An epigraph of the reign of the Hoysala king Vinayaditya II in the Parsvanatha basti at Mattavara, Chikmagalur taluq ; it bears the date Saka 991-Another inscription of about 1120, belonging to the time of Visnuvardhana, a Hoysala king, in the Basava temple near Kumbarhalli; it mentions one Punisamayya, a devout Jain and builder of several bastis. He founded the Parsvanatha basti at Chamarajanagar and also the ruined basti at Bastihalli near Halebid. P. 69. A copper grant issued by a chief of Gerasoppe in the Jain matha at Sode in the Sirsi taluq, North Canara district; it bears the date 1572. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS : Pp. 82-84. Two Jain epitaphs near the Agrahara street at Chikmagalur, dated 1101-An inscription in the Parsvanatha-basti at Sringeri, dated 1161-An epigraph on the pedestal of the Jina image in the basti at Kuchchangi, Tumkur taluq, dated in about 1180-Two inscriptions in the Chandranatha basti at Koppala--Records on the pedestals of Jina images. MANUSCRIPT NOTICED : P. 92. Mullasastra, a Kannada work, by a Jain poet named Chandrasagaravarni, living in about 1800 A.D. His theory of the origin of Muhammadanism. 141 (XIV) Report, do, 1917. Bangalore, 1918. Pp. 2, 4-5. Halebid : A solitary Jina figure on the rail of the Hoysalesvara temple-The Parsvanatha basti at Bastihalli, the Adinatha basti and the Santinatha-basti-The Brahma pillar in front of the santinatha-basti has a caparisoned horse galloping to the east, the emblem of Brahma according to Jain iconography. Pp. 7-8. Angadi : At some distance from the Vasantamma temple are two ruined bastis or Jain shrines-Behind the bastis is a Jain epitaph of about 1000 A.D.-No Jains now at the place,

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 137 Pp. 9-10. Grama : The east doorway to the hall of the Kesava temple once belonging to a basti at Eleyur, Channarayapatna taluq bears a Jain inscription on the lintel-A basti in the village dedicated to Santinatha by Santale, queen of Visnuvardhana. Pp. 10-11. Sravana Belgola : Temples at the place-Jain matha -The Santinatha basti at Jinanathapura. P. 14. Yelandur: The Jain minister of the Mysore King Chikka- . Deva-Raja-Odeyar (1672-1704), a resident of the place. P. 24. Transcripts of JAIN WORKS made by the Survey and sent to the Oriental Library, Mysore : No. 13. Mulla-satra, a Kannada work by Chandrasagaravarni, dated C 1810. No. 15. Chhandasara, a Kannada work by Gunachandra, dated C 1600. No. 16. Bharatesvaracharita, a Kannada work by Ratnakaravarni, dated 1557. No. 20. Punyasravakatha, a Kannada work by Nagaraja, dated 1331. No. 21. Neminatha-purana, a Kannada work by Nemichandra, dated . C 1170. No. 24. Lokopakara, a Kannada work by Chamundaraya, dated C 1150. No. 26. Sukumara-charita, a Kannada work by santinatha, dated 1068. No. 27. Sabdugama, etc. No. 30. Dhanyakumara-charit, a Kannada work by Adiyappa, dated C 1650. No. 33. Lokavibhaga, a Sanskrit work by Simha suri, dated 457. No. 36. Jainendra-prakriyavatara, a Sanskrit work by Gunanandi dated C goo. No. 39. Uttara-purana, a Sanskrit work by Gunabhadra, dated C 860. No. 40. Trivarnikachara, a Sanskrit work by Nemichandra, dated C 1500. No. 42, Prayaschitta, a Sanskrit work by Vidyananda, dated 1985. ... 18

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138 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 43. Somadeva-niti, a Sanskrit work by Somadeva, dated C 960. No. 46. Amoghavritti-Nyasa, a Sanskrit work by Prabhachandra, dated C 800. No. 48. Padmacharita, or Maharamayana, a Sanskrit work by Ravisena, dated C 700. R No. 49. Svarupa-Sambhodhana, a Sanskrit work by Akalanka, dated C 800. No. 50. Akalankastaka, No. 51. Akalanka-charita, Do. No. 52. Prasnottararatnamala, a Sanskrit work by Amoghavarsa, dated C 820. Do. Do. No. 53. Kasikavivarana-panchika, a Sanskrit work by Jinendrabuddhi, dated C 700. No. 57. Minor Jain works, Pp. 25-26. PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 31. Parsvanatha basti, pillar in rangamandapa, Bastihalli, Hassan district. No. 71. View of matha, Sravana Belgola, No. 72-76. Views of Jain basti, Jinanathapura EPIGRAPHY: P. 39. A Jain epigraph of the Ganga period at Manne, Nelamangala taluq ; the record may be of the middle of the 10th cent. Do. Do. P. 41. A reference to the ancient kingdom of Punnad, mentioned as Punnata in connection with the Jain migration from the north in the 3rd century B.C., and as Paunnata by Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D. P. 44. A Hoysala inscription on the navaranga doorway of the Kesava temple at Grama, Hassan taluk; in it mention is made of the erection of the Vasudeva-Jina-basti by Udayaditya, son of Pergade Vasudeva, and contains praise of a Jain guru named Chandanandi. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS: Pp. 60-61. An inscription on the pedestal of the Jina image in the Santinatha basti at Grama, Hassan taluq, of about 1200-An epi 1 4

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSLUM REPORTS 139 - graph to the north-west of the ruined Mulasthana temple at JodiKempanpura, Chamarajanagar taluq. MANUSCRIPTS : Pp. 64-65. Manuscripts belonging to the library of Pandit Dorbali Sastri at Sravana Belgola--Sripadasiti, a Kannada poem in praise of the Pancha-Paramesthis, by the Jain Poet Achanna (Vanivallabha), flourishing at the close of the 12th cent.-Atmatatva-pariksan, a Sanskrit work treating of Jain philosophy by Devaraja of the 15th cent. 141 (XV) Report, do, 1918. Bangalore, 1919. * P. 2. Kaidala: An inscription in the Gangadharesvara temple having on the slab a figure of Visnu with a figure of Jina; tells us about the erection of Visnu and Jina temples at the village by SamnataBachi, a subordinate of the Hoysala king Narasimha I. P. 4. Stones marked with a discus indicate a grant to a Visnu temple, while those marked with a mukkode or triple umbrella, a grant to a Jain temple. P. 5. Rampura : The Anantanatha-basti. P. 6. Maddagiri : The Mallinatha basti; besides Jina figures the basti has figures of Sarasvati and Padmavati. P. 11. Nidugal : The Parsvanatha-basti; this temple probably came into existence in 1232. P. 16. Kandikere: A basti dedicated to Santinatha. P. 18. Huliyar : A stone pedestal of a Jina figure set up by Sriyadevi, consort of Samanta-Gova, now found in the Ranganatha temple. P. 19. Heggere: The Parsvanatha-basti-A fine specimen of Hoy. sala architecture. This basti is perhaps the only basti of its kind in the State. P. 21. Hatna: Nakara-Jinalaya; the basti seems to go back to the beginning of the 19th century. P. 28. Arsikere: The Sahasra-kuta-Jinalaya, founded in 1220 by Vasudhaikabandhava Recharara, minister of the Hoysala king Bali

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JAINA BIBLIOORAPHY Do. lala II. The object of worship is a mountain containing 1000 Jina figures. P. 29. Mysore : The santisvara-basti. Pp. 32-33. PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 1-65. Drawings for the revised edition of Sravana Belgola, Sravana Belgola, Hassan dist. P. 39. DRAWINGS : No. 5. Plan of Akkana-basti, Sravana Belgola, Hassan district. No. 6. Plan of Chamundaraya-basti, Do. Do. No. 7. Plan of Chandragiri inscriptions, Do. No. 8. Plan of santinatha-basti, Jinanathapura, Do. EPIGRAPHY: Pp. 45-46. An inscription of the period of the Chola crief Irungola on the pedestal of Parsvanatha in the Parsvanatha basti on the Nidugal hill, Pavugada taluq, stating that the image was caused to be made by the Jains of Bellumbatte. Hoysala period Ballala I. An epigraph on the pedestal of the Jina image in the basti at Hatna, Tiptur talug ; in it is mentioned the name of the Tain teacher Subhachandra. Narasimha I. A Jain record on a stone pedestal in the Ranga natha temple at Haliyar, chikkanayakanhalli taluq- Samanta-Gova, a feudatory of Narasimha I, built the Parsvanatha basti at Heggere in 1160. Pp. 60-61, 64. Mysore king Chama Raja-Odeyar (IX). Reference to two lampstands in the Santisvara-basti at Mysore and four brass vessels in the same basti. Mysore king Krisna Raja-Odeyar III. An inscription on the pedestal of the metallic image of Anantanatha in the Santisvarabasti at Mysore. Pp. 65-66. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS:

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 141 A record at Maddagiri stating offering of grant to god Mallinatha-Another record in the Mallinatha basti at Maddagiri. P. 68. Jain kings of Tundiradesa : Satyandhara, his son Jivandhara, his son Yasodhara, his son Gunapala, his son Yasahpala, his son Prajapala, his son Lokapala, his des cendant Himasitala who ruled from Kali 1125 Pingala and in whose reign Akalanka vanquished the Buddhists; then followed Harivikrama, Simhavikrama, Sataratha, Nyayaratha and Dharmaratha whose son Chamundaraya set up Gommata at Sravana Belgola in Kali-600 Vibhava. 141 (XVI) Report, do, 1919. Bangalore, 1919. P. 11. Nittur: The santisvara-basti is a Hoysala structure of about the middle of the 12th century. Pp. 13-14. Kunigal : An inscription on the sluice of the Kunigal taluq, giving information that the sluice was built in 1394 by Irugapa, the Jain general of the Vijayanagar king Harihara II, and the author of the Sanskrit lexicon Nanartharatnakara. Kottagere (Sridharapura): Mutilated Jina figures in a ruined basti in the village. P. 16. Hatna : The Virabhadra temple once a Jain basti dedicated to Parsvanatha. On a Jain pedestal stands the image of Virabhadra. P. 18. Mysore : Palm-leaf manuscripts at the santisvara-basti and two new inscriptions at the basti-copper-plate grants received from Laksmisena-bhattaraka-pattacharya of the sain matha at Singangadde, Narasimharajapura taluq. P. 20. PHOTOGRAPHS : Nos. 29-32. Views etc., of Santinatha-basti, Nittur, Tumkur district. DRAWINGS: No. 2. Ceiling of Gommatesvara temple, Sravana Belgola. No. 6. Plan of Parsvanatha-basti, Heggere.

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142 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 7. Plan of Parsvanatha-basti, Bastihalli. EPIGRAPHY : Hoysala period P. 33. An inscription on the pedestal of a Jina image lying on the site of a ruined basti at Kottagere Kunigal taluq; the image represents santinatha. Vijaynagar period Harihara II. A record stating that Irugappa-dannayaka was a famous Jain general of the king, and was the author of Nanartharatnamala. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS P. 51. An inscription in characters of the 12th century in the santisvara-basti at Nittur, Gubbi taluq-Another Jain epitaph (nisidi), dated in 1980 in the basti-Three copper plate inscriptions from the Basti matha at Singangadde, Narasimharajapura taluq. MANUSCRIPTS : P. 53. A commentary on Dhananjaya's Raghava-pandaviya by Nemichandra-A commentary styled Vardhichandrodaya on Vijaya Suri's Sringararnavachandrika by Devachandra - Jnanachandracharita, a Kannada poem giving an account of the Jain prince Jnanachandra, composed in 1659 by the Jain poet Payanavarni, a native of Sravana Belgola. ILLUSTRATION IN THE REPORT: Plate 1. North view of santisvara basti at Nittur. 141 (XVII) Report, do, 1920. Bangalore, 1921. P. 8. Kanheri: A Jina figure in cave 64'; it is apparently a figure of Parsvanatha, seated on the coils of a serpent canopied by its five hoods. . Po. 10. Nasik : Cave No. 1 is a small Jain cave--A seated figure of Neminatha opposite its entrance.

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5 ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 143 P. 11. Daulatabad: Some Jain and Hindu images built into the walls of the Daulatabad fort; these belonged to temples no longer in existence. P. 13. Ellora Of the 34 caves nos. 30-34 are Jain caves; principal Jina figures in these caves represent Neminatha. To the left of No. 34 is another Jain cave bearing no number. Pp. 13-14. Badami: Caves, 4 in number, known as Mena-basti. Cave 4 is Jain with Jina figures in the shrine and on the walls and pillars. The left wall contains an epitaph of Jakkavve, wife of Jinavarma. who died by the rite of sallekhana or starvation. P. 14. Hampe: On Hemakuta there are two or three small but neat temples in the Hoysala style, said to be Jain, though without any such indication. Near the Achyutaraya temple is a Visnu shrine, erroneously called a Jain temple. P. 17. Basti-Haskote: A lofty Jina figure at Basti, now enshrined in a modern building-Two seated Jina figures to the north of the huge image. Pp. 18-19. Reference to two sets of copper plates, one recording grants to a Jain basti during the reigns of the Ganga kings Sripurusa and his son Saigotta Sivamara; the other registering a grant to a Jain basti at Talkad in 807 by the Rastrakuta prince Kamba-Deva. DRAWINGS: No. 4. Ceiling of Parsvanatha-basti, Bastihalli, Hassan distEPIGRAPHY: Pp. 27-32, 42. A set of copper-plates, relating to the Gangas, received from Narasimharajapura, recording grants to a Jain temple during the reigns of Sripurusa and his son Saigotta Sivamara-A Jain epigraph assignable to the Ganga period at Hullegala-A record, relating to the Rastrakutas, received from Chamarajanagara, registering a grant in 807 A.D. to a Jain guru named Vardhamana by prince KambaDeva-Two epigraphs at Basti-Haskote, Krisnarajapete taluq, stating that the two ruined Jain temples there were built in about 1117 by

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144 Punisa, general of the Hoysala king Visnuvardhana, and his wife Jakkavve. JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS: Two Jain records at Varakodu, dated in 1425 and 1431, indicate that the pillars on which they are inscribed once belonged to a Jain temple-An inscription at Hagalhalli opening with a prayer for the prosperity of the Jina-sasana. MANUSCRIPT EXAMINED: P. 44. Mahisura-doregala-vamsabali, a Kannada poem, written by an unknown Jain author, living in the early part of the 19th cent ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE REPORT: Plate 13. Jina figure, architrave of a doorway, and pillar in ruined bastis at Basti Haskote. 141 (XVIII) Report, do, 1921. Bangalore, 1922. WORKS TRANSCRIBED: P. 5. Indirabhyudaya, a champu by Raghunaatha Suri-Sastrasara-samuchchaya by Maghanandi (in part)-Padarthasara by Maghanandi (in part). EPIGRAPHY: Pp. 18-29. A set of copper plates received from the Tirumukudlu, Narsipur taluq, relating to the Gangas. It registers a grant in 963 A.D. by king Marasimha to a scholar named Munjarya alias Vadighanghalabhatta. A full account of the Ganga dynasty is given in the record. MANUSCRIPTS EXAMINED: P. 33. Sastrasara Samuchchaya, a Kannada prose work on Jain philosophy by Maghanandi, a Jain teacher of the middle of the 13th cent. Vaidyanighantusara, a Sanskrit work bearing on medicine in the form of a lexicon by Chikkana pandita, a Jain author. He was patronised by the Mysore king Chikka-Deva Raja-Odeyar (16721704).

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::. . ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 146 141 (XIX) Report, do, 1922. Bangalore, 1922. Pp. 5-6. Khandagiri : Of the many caves in the place, two appear to be Buddhist' and three Jain-On the top of the hill is a Jina temple dedicated to Santinatha. 141 (XX) Report, do, 1923. Bangalore, 1924. P. 2. Halebid : Paravanatha basti. P. SS. Belvadi : An important Jain settlement' during the time of the early Hoysala kings-Two inscriptions dated 1160 and 1208 A.D. record the grant to the god Jannesvara. P. 4. Conversion of the Hoysala king Bitri Deva (Visnuvardhana) to Vaisnavism from Jainism. P. 7. Markuli : Parsvanatha basti. Pp. 9-30. The age of the early Guptas. Valabhi a stronghold of the Guptas destroyed in 319 A.D.-Jain Harivamsa of Jinsenacharya contains chronology of the Murundas, Guptas and other kingsKalki, born in 402, started an era after his own name in 428, persecuted the Jains, died in 472 A.D. The initial date of the chronology of the Guptas A.D. 200-201-The exact date of the erection of the statue of Gommatesvara in Sravana Belgola A.D. 1208-Chandragupta II, living in 282, became a Jain and left the country in company with Bhadrabahu III during the terrible famine to spend his days in solitude in Sravana Belgo!a. EPIGRAPHY : Pp. 36-40. Inscription dated A.D. 1176 at Kalasapura, Kadur district, Chikmagalur taluq, on the ceiling of the anjaneya temple containing the genealogy of the Hoysala kings. It records the construction of a Jain temple called Virballala Jinalaya during the rule of Virballala by Deviseth at the request of his teacher Balachandramuni of Mulasaragha. Pp. 113-115. An inscription on a fragmentary stone by the side of a temple in ruins in the Jungle to the west of the village Ichavali of Shimoga Hobli. It records the gift of wet fields by king Nanniya 19

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Ganga and his guru to Chandra-siddhanta deva, a Jain teacher. It gives the genealogy of the Ganga dynasty. The probable date is about the close of the 10th century A.D. ..MANUSCRIPTS EXAMINED :. P. 127. (1) Trailokyadipika, (2) Bahubalicharitasataka by Nemichandra : (3)Belugulada Vistara by Anantakavi. P. 130. CONSERVATION : Repairs to Jain basti at Halebid, Hassan dist. 142 (1) Annual Progress Report of the Superintendent, Hindu and Buddhist Monuments, Northern Circle, 1910-1911. ACQUISITIONS: P. 28. Mathura Museum. No. 11-Tirthankara image from Adoki. 142 (11) Report, do, 1911-12. P. 5. PHOTOS: Si. No. 1299-Temple of Murli-Manohar. Brass statuette of Jina (Mahavira) with inscription ; front. Sl. No. 1300--Ditto: back. P. 9. ACQUISITIONS : Mathura Museum. No. 14 Fragment of Jain (?) sculpture, from Gurgaon. . 142 (III) Report, do, 1912-13. Pp. 4-5. EXPLORATION: ** An inscribed four-fold Jain image at Katra. P. vi-x. PHOTOS :

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS Si. No. 1406-Headless Jain sculpture of Parsvanatha, Baijnath, Kangra dist. Sl. No. 1471-One Jain figure etc., Muttra city. Sl. No. 1494-Jain statue, Paigor, Bharatpur, Muttra dist. Si. No. 1559-Headless Tirthankara, Muttra Museum. ACQUISITIONS: Pp. xii-xiv. Lucknow MuseumNo. 4-Colossal statue of a standing Jain Tirthankara, Kusan period. No. 5-Jain column adorned with Jain figures. C. 1000 A.D. No. 7-Jain Tirthankara, probably, Risabhanatha, mediaeval period. No. 20-Metal image of Suparsvanatha with several Jain figures around. . Muttra Museum, No. 24-Jain sculpture, Mahaban. No. 33-Inscribed Jain Tirthankara, Katra, Muttra. 142 (IV) Report, do 1918-14. P. vii. INSCRIPTIONS : Marble Jain image (Baijnath), 2 lines, Sanskrit-Jain Nagri, (Vikrama) Samvat 1286, (1240 A.D.). P. xi. PHOTOS : Sl. No. 1607-Jain inscription in Baijnath temple, Kangra district. P. xv-xvi.. ACQUISITIONS : Lucknow Museum, No. 1-Bell metal image of Suparsvanatha. No. 9-Brass image of Risabhanatha, with a votive inscription dated Samvat 1216 (A.D. 1159). No. 18-Brass image of Paravanatha with an inscription dated Samvat 1652 (A.D. 1595). No. 27-A slab with an image of Paravanatha. : !

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 29-A nude figure of Neminatha, mediaeval period. No. 30-A nude figure of a standing Jina. 142 (V) Report, do, 1914-15. Pp. 4-5. An inscription in later Gupta characters in the Jaintemple at Deogarh. Discovery of a number of Jain images in an underground temple at Karagua, dated Samvat 1349-4 and giving the names of Visaladeva and others. EXCAVATIONS at Sarnath : P. 21. List of find No. 267-Jain (?), headless and feet lost. Late mediaeval. Pp. viii-ix. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : No. 56-Pillar of the detached portions of the great Jain temple ; Deo garh, Jhansi district; 10 lines ; Sanskrit ; Northern class of alphabets; A.D. 862. No. 57-Octagonal column in the ante-chamber of the great Jain tem ple; Deogarh, Jhansi district ; Sanskrit; late Gupta charac ters. No. 60-An image of Chandraprabhu, Deogarh, Jhansi district ; 1 line; Sanskrit, Nagari. No. 69-Image of a Jain Tirthankara ; Ranipur, Jhansi district; * lines ; Sanskrit, Nagari; Samvat 1226. Pp. xi-xiii. PHOTOS : No. 1753-Fragment of railing pillar from Kankali Tila: Muttra Museum Muttra. No. 1704-Five sculptures from Kankali Tila; Muttra Museum; Muttra. No. 1705-Well on Kankali Tila which yielded sculptures, Muttra Museum ; Muttra. .

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 149 No. 1713--Inscribed Jain image of Tirthankara from Katra : Muttra Museum; Muttra. No. 1755-Inscribed Jain image, dated Samvat 1226; Ranipur, Jhansi district. No. 1756- Jain temple S.; Ranipur, Jhansi dist. No. 1762-Ruined Jain temple in fort S.E.; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No. 1763-Lakhputali temple in Fort E.; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No. 1764-Neminatha temple in Fort S.; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No. 1765-Pillar in situ in front of Jain temple in Fort. Inscribed and dated Samvat 1121 S.E. ; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No. 1766--Jain images lying SouthWest of the Bara Mandir in Fort ; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No. 1767-Porch of Bara Mandir in Fort W.; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No. 1768-Jain temple N. E. of Bara Mandir in Fort W; Deogarh, Jhansi dist. No.. 1769-Bara Mandir in Fort. S. W.; Deogarh, Jhansi district. No. 1777-Image of Chandraprabhu in Temple in the Fort; Deogarh, * Jhansi dist. ACQUISITIONS : P. xviii. Lucknow Museum, 1. Image representing Suvidhinatha, Sam. 1205. 2. Statue representing Neminatha, Sam. 1 208. 142 (VI) Report, do, 1915-16. P. 5. The name Jejakabhukti (designation in inscriptions of the region now known as Bundelkhand) in the inscription on an octagonal pillar in the main Jain temple, Deogarh fort-Erection of the temple, anterior to A.D. 994. Jain images at Mahoba, Hamirpur district.

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150 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 14. One of the Khajaraha monuments, the temple of Adinatha,, like Gahrao Ka Math, is also a Chandel monument. Inside the portico of the Gahrao Ka Math is a headless inscribed Jain figure of Neminatha, dated Sam. 1228. Pp. i-ii. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : No. 1-Broken image of Neminatha, Gahrao, Jhansi district ; 2 lines ; Sanskrit, Nagari ; Samvat 1228. No. 6-Pillar of the portico in front of the main Jain temple, Deo garh,, Jhansi district; 3 lines, Sanskrit, Nagari; of about with century. No. 7-Left door jamb of Main Jain temple, Deogarh, Jhansi dist. ; 8 lines ; Sanskrit, Nagari ; characters of about the gth century. No. 8-Below No. 7; Deogarh, Jhansi district; 8 lines; Sanskrit, Nagari ; Samvat 1051 (A.D. 994). No. 9-Below No. 8, Deogarh, Jhansi district ; 3 lines ; Sanskrit, Nagari. No. 10-Below No. 9, Deogarh, Jhansi district; 2 lines, Sanskrit, Nagari. No. 11-Slab below niche on left hand of sanctum in main Jain temple, Deogarh, Jhansi district; i line; Sanskrit, Nagari ; ruler's name, Mahasamanta Sri Udayapaladeva. No. 12--Slab below niche on right hand wall of sanctum in main Jain temple, Deogarh, Jhansi district; i line, Sanskrit, Nagari ; Samvat 1210 (A.D. 1153); ruler's name Mahasamanta Sri Udayapaladeva. No. 15-Inscribed column with Jain images, Deogarh, Jhansi dist.; 18 lines ; Sanskrit, Nagari; mention of the name of Maharaj Odesimha (Udot Singh). P. v-vii. PHOTOS : Nos. 1994-1997. Main Jain temple in Fort, Deogarh, Jhansi district. Nos. 2041-2043. Jain temple, Dudhai, Jhansi district. Nos. 2016-2018. Kankali Tila ruins, Mathura Museum. Muttra..

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 151 142 (VII) Report, do, 1916-17. Lahore, 1917. ACQUISITIONS : P. 4. Lucknow MuseumA seated Jina. An inscribed image of Risabhanatha from Laharpur, Sitapur dist. P. 9. Bust of a Jina or Tirtharkara of the Kusana period unearthed at the Kankali or Jain Tila-A fragment of the pedestal of a Jain sculpture of the Kusana period. P. 10. Sculptures added to the Mathura Museum-Figure of a Tirthankara Risabha-Inscribed pedestal of a statue of the Tirthankara Vardhamana. Pp. 14-17. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : No. 7-Fragment of pedestal of an image of a Tirthankara, Mathura Museum. Prakrit, with Sanskrit grammatical forms, Brahmi Kusana period. No. 22.- Pedestal of seated statue of Tirtharkara Vardhamana, Mathura Museum. Prakrit-Brahmi of Kusana period. Pp. 19-20. PHOTOS : No. 2123-Last page of Jain manuscript dated V.S. 1683, Hastinapur, Meerut district. No. 2174-Image of a Tirthankara of mediaeval period, Kosam, Alla habad district. W 142 (VIII) Report, do, 1917-18. Lahore, 1918. P. 3. Inscriptions of special value for the Jain art and icono graphy. * Pp. 8-10. Jain temples in the eastern portion of Deogarh FortSculptures and inscriptions of value for the history of Jain' art and mythology-Figures of twenty Jain Yaksis-Their importance-Image of Gommatesvara or Bahubali, second son of Risabha-Jain mytho

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152 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY logy in these sculptures-Dated inscriptions in the Jain temples, between the Vikrama years 919 and 1876-Colossal statue of Santinatha --Brahmi, daughter of Risabha, invented eighteen different alphabets including Turkish, Nagari, all the Dravidian dialects, Canarese, Persian and the characters used in Orissa. P. 11. The three-shrined temple at Makarbai, near Mahoba, probably a Jain temple-A fragmentary sculpture of a Jain Tirthankara. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : Pp. 12-21. Brief description of 154 inscriptions found in Jain temples in the Deogarh Fort, Jhansi dist. Pp. 22-29. PHOTOS : Nos. 2191-2192- Jain temple, Makarbai (near Mahoba), Hamirpur dist. No. 2193 - Jain temple, Sijari (near Mahoba), Hamirpur dist. Nos. 2204-2265-Ruins of different temples, Jain images, etc., Deo garh, Jhansi dist. 142 (IX) Report, do, 1918-1919. Lahore, 1920. P. 2. Paintings of the Basohli school show more trace of Jain than of Mughal traditions. P. 4. Jain temples at Kampila said to contain important inscriptions. P. 7. Repair of Jain temples in Deogarh. P. 12. Temple on the hill Murti identified as the Jain temple seen by Hiouen Thsang near Simhapur, the spot where the original teacher of the white-robed heretics or Jains reached enlightenment and first preached the law he had discovered. P. 13. Sculptures in the Jogion-ka-math, near Rohtak. No. 6-Image of the Tirthankara, santinatha. No. 7-Statue of Parsvanatha. P. viii. INSCRIPTION COPIED :

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 163 No. 77-On back of the brass image of Sumatinatha, Sanskrit, Nagari ; Sam. 1563; and worshipped in the modern temple of Parsva natha, Kampila. Pp. ix-xiv. PHOTOS : No. 2405-Crossed legs of a seated Tirtharkara ; Mathura Museum. No. 2410-Inscribed standing image of Risabha, Mathura Museum. No. 2419-A man and a woman seated under a Kalpadruma of the * Jain mythology; Mathura Museum. No. 2414-A Jain statue of which only the feet survive, Mathura Museum. No. 2430-Image of santinatha at Jogin-ka-math ; Rohtak. No. 2431-Image of Parsvanatha, same math ; Rohtak. No. 2438-Jain temple ; Hastinapur, Meerut dist. No. 2464--Headless seated Tirtharkara on bank of old bed of the Ganges, Kampila, Farrukhabad dist. P. xvi. DRAWINGS : No. 370-Group of Jain temples ; Deogarh fort, Jhansi dist. Nos. 371-376-Detailed plan of Jain temple, Nos. 1, 5, 12, 15, 19, 28; Deogarh Fort, Jhansi dist. PROTECTED MONUMENTS : Pp. xxi-xxii. Jhansi district, No. 67-Jain temples ; Chandpur. No. 82-Jain temples ; Dudhai village. No. 92-Jain temples in Fort ; Deogarh village. 142 (X) Report, do, 1919-1920. Lahore, 1921. P. iii. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED. No. 1-Inscribed slab in the compound of Santinatha temple ; Siron Khurd (Siyadoni), Jhansi dist. ; 46 lines; Sanskrit, Nagari; V.S. 960-1025; donors, Mahendrapaladeva and Devapaladeva, 20

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JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 31-On the pedestal of a Jain image ; Fort Kangra ; 3 lines ; Sans krit, Nagari ; V.S. 1412 ; donor, Samsarachandra. Pp. iv-viii. PHOTOS : No. 2531-Jain image; Chaitru, Kangra dist. No. 2554-Doorway of santinatha temple ; Sironi, Jhansi dist. No. 2555-Sculpture hall in front of santinatha temple ; Sironi, Jhansi dist. Nos. 2556-57-Jain temples ; and sculptures lying inside, I do. No. 2558-Image of a Jina; Barsana, Muttra dist. No. 2559-Image of Parsvanatha ; Kosikalan, Muttra dist. No. 2570-Jain Tirtharkara ; Chaumuhani, Muttra dist. No. 2645-Inscription on Jnana-sila in the Jain Temple, No. 12; Deogarh Fort, Jhansi dist. MONUMENTS PROTECTED: No. 69-Jain temples ; Chandpur, Jhansi dist. No. 84-Jain temples ; Dudhai village, Jhansi dist. No. 94-Jain temples in Fort ; Deogarh village, Jhansi dist. 143 (1) Annual Report on the working of the Rajputana Museum, Ajmer, for the year 1910-1911. P. 5. APPENDIX A: LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS in the Rajputana Museum, Ajmer, in 1910-11 : Sirohi State (1) Slab of white marble at Dammani inscribed with a sanskrit inscription of 6 lines, dated 1296 (1239 A.D.) recording a grant by Mahanasiha and others for the spiritual welfare of Anupamadevi, wife of Tejahpala ; it also states that the village of Dammai belonged to the temple of Neminatha also called Lunavasahi on Mt. Abu. (2) Slab at Kalagara, inscribed with a Sanskrit inscription of 18 lines, dated Sam. 1300 (1244 A.D.) records a grant to the temple of

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 156 Parsvanatha at Kalagara by Kheta and others, in the reign of Maharajadhiraja Alhanasiha of Chandravati. P. 6. APPENDIX B; LIST OF IMAGES AND SCULPTURES in the Rajputana - Museum, Ajmer, during 1910-11. Ajmere Municipality : An ornamental marble canopy at Ajmere of a Jain image con. taining elephants. 143 (II) Report, do, 1911-1912. P. 2. ARCHAEOLOGY : Barli inscription of the 2nd century B.C.-It is a fragment of an inscription in characters of the 2nd cent. B.C., engraved on a hexagonal pillar-First line contains the words "Vir (a)ya Bhagavat (e)" which shows its original Jaina affiliation. It was found in the temple of Bhilot Mata about a mile from Barli, and was used as a mortar. Images of Santinatha and Parsvanatha (Digambara). P. 5. APPENDIX A: LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS in the MuseumBarli Estate : A fragment at Barli of a Jain inscription of the 2nd cent. B.C. Pp. 5-6. APPENDIX B: LIST OF IMAGES etc., in the MuseumBharatpur State : A pedestal of a Jain image at Govardhan with a mutilated inscription with names of Jain Acharyas, Suratnasena and Yasahkirti. Tantoli Estate : At Tantoli a seated Jain image of black stone, another of Santinatha and a third ornamental sculpture with Adinatha in the centre. Baghera Estate : (1) At Baghera a standing image of (Digambara) Parsvanatha, (2) Parsvanatha (Head missing), (3) A fragment of a sculpture representing eight Tirthankaras, (4) A pedestal of a Jain image.

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186 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 7. APPENDIX C: . LIST OF INSCRIPTION copied for the MuseumSavor Estate : At Gatyali on a pillar of a Jain temple an inscription records the grant of a field called Mamavati to the Jain temple known as Dhania Vihara by a person named Nona in Sam. 1085 (A.D. 1028). Sirohi State : On a pillar of a Jain temple at Nandia an inscription, dated Samvat 1298 (A.D. 1241) and records that the pillar was made by Bhima for the spiritual welfare of his father Raura Kamana, son of Rausa Punasiha. C 143 (III) Report, do, 1912-13. Pp. 7-8. APPENDIX B : LIST OF INSCRIPTION copied for the MuseumJhalrapatan (city) : On a pillar of Satsalaki Pahari, an inscription dated Samvat 1066 (A.D. 1009) mentions the names Nemidevacharya and Baladevacharya-Another much mutilated one dated Sam. 1299 (A.D. 1242) contains the names of Mulasangha and Devasangha. Jhalrapatan State : On Jain images at Gangdhar, (1) an inscription dated Samvat 1930 (A.D. 1273) records the name of Sa Kadua, son of Kumbha(2) another dated Samvat 1352 (A.D. 1296) records the name of Deda, son of Sa Ahada-(3) a third dated Samvat 1512 (A.D. 1456) records the construction of the image of Abhinandana by Bhannari Gaya- (4) and a fourth dated Samvat 1524 (A.D. 1468) records the construction of the image of Greyamsa by Sravaka Mandana, son of Jayata. 143 (IV) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March 1915. .

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 157 ARCHAEOLOGY: P. 2. Several inscribed Digambara and Svetambara images. Pp. 5-6. APPENDIX A: LIST OF PREHISTORIC ANTIQUITIES, images etc., in the Museum The Dungarpur State : At' Baroda, (1) A Jain image bearing inscription dated Sam. 12 (xx) (head missing)-(2) another inscription on a similar image bears the date Sam. 12 (6)4,- (3) a third bears the date Sam. 1713,- (4) a fourth one, the date Sam. 1730,- (5) a fifth one, the date Sam. 1632, - (6) a sixth one, the date Sam. 1654,- (7) a seventh one on a image of Adinatha bears the date Samvat 1573,- (8) an eighth one, on an image of Sumatinatha bears the date Samvat 1654,- (9) a ninth one, a Jain image bears the date Samvat 16 (xx),-(10) a tenth one, on a Jain image bears the date Sam. 1650,- (11) an eleventh, on an image of Parsvanatha bears the date Sam. 1573 (head missing),-(12) a twelfth one on part of a sculpture of a small Digambara Jain image. The Banswara State : At Kalinjara, (1) an inscription on lower part of a Digambara Jain image bears the date Sam. 1640,-(2) another inscription on lower part of a Digambara Jain image of Chandraprabha bears the date Sam. 1625,- (3) a third inscription on a Jain image of Sumatinatha (head missing) bears the date Sam. 1648,- (4) a fourth inscription on a Jain image of Sreyamsanatha (head missing) bears the date Sam. 1648. The Banswara State : At Talwara, (1) a standing Digambara Jain image bears inscription of Sam. 1130,- (2) another bears inscription of Sam. 1137. The Dungarpur State : At Baroda, a Jain image of Paravanatha bears inscription dated Sam. 1665. Pp. 7-8. APPENDIX B: LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS copied for the Museum- . ..

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158 * JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Banswara State : In a Jain temple at Arthuna, an inscription of the time of the Paramara prince Chamundaraja is dated Sam. 1136 (A.D. 1080). * Dungarpur State : On a slab built into the wall of a Jain temple at Antri an inscription (broken into pieces) of the time of Rawal Somadasa of Dungarpur, is dated Sam. 1525 (A.D. 1468). INSCRIPTION COPIED : * P. 2. An inscription of the time of Paramara prince Chamundaraja dated Sam. 1159 (A.D. 1102) found at Arthuna in the Banswara State. It is much defaced. 143 (V) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March 1917. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : P. 3. Navgama (in the Banswara State) inscription--It is built into a wall of the Jain temple of Santinatha and is dated Sam. 1571 (A.D. 1514). It states that during the reign of Maharajadhiraja Raula (Rawal) Udayasimha, the temple of santinatha was built at Nutanapura (Navgama) in the Vagvara (Vagada) country by Humbada Sripala and his brothers Rama Manka, Ruda, Bhauna, Ladika and Viradasa. P. 6. APPENDIX B: LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS copied for the MuseumBanswara State: Engraved on a memorial pillar at Naugama is an inscription of the time of Rajadhiraja Somadasa of Dungarpur, dated Sam. 1557 (A.D. 1480). It records the death of some Jain priest. 143 (VI) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March 1918. P. 2. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED :

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 159 Do, dated Sam. 1155 (A.D. 1098) recording construction of the image of Munisuvrata, found in the Godijis (Jain) temple at Kelwa Udaipur Slate. Do. of the time of Paramara prince Vijayaraja (of Vagada) dated Sam. 1165 (A.D. 1109), contains names of Mardana and Chamundaraja. Do, dated Sam. 1732 (A.D. 1675) engraved on the pedestal of the image of Risavadeva in the Chaturmukha temple, records that during the reign of Maharana Rajasimha the temple was built by Saha Dayaladasa, Sarpuria Oswal, whose pedigree is given in detail. Do, dated Sam. 1699 (A.D. 1543) engraved on the pedestal of the image of Parsvanatha in the Jain temple known as Jagaji Talesara at Kelwa, records the name of Saha Jita of the Talesara sect in the Ukes (Oswal) caste, the constructor of the image. . P. 9. APPENDIX B: INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : Udaipur State(1 Engraved on a dais in the sitalanatha temple at Kelwa is an inscription, dated Sam. 1023 (A.D. 966). (2 Engraved on a lintel of a niche at Kelwa is another inscription, dated Sam. 1155 (A.D. 1098). (3) Engraved on the pedestal of the image of Parsvanatha at Kelwa is a third inscription, dated Sam. 1699 (A.D. 1642). (4) Engraved on the pedestal of the image of Risabhadeva at Rajnagar is an inscription, dated Sam. 1732 (A.D. 1675). 143 (VII) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March 1919. P. 2. ANTIQUITIES : A head of a Jain image. Pp. 2-5. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : (1) An inscription on the pedestal of a stone image, in Digambara Jain temple at Ajabgarh in the Alwar State, dated Sam. 1170 (A.D.1113), records the name of Sravaka Anantapala, who set up the image.

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160 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY (2) Do, on the back of a brass image of Chandraprabha. Dated Sam. 1493 (A.D. 1436). (3) Do, of the time of Rajadhiraja Dungarasimhadeva of the town Gopachala (Gwalior), dated Sam. 1510 (A.D. 1453), records the installation of the image of Sambhavanatha by Bham (=Bhandari). natha. The image originally belonged to some Jain temple at Gwalior, but is now deposited at the western entrance of the guest house at Alwar. (4) Do, on the back of a brass image of Dharmanatha, dated Sam. 1519 (A.D. 1462) (5) Do, of Parsvanatha dated Sam. 1559 (A.D. 1503). (6) Do, on the pedestal of a stone image, dated Sam. 1826 (7) A Hindi poetical inscription in Chhappai metre on a wall of Devaka-Devara at thana Ghazi in Alwar State, records that one Rama, son of Risabhadasa of Khonduka sect of Patani clan (of Digambara Jains) built a mansion and a garden and consecrated the image of Deva (Devaji, a snake God) Sam. 1809 (A.D. 1752). . P. 7. APPENDIX A : LIST OF ANTIQUITIES in the Museum A head of a Jain image at Adhai Dinka Jhompra, donated by the Commissioner, Ajmer Merwara. 143 (VIII) Report, do, for the year ending 31st March 1920. P. 2. ANTIQUITIES : Alwar State : A Digambara Jain image of Santinatha of white marble, the head being severed from the body. The pedestal has an inscription dated Sam. 1195 (A.D. 1138). Pp. 2-5. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED : Alwar State On the pedestal of the standing image of Anantanatha in the Digambara temple at Navgama (Ramgarh Tahsil), dated Sam. 1175 (A.D. 1119). *

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 161 Do, of the temple of Santinatha, dated 1195 (A.D. 1138). Do, of a stone image in the Jain temple at Sundana, dated Sam. 1348 (A.D. 1291). Do, on the back of a brass image representing all the Tirthankaras in the Jain temple at the village of Kheda, dated Sam. 1479 (A.D. 1412). Do, on the pedestal (front and back) of a stone image in the Digambara Jain temple at Naugama, Alwar State, dated Sam. 1509 (A.D. 1452). Do, on the back of a brass image of Sumatinatha in the Svetambara temple of Santinatha at Manjpur, dated Sam. 1525 (A.D. 1469). Do, on the pedestal of a stone image in the Jain temple at village Kheda, dated Sam. 1531 (AD. 1475). Do, do, in the Digambara Jain temple at Naugama, dated Sam. 1545 (A.D. 1488). Do, do, in the Digambara Jain temple at Naugama, dated Sam. 1548 (A.D. 1491). Do, on the back of a brass image of Parsvanatha in the Digambara Jain temple at Lachhmangarh, dated Sam. 1595 (A.D. 1538). Do, on a stone slab built into the wall of the temple known as Chaumukhji at Sirohi. Records the consecration of the image of Adinatha by Sanghamukhya Sam (Sanghavi) Sipa and his wife Sarupade, their sons, and grandsons, dated Sam. 1634, Saka, 1501. Do, on a slab of stone built into the wall of a Jain temple, recording constructions of a temple of Ravana Parsvanatha and the consecration of his image by Hirananda. Dated Sam. 1645 (A.D. 1589). Do, on the image-pedestal of Sitalanatha in the Svetambara Jain temple at Manjpur, recording that the image was set up in Sam. 1654 (A.D. 1597). Do, do, in the Digambara Jain temple at Lachhmangarh, dated Sam. 1660 (A.D. 1604). Do, on the back of a brass image of Kunthunatha in the Digambara Jain temple of Risabhanatha at Lachhmangarh, dated Sam. 1700 (A.D. 1643). 21

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".. 164 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Do, in the same temple, dated Sam. 1394 (A.D. 1338). Do, in the same temple. Dated Sam. 1452 (A.D. 1395). Do, in Gumanji's temple at Partabgarh. Dated Sam. 1462 (A.D. 1405). Do, in the temple mentioned above. Dated Samvat 1464 (A.D. 1408). Do, in the Svetambara temple of Parsvanatha at Deolia. Dated Sam. 1479 (A.D. 1422). Do, in the same temple. Dated Sam. 1483 (A.D. 1426). Do, in Sadha Bara's temple at Partabgarh. Dated Sam. 1503 (A.D. 1446). Do, in the Svetambara temple of Parsvanatha at Deolia. Dated Sam. 1509 (A.D. 1452). Do, in the Svetambara temple of Parsvanatha at Deolia. Dated Sam. 1518 (A.D. 1461). Do. in the Svetambara temple of Parsvanatha at Deolia. Dated Sam. 1518 (A.D. 1461). Do, in the Digambara temple of Risavadeva at Jhansadi in the Partabgarh State. Dated Sam. 1521 (A.D. 1465). Do, in the Svetambara temple of Parsvanatha at Deolia. Dated Sam. 1521 (A.D. 1464). Do, representing 24 Jinas in the temple of Santinatha at Sirohi Dated Samvat 1522 (A.D. 1465). Do, image in the temple of Santinatha at Sirohi. Dated Samvat 1524 (A.D. 1467). N.B. All the above inscriptions are engraved on the backs of brass images. In the above inscription there is proof of the wholesale conversion of the town of Osian (Ukesh) to Jainism. 144 (1) Annual Report of the Archeological Department of H. H. the Nizam's Dominions, 1914-15. Calcutta, 1916.

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ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 165 Pp. 3-4. Deval masjid originally a Buddhist or Jain templeImages of Buddha or of Tirthankaras carved on several stones-Its architectural style similar to that of the 8th to 10th century A.D. of the Northern Deccan-Its conversion to a mosque by the Muhammadans in A.D. 1925-51. 144 (II) Report, do, 1915-16. Calcutta, 1917. P. 6. Patancheru once an important centre of Jain worshipColossal statues of Mahavira and other Tirtharkaras--New images said to be discovered-Attitude of the ruling princes in the northern part of the Deccan favourable to the Jain religion from the 7th to the oth century A.D.--Subsequent destruction of the Jain temples by the worshippers of Siva and Visnu or their conversion to shrines of these faiths-No remains of the temples of Patancheru are found except statues lying buried in mounds or under the Brahmanical constructions. 144 (III) Report, do, 1918-19. Calcutta, 1920. P. 6. Group of Jain and Brahmanical caves known as Dabar Lena or Tarla Lena. P. 38. (434)-Nagai Jain image in a temple (photographic negative). 145 (1) Travancore Archaeological Series, Vol. I. Madras, 1910-13. No. 7: TRIVANDRAM MUSEUM STONE INSCRIPTION OF MARANJADAIYAN. P. 155, n. 12. Conversion of Pandya Maravarman (1) from the Jain to the Saiva faith under the influence of the Saiva saint Tirujnana Sambandar. :

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166 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 157, n. 21. Symbolical interpretation of the shrine of Narasinha, the Brahmana Lion god, excavated in the Anaimalai hill (the Jain elephant hill). No. 12 TWO INSCRIPTIONS OF VIKRAMADITYA VARAGUNA. Pp. 193-195. Chitaral inscriptions: Figures of the Tirthankaras and of the goddess Padmavatidevi carved in a cave on the hill Tiruchchanattu malai-Figures of the Devi, Mahavira and ParsvanathaJain figures on a brick gopuram-original temple destroyed-Present temple believed by the Hindus to be the temple of Bhagavati--Application of the name charana to any Jain ascetic Tiruchcharanattumalai, meaning a hill sacred to the Jain ascetics-Kalugumalai, an important Jain settlement of old-Records donation of gold to the Bhatariyar of the Tiruchcharanattumalai by Gunandangi Kurattigal, disciple of Arattanemibhatara. ILLUSTRATIONS: Mahavira-Tirthankara in the central shrine of the temple on the Tiruchchanattu-malai. General view of the temple of Bhagavati on the hill. Sculptures on the overhanging rock on the north of the temple. 145 (11) Trav. Arch, Ser. Vol. 2. Trivandrum, 1916-21. BAUDDHA AND JAIN VESTIGES IN TRAVANCORE: Pp. 115-130. Bauddha and Jain faiths over the whole of IndiaJain faith still lingers-The Jains said to have migrated into the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahusvami-Kings of the Dravida countries, adherents of Bauddha and Jain faiths-Grant of a Burmese king named Maravijayottunga-varman to the Jain temple at Tirunarungoddi -Travancore under the influence of the Bauddha and Jain faithsVikramaditya Varaguna, a donee to the Jain temple of Chitaral-The image of Tirthankara in the Manasara-The images of Jina and Buddha in the Brihat Samhita-The Jain centres of worship on the extreme north and south of the State-Bhagavati temple on the Tiru

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t ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS chchanattumalai near Chitaral- Some Jain figures and the figure of Padmavatidevi-Jain temple of Nagaraja in Nagarkoyil-Jain images in this Naga temple. ILLUSTRATIONS: 167 Map of Travancore showing the positions of the Bauddha and Jain relics-Jain images at Chitaral-Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna at Chitaral hill-Jain images in the Nagarajasvami temple at Nagarkoyil-Jain images at Kallil-Megalithic image of a Tirthankara in the Jain temple at Tirumalai near Polur, South Arcot dist.Metallic Jain images and Yantras in the Jain temple at Tirumalai near Polur, South Arcot dist. FOOT NOTES: P. 115. Kuna Pandya, a staunch Jain-Some Chalukya, Rastrakuta, Kadamba and Hoysala kings, patrons of Jainism. P. 128. Term Pallichchandam denoting land granted to Jain and Bauddha temples. 145 (III) Trav. Arch. Ser., Vol. 3. Part I. Trivandrum, 1922. P. 3. Aiyai, a female ascetic of the Jain or Bauddha creed figuring in the work Silappadigaram. Gunavirakkurav-Adigal, a Jain teacher. 145 (IV) Trav. Arch. Ser., Vol. iv. Trivandrum, 1923-24. Pp. 146-148. Jain temple at Chitral. 146 (I) Annual Progress Report of the Archaeological Department, Jammu and Kashmi State, for the Vikrama year 1974 (A.D. 1917-18). P. 7. Brass image of Jina (two photographs).

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168 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 146 (II) Report, do for the Vikrama year 1975 (A.D. 1918-19). P. 3. Haravana, the ancient sadaradvana, or forest of six saintsThe site explored and some bricks & tiles stamped with the image of an Arhat, discovered. 147 Annual Report of the Watson Museum of Antiquities, Rajkot, for the year ending 31st March, 1920. P. 6. In Saurastra are holy places of the Brahmanical Hindus, the Jains and of the Buddhists. 148 Annual Report of the Sardar Museum and Sumer Public Library, Jodhpur, for the year ending zoth September, 1922. P. 2. An inscription, engraved on a white stone and fixed on the wall of the temple of Parsvanatha at Jaswantpur, dated Samvat 1881. The foundation of the temple was laid in Samvat 1871. Do, dated Sam. 1258 engraved on the back of a brass image of Santinatha lying in the above temple. P. 3. Two inscriptions, dated Sam. 1238 engraved on 2 pillars of the sabha mandapa of the Jain temple of Ratnapur. P. 4. An inscription, carved on a white stone slab containing the image of Parsvanatha and lying in the Jain temple, Ratanpur, dated Sam. 1308. It mentions that Doongar Simha, son of Madan Simha built an image of Jinendra at the temple of Parsvanatha at Sanderagarh, Ratanpur. . Do, engraved on the pillar of the same Sabha Mandapa of the above temple, dated Sam. 1332. It mentions a grant of land to the above temple. Do, dated Sam. 1348, engraved on the pillar of the sabha mandapa. of the above temple, mentions some grants for the temple. Do, engraved on the lintel of the temple of Siva (at Ratanpur) to the west of the above Jain temple, belonging to the reign of Kumarapaladeva. It refers to the anouncement of non-slaughter of animals on

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45 ARCH., ARTS, & MUSEUM REPORTS 169 the 14th and 15th day of both (dark and bright) parts of every month by queen Sirayadevi of a feudatory of Kumarpala. P. 9. Back upper portion of a seat of Jain god together with Chhatra in the middle of the lower portion and 107 miniature figures of Jain Tirthankara (Photograph). Jain temple at Ratanpur (Photograph). Carving of the ceiling of the sabha mandapa of the above Jain temple (Photograph). Gate in the front of the above Jain temple (Photograph). IV. EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 149 Monumental Inscriptions in all parts of the world. (CR, lxix, Art. 5, 1879, p. 84-127). P. 118. Reference to monumental inscriptions and sculptured figures in Mathura with regard to Jain origin, proving the existence of Jain religion at about 50 B.C. . 150 LOVENTHAL, E. The Coins of Tinnevelly. Madras, 1888. P. 12-19. Ramanuja's conversion of Bitti Deva, the Ballala king of Dvara-samudra, from the Jain to the Vaisnava faith-His conversion dated. probably from 1117.

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170 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 SMITH, VINCENT A. Calalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Vol. I. Oxford, 1906. P. 132. Stupa used in ancient times by the Jains as freely as by the Buddhists-Buddhism more widely diffused than Jainism during the period of the currency of punch-marked coins. 152 KEILHORN, F. Two verses from Indian Inscriptions. (JRAS, 1907, p. 175-177) Pp. 175-176. Paramara Dharavarsa of Chandravati is eulogsied in two verses in a Mount Abu inscription. 153 Haig, T. W. Some inscriptions in Berar. (EIM, 1407-8, p. 10-21). P. 21. Sirpur: Sirpur in the Basin District has a fine temple of Antariksa Parsvanatha belonging to the Digambara Jain community. It has a Sanskrit inscription with a date which has been read as Sam. 1984 (A.D. 1406). Cousens believes that the temple was built at least a hundred years before that time. 154 BHANDARKAR, D. R. Ghatiyala Inscriptions of Kakkuka ; Samvat 918 (EI, ix, 1907-08, p. 277-281). Inscription contained in an old Jain structure, now called Mata. ki-sal. 155 GUERINOT, A. Repertoire D'Epigraphie Jaina. Precede d'une esquissa de l'histoire du Jainisme d'apre's les inscriptions. Paris, 1908. Pp. 1-311. Entries 1-850. Introduction contains articles on Royal Dynasties principal sanctuaries, succession of Acharyas and Samghas.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 121 156 SMITH, VINCENT A. The History and Coinage of the Chandel (Chandella) Dynasty of Bundelkhand (Jejakabhukti) from 831 to 1203 A.D. (IA, xxxvii, 1908, p. 114-148). P. 119. An image in the Jain temple at Khajuraho. 157 RAPSON, EDWARD JAMES. Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka Dynasty and the "Bodhi" Dynasty. London, 1908. P. xii. Between 2 B.C. and 2 A.D. Brahmanism, Buddhism and Jainism continued to flourish side by side. P. xvii. Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela. P. xx. Sakti-Sri, in accordance with Buhler's suggestion, may have been the historical original of the Sakti-Kumara of Jain legend. P. xxxix. Paithan on the Godavari in the Nizam's Dominions : The ancient Pratisthana is in Jain legend the capital of king Salivahan (Satavahana) and his son Sakti-Kumara. P. clxxv. The symbol 'Nandipada' (.....) is certainly not exclusively Brahmanical, as it is frequently seen, often in a more elaborate form, in Buddhist and Jain sculptures. 158 BANERJI, R. D. The Discovery of Seven New-dated Records of the Scythian Period. (JPASB, 1, 1909, p. 271-277). (Records in the Archaological section of the Lucknow Provincial Museum): (1) An inscribed Jain image, the year 9. (2) An inscribed Jain image, the year 12. (3) An inscription on the base of an image of Sambhavanatha, the forty eighth year of Huviksa. (4) An inscribed Digambara image, the year 71. (5) An inscribed Chaturmukha from Ramnagar, the year 74. . (6) An inscribed image of Risabhanatha, the year 84.

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172 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 Rice, B. L. Mysore and Coorg from the inscriptions. London. 1909. P. 3-10. Chandragupta Maurya Jain inscriptions and traditions relating to Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta. Brihatkathakosa by Harishena; Bhadrabahu Charita by Ratnanandi ; Rajavali-kathe by Deva chandra. Sallekhana. P. 13. Asoka, first a Jain. P. 31-32. Simhanandi, a Acharya, who made the Ganga King dom, is named as a great poet by Indrabhuti, in his Samaya bhusana. First Ganga King Madhava (Kongunivarmma. P. 34-35. Avinita, a Jain ; his preceptor Vijayakirtti; his grants to Jain temples at Urnur and Perur. Durvvinita, his tutor Pujyapada, author of Sabdavatara. 37. Mushkara or Mokkara-from his time the State adhered to the Jain religion. 39. Sripurusha, his grant for Jain temple erected by Kanadach chi, grand-daughter of Pallavadhiraja and wife of Parama Gula, the Nirggundaraja. 41. Govinda erected a Jain temple in Kummadavada (now Kal bhani, Belgaum). P. 46 & 72. Indra-Raja, the last of the Rastrakutas, starved himself to death by the rite of Sallekhana. Marasimha ended his days . in religious exercises at the feet of Ajitasent. P. 47. Rachamalla Satyavakya IV; efforts to revive influence of Jainism : erection of the colossal Gomata statue by his minister and General Chamunda Raya. See ibid. p. 193. P. 79. Bijjala (Kalachuria), a Jain by religion. P. 90. Rajadhiraja, the wicked Chola, burnt Jain temples in Bet vola Country erected by Ganga-Permadi (Ganga). P. 95. The Hoysalas were Jains; their origin; story of the Jain Yati Sudatta or Vardhamana-munindra.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS - 173 P. 99-101. Bitti Deva-exchanging Jain faith with Visnu and calling himself Visnuvardhana. His first wife Santala Devi and his General Hulla were some of the foremost upholders of Jainism. P. 106. Narasimha III (Hoysala) visited Vijaya Parsva temple at Halebid, and read his genealogy P. 113-114. Bukka Raya-his reconciliation of the Jains and the Vaisnavas, the latter persecuting the former. P. 138. Jinadatta, founder of the Santara Kingdom ; Jain goddess. bestowed on him the power to transmute iron into gold. The rulers of this line eventually became Lingayatis, but had Jain wives. . P. 141-142. The Changalvas first met with in Jain inscriptions at Panasoge or Hanasoge. Rama (son of Dasaratha, brother of Lakshmana and husband of Sita) erected 64 basadis at Panasoge. Jain priests of the Hottage (or Pustaka) gachcha claim Jurisdiction over these basadis and at Tale-Kaveri (in Coorg). One of the basadis set up by Rama had been endowed by the Gangas and was rebuilt by King Nanni Changalva. P. 145. The Kongalva Kings were Jains; Grants by Sugani Devi (Kongalva) to basadis at Mullur (in Coorg). P. 146. Punnata, an ancient Kingdom and Jain migration. P. 148. The Senavaras were Jains; their inscription in West Kadur district. P. 152. The Saluvas (or Salvas) originally Jains. Sangitapura (Haduvalli). P. 168. Priests played prominent part' in political affairs and their advice ever deemed of importance. Megasthenes says of the Sarmanes (the Jain sramanas) who live in the woods that kings consult them regarding the causes of things. In the second century A.D. the Tain Acharya Simhanandi made the Ganga Kingdom. In the eleventh century a Jain Yati put the Hoysalas in possession of their Kingdom.

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* 174 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 180. Kayadala chief supported all creeds including Jainism. P. 185. The Jain vow or Sallekhana was the orthodox mode of emancipation from the body when life could no longer be endured, and the instances of its performance are numerous, especially at Sravana-Belgola, from the earliest times. P. 196 201. The Jains were the first cultivators of the Kannada language. Samantabhadra, author of Gandhahasti-mahabhasya; Pujjyapada alias Devanandi, author of Jainendra (grammer), Sarvarthasiddhi, Samadhi-Sataka, Nyayakumuda-chandrodaya, Sabdavatara. Ramasena, Meghachandra, Jinachandra, Srutamuni, Vakragriva, author of Navasabdavachya; Vajranandi, author of Navastotra; Sumati of Sumatisatakam; Chintamani of the Chintamani; Sripala, expounder of the Tattva; Bhatta-Akalanka's grammar, the Karnataka-Sabdanusasana; Srivarddhadeva also called Chudamani and Tumbaluracharya, author of Chudamani, a commentary on the Tattvartha-maha-sastra; there is also one Jain work Chintamani the greatest epic poem in the Tamil language. Durvvinita, the Ganga King have had his preceptor Pujyapada and he is said to have walked according to the example of his Guru. Umasvati (Gridhrapinchhacharya) author of Tattvartha; Gunanandi, a logician, grammarian and poet; Srutakirtti wrote Raghava-Pandaviya; Sripala alias Vadibhasimha, the commentator; Anantaviryya and his Vritti to Akalankasutras; Dayapala, his Prakriya to the Sabdanusasana; Lokacharya, a grammarian and astrologer; Sampurnachandra, an astronomer; Sridhara skilled in mantras and medicine; Indranandi, author of Pratistha-Kalpa and Jvalini-Kalpa; Sivakotisuri illustrated the Tattvartha-sutra; Srutamuni, a poet and grammarian; Vidyananda illustrated Aptamimamsa and composed Slokavarttikalankara & Budhesabhavanavyakhyana; Akalanka, his Bhasya to Devagama-stotra; Prabhachandra, wrote the Marttanda; Nemichandra, author of Trilokasara; and Devachandra author of Rajavali-Kathe.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 175 P. 203. P. 204. Jainism prevailed in Mysore before the third cent. B.C. and it continued a popular faith during more than a thousand years of the Christian era. It was the State creed in the time of Gangas, of some of the Rashtrakutas and Kalachuryas and of the early Hoysalas. Also of the minor states of Punnata, of the Santaras, the early Changalvas and the Kongalvas. But the Chola conquests in 1004, the conversion of the Hoysala King in 1117 and the assasination of the Kalachurya, King in 1167 were severe blows to its influence. In an endeavour to accomodate itself to the age, Jina is described in 1151 as Siva, Brahma, Buddha and Vishnu; and for a generation following we find, chieftains who were supporters of all the four creeds. List of Jain hierarchy and the succession of Jain Gurus according to the inscriptions (mentioned) arranged according to date of the first, fifth, eleventh, twelfth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Arhadbali formed four divisions of the Sangha--the Sena, Nandi, (Tridivesa or) Deva and Simha sanghas. Mallishena Maladhari, a disciple of Ajitasena. There were no Brahmanas in the South in the time of Mukkanna Kadamba, the third cent. Sankaracharya opposed the Jains and revived Siva worship but in the middle of the twelfth century was established the Lingayit faith and into this great number of Jains were merged, while Jain images and temples were converted to Linga use. Conversion of King Bitti Deva (Hoysala) from Jainism to Vaisnavism by Ramanuja. Bitter animosity continued to exist against the Jains and in 1968, they complained in a body to King Bukka-Raya of the persecution by the Vaisnavas. From the Vira-Saivas, who had largely superseded the Jains in the west, the latter were exposed to violent opposition. In 1638 an over-zealous Lingayat official stamped a Linga on the pillars of the principal Jain temple at Halebid. P. 206. P. 207. P. 208.

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176 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 209. The Jain disputant Vidyananda and his success in various royal courts and his destruction of the Christian faith at Seringapatam. P. 210. Inscription of 812 mentions the Yapaniyas, a Jain unorthodox sect (E. I. Vol. IV p. 338). . 160 KARNA, RAM. Bijapur Inscription of Dhavala of Hastikundi ; Vikrama-Samvat 1053. (EI, X, 1909-10, p. 17-24). The stone was originally fixed in Jain temple situated about 2 miles from the village of Bijapur in the Bali dist. of the Jodhpur State. It was subsequently removed to the dharmasala belonging to the Jain mahajans of Bijapur-A grant to a Jain temple by Vidagdharaja (Rastrakuta)- Practically there are two inscriptions of dates, Sam. 1053 and 996. 161 SASTRI, H. KRISHNA. Two Nolamba Inscriptions from Dharmapuri of the gth century A.D. (EI. X, 1909-10). P. 54-70. Invocation to the doctrine of the Jinendras-Erection of a Jain temple in Tagaduru (Dharmapuri, Salem Dist.) by the merchants Nidhiyanna and Chandiyanna grant made to Kanakasena pupil of Vinayasena of the Pogariya-gana, Sena-anvaya and Mula-samgha. See note 1. P. 69. also. 162 PATHAK, K. B. Pimpari planes of Dharavarsha-Dharmaraja ; Saka-Samvat 697. (EI, X, 1909-10, pp. 81-9). P. 83. Jina Sena's Harivania quoted and discussed for the identity of srivallabha of the inscription. Sravana-Belgola epitaph of Malli Shena quoted and discussed. 163 BANERJI, RAKHAL Das. New Brahmi Inscriptions of the Scythian Period. (EI, X, 1909-10, pp. 106-121). [With illustrations].

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 177 (1) Inscription on a coping-stone. (2) Inscribed Digambara Jain image, the year 9 (Kushana era). (3) Inscribed Jain image, the vear 12, excavated from a Digambara Jain temple at Ramnagar. (1) Inscribed image of Sambhavanatha, the year 18. Jain images of the Scythian period cannot be identified unless the names are mentioned in their inscriptions. Distinctive symbols were assigned to the Jains at a much later period. (5) Inscribed Jain image, the year 58. (6) Inscription on a Jain image from Mathura, the year 71. (7) Inscribed Chaturmukha from Ramnagar, the vear 74. (8) Inscribed image from Mathura, the year 80. (9) Inscribed bas-relief from Mathura, the year 99, this is an image of Parsvana:ha with a sevca-tooded snake on the head. 164 SASTRI, H. KRISHNA. Dariavulapadu Pillar Inscription of Srivijaya. (EI, X, 1909-10, p. 147-153). Engraved on the thiree faces of one of the Jain pillars at Sanavulapadu, Cuddapah district. Records that general Srivijaya voluntarily resigned this world & took Samnyasa in order to attain eternal bliss. In the second part of the inscription is an invocatory clause proclaiming glory to the prosperous doctrine of the Jina. King Sripatunga also called Atisayadhavala and Amoghavarsa, identical with the Rastrakuta Amoghavarsa 1 (A.D 814 to 877-8)-Srivijaya mentioned in the Sravana-Belgola epitaph of Mallisena, was one of the Jain teachers of great learning, a successor to Hemaseria and a contemporary of an unspecified Ganga king. 165 FLEET, J. F. The Hathi-Gumpha Inscription. (JRAS, 1910, pp. 824-828). P. 825. The inscription is a Jain record, in somewhat imperfectly spelt Prakrit, beginning with the formula :-Namo Arahantanam namo sava-sidhana. It contains a brief account of the career of Kharavela from his birth to the 13th year of his reign. 23

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178 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 166 com BHANDARKAR, D. R. The Chahamanas of Marwar. (EI, xi, 1911-12, p. 26-79). Pp. 30-31. INSCRIPTIONS NOTED : (4) Sevadi (Samipati) stone inscription of Katukaraja ; Chahamana V.S. 1172 mentions Shanderaka gachchha. (6) Sevadi stone inscription of Katudeva; (Katukraja) [Simha]Samvat 31 (V.S. 1200). (7) Nadlai (Naduladagika) stone inscription of Ravapala Chahamana (V.S] 189. (8) Nadlai stone inscription of Rayapala ; [V.S.) 1195-Grant by Rajadeva of the Guhila family. (10) Nallas stone inscription of Rayapala ; [V.S.) 1200. (11) Nadlai stone inscription of Rayapaladeva; [V.S] 1202. Forbidding the slaughter of living beings on the 8th, 11th & 14th days of both the fortnights & threatening with capital punishment those who killed or caused others to kill living beings. The word amari-rudhi occurring in it means "the edict of the non-slaughter (of animals)". (12) Kiralu stone inscription of Alhanadeva ; [V.S.) 1209. (13) Sanderav stone inscription of Kelhanadeva; [V.S.] 1221 grant by Analadevi, Queen mother of Kelhanadeva. (15) Lalras stone inscription of Kelhanadeva ; [V.S.) 1233. (16) Lalrai stone inscription of Lakhanapala and Abhayapala ; [V.S.] 1233. (17) Sanderav stone inscription of Kelhanadeva ; [V.S.) 1236. (18) Jalor stone inscription of Samarasimhadeva ; [V.S.) 1239 found in an old mosque which was constructed of materials supplied by demolishing Jain shrine. (19) Jalor stone inscription of Samarasimhadeva ; [V.S.) 1242 found in the same mosque. (22) Juna stone inscription of Samantasimhadeva ; [V.S.) 1352. (23) Jalor stone inscription of Samantasimhadeva ; [V.S.] 1353. (24) Kot-solankiya inscription of Vanavira ; [V.S.] 1394. (25) Nadlai stone inscription of Ranaviradeva ; [V.S.) 1443. The above inscriptions refer to the grants made to the Jain temples. 167 LUDERS, H. On some Brahmi Inscriptions in the Lucknow Provincial Museum. (JRAS, 1912, pp. 153-179).

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 179 Interpretation of certain inscriptions in some Jain images preserved in the Museum, quoting Mr. R. D. Banerji's readings thereon. (It is a comment on Mr. Banerji's paper in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, n.s., vol. v. 1909, pp. 243 f., 271 ff.). 168 LUDERS, H. A list of Brahmi Inscriptions (EI. X, appendix, 1912). I. NORTHERN INSCRIPTION. Mathura (Kankali Tila, now Lucknow Provincial Museum) 16. S. 4.-Jain image inscription, 1892, 1904. 17. S. 5-Jain image inscription, 1892, 1904. 18. S. 5.-Jain image inscription of the time of devaputra Kaniska, 1891, 1904. 19. S. 5.-- Jain image inscription, 1873, 1887, 1890, 1904. 20, S, 5.-- Jain image inscription, 1873, 1900. 21. $. 7.-Jain image inscription of the time of maharajarajatiraja dcvaputra Shahi Kaniska, 1888, 1891. 22. S. 9.-Jain image inscription of the time of maharaja Kaniska, 1873, 1887, 1904. 24. S. 15.- Jain image inscription, 1891, 1901. 25. S. 18.- Jain image inscription, 1891, 1892. 26. S. 18.-Jain image inscription, 1891, 1892, 1904. 27. S. 19.Jain image inscription, 1891. 28. S. 20-Jain image inscription, 1873, 1887, 1889, 1891. 29. S. 20.- Jain image inscription, 1891. 30. S. 22.Jain image inscription, 1873, 1891. 31. S. 22.-Jain image inscrip 1889, 1891. 32. S. 25.-Jain image inscription, 1891, 1904, 34. S. 29.-Jain image inscription of the time of maharaja ....shka, 1891, 1903. 35. S. 29.- Jain image inscription of the time of maharaja devaputra Huviska 1891, 1892, 1903, 1904. 36. S. 31.- Jain image inscription, 1892. 37. S. 32.-Jain image inscription, 1892. 39. S. 35.-Jain image inscription 1891. 41. S. 38.-Jain elephant capital inscription of the time of maharaja devaputra Huviska, 1873, 1874, 1898, 1904. 42. S. 44.- Jain image inscription of the time of maharaja Huviska, 1891, 1892. 44. S. 45.-Jain image inscription, 1891. 45. S. 47.-Jain image inscription, 1873, 1887, 1891. 46. S. 48.Jain stone inscription of the time of maharaja Huviska, 1873, 1904. 47. S. 49.-Jain image inscription, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1901, 1903, 1908.

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180 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY JAIN IMAGE INSCRIPTIONS: LUCKNOW PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 48. S. 4.-Do, 1891, 1904, 1908. 49. S. 50.-Do, 1892. 50. S. 50.Do, 1891, 1892. 53. S. 52.-Do, 1892, 1904. 54. S. 54.-Do, 1889, 1891, 1901, 1904. 55. S. 57.-Do, 1877, 1880, 1885, 1892. 56. S. 60.--Do, of the time of maharaja rajatiraja devaputra Huviska, 1891, 1892, 1904. 57. S. 62.-Do, 1885, 1887, 1891, 1904. 58, S. 62.-Do, 1892. 59, S. 72.Do, on sculptured stone-slab of the time of Swami mahaksatra pa Sodasa, 1891, 1892, 1895, 1901. 66. S. 80.-Do, on image, of the time of maharaja Vasudeva, 1891. 67. S. 81.-Do, 1892. 68. S. 83.-Do, of the time of maharaja Vasudeva, 1870, 1873, 1890, 1904. 69. S. 83.Do, 1873. 70. S. 86.-Do, 1891. 71. S. 87 ).-Do, 1891. 72. S. 87Do, of the time of Maharaja rajatiraja Shahi Vasudeva, 1873, 1904. 73. S. 90.-Do, 1873, 1887, 1892. 74. S. 93.-Do, 1892. 75. S. 93.-Jain panel inscription, 1889, 1890, 1892. 1901. 76. S. 98.-Jain image inscription of the time of rajan Vasudeva, 1873, 1887, 1888, 1904, 77. S. 98.-Do, 1892. 78. S. 99.- Jain stone inscription of the time of some maharaja rajatiraja, 1896. 80.-- Jain image inscription of the time of devaputra Huviska, 1892. 81.-Do, of the time of maharaja rajatiraja, 1892. 83.-Do, of the time of maharaja mahakshtrapa Ma...., 1892. 84.-Do, 1891. 86.--Do, 1891. 87.-Do, 1891. 93.- Jain stone inscription, 1891, 1892. 94:-Do. 1892, 1901, 1905. 95 -- Jain inscription on carved panel, 1891, 1904. 96.--Jain image inscription, 1892. 97.- Jain stone inscription, 1874, 1877, 1880, 1904. 99.Jain inscription on sculptured torana, 1891, 1892. 100.-Jain tablet insscription, 1892, 1901. 101.- Jain frieze inscription, 1891, 1894, 1901. 102.- Jain inscription on sculptured slab, 1885, 1901, 1904. 103.-Jain inscription on sculptured panel. 1892, 1901. 104.-Do, 1892. 105.-Do, 1892, 1894, 1901. 106-Do, 1892, 1901. 107.--Do, 1891, 1901. 108.Jain inscription on sculptured pillar, 1891, 1901, 1904. 110.-Jain image inscription, 1891, 1892. 112.-Do, 1891. 113.-Do, 1889, 1891. 114.-Do, 1891. 115.-Do, 1891, 1904. 116.-Do, 1891. 117.-Do, 1891, 1892, 118.-Do, 1892. 19.- Jain inscription on a large slab, 1892. 120.- Jain image inscription, 1892. 121.-Do. 1891, 1892, 1900. 122.-Do, 1892, 1901. 123.-Do, 1877, 1880, 1892, 1904. 124.- Jain

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inscription, 1889. EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 181 II-SOUTHERN INSCRIPTIONS: 966.-Junagadh (now State Printing Press, Junagadh) Jain (?) stone inscription, of the time of rajan mahaksatrapa swami-Rudrasimha, 1876, 1895, 1908. 1345.-Udayagiri cave (Hathigumpha) inscription of the Kalingadhipati Kharavela, 1825, 1837, 1877, 1880, 1885, 1895, 1898, 1910. 1346.-Udayagiri Jain cave (Svargapuragumpha) inscription, 1837, 1877, 1880, 1885. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. I-NORTHERN INSCRIPTIONS. LUCKNOW PROVINCIAL MUSEUM JAIN 'INSCRIPTIONS: 22a. (1363). S. 9.-Inscription, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912. 23a. (1364). S. 12.-Do, 1909, 1910, 1911. 45a. (1366). S. 48.-Do. of the time of maharaja Huviska, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912. 51.....and read Jain (?)' instead of 'Buddhist'. 58a. (1368). S. 71.-Do, 1909, 1910, 1912. 59a. (1369). S. 74.-Do. 1909, 1910, 1912. MATHURA MUSEUM JAIN INSCRIPTIONS: 69a. (1373). S. 84.-Balabhadra Kund Jain image inscription of the time of maharaja rajatiraja devaputra shahi Vasudeva, 1909, 1910. 81a. (1374).-Do, of the time of some maharaja, 1910. 89c. (1377). S. 97 (?)-Do, 1910. LUCKNOW PROVINCIAL MUSEUM JAIN INSCRIPTIONS: (1383).-Kankali Tila, 107a. (1382).-Inscriptions, 1910. 107b Jain tablet inscription, 1894, 1910. 107c (1384).-stone-slab inscription 1910, 1912. 107d. (1385).-Do, 1910, 1912. MATHURA MUSEUM INSCRIPTIONS: 107e. (1386).-Jain statuette inscription, 1910. 107f. (1387).Do, at Mata Math, 1910. 107g. (1388).-Jain image inscription at Kankali Tila, 1910. 107h. (1389).-Do, 1910.

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182 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY LUCKNOW PROVINCIAL MUSEUM INSCRIPTIONS : 124a. (1390).-- Jain (?) stone inscription, 1910, 1912. 959.-.... and read 'Rajgir (Son Bhandar) Jain' instead of 'Rajgir (Sonbhandar) Buddhist'. 169 CHARIAR, T. Desika. Numismatics with special relation to South India. (QJMS, iii, 1913, pp. 1-11). P. 6. Buddhism or Jainism had a strong hold in South India as the prevailing religious faith during the period of the currency of the Pallava coins at some period subsequent to that of Asoka. P. 8. It is wrong to identify that last of the first line of Pandyan kings converted from Jainism to the Hindu faith. 170 ALLAN, John. Catalogue of the Coins of the Gupla Dynasties and of Sasanka, king of Gauda. London, 1914. P. xviii. The Lichchhavis played an important part as an illustrious family ruling at Vaisali-The early history of Buddhism and Jainism. 171 Rice, B. Lewis. Coorg Inscriptions., (Epgraphia Carnatice, vol. i.--Archaological Survey of India, New Imp. Series, xxxix). Madras, 1914. P. 2. The Jain faith was at first' exclusively the State religion. Pp. 2-3. Kadambas : Death of the Kadamba king Niti-maharaja with the performance of the Jain rite of sannyasanam. Pp. 3-12. Gangas : Foundation of the Ganga dynasty by two Jain princes of the Iksvaku (Solar) race-Help of the Jain acharya Simhanandi. Jain traditions representing Chandragupta as ending his life at Sravana Belgola in Mysore-Gift made by the Ganga king Kongani

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 183 mahadhiraja (Avinita) to a Jain priest-Donation of the village of Badaneguppe to the Srivijaya Jain temple of the Talavana-nagara (Talakad) by the minister of Akalavarsa Prithuvi-Vallabh-The Jain Harivamsa composed by Jinasena in 782 A.D.-Jain immigrants in the Punnata country in the 4th century B. C.-Harisena's Brihatkathakosa composed in 931-Jinasena of the Brihat-Punnata-sangha-Donation to a Jain priest the twelve hamlets of Biliur for the SatyavakyaJina temple of the Penne-Kadanga-A Jain priest of Sravana Belgola acquiring possession of Perggadur-Sasana of the basadi (or Jain temple) of Perggadur. Nandisvara, an island in the Jain cosmography Nandisvara temple erected by the Jains in Delhi-Fifty-two Jain temples in the island of Nandisvara-Trilokasara and Nandisvarabhakti-Close connection between the sains of Coorg and those of Sravana Belgola in Mysore-Sripur, a place where a Jain temple is said to have been erected in the Devarhlli plates. Pp. 13-16. Changalvas : Changalvas or Changaluvas, originally Jains--The Jain priests of the Hottage (or Pustaka)-gachchha claiming exclusive Jurisdiction over basadis at Panasoge and at Tale-Kaveri in Coorg-One of the basadis or Jain temples at Panasoge set up by Rama endowed by the Ganga king Marasimha, 961-974-Kopana-tirtha, a great sacred place of the Jains--Ganga-Raja's restoration of ruined Jain temples throughout Gangavali. Pp. 16-18. Kongalvas : The Kongalvas were Jains-GunasenaPandita, guru of Rajadhiraja-Kongalva and his mother Pochabbarasi -Restoration of a temple in 1390 by a Jain priest. Pp. 18-19. Hoysalas : Vidyadhara Buchidevarasa, a Jain priest. Pp. 30-50. 1. Copper plates of Avinita Kongani found in the Treasury at Mercara. Date 466 A.D. 2. A stone inscription of Satyavakya at Biliur in Kiggat-nad). Dated 888 A.D. 4. A stone inscription of Satyavakya at Peggur (same nad). Dated 978 A.D. 10. The Anjanagari Jain stone inscription. Date 1544 A.D. 30. On a stone at Nallur (Hattugattu-nad) in a hittal west of Titaramadu Madayya's house. Date about 1050 A.D. 31. On a stone on the tank bund at the same village, near Titaramadu's house. Date about 1050 A.D. 34. Mullur stone epitaph of Gunasena, west of the Parsvanatha

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184 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY basti in the Basti temple. Date 1064 A.D. 35. Mullur pillar inscription of Rajendra-Kongalva and Rajadhiraja-Kongalva's mother. Date 1058 A.D. 36. A memorial perhaps of Prithuvi-Kongalva's queen. Date 1070 A.D. 37. On the north wall of the same Parsvanatha basti of Sri-Rajadhiraja Kongalva's mother Pochabbarasi. Date about 1050 A.D. 38. On the basement of the same basti of Rajendra-RajendraChola-Kongalv's son Kongalva. Date about 1050 A.D. 39. On a stone near the Crandraratha basti in the same basti.. Date 1390 A.D. 40. On a stone near the mandapn in front of the Chandranatha basti. Date 1216 A.D. 41. On the footprint stone in front of the santisvara basti, in the same basti. Date about 1030 A.D. 42. On a stone in the northwest angle of the enclosure of the same basti. Date about 1050 A.D. 56. On the tomb of Prabhachandradeva at Dodda Kanagalu, in the Ganda's field. Date 1044 A.D. Pp. 51-72. Translations. Pp. 73-100. Text as in the original. 172 BHANDARKAR, D. R. Chitorgadh Prasasti. (JBRAS, xxiii, 1914, pp. 42-60). Descriptive account of the work Chitrakutadurge Mahaviraprasidu prasasti, occurring in the list of Jain Ms. given in Prof. Kathavate's report for the years 1891-95. This prasasti of the temple of Mahavira on the fort of Chitrakuta was composed by sri Charitraratnagani. It was copied in Sam. 1508 in the Prajapati cycle year. The divine Vasudeva in the opinion of Patanjali, is different from the Ksatriya Vasudeva. (J.B.B.R.A.S., xxiii, 1914, Pp. 96 103) : P. 101. Panini's two aphorisms condensed into one by the Jain grammarian Sakatavana-Hemachandra borrowed same. 173 Thomes, F. W. Notes on the Edicts of Asoka. (JRAS, 1915, pp. 97-112). : Pp. 110. The word Samsarana in connection with the terrace (alinda) reminds one, of the Samosaranas of the Jain Tirthankaras

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 185 which are illustrated and considered in Dr. Huttemann's "Miniaturen zum Jinacarita" (Baesler Archiv., iv, 2, 1913) and in Dr. Coomaraswamy's "Notes on Jaina Art" (Journ. of the Indian Art and Industry, xvi, no. 127, 1914). 174 FLEET, J. F. A new Ganga Record and the Date of Saka 380. (JRAS, 1915, pp. 471-485). Pp. 474-481. Points for and against the acceptance of the date of saka 380, A.D. 458, put forward in Lokavibhaga, a Digambara Jain work on cosmography, for a Pallava king Simhavarman. 175 BARNETT, L. D. Two inscriptions from Balgaum, now in the British Museum (EI, xiii, 1915-16). Pp. 15-36. Engraved on large stone tablets. The stones belonged originally to the three Jain temples, the remains of which stand in the fort at Belgaum, Bombay. Record that the temple was founded about A.D. 1200 by Bichana or Bichiraja, an official of Ratta prince Karta. virya IV, and was named Ratta-Jinalaya, ("The Jain temple of the Rattas"). A.-Grant by Ratta Prince Kartavirya IV, A.D. 1204. Given to subhachandra, a disciple of Nemichandra, disciple of Maladharideva & belonged to the Pustaka Gachchha, Desigana, Kondakunda-anvaya, Mulasangha, An assignment of land at Venugrama i.e., Belgaum. Records that' Bichana founded the Ratta-Jinalaya temple at Belgaum-donations for the upkeep of the Jain temple named Ratta-finalaya at Belgaum. The composer of the record is Balachandra-deva, styled Kavi-Kandarpa, a disciple of Madhavachandra. B.-Of the same time and date. The Jain doctors Maladharideva, Nemichandra and Subhachandra --Records grant of the village of Umbaravani and certain lands for the benefit of the Ratta-Jinalaya Jain sanctuary in Belgaum, dated A.D. 1204

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186 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 176 BANERJI, R. D. Inscriptions in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves. (EI, xiii, 1915-16, pp. 159-167). 1. Inscription on the Manchapuri cave-Mentions temple of the Arhats & caves for the Sramanas of Kalinga. 2. Inscription in Manchapuri cave-Lower storey, front wall. 3. Inscription in Manchapuri Cave-Lower storey, side wall. 4. Inscription in the Sarpagumpha, to the left of the doorway. 5. Inscription in the Sarpagumpha, over the doorway. 6. Inscription in the Haridas Cave. 7. Inscription in the Bagh Cave. 8. Inscription in the Jambesvara Cave. 9. Inscription in the Chota Hathigumpha. 10. Inscription in Tatwagumpha No. II. 11. Inscription in the Anantagumpha, mentions cave of the monks of Dohada. 12. Inscsription in Anantagumpha. 13. Painted inscription in Tatwagumpha No. I. 14. Inscription of Udyotakesari in the Navamuni cave of about the 10th century A.D.) 15. Second inscription in the Navamuni cave N.B. Both Nos. 14 & 15. mention Khalla Subhachandra, disciple of Kulachandra, who belonged to Grahakula, of the Arya congregation & belonged to Desigana. 16. Inscription of Udyotakesari in Lalatendu-Kessari's cave of about the 10th century A.D. mentions setting up of the images of the twenty-four Tirthankaras, 17. Inscription in the Ganesagumpha. 177 FLEET, J. F. Some Records of the Rashtrakuta kings of Malkhed (concluded from VII, p. 231). (EI, xiii, 1915-16, p. 190-194). Pp. 190-194. K. Mulgund inscription of the time of Krisna IIA.D. 902-903. Found at Mulgund, Dharwar district in a Jain temple. Some officers of the Rastrakuta king Krishnavallabha II granted fields for the Jain temple to a Jain teacher named Kanakasena of the Sena lineage, a disciple of Virasena who was disciple of Acharya Kumara. sena. 178 GUPTE, Y. R. Two Talesvara Copperplates. (EI, xiii, 1915-16, p. 109-21).

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 187 P. 117, note 9. Prof. V. V. Sovani thinks that the word Katuka might mean a sect' of the Jains. According to Mr. Gupte a reference to the Jains in particular is not very clear. 179 SHASTRI, H. KRISHNA. South Indian Inscriptions, Vol. ii. Madras, 1891-1917. (Archaological Survey of India, New Imp. Ser. Vol. x). P. 5, n. 4. The Chalukyas, patrons of the Jains. Pp. 6, 12. Sramanas, same as the Jains. P. 48. Measurements of the villages of Palaiyur and Arappar including Jain temples and the land enjoyed by the community of Jain teachers (ganimurruttu)--Palli, meaning a Jain temple. P. 52, n. 2 ; 390, n. 2. Pallichchandam, meaning a gift to a Jain temple. P. 60. Measurement of the village of Ku[ruv]aniyakkuli including a Jain temple. Pp. 376, 388, 38gn. Land belonging to the Digambara JainsThe Kshapanakas, same as the Digambaras. Pp. 380, 387. The Ganga family obtaining increase through the might of the Jain teacher Simhanandi. Pp. 381, 387. Identity of Amoghavarsa, the contemporary of Prithivipati I, with the Rastrakuta king Amoghavarsa I (A.D. 814-15 to 876-78). 180 JAYASWAL, K. P. Hathi-Gumpha Inscription of the Emperor Kharavela: 173 B.C.-160 B.C. (JBORS, iii, 1917, P. 425-472). P. 425. Entry of Jainism into Orissa within 100 years of the death of its founder Mahavira. Pp. 428-429. Eight auspicious symbols of the Jains called Astamangalas :--1. Svastika. 2. Mirror. 3. Kalasa (jar). 4. Bhadrasana (hour-glass-shaped cane-seat). 5. Fishes. 6. A flower garland. 7. A -hook. 8. A crown like symbol.. i

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188 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 447. Jainism was more a philosophy than a religion of dissenting Hindus. P. 452. Mauriya-kala and Jainism-Jain books and inscriptions claim Chandragupta as a Jain Imperial ascetic. 181 BANERJI, R. D. Note on the Hathi-Gumpha Inscription of Kharavela. (JBORS, iii, 1917, p. 486-507). P. 490. Reference to certain canonical text of the Jains out of use during the reign of the Mauryas. P. 491. Acts done by Kharavela to promote the Jain faith. P. 503. Kharavela, a Jain. 182 SAHNI, D. R. Chandravati Plates of Chandra-Deva ; V.S. 1150 & 1156. (EI, xiv, 1917-18. p. 192-209). Reference to two Jain temples at Chandravati-Erection of a Svetambara Jain temple on the site of the temple of Chandramadhava. 183 Rice, LEWIS. Penukonda Plates of Madhava II (III). (EI, xiv, 1917-18. p. 331-340). P. 334. Lokavibhaga, a Digambara Jain work in Sanskrit, treating of Jain cosmography-Its contents first delivered by the Arhat Vardhamana-Its translation by the Risi Simha Suri from Prakrit to Sanskrit -A copy of it made by Muni Sarvanandin in Patalika in the Panarastra-Date, the 22nd year of Simhavarman, the lord of Kanchi. and in 80 beyond 300 of the Saka years. 184 JAYASWAL, K. P. A Note on the Hathi-Gumpha Inscription tion. (JBORS, iv, 1918, p. 96-98). P. 97. Employment of the terms nisidhi and nishiuhi by the lains to denote ornamental tombs of their saints. P. 98. Arhat-Nisidiya., a resting place for the Athats or advanced saints of Jainism.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 185 JAYASWAL, K. P. Hathi-Gumpha inscription revised from the rock. (JBORS, iv, 1918, p. 364-403). P. 366. Presence of contrast' of Jainism with Buddhism.. Existence of the images of the Jinas or Tirthankaras as early as 460 B.C. Worship by the Jains of the remains of their prophets and erection of monuments on the relics called nishidi. Pp. 366 367. Yapa (Yapana sangha, an early Jain school arising after the death of Bhadrabahu, a contemporary of Chandra Gupat. P. 383. Usage of nikas, nikal by the Jains of Upper India. Pp. 385-386. Interpretation of the expression "Kalingan Jina". P. 388. Bhadrabahu-Charita, a work on the history of Jainism. P. 390. Jiva-Deva-Sri, a former king of Kalinga, was a patron of Jainism. Amongst the Jains Chakra symbolises the spread or conquest' of religion. 186 Nahar, P. C. Jaina Inscriptions, containing index of places, glossary of names of Shravaka castes and gotras of Gachhas and Acharyas with dates. Pt. I. Calcutta, 1918 (Jaina Vividha Sahitya Shastra Mala, No. 8). 187 RANGACHARYA, V. A Topographical List of the Inscrip tions of the Madras Presidency. (Collected till 1915). With notes & References. 3 vols., Madras, 1919. P. 25. Anantapur. Dist. Penukonda taluk. . . i .

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190 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 167. Penukonda: (Kanarese). Slab placed by the side of the well in the Parsvanatha temple. Records that it is the tomb stone of Nagaya, the lay disciple of Jinabhusanabhattaraka-Deva. P. 29. Anantapur dist. Tadpatri taluk. 203. Tadpatri (Kanarese) On the north-west corner of the prakara of the Ramesvara temple, first stone. A Jain record of Udayaditya, son of Somideva and Kancheladevi, in S. 1120 expired, Kalayukta. The donor resided at Tatipara Tadpatri Dr. Hultzsch suggests that the stone was probably transferred from some Jain building, of which no traces remain. III P. 56. Arcot North dist. Arni taluk. 210. Pundi (Tamil) : On the west wall of the Jain temple of Ponninatha. A record of Sambuvaraya. Records the building of a Jain temple called Viravira-Jinalaya and the gift of a village to it. P. 57. Arcot North dist. Arni taluk. 216. Vilappakkam (Tamil) : On a slab lying in front of the Naganathesvara temple. A record in the 38th year of the Chola king Madiraikonda Parakesarivarman (Parantaka I). Records the sinking of a well by the female disciple of Aristanemipidarar of Tiruppanmalai i.e., Panchapandavamalai), the preceptor of the local Jains. ly P. 69. Arcot North dist. Cheyyar taluk. * 308. Ukkal Tamil) : A record of the Chola king Ko-Rajarajakesarivarman.alias Rajarajadeva I, dated in this twenty fourth year. It deals with defaulters of land revenue in villages held by the Brahmans, the Vaikhanaras and Jains in the Chola, Pandya and Tondamandalam countries and authorizes the villagers to confiscate and sell the lands if taxes were unpaid for two full years.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 191 P. 79. Arcot N. dist. Polur taluk. 383. Tirumalai : (Grantha and Tamil). On the top of the Tirumalai rock. A record in the 12th year of the Chola king Ko-Parakesari. varman, alias Udaiyar-Rajendra-Choladeva I (conqueror of Jayasimha). The first part of the inscription describes his conquests. The second part records gift of money for lamp and offerings to a Jain temple on the hill by the wife of a merchant of Malliyur in karaivali, a subdivision of Perumbanappadi. The Jain temple was evidently founded by Kundavi, the king's aunt, and was in the pallichchandam of Vaigavur, in Mugainadu, in Pangalanadu, Jayangondacholamandalam. 384. On a buried rock between the Gopura and the painted cave. A record in the 12th year of the same Chola king. Gift of money for two lamps by Chinnavai, evidently a Chola princes and Pallava Queen. P. 80. 385. Do. Do. On a buried rock in front of the Gopura. A record in the 21st year of the Chola king Koraja-Rajakesarivarman, alias Rajarajadeva I. Records that a certain Gunaviramunivar built a sluice called after a Jain teacher Ganisekhara maru porchuriyan, the pure master who is said to have been skilled in the elegant arts [It is difficult to say who this Gunavira Munivar was. Tamil literary tradition speak of (1) Gunasagar who composed Yapparungalagarigai whom the Abhidan attributes to S. 300; (2) Gunabhadra, the teacher of Mandalapurusa, the author of the Chunamani Nigaatu who was the contemporary of the Rastrakuta Krisna III ; and (3) Gunavira Pandita, the author of Neminatha and Vachchanandimalai. The last of these was the contemporary of Tribhuvanavira or Kulottunga III].. 388. On the walls of a mantapa at the base of Tirumalai rock. A record in the 12th year of Rajanarayana Sambuva-raja, regarding the setting up of a Jain image (Arhan) by a lady of Ponnur. 391. In a small shrine below the painted cave. Records that one Arishtanemi acharya of Kadaikottur, a pupil of Paravadimalla of Tirumalai, caused the image of a Yaksa to be made. 393-94. Doorway of the painted cave. A record of the king Vidukadalagiya Peruma! (Vyamuktasravanajvala), the Adigaman of the

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192 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Chera race and Lord of Takata (TagaNur). He was the son of Rajaraja and descendant of Yavanika, king of Kerala or Ealini, king of Vanji. Records the repair of the images of a Yaksa and Yaksi, the presentation of a gong and the construction of a channel. VI P. 108. Arcot North Dist. Walajapet taluk. 631. Panchapandavamalai (near Arcot) also called Tiruppanmalai : (Tamil) On a boulder. A record in the 50th year of the Pallava king Nandipottarasar, saying that the images of a Yaksi named Ponniyakkiyar and a saint Naganandin which are preserved to the prese day were cut out of the rock by Naranan, the son of Maruttuvar of Pugalalaimangalam. Yaksas and Yaksis were guardian deities of Jain temples see Des. Cat. Sans. Mss. XVI. pp. 6367-8 for a work on their method of worship. Vi P. 115. Arcot North Dt. Wandiwash taluk. * Melpadi: This place, 6 miles north of Tiruvallam, figures in the Karkad plates of the Rastrakuta Krisna III as the place of his encampment in 959 and is thus ancient. According to tradition its ancient temple was Jain but made Saivite by the Devaram saints P. 119. Arcot North Dist. Wandiwash tatuk. 708. Tellaru : (Tamil) See North Arcot Manual, II. P. 445 which refers to the local mud fort of Nanda Raja and Jains. Pp. 119-20. Arcot North Dist. Wandiwash taluk. Vallimalai (near Tiruvallam): The following epigraphs show the importance of this place as a Jain centre. The tradition connecting it with Valli and God Subrahmanya of Tiruttanigai is of later origin. 710. Rock inscription in a Jain cave on the hill. A record of the Ganga king, Rajamalla (I), the son of Ranavikrama, grandson of Sripurtsha (725-776), and great-grandson of Sivamara (1, 679-719 circa). Rijamalla was the excavator of the cave,

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 193 .710 B. (Kanarese in Grantha characters). On the rock. A record of the Ganga King Rajmalla. Records the founding of a Jain shrine. 710 C. ,Kanarese Grantha characters). On the same rock. The record of a Bana king. Records the setting up of the image of Devasena, the pupil of Bhavanandin and the spiritual preceptor of the king. The teacher Bhavanandin who figures here is apparently different from the author of the Bhavananda, a treatise on Nyaya, to whom Dr. Hultzch refers in his Rep. Sans. Mss. No. 1631). 710 D. (Kanarese). On the same rock. Records the setting up of a Jain image, "by the Jain preceptor Aryanandin". The erection of the image in the above epigraph is also attributed to this saint. 710 E. (do), do. A damaged record. P. 128. Arcot North District. Wandiwash taluk. 742. Vedal : (Tamil). A record in the fourteenth year of the Pallava king Nandi. Mentions Vidal and Vilar-palli (probably) the Jain temple at Vidal. 743. A damaged record. Mentions Madevi Arindamangalam also spelt Madevirandamangalam. 744. A record in the 14th year of the Chola king Rajakesarivarman. Mentions Kanakavira-Kuratti, a disciple of Kunakirttibhattarar, Vill P. 175. Arcot South District, Gingee taluk. 389. Singavaram : (Tamil). On a rock in the Tirunatharkunru. Records the nisidika of Ilaiyappadarar who fasted for 30 days. The reference is to the Jain habit of religious suicide. 390. (Archaic Vatteluttu). Records the nisidika of Chandranandiacharya who fasted for 57 days. IX P. 178. Arcot South Dist. Tindivanam taluk. 407. Olakkur: (Tamil). In Archaic characters of the Pallava or the early 'Ganga-Pallava' period. On a slab set up in the Brahman street in village Olakkur: Records that the muchworn image at the top of the slab was caused to be cut by the king. The image itself,

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194 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY : perhaps, represents Pividivividanga-Kurati. The inscription show that Jainism was under royal support in the district. Nandivarman cut out, for example, a similar image at Pnchapandavamalai near Arcot. P. 179. Perumandur: (A Jain centre in ancient period). 414. (Tamil). The shrine of Chandranatha. A record in the fourteenth year of the Chola king Kulottunga-Cho?adeva (III ?), granting land to the image of Yaksi by Rajaraja Sambuvarayan. 415. (Tamil). The shrine of Risabhanatha. A record in the nineteenth year of the 'Ganga Pallava' king Vijaya-Nandivikramavarman. Records gift of paddy. 416. do. do. A record in the 15th year of the Chola king Kulottunga-Choladeva (III ?). Gift of land by Rajaraja-Sambuvarayar. P. 182. Arcot South District. Tindivanam taluk. Silnamur (Sittamur): important Jain centre in the Dist. 443. Inscription in Tamil. Temple of Parsvanatha. A record in the seventeenth year of the Chola king Rajakesarivarman. Gift of a lamp. 444. Shrine of Malainatha. Do. in the tenth year of Chola king Rajadhirajadeva. Gift of land. 445. Shrine of Malainatha. Mentions Kadavarkonpavai, the queen of a Chola king. Pp. 235-236. Arcot South Dist. Tirukkoyitur taluk. Tirunarungondai. The Jain temple referred to in the following inscriptions were famous in mediaeval history as a stronghold of learning. INSCRIPTIONS IN TAMIL : 921. The Chandranatha shrine in the Appandanatha temple. A record in the gth year of the Chola king Tribhuvana Chakravartin Kulottunga-Choladeva. Gift of taxes. 922. Do, in the 3rd year of Tribhuvanachakravartin Konerinmai. kondan. Gift or land.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 195 923. Do. in the 13th year of the Chola king Tribhuvanachakravartin Rajadhirajadeva. Gift of moncy. 924. Do. in the 6th year of Tribhuvanachakravartin Konerinmaikondan. 925. Do. in the 17th year of the Chola king Rajaraja I. Gift of land. 925A. Do, in the 1st year of Kulottunga-Choladeva. Temple of Parsvanadhesvami. XI P. 240. Arcot South Dist. Villupuram taluk. 963. Koliyanur. Inscriptions in Tamil : On the east wall of the shrine of the ruined Jain templt. Records the building of a portion of the temple by a merchant. 964. Do. Records in Kalayukta Gift of land. P. 249. Arcot South Dist. Villupuram taluk. Villupuram: The ancient name of this place was Jananathachola-chaturvedimangalam and it belonged to Tirumunaippadinalu. It was associated to a certain extent with Jainism, as is proved by the ruins of Jain temples and Jain figures available therein. XII p. 258. Bellary Dist. Alur taluk. 31. Chippigiri : The place is an important Jain centre and was first' fortified by Bijjala Kalachuri of Kalchuri dynasty. XIII P. 269. Bellary Dist. Bellary taluk. 119. Kurugodu: (Kanarese) In a ruined temple. Dated in the reign of the Vijayanagara king Virapratapa-Sadasivaraya-Maharaya. Records in S. 1467, Visvavasu, Gift of land to the Jain temple by Ramarajayya, elder brother of Aliya-Lingarajaya, and grandson of Ramaraja Oleyar, for the merit of his father Mallaraja Oleyar.

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196 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY XIV INSCRIPTIONS IN KANARESE: P. 282. Bellary Dist. Hadagalli taluk. 187. Kattebennur: (Kanarese). On the base of the column left of entrance into the Anjaneya temple in the same village. Records in Nandana, Phalguna, su. di. 5, Monday, that a certain mason named Aloja brought materials from the ruined temple of Bhogesvara at Kondadakatti which belonged to a Jaina-basti and built this temple for Hanumappa. Pp. 283-284. Bellary Dist, Hadagalli taluk. 189. Kogali: In the Rangamadhya-mantapa of the Jain basti. Gift of money. 190. Kogali: On the pedestal of the smaller Jina-image in the same basti. Registers in Paridhavi, Chaitra, su. di. Chaturdasi, Sunday, the construction of the image by a certain Obeyama-setti, a lay pupil of Anantaviryadeva. 192. In the basti. The Hoysala king Pratapchakravartin Vira Ramanathadeva. Records in Yuvan gift of gold to the Jain temple of Chenna-Parsva at Kogali. 193. Do. Do. on another pillar. 194. Do. The Western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla (Somesvara I) Gift of land. 195. Do. The Western Chalukya king Ahavamalladeva (I or Taila II) refers in S. 914, Nandana, to a victory over the Chola king. 196. Do. The Western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla (Somesvara I. 1042-68) records in S. 977 Manmatha, a gift by the Jain teacher Indrakirti. The basti had been built by Durvinita. P. 291. Bellary Dist., Hadagalli taluk. 237. Sogi: On a fragment lying before Virappa's house in the same village. The Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana Vira Ballala seems to record in Karttika, ba. di. 5, Thursday, a gift of land to a Jaina Institution.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS . 19% XY Pp. 311-313. Bellary Dist., Hospet taluk. 384. Vijayanagar : (Inscription in Sanskrit). On a lamp pillar in front of the Ganagitti temple. A record of Harihara (II), dated Feb. 16, A.D. 1386; saying that Iruga, caused a temple of Kundu Jinanatha to be built at Vijayanagara which belonged to Kuntala Vishaya in Karnata country. A Jain teacher Simhanandin and his apostolic pedigree is given in the inscription. . 399. Do. of Devaraya II. dated $ 1348. Records building of a chaityalaya to Parsvanatha in the Pansupari street. 409. Vijayanagar : In the Jain Basti South of Hampi. 422. Vijayanagar : (Kanarese). On a rock near the Jain temple in the same village. Mentions in Isvara, Bukkayave, the queen of ViraHarihararaya (Harihara II). XVI P. 317. Bellary Dist., Rayadrug taluk. 456. Rayadrug : (Kanarese). On the pedestal of the Rasasiddha images in the same village. Records the construction of a Nisidhi of 8 persons, some of these were Chandrabhuti of the Mulasangha and Chandrendra, Badayya and Timmana of the Apaniya (i.e., Yapaniya) sangha. P. 317. Rayadrug taluk. 458. Rayadrug: Kanarese (Sanskrit). On pedestal of a Jain image kept in the taluk office of the same village. A damaged record of the Vijayanagar king Harihara (I), dated $. 1277, Manmatha, Margasira, Purnima. Records that a Jain merchant named Bhogaraja consecrated the image of Santananta Jinesvara. The merchant is said to have been a pupil of Maghanandivratin, the disciple of Amarakirti of Mula-Sangha and Kundakundanvaya. XVII P. 375. Chingleput Dist., Conjeeveram taluk.

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198 : -JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 450. Tirupparuttikkuntu: North wall of the store room in the Jaina temple. A record of Rajarajadeva, dated in his 20th year. 451. Tamil and Grantha : A record of Irugappa, son of Dandanatha Vaichaya, dated Dundubhi year (s. 1305). Records that Irugappa made to the temple a grant for the benefit of Bukkaraya (II), the son of Harihara II. Dr. Hultzsch points out that the chief is the same as the Iruga, son of Chaicha, who built the Jain temple at Vijayanagar in $. 1307. 452. Grantha. do. A record in Prabhava year (1387-8), records that the mandapa was built by the same General Irugappa at the instance of his preceptor Puspasena. 459. A record of Tribhuvanachakravartin Kulottunga-Choladeva, dated in his 21st year. 454. A record of Rajarajadeva dated in his 18th year. 455. A record of Vijayanagara king Krisnadeva, dated in SS 1440. 456. Tamil. Jain temple of Trailokyanatha. A record of the Vijaynagar king Krisnaraya, gift of a village by the king to the temple. 457. Tamil (verse). On a stone built into the platform in the same temple. XVIII P. 448. Chingleput Dist. Saidapet taluk. 1056. Tiruvorriyur: (Tamil). A damaged record of the chola king Madiraikonda Parakesarivarman (Parantaka I 905-47), dated in his 26th year. Mentions a quarter of Tiruvorriyur called Surasulamanipperunderu [Sulamani reminds one of the celebrated Jain work of that name by Tolamolitteva. It has been suggested that it was written in the reign of the Pandya king Jayanta, son of Maravarman Avanichulamani and grandson of Kadungon (about A. D. 620). Tamil Studies p. 219). XIX P. 480. Chittoor Dist, Kalahasti taluk. 64. Kalahasti : Tamil. A record in the 3rd year of the Chola king Tribhuvanachakravartin Kulottunga Choladeva (III). Records a grant by a daughter of the Ganga King Siyaganga of Kuvalalapura

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS (Kolar). The inscription is of value in literary history as Pavanandi, the author of Nannul, was in this chief's court. See No. 22 above. : 199 XX P. 539. Coimbatore Dist., Erode taluk. 190. Tingalur (Tamil). In the Pushpanatha Jaina temple. A record in S. 967., fortieth year of the Kongu-Chola king Vikrama Choladeva (A.D. 1004-45). Records the building of the mukhamantapa of the temple which is called Sandiravasadi. The king has the epithet Konattan. P. 545. Coimbatore Dist., Erode taluk. 248. Vijayamangalam: (Tamil). In the Chandranatha Jain temple. A damaged record of the Vijayanagara King Vira-Harihararaya-Udaiyar (III) son of Vira Devaraya-Udaiyar (Devaraya I), in s 1334, Nandana. Gift of land. 249. (Grantha and Tamil). The stone (commemorating the) nisidika of Pullappa, younger sister of Chamundaraja, who might be the same as the minister of the two Ganga kings Marasimha II and Rachamalla II, who set up the Jain colossus at Sravana Belgola. XXI Pp. 555-56. Coimbatore Dist., Kollegae taluk. Mudigondam: It was formerly a Jain centre. 339. Mudigondam: (Kanarese). A mutilated record in S. 1031. Records gift of a village in Hadi-nadu to the temple of NakharaJinalaya at Mudigondacholapura, dedicated to Chandraprabhasvami, for repairs and worship. XXla Pp. 589-90. Cuddapah Dist. Jammalamadugu taluk. 148. Danavulapadu: (Sanskrit in Kanarese). On a pedestal in front of the Jain image in the ruined temple. Record of the Rashtrakuta king Nityavarsha. The king caused the pedestal to be made for bathing ceremoney of a Jain saint named Santi 1. j

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200 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 149. (Kanarese). Records the nisidhi of a merchant of Penugonde, whose preceptor was the Jain teacher Kanakakirtideva. 150. (Kanarese poetry & Sanskrit). Of the time of the Rashtrakuta king Indra III (915-17). Records a prasasti of the Dandanayaka Srivijaya, who beloinged to the Balikula and bore the title Anupamkavi. INSCRIPTIONS IN KANARESE : 151. Records the nisidhi of a Vaisya woman from Penugonda. 152. Records the nisidhi of a Jain teacher. Mentions Kumari. 153. Sanskrit & Telugu. A damaged record dated in S. 1319, Isvara. Seems to be the nisidhi of a merchant. 154. A fragment of record. Mentions Kumari Rattagulla. 155. Records the nisidhi of a merchant from Penugonde and of his wife. XXII P. 632. Cuddapah Dist. Pulivendla taluk. 625. Parnapalle : Telugu. On a rock. Registers in $ 1318. Dhatri that an irrigation channel was restored under the orders or MallappaVodaya, son of Irugapa-Dannayaka (Irugappa was evidently the Jain author & minister of Bukka II). XXIII P. 793. Guntur Dist., Ongole taluk. 397. Malliyapundi : A grant of the Eastern Chalukyan king Ammaraja (II) issuing an order to the residents of the vishaya Kommanandu and recording the gift of the village of Malliyapundi to the Jain temple Katakabharana, constructed by Duggaraja. This temple was presided over by a Jain saint named Dhiradeva, disciple of Diva. kara, first disciple of Jinanandi of the Sri Yapuniya Sangha and of the Nandigachcha. The date of the grant was a certain Uttarayana which should have been after S. 867. XXIV P. 84& Kapara (outh) Dist,

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15 EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 201 2. A Copper plate recording a grant of land by a prince named Kinniga Bhupala for the purpose of maintaining the worship in a Jain temple, S. 1513 (A.D. 1591), Khara. XXV P. 850. Kanara (South) Dist., Coondapoor taluk. 27. Basrur: A record of Devaraya (II, 1422-49) in the same year relating gift of one Kolaga of paddy on every bullock load coming from other places to Basrur for the benefit of the Jain basti, by the Chattis of Basrur, etc. P. 852. Kanara (South) Dist.. Coondapoor taluk. 62. Kotesvara: Echappa is identical with the Jain chiel of Gairsappa who married a daughter of the last Karkal king Bhairasu Udaiyar about 1560. XXVI P. 855. Kanara (South) Dist., Mangalore taluk. 93. Mulki (Kanarese). On the south face of the Manastambha in front of the Jain basti. Records five verses, arranged in 25 squares and praising the Tirthankaras. XXVII Pp. 856-860. Kanara South Dist. Mudabidri taluk. Mudabidri formerly called Bidire or Venupura or Vamsapura and belonged to the province of Tuludesa. The earliest inscription in it belongs to the Alupa King Kulasekhara, dated in A.D. 1205. The remaining belong to the Hoysala and Vijaynagar dynasties. The members of the local Jain dynasty called the chautars even now receive pension, and have got a ruined palace. INSCRIPTIONS IN KANARESE: 103. Hosabasti. A record of the Vijaynagar king Vira-Devaraya (IF) in SS. 1351. 104. Do. of the Vijaynagar king Praudha-Devaraya (II) in S. 1373. Refers to the building of a mantapa. 105. Do. in the reign of the Vijaynagar king Virupaksa in SS. 1394. Gift of land. 106. Do. in SS. 1409. A gift of land. 26

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202 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 107. Do. in $. 1383, gift of money. 108. Do. of the Vijaynagar king Devaraya (II) in $. 1851. Building of the basti. 109. Do. in $. 1384. Gift of Paddy. 110. Do, a list of merchants who built the second storey of the basti. 111. Do, the names of merchants who built the third storey of the basti. 112. Do. in praise of the Mahamandalesvara Salva-Malla. 113. Do. five verses in praise of the Tirthankaras. 114. Do. of the Vijaynagar king Virupaksaraya (II, 1465-86) in S. 1398. 115. Do. S. 1493, a gift of land and mentions the Chautar family which had its seat at Mudabidri. 116. Do. of the Vijaynagar king Vira-Bukkaraya (II, 1399-1406), son of Harihara (II, 1377-1402) in $. 1329. Gift of land. 117. Do. in the reign of the Vijaynagar king Vira-Krisnaraya in $. 1437. Gift of paddy. 118. Do. in the reign of the Hoysala king Vira-Ballala (III), son of Vira-Narasimha (III), in Vishu, a gift. 119. Do. of $. 1460. Building of the Mantapa. 120. Do. records the death of a Jain teacher named Chandrakirti and the building of the mantapa (i.e., the Nayi basti) in his memory A Chandrakirti under the date A.D. 1605 is mentioned as one of the teachers of the Sarasvati gachcha and Balatkaragana in the Jaina Siddhanta Bhaskara. 121. Do. On stones built into Jain tombs. 126. In a field. Records in the reign of the Vijaynagar king ViraHariharaya (II) in s. 1312. A gift of land to the Gurugala basti at Bidire. 128. Kanara (South) Dist., Mudabidri taluk. Venur (Sanskrit). On the right side of the colossal statue of Gummata on the hill. Records in $. 1525, sobhakrit, the setting up of

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 209 the image of Bhujabalin (i.e., Gommatesvara) by Timmaraja of the family of Chamunda, at the instance of the family teacher Charukirti of Belgola. 133. Records that a merchant set up the manastambha, a big mono lithic column in front of the basti. From the fact that almost all of them are known as settarabastis it is inferred that the Jain merchants constructed them. 134. Tirthankarabasti-santisvarabasti. Records in s. 1544, the gift of land. 135. Santesvara basti. Records in s. 1459, the construction of the 24 Tirthankaras in the basti. A record dated in $. 1411; mentions a chief of Punjalyarajya. p. 868. Karkala (Sanskrit & Kanarese). 207. Chaturmukhabasti. Records in S. 1508. The building of the basti. XXVIII Pp. 868-9. Kanara (South) Dist., Udipi taluk. 208. Karkala : (Sanskrit). Records in s. 1353, Virodhikrit, the setting up of the image of Bahubalin (Gummatesvara) by ViraPandya, son of Bhairava of the lunar race. 209-216. Chaturmukhabasti-Inscriptions in the sides of the colossal statue of Gommata-Setting up of the image of Bahubalin (Gommatesvara) by Vira-Pandya. Name of the image as GommataJinapati-Tirthankarabasti S. 1397-Gift of money by Sravakas for the study of the sastras s. 1501-Gururayabasti s. 1514-Hirenenusvarabasti -Gurugalabasti s. 1379-santinathabasti s. 1256. XXIX P. 876. Kanara (South) District, Uppinangadi taluk. 300. Kadaba : A copper plate grant of the Rashtrakuta king Prabhatavarsa (Govinda III) made at the request of a Ganga chief Chagiraja to a Jain Sage Arkakirti, disciple of Vijayakirti. XXX P. 877. Kistna Dist., Bandar taluk.

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204 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 5A. Masulipatam Bandar: A record of Amma II (945-70) or Vijayaditya. It records a gift by the king to two Jains temples at Vijayavatika (Bezwada). For other references to Ammaraja's patronage of Jain religion see Kalachamburu and Malayapundi grants in Ep. Ind. Vol. VII, pp. 177-92 and Ibid. Vol. IX. pp. 47-56. XXXI P. 896. Kistna District, Gudivada taluk. Gudivada a place containing Buddhistic and Jain antiquities. XXXII P. 907. Kistna Dist., Tanuku taluk. 349. Kalachumbarru: A copper plate grant of Amma II., called also Vijayaditya VI., recording the grant of the village Kalachumbarru in the Attilinandu province to a Jain teacher named Arhanandin of the Valahari-Gana and Addakali Gachcha for repairing the dining hall of a Jain temple called Sarvalokasraya Jinabhavana. The grant was made at the instance of chamekamba of the Pattavardhika lineage, a pupil of Arhanandin. XXXIII P. 953. Kurnool Dist. Nandikotkur taluk. 452. Srisailam (Sanskrit). Record of S. 1433. Linga, the son of Santa, who was evidently a Virasaiva, one of his pious acts being the beheading of the Jains. XXXIV P. 987. Madras Dist. 324. (Kanarese). On the base of Santinathadeva image of the temple Yeraga Jinalaya, founded by the Mahapradhana Brahadevana. 325. (Kanarese and Sanskrit). On the base of a Jaina image. Records that King Salvadeva got an image of Santi Jina made according to rule and set it up.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS XXXV 205 P. 993. Madura Dist, Madura taluk. 13-20. Anaimalai: Vatteluttu and Tamil. On a rock with sculptures overhanging a natural cave in the same village. Mentions Narasingamangalam, Ajjanandi, Ten Kalavalinadu Porkodu, Tinaikalattar, Venbaikudi-nadu [For Ajjanandin see N. A. 710 D.] Pp. 995-96. Madura Dist., Madura taluk. 39. Kilakkudi; In the natural cave called Settippodavu near this village are Jain images and beds described in Ep. Rep. 1910. On the pedestal of one of the Jain images in cave Settippodavu. The image was cut at the instance of Gunasenapperiyadigal, the pupil of Varttamanava Panditar who was the pupil of Gunasenadeva. 40. On the pedestal of another Jain image on the hill. The image was cut at the instance of a pupil of Gunsenadeva who was incharge of this palli (Kurandi-Tirikkattamballi Venbunadu.) 41. Do, do, in the same place. A damaged record. Mentions Gunasenadeva who presisded over this palli. 42. Below the Jain image cut on the boulder outside the cavern. Abinandan Bhatara caused this image to be cut. It also refers to Kurandi Tirukkattamballi. Pp. 1003-4. Madura Dist., Madura taluk. 96-98. Mulluppatti (hamlet of Vadapalangy): (Brahmi). On the pillow side of a stone-bed on the hill and on a boulder of the same hill. Unread. For the description of the Jain images and beds see Madr. Ep. Rep. 1910. 99. (Vatteluttu). On the same boulder below a Jain figure. Kanakavir Periadigal, a disciple of Gunasenadeva who was a disciple of Kurandi-Atta-upavasi-Bhattara of Venbu nadu, caused this images to be cut in the name of the inhabitants of Kuyirkudi (Modern Kilakkudi). 100. (do.) In the same place. Records that Maganandi, a disciple of Kurandi Ashta-upavasi, caused this image to be cut in the name of the inhabitants of the district.

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206 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pechchi-pallam : The findings in this place are akin to those at Kongar-Puliyangulam, Kilakkudi etc. Foundation of ruined buildings and Jain relics are still to be seen here. There is a large courtyard in front of a rock which "bears a row of Jain sculptures all facing east. Five of these are standing naked figures. The following inscrip tions have been copied : 101. (Vatteluttu) Below a Jain figure. Records that Gunamatiyar, mother of Ajjanandi, caused this image to be cut. 102. Do, In the same place. Records that the image was caused to be cut on behalf of a certain Achchan Sripalan, nephew of Anattavan. Masenan, a disciple of Gunasenadeva who was in charge of this palli. 103. Do. Do, by Kandan Porpatgan of Sirukadaippuram, a pupil of Gunasenadeva. 104. Do. Do, on behalf of Velan sadaiyan a Shepherd of Parur in Milalai-Kurram by his wife. 105. Do. Do, by Kanakanandi, a servant of Tirukkurandi of Venbunadu. 106. Do, on behalf of his younger brother by Araiyangavidi, pupil of Gunasenadeva, who was in charge of this palli. XXXVI P. 1006-7. Madura Dist., Melur taluk. 120-129. Alagarkovil : (Brahmi). On the roof of the cavern called Panchapandavar-padukkai. The inscriptions are neither Pali nor Dravidian and are difficult of interpretation. The numerous Jaina figures and beds and the Brahmi records in the caverns once occupied by the Buddhists, were in a subsequent period appropriated by the Jaina ascetics. 190. Karungalakkudi : (Brahmi). Not read. 131. (Vasteluttu). Below the pedestal of a Jaina image. Records that this image was caused to be inade by the glorious Ajjanandi. 134. Kilavalavu : (Vatteluttu). On a boulder of the Panchapandavamalai near Melur. Records that a certain Sangaran Sirivallavam caused an image to be cut on the rock and gave thirty sheep for a

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 207 lamp and endowment for daily offering. They are remnants of a Jain temple or hermitage as at Settippodavu and Pechchippallam. XXXVII P. 1019-20. Madura Dist. Palni taluk. 228-235. Aivarmalai. (Vatteluttu and Tamil). Below the image cut out near Aiyamhalaiyam. Mention Ajjanandi (No. 692), Indrasena (No. 694) and Mallisenappiriyar (No. 697). 236-239. Vatteluttu. Above the nutural cave in the same place. Mention Parsvapadara (No. 700), Puvvanandukkuratti, the female pupil of Pattinikurattiyar of Perumbattiyur (No. 701) and Ayiraimalai (No. 702). 242. Do. do. Records in SS. 792 and eighth year of the Pandya king Varaguna that Santiviraguravar, pupil of Kunavirakkuravadigal, renewed the images of Parsvapadarar at Tiruvayirai and the Yakshis. XXXVIII P. 1036. Madura Dist., Periyakulam taluk. 368. Uttamapalaiyam (Vatteluttu). Above the first three images first row, on the Karuppannasami rock. A damaged record of the Pandya king Sadaiyamaran, dated 20th year. 369-377. Do. Below the same images. Mention Venbaikudi-nadu (No. 723), Arattanemipperiyar, pupil of Attopavasiga! (No. 725), Sengudi-nadu (No. 728 & 731) and Ajjanandi (No. 729). XXXIX P. 1038. Madura Dist., Tirumangalam taluk. 389. Kongar-Puliyangulam (Vatteluttu). Below a Jaina image on the hill. Contains the syllables sri-Ajjanandi. 393. Madura Dist., Tirumangalam taluk. Kuppalnattam: (Vatteluttu). On rock near the Jaina images on the hill. Damaged record, referring to the cutting of the images,

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208 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY XL P. 1161. Ramnad Dist., Aruppukkottai taluk. 17. Kovilangulam : (Tamil). On the west and south bases of the Ambalappasvami temple. A record in the forty eighth year of the Chola king Tribhuvanachakravartin Kulottunga-Choladeva (I ?). A golden vimana with a mantapa to Mukkudaiyar was constructed by 25 Jains at Kumbanur in Sengattirukkai a subdivision of Venbu-valanadu. Two copper images of "the god of the three umbrellas" and Yakshi were also presented. It is also stated that land for a temple site and a watershed for the use of Jain devotees were given. Unique literary style. P. 1163. Pallimadam: This place, called in inscription Tiruchchuliyal Pallimadai, was a devadana village in Paruttikkudinadu. 30. (Tamil, Vatteluttu). On the north base of the Kalanathasvamin temple. Records gift of 50 sheep by Sattangari for a lamp to the temple of Tirukkattamballideva at Kurandi in Venbunadu. Kurandi was evidently a very important Jain centre in the south of the peninsula. See Md. 99, 100 and 105. XLI P. 1196. Ramnad Dist., Tiruvadanai taluk. 279.Hanumantagudi : (Tamil). On stones lying in front of the Malavanatha (Jaina) temple. A fragment of record in $. 1455, expired, of the Vijayanagara king whose name is lost. One of them mentions Jinendramangalam alias Kuruvadimidi.... in Muttooru-kurram and Anjukottai in the same Kurram. XLII Pp. 1211-12. Salem Dist. Dharmapuri taluk Dharmapuri : Known in the 9th cent. as Tagadur. It was a famous city with rich temples, pleasure-gardens and high enclosure walls, a centre of Jainism and Saivism. The still attractive temple of Mallikarjuna, the Jain sculptures in the Ramakka tank and Adhaman

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 209 kottai and the archaic epigraphs show its importance in antiquity in the age of the Chera kings. Till about 931 A.D. it was the capital of the Nolambas. 74. (Kanarese). On the four faces of a pillar built into the floor of the mantapa in front of the Mallikarjuna temple. A record of king Mahendradhiraja-Nolamba in S. 815, Paridhavin. Records a grant to a Jain basadi by a certain Nidhiyanna and Chandiyanna. The former received from the king the village of Mulapalli which he made over to Kanakasena Siddhanta Bhatara, pupil of Vinayasena Siddhanta Bhattara of the Pogariyagana with the Senanvaya, Mulasanga etc. for the repairs of the basti. 75-76. Do. A record of the Pallava king grants to the same basadi. 81. Do. On four sides of a broken pillar lying in the Mariyamman temple in the fort. A record of the Pallava Mahendra Nolamba, dated in S. 800, Vilambin, apparently making grant to a Jain temple. [It was the Mahendra who conquered Mahabali Bana Raya about A.D. 890 and gave his name Mahendramangalam to Adhamankottai.] XLIII Pp. 1254-55. Tanjore Dist. Kumbakonam taluk. varman. 142. Tirunagesvaram (Anakkudi): Tamil. On a pillar lying in a mantapa at the end of the street in front of the Naganathasvami temple. A record in the second year of the Chola king RajakesariRecords gift of varavaikal (?) collected by the perunagarattar of Kumaramarttandapuram (hamlet of Tirunagesvararam) for the renovation of the Gopura and the tiruchchurrailai called Kumaramarttandam in the Miladudaiyar palli (temple) of that village, which is stated to have been situated in Tinkarai-Tiraimur-nadu. [The Chola king was evidently Aditya I. The name Miladudaiyar palli, again, suggests a Jain shrine. This, together with the Jain images round the shrine of the goddess in the Naganathasvami temple, shows that this place must have been an early Jain centre. Again Miladudaiyar is another name for saint Meypporulnayanar and if we suppose that the palli was a school or matha built in his honour, the present epigraph can be said to give a clue to his date, i.e., that he was prior to Aditya I, 27

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210 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY He was connected with the Chedi chief of Kiliyur (S. Arcot Dist). see also S. 1. 1. Vol. II., P. 166, for a reference to the saint.] P. 1263. Tanjore Dist. Kumbakonam taluk. Tiruvalanjuli. The local temple is well-known for its delicately chiselled stone work. Some of the figures are Tain. See Tanj. Gazr. Vol. I, p. 223 for details. The place was so called because the Kaveri was prevented from submerging into the nether world by the self-sacrifice of Varaganda muni. XLIV .P. 1961. Tanjore Dist.. Papanasam taluk. 1003. Marutturakkudi : (Tamil). Airavatesvar temple. A record in the sixteenth year of the Chola king Tribhuvanachakravartin SriKulottunga-Choladeva (III). Records gift of land. Mentions Sivapadasekharanallur, which was a mel vetrapperu and refers to two Jain temples (palli) at Jananathapuram called Chedikulamanikkapperumballi and Gangarulasundarapperumballi. XLV P. 1399. Tanjore Dist. Tanjorc taluk. Sendalai (or Mannarsamudram): The ancient name of this place was Chandralekhai-chaturvedimangalam. It was in the district of Arkattu-Kurram. 1293. (Tamil). On a stone built into the wall of the outer gopura of the Sundaresvara temple, left of entrance. A fragmentary record twelfth year of the Chola king Parakesarivarman. Mentions Kanakasenabhattara, probably a Jain. See Md. 42. XLVI Vol. 2. P. 1431. Tanjore District, Tirutturaippundi taluk. Tirutturaippundi : (Tamil). Marundisvara temple. Registers grant of land and a tank by the residents of the devadana village of Sattamangalam and those living in the Pallichchandam (i.e., property of Jain temple) portion of the same village.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS XLVII P. 1515. Trichinopoly Dist., Kulittalai taluk. Palaiyasangadam: A hamlet of Mahadanapuram containing some Jain remains. XLVIII 211 P. 1623. Pudukkottai State. Ammasatram : At the entrance of the natural cave east of the rock known as Aluruttimalai. A Tamil record of Tribhuvanachakravartin Sundara Pandya, mentioning one Dharmadeva Acharya, the pupil of Kanakachandra Pandita (who was evidently a Jain teacher). XLIX P. 1665. Vizagapatam District. Bimlipatam taluk. 2. Bhogapuram (Telugu and Sanskrit). On a slab in the village. Records in SS. 1109, 11th year of the eastern Ganga king Anantavarmadeva that the merchant Kannamanayaka constructed the Jain temple called Rajaraja Jinalaya at Bhogapura and gave two puttis of land to that temple with the consent of the Desi-Rattadlu (i.e., the villagers who belonged to the mercantile class) L P. 1672. Vizagapatam Dist., Srungavarapukota taluk. 4. Lakkavarapukota: (Hindi, Nagari). On the pedestal of a mutilated Jain image preserved in the Virabhadra temple. Dated Sam. 1548. Refers to the image of Bhattaraka Jinachandra of Mula-Sangha. LI P. 1696. Travancore State. 2. Chitaral: In the Tiruchchanattumalai (i.e., the mountain of the Charanas, Sramanas or Jains), later on the centre of a Bhagavati

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212 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY temple. A record in Tamil language and Vatteluttu character belonging to the 28th year of the reign of Vikramaditya Varaguna, saying that Gunandangi Kurattigal, the disciple of Arittanemi Bhatara of Perayakkudi, gave some golden ornaments to the Goddess. P. 1705. Travancore State. 102. Nagercoil (Ancient Kotraru): Tamil. On a pillar. Records in K. A. 692 gift of land at the request of two Jain priests Guru Vira Pandita and Kamalavahana Pandita. 188 SASTRI, KRISHNA. South Indian Inscriptions. Vol. iii, Part 3. Madras, 1920. (Arch. Sur. of India, N. I. Ser. Vol. xxix). P. 223. No. 91. On pillar in the mandapa in a street at Tirunagesvaram. Gift to meet the cost of repair of the gopura of Milaludaiyarpalli, a Jain temple. P. 224. No..92. On a boulder in front of a natural cave at Vedal. Provision for feeding the female Jain ascetic Kanakavirakurattiyar, a disciple of Gunakirti-Bhatara . P. 229. No. 97. On a rock to the left of the painted cave at Tirumalai near Polur. Gift of gold for feeding a devotee in the Jain temple on the hill at Vaigavur in Pangala-nadu. 189 BARNETT, L. D. Hulgur Inscription of the reigns of Jayasimha II (saka 960) and the Yadava Kanhara. (EI, xvi, 1921-1922, pp. 332-337) P. 393. Of the two records noticed, the first one has a reference to Mahasamanta Marasingadeva, an ornament of the Jinas' Church, and his wife Navibbavasi, a restorer of the Jain religion. The second record reports a donation by Tipparasa in the gili year of the reign of Yadava Kanhara.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 213 190 BARNETT L. D. Two Jain Inscriptions of -Mulgund and Laksmeshwar. (El. xvi, 1921-22, pp. 52-66) A.-Mulgund Inscription of the Reign of Somesvara I, Saka 975 (A.D. 1053). B.-Laksmesvar Inscription of the Reign of Vikramaditya VI, A.D. 1081. They refer to the same lineage of Jain Gurus, and have two important verses in common; their mention of the standard grammars of their day. 191 Aiyar, K. V. SUBRAHMANYA. Mitranandapuram Copperplates. (TAS, iii, 1921-23, p. 1-21). P. 3. Aiyai, a female ascetic of the Jain or Buddha creed. Gunavirakkurav-Adigal, a Jain teacher. 192 Jain, CHHOTELALL. Jain Pratima Yantra Lekha Sangraha. Calcutta 1923. Inscriptions found on the pedestal of Jain images and yantras in the Jain temples of Calcutta, Belgachia, Bali, Uttarpara and Hooghly; with a short history of the Jains in Bengal proving the priority of the Digambara Jains to that of the Svetambaras ; the Saraks or the ancient Shrawakas. 193 NARASIMHACHAR, R. Inscriptions at Sravana Belgola (Revised edition-Mysore Arch. Ser., Ep. Caranatica, Vol. ii). Bangalore, 1923. GENERAL: Bastis and other objects on the Chikka-betta, also known as

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214 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Chandragiri, santinatha. Names of Bastis : Suparsvanatha, Parsvanatha, Kattale, Chandragupta, Chandraprabha, Chamundaraya, Sasana, Majjiganna, Eradukaste, Savatigandhavarana, Terina, santisvara. Names of objects and hills : Kuge Bralimadeva pillar, Mahanavami-mantapa, Bharatesvara, Iruve Brahmadeva temple, Kanchinadone, Lakki done, Bhadrabahu cave, Chamundaraya's Rock. OBJECTS OF INTEREST ON THE DODDA-BETTA ALSO KNOWN AS VINDHYAGIRI OR INDRAGIRI : Image of Gommatesvara, Siddhara-basti, Akhanda-bagilu, Tyagada Brahmadeva pillar, Chemanna-basti, Odegal basti, Chauvisatirthakarabasti, Brahmadeva temple. TEMPLES AND OTHER OBJECTS OF INTEREST AT THE VILLAGE ITSELF : Bhandari-basti, 'Akkana-basti, Siddhanta basti, Danasale-basti, Kalamma temple, Nagara-Jinalaya, Mangayi-basti, Jaina matha or monastery, Kalyani, Jakki-katte, Chennanna's pond. TEMPLES, ETC., IN THE NEIGHBOURING VILLAGES : Jinanathapura, Hale-Belgo!a, Sanehalli. INSCRIPTIONS : The Bhadrabahu tradition-Inscriptions assignable to specific dynasties of kings : Gangas, Rastrakutas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Vijaynagar, Mysore, Kadambas, Nolambas or Pallavas, Cholas, Changalvas, Nidugal, Nuggehalli, Epitaphs, Records of pilgrims, Grants by private individuals, succession lists of Jain gurus, Other inscriptions. Text of the inscriptions in Roman characters-Translations of the Inscriptions-Text of the Inscriptions in Kannada charactersCorrigenda-Index. There are 77 illustrations of interesting objects. 194 STEN KONow. Some problems raised by the Kharavela inscription. (Acta Orientalia, Ediderunt, Societates Orientales Batova Danica Noruegica 1923, Vol. I.).

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 215 Pp. 12 42. Hathigumpha inscription, a document of primary importance-One of the oldest lithic records of India containing information about important historical events. Its reading and interpretation is still far from being satisfactory. Its dating in the Maurya erait is devoted to acts done by Kharavela to promote the Jain faithrestoration of Jain temple etc. 195 (1) Annual Report of the Government Epigraphist, Madras, 1903-1904. P. 5. North Arcot district, Chandragiri-Once a Jain colony. P. 10. The Hoysalas of Bellary-Records of Vira-Ramanatha at Kogali, dated in A.D. 1275-76 and 1276-77, register gifts to the Jain temple of Chenna-Parsva at Kogali. varam. P. 17. Suicide of two Jain teachers named Ilaiya Padarar and Chandranandi-acharya recorded in inscriptions on rock near Singa Pp. 37-39, 42, 50. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1904: (33). Inscription in Kanarese at Kogali of king Ramnatha of the Hoysala dynasty dated in Yuvan, records gift of gold to the temple of Chenna Parsva at Kogali. (34). The same dated in Dhatri. (35). Do, of Trailokyamalla of the W. Chalukya dynasty, records gift of land. (36) Do, of Ahavamalladeva of the same dynasty dated in Saka 914, Nandana, refers to a victory over the Chola king. (37). Do, of Trailokyamalla of the same dynasty dated in Saka 977, Manmatha, records gift by the Jain teacher Indrakirti. (63). Do, at Malugode of Sadasivaraya of Vijaynagar dated in Saka 146 (1) Visvavasu, records gift of land to the Jain temple by Ramarajya. (98). Do, at Bagali of Tribhuvanamalla of the same dynasty dated in Chalukya Vikrama year 39, Jaya; records gift to the BrahmaJinalaya, etc.

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216 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY (238). Do, in Tamil at Singavaram of Sadasivadeva of the same dynasty, records nisidika of Ilaiya-padarar. (239). Do. in Vatteluttu at the same place of the same king not dated, records nisidika of Chandranandi Acharya. 195 (11) Report, Do, 1904-05. P. 4. Madura district, Anainalai hill. Nine Jain sculptures cut in relief. P. 15. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1904. (367). Inscription in Tamil at Ammasattram of Sundara-Pandadeva of the Pandya dynasty mentions Dharmadeva-acharya. (368). Do, at Sittannavasal - - - records certain erections near the Jain temple at the place. P. 40. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1907 : (67-74). At Anaimalai, near Madura, inscriptions in Vatteluttu & Tamil, mention Narasimhamangalam, Ajjanandi, etc. 195 (III) Progress Report of the Assistant Archeological Superintendent for Epigraphy, Southern Circle, 1907-08. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1907 : P. 12. (65). Inscription in Tamil on a rock at Triumalai near Polur. Of Rastrakuta king Sri Kannaradeva dated in the 19th year, records gift of a lamp to the Yaksa on the Tirumalai at Vaigavur by a servant of Gangamadevi, queen of Kannaradeva-Pridigangarayar. (66). Do, at the same place of Chola king [Para]kesarivarman, dated in the [4]th year. Records gift of gold for feeding one devotee (adigal) daily in the palli on the Tirumalai at Vaigavur in Pangalanadu, a subdivision of Palagunra-kottam. P. 36. (392). Do, on the south wall of the mandapa in front of the central shrine in the Airavatesvara temple at Maruttuvakkudi of

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 217 the Chola king Kulottungacholadeva, dated in the 16th year, records gift of land. Reference to two Jain temples at Jananathapuram, called Chedikulamanikkapperumballi and Gangakula-sundarapperumballi. P. 37. (408). Do, on stones lying in front of the Malavanatha (Jain) temple at Hanumantagudi of a Vijayanagara king dated in Saka 1455 expired. One of them mentions Jinendramangalam alias Kuruvadimidi in Mutturru-kurram and Anjukottai in kurram. the same (501). Do, in Kanarese. On a rock near the Jain temples at Vijayanagara of some Vijayanagara kings dated in Isvara, mentions Bukkayave, the queen of Vira-Harihararaya (Harihara II ?). P. 58. Cavern at Virasikhamani, Tinnevelley district. Reference to figures called Pandavas, probably Jain. P. 74. The Chola inscription, dated in the 4th year of Parakesarivarman, registers an endowment for feeding two Jain devotees (adigal) in the temple (palli) on the hill at Tirumalai near Polur, North Arcot district. It shows that the Jain settlement on the hill is older than the time of the Chola king Rajaraja I. 195 (IV) Report, Do, 1908-09. P. 7. Jain sculptures on the hillock at Kuppalnattam, recommended for conservation. INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1908: P. 14. (82). Inscription in Tamil, on a boulder near the cave Andar-madam on a hill at Vedal of the Pallava king Nandi. Dated in the 14th year, mentions Vidal and Vidarpalli (probably) "The Jain temple (palli) at Vidal". (83). Do, do, mentions Madevi-Arandamangalam also spelt Madevirandamangalam. (84). Do, on a second boulder in front of the same cave, of the Chola king Rajakesarivarman dated in the 14th year, mentions Kanakavirakuratti, a disciple of Gunakirttibhatarar; also refers to Vidal (alias) Madevi-Arandamangalam in Singapura-nadu. 28

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?18 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 37. (330). Do, in Vatteluttu, on the pedestal of one of the images on the hill at Kongar-Pulivangulam, records that the image was cut at the instance of Gunasenapperivadigal, the pupil of Varttamanava-Panditar who was the pupil of Gunasenadeva presiding over Knrandi-Itirukkattamballi in Vanbu nadu. P. 38. (331). Do, on the pedestal of a Jain image on the hill at Kongar-Puliyangulam. It records that the image was cut at the instance of a pupil of Gunasenadeva who was in charge of this palli. (332). Do, on the pedestal of a Jain image in the same place. Mentions Gunasenadeva who presided over this palli. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1909 : P. 66. (105). Inscriptions in Vatteluttu, on a rock near the Jain image on the hill at Kuppalnattam, refers to the cutting of the images. CAVERNS AND CAVES OF SOUTHERN INDIA : Pp. 68-75. Six caverns already known-Three new in the Madura district-Panchapandava beds in the caverns at TiruparankunramOther antiquities on the hill-Jain sculptures-Cavern at Alagarmalai - The Jain teacher Ajjanandi, in the cavern-Madura and Tinnevelley districts particularly rich in such ancient monuments-Their Buddhist origin-Jain figures in the natural cave at Kuppalnattam-Other Jain sculptures and inscriptions-Jain hermitage at Kongar-Puliyangulam -Another at Vedal-Used for retirement or shelter during the rainy season-A Pallava rock-cut temple at Pallavaram-Another on the hill at Tirukkalukkunram-Pandya cave-temples at Tiruparankunram and Anaimalai-Kunnakkudi rock-cut temples, perhaps also of Pandva origin-Two Chera monolithic caves-Undavilli cave temples-One of them known as Anantasayanagudi-A Reddi record of the 14th century on the wall of the kitchen-Undavilli caves similar in style to those at Udayagiri and Khandagiri in Orissa-Might have come into existence in the Andhra period. P. 78. Reference to a Jain hermitage at Vedal-Nandi of the Vedal inscription is identical with Nandivarman Pallavamalla. P. 103. The revival of the saiva religion and the consequent disappearance of the Jain and Buddhist influence in Southern India, is

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS "219 known to have commenced with the flourishing of the Saiva saints Appar, Trujnanasambandar and Siruttonda Nayanar, about the beginning of the 7th century A.D. P. 107. Reference in the Maliyapundi grant of Amma II of a gift to a Jain temple built by Durgaraja, a descendant of Pandaranga P. 109. Amma II, Vijayaditya (945-970 A.D.), a patron of the Jain religion-The importance of his Masulipatam grant consists in its being a gift to two Jain temples at Bezvada. 195 (V) India. Report, do, 1909-10. P. 4. A slab with Jain figures near the Post Office at KollegalSravana-Belgola, an important and ancient Jain centre in Southern PROTECTED OR CONSERVED MONUMENTS: Pp. 11-12. (a). Jain statues, rock inscriptions and Panchapandava beds on the hill at Muttuppatti near Vadapalangy (Madura taluq). (b). Jain statues and rock-inscriptions both inside and outside the Settippodavu cave on the western slope of the Ummanamalai hill, east of Kilakkudi village (Madura taluq). (c). The Panchapandava beds, Jain statues and the Brahmi and Vatteluttu inscriptions in the Panchapandavamalai near (Melur taluq). Kilavalavu STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1910: Pp. 66-67. (54). Inscription in Vatteluttu below a Jain figure on the hill at Kongar-Puliyangulam, contains the syllables Sri Ajjanandi. (61). Do, on a boulder on the same hill, below a Jain figure, records that Kanakavira-Periyadigal, disciple of Gunasenadeva, caused this image to be cut in the name of the residents of Kuyirkundi. (62). Do. at the same place, records that Maganandi, disciple of Kurandi Astaupavasi, caused this image to be cut in the name of the inhabitants of the district.

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F 220 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY (63). Do, below the Jain figure, cut on the boulder outside the Settippodavu cavern, on the Ummanamalai hill near Kilakkudi, records that Abinandan-Bhatara (II), [pupil of] Arimandala-Bhatara, caused this image to be cut. (64). Do, at a spot called Pechchi-pallam on the same hill; below a Jain figure, records that Gunamatiyar, mother of Ajjanandi, caused this image to be cut. (65). Do, at the same place, records that the image was caused to be cut on behalf of a certain Achchan Sripalan, nephew of Anattavan Masenan, a disciple of Gunasenadeva who was in charge of this palli. (66). Do, at the same place, records that the image was caused to be cut by Kandan Porpattan of Sirukadaippuram, pupil of Gunasenadeva who was in charge of this palli. (67). Do, at the same place, records that the image was caused to be cut on behalf of Velan Sadaiyan, a shepherd of Parur in Milalaikurram, by his wife. (68). Do, at the same place, records that the image was caused to be cut by Kanaka[na]ndi, a servant of Tirukkurandi of Venbunadu. (69). Do, at the same place, records that the image was caused to be made on behalf of his younger brother by Ariyangavidi, pupil of Gunasenadeva who was in charge of this palli. Pp. 72-73. PHOTOGRAPHS : (26). At Bezvada, a pillar in the local museum surmounted by a triple umbrella with standing figures of Jain tirthankaras on its four sides. (56). At Kollegal, a slab with Jain figures near the Post Office. At Kilakkudi: (68). Rock-cut Jain images in the cavern called Settipodavu. (69). Another Jain image outside the same cavern. (70). Horse and rider in front of the Ayyanar temple at the foot of the Ummanamalai hill.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS : 221 Do. (71). Earthen horses in front of the same temple. (72). Rock-cut Jain images near Pechchi-pallam on the same hill. (73). Do. At Muttuppatti : (74). Rock-cut Jain images on the hill. (75). Another Jain image lying in the same place. P. 75. DRAWINGS: (53). Kilakkudi : Sculpture in the Settippodavu cavern, on the hill ; Probable age : 8th (?) century A.D. Pp. 76-80. Caverns and Jain images at Kongar-Poliyangulam on the border of the Madura taluq. Jain images at Muttuppatti, a hamlet of Vadapalangy in the Madura district. The natural cave called Settippodavu in the hollow of the Ummanamalai hill was either a Jain temple or hermitage (palli) presided over by the teacher Gunasenapperadigal-Figures of Jain ascetics in the siddhasana posture with their attendant deities--A Jain image seated on a high pedestal-Existence of Jain images and Vatteluttu inscriptions on the top of the hill at a spot known as Pechchipallam. Row of six Jain figures near Kilavalavu, six miles from Melur. Existence of Jain figures and beds together with Brahmi records in one and the same cavern is an indication of the cavern being occupied by the Buddhists and its subsequent appropriation by the Jains. An early Jain record of the Pallava period. P. 111. Jain temple called Nakhara-Jinalaya at Mudigondam. 195 (VI) Report, do, 1910-11. P. 5. Jain images photographed at Dharmapuri and Adhamankottai (surnamed Mahendramangalam)-The Jain image in the centre of the village of Villivakkam near Madras, a rare object of historical interest. P. 7. Stone beds and a faint sketch of a Jain image on one of the hillocks adjoining Amur, Tirukoilur taluq, South Arcot district.

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222 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAPHS : No. 104-A slab with two squatting Jain figures on the road to old Dharmapuri, Dharmapuri. No. 108-A Jain figure in front of the Bhairava temple, Adhaman kottai. Nos. 114, 115-Epitaphs of Santisena and Nandisena of about the 9th century A.D., Sravana Belgola. No. 116-A Jain image in the middle of the village, Villivakkam. P. 58. Rajamalla, grandson of the Ganga king Sripurusa, is known by the record at Vallimalai to have founded a Jain shrine on the hill near that village. P. 64. Flourishing side by side of Jain and Saiva creeds at Dharmapuri, Salem district-Jain sculptures on the way to Ramakka tank and at Adhamankottai (not far from Dharmapuri.) 195 (VII) Report, do, 1911-12. P. 7. Jain origin of the big stone images round the shrine of the goddess in the Naganathasvamin temple at Tirunagesvaram. P. 40. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED in 1911: (500). Inscription in Tamil, on the west base of Chandraprabhatirtha-basti at Kelasur of king Udaiyar Sri Chola-Gangadeva, dated in the 14th year. P. 45. (562). In Vatteluttu, below the pedestal of a Jain image on a rock to the left of the cavern in the Panchapandavarkuttu hill near Karungalakkudi. Records that this image was caused to be made by the glorious Ajjanandi. P. 50. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1912. No. 47. Inscription in Hindi on the pedestal of a mutilated Jain image preserved in the Virabhadra temple in the village of Lakkavarapukota, dated in Sam. 1548, refers to the image (?) of Bhattaraka Jinachandra of Mula sangha. P. 55. PHOTOGRAPHS. No. 165. Jain image in the taluq office, Heggadadevankote. P. 57. Image of a seated Jain saint on a sculptured pedestal on a rock to the left of the cavern on the hill called Panchapandavar kuttu near Karungalakkudi.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 223 Use of natural caverns as temporary rest-houses or places of monastic learning or worship by Jain mendicants. Natural caverns used not only by Jain saints but also by laymen twelve hundred years ago. P. 62. Probable existence of a Jain temple at Tirunagesvaram. P. 78. Irugapa-Dannayaka of the Parnapalle inscription, identical with Iruga or Irugapa-Dandanatha, the Jain minister of Bukka II. P. 79. Saluva king Bijjala and his observance of the rules prescribed by Jina-Identity of this Bijjala with the Kalachurya Bijjala, a follower of the Jain faith. 195 (VII) Report, do, 1912-13. P. 12. Jain temples, Janti Agraharam, Vizagapatam. P. 67. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1912 : (620). Inscription in Kanarese. On a stone at Biliur of the Western Ganga king Satyavakya Kongunivarmma-Dharmmamaharajadhiraja Parmananda, dated in saka 8og and the 18th year; records gift of Biliur twelve (villages) to Sarvanandideva by the king, for the benefit of the Jain temple of Satyavakya-Jinalaya at Pennagadanga. (622). Do, on a stone at Peggur of the Western Ganga king Rachamalla Parmanandi dated in Saka 899, Isvara, refers to Rakkasa ruling Beddora-gare and to the gift of the villages Pergadur and Posavadage to Anantaviryyayya, a pupil of Gunasena-Pandita-Bhattaraka who was the pupil of Birasenasiddhantadeva, a resident of Belgola. P. 68. (626). Do, on a stone at Anjanagiri dated in Saka 1466, Krodhi, registers that Santikirtideva, a contemporary of Abhinavacharukirtipanditadeva of Belugula built of stone the wooden basadi which had been constructed on the top of the Anjanagiri hill for the saints Satitirthesvara and Anantanatha. (629). Do, on a stone west of the Parsvanatha basti at Mullur, dated in saka 986, Krodhi; mentions the death of Gunasena Panditadeva. (630). Do, on a second stone at the same place, of the Kongalva king Rajendra-Kongalva, dated in saka 980, Vilambi, records gift of

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224 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY rict land by the king in different villages to a basadi built by his father. (631). Do, on a stone near the Chandranatha-basti in the same village ; dated in Saka 1313, Pramoduta (i.e., Pramoda), refers to the renovation of this basadi by the teacher Bahubalideva. The temple had perhaps originally been built by Rajadhiraja-Kongalva. In the body of the inscription mention is made of the Vijayanagara king Harihara (II). P. 82. PHOTOGRAPHS - (244). Sundakkaparai rock near the same village, Sivayam. (245). Jain images on Sundakka-parai, Sivayam. P. 83. DRAWING : No. 43. Jain image on the Sundakkaparai rock, Sivayam. P. 84. A square entablature representing a Jain tirthankara (?) on Sundakkaparai, Trichinopoly district. The names siyamittiran (Simhamitra) and Viramallan, either Buddhist or Jain-Rocky resorts sought by mendicants of those communities for purposes of penitence. Pp. 109-110. Assignment of land to a Jain palli (temple) in Kulattur, a hamlet of Pennaivayil. P. 112. A portion of the village Sattamangalam reported to have been a Pallichchandam, i.e., property of a Jain temple-Probable existence of a Jain settlement at or near Tirutturaippundi in the beginning of the 13th century A.D. 195 (IX) Report, do, 1913-14. . P. 12. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1913 : (109). Inscription in Kanarese. On thc pedestal of the Rasa Siddha images at Rayadrug (Bellary dist.) dated in Pramathi, Magha, Su. di. 1, Monday; records that a nisidi was constructed on this day. In eight different sections of the stone are given the names of eight persons whom perhaps the images represent. Some of these were Chandrabhuti of the Mula sangha and Chandrendra, Badayva and Tammanna of the Apaniya (i.e., Yapaniya)sang

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 225 (1). Do, on the pedestal of a Jain image kept in the taluq office at Rayadrug (Bellary district) of the Vijaynagar king Harihara (I), dated in [Saka] 1277, Manmatha, Margasira ; records that a Jain merchant named Bhogaraja consecrated the image of SantanathaJinesvara. This merchant is stated to have been a pupil of Maghanandivratin, the disciple of Amarakirti-Acharyya of Kundakundanvaya, sarasvata-gachchha, Balatkara-gana and Mula sangha. P. 56. (525). Do, on the base of a Jain image in the Archaeologi. cal show room of the Madras Museum. This is the image of Santinathadeva of the temple of Yeraga Jinalaya founded by the Mahapradhana (Bra]hadevana. (536). Do, on the base of another Jain image in the same place ; records that king Salvadeva, a great lover of sahitya, got an image of santi Jina made according to rule and set it up. P. 96. The earliest of the Vijaynagara stone records dated in Saka 1277 (1355-56 A.D.), is engraved on the pedestal of a Jain image kept in the taluq office at Rayadurg. Records the name of the Jain merchant Bhogaraja (see P. 12, Stone inscription No. 111). A reference to a nisidhi-stone from Rayadrug bearing on it images of eight Jain teachers and lay disciples. (See P. 12, Stone inscription No. 109). 195 (X) Report, do, 1914-15. P. 46. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1914 : (453). Inscription in Kanarese on a fragment lying before Virappa's house at Sogi (Hadagalli taluq, Bellary dist) of the [Hoysala] king (Vi]snuvardhana-Vira-Ballasla. dated in Karttika, ba. di. 5, Thursday; seems to register a gift of land to a Jain institution. P. 49: (491). Do, on the base of the column left of entrance into the Anjaneya temple at Kattebennur (Hadagalli taluq, Bellary dist.) dated, Nandana, Phalguna, su. di, 5. Monday, records that a certair mason named Aloja brought materials (3) from the ruined temple of Bhogesvara at Kondadakatti which belonged (?) to a Jain basti and built this temple for Hanumappa. 29

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: 226 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 53. (520). Do, on the base of a pillar in the Rangamadhyamandapa of the Jain basti at Kogali (Hadagalli taluq, Bellary dist.) records gift of money by different persons for the daily bathing of the images in the temple. (521). Do, on the pedestal of the smaller Jain image in the same basti. dated, Paridhavi, Chaitra, Su, di, chaturdasi, Sunday. registers the consecration of the image by a certain Odeyama-Setti, a lay pupil of Anantaviryadeva. P. 58. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1915. (16). Inscription in Sanskrit on the right and left pillars of the castern porch of the Mukha-mandapa of the Mallikarjuna temple at Srisailam (Nandikotkur taluq, Kurnool district) dated in Kali 1611 and Saka 1433, Prajapati, Magha, ba, di, 14, Monday gives a lengthy account of the gifts made to the temple of Srisailam by a certain chief, Linga, the son of Santa, who was evidently a Virasaiva, one of his pious acts being beheading of the Jains. P. 69. PHOTOGRAPHS : (355). Jain images on a boulder near the shrine called Samanarkoyil, Anaimalai. P. 87. The term paroksavinaya commonly found in Jain records as applied to the spiritual welfare of a Jain layman of that creed.. P. 97. Gift of the chiel lladarayar Pugalvipparagandan Virasolan to the Jain temple at Tiruppanmalai (Panchapandavamalai), North Arcot district, recorded in the Panchapandavamalai inscription. P. 99. The Jain temple of Ambalappasvami at Kovilangulam. Pp. 100-101. Kurandi in Southern India, an ancient Jain centre - Tirukkattampalli was probably only a Jain temple or an institution. Two Jain images found on a boulder in the hill near Mettupatti, Madura district, were caused to be cut by the Jain teachers of Kurandi. Mahavratins applicable either to the ancient sect of the Saivas called Kapalikas or Kalamukhas or to the Jains who have five fundamental duties (vrata) to perform. 195 (XI) Report, do, 1915-16. P. 6. CONSERVATION : The rock-cut temples, beds and Jain images at Melachcheri, Kava

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 227 kadu, Tondur and Tirakkol in the South Arcot district and at Sendamaram, Malaiyadikurichchi, and Tirumalaipuram in the Tinnevelley district. P. 8. PLACE REPORTED TO CONTAIN INSCRIPTION : No. 17. Inscription on a Jain image, Ramatirtham, Vizagapatam. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1915 : P. 43. (158). Inscription in Telegu on a mutilated stone lying near the Somesvarasvamin temple at Gunapavaram, dated in Saka...Sravana, Su. 3. Seems to record a gift by Akkasala Kamoju, for the welfare of the people and for the merit of Kulottunga-Rajendra-Chola. Mentions the Jain temple Chandraspralbha-Jinalaya. P. 52. (540). Do, in Kanarese on a rock in a field at Halaharavi. (Rastrakuta Nityavarsa [Indra III ?] dated in Saka 854, Parthiva (wrong) mentions Chandiyabbe queen of Kannara, who was ruling the Sindavadi-one-thousand country. She appears to have constructed a a basadi (Jain temple) at Nandavara and to have made a grant of the Siddhaye taxes of Rajanuru for its maintenance. Mention is also made of a certain Padmanandi. P. 55. (560). Do, in Kanarese of the 12th cent. on the Jain image of Vardhamanasvami at Kammarchodu (Alur talug, Bellary district). registers the reconstruction of this image) by Chandavve, the wife of the merchant chief Rayara-setti who was the favourite pupil of Padmaprabha-Maladharisvami. (565). Do, on a slab set up on the hailasappagutta (hill) at Konakondla (Gooty taluq, Anantapur district) of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvananmalladeva (Vikraniaditya VI) ruling from Pottalakere, dated in Chalukya Vikrama year 6, Durmati, Pusya, bahula [6] Thursday, Uttarayana-Sankranti; records that Navikabbe built a Jain temple called Chatta-Jinalaya at Kondakundeyatirtha and (her husband] the Mahamandalesvara Jovimayyarasa who was entitled Pesana-Garuda gave 80 matter of black-soil land at Kiriya Kondakunde, to that temple. (566). Do, on a slab lving in a field near the same village. of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvana-malladeva (Vikramaditya VI) dated in Chalukya Vikrama year 12, Vibhava, Uttarayana-Sankranti. mentions first the Mahamandalesvara Ballaya-Chola Maharaja who

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228 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY was ruling the Sindavadi-one-thousand province and whose prasasti begins with the words Charana saroruha etc., then it mentions the Mahamandalesvara Chikarasa of the Mahabali race whose prasasti begins with the words Jagattrayabhivandita etc., and next the Mahasamanta-Chandarsa, Barmmarasa and Revarasa of Kondakunde, whose prasasti begins with the words ari-durdhara, etc., seems to record the grant of a land. P. 59. (603). Do, in Vatteluttu, on a boulder in the Irattaipottai rock at Eruvadi, Tinnevelley dist. states that (the image below which the inscription is engraved) is the work of Ajjanandi. P. 91. LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1916 : (276). Inscription in Tamil. On the east face of the boulder containing Jain images at Tirakkol (Wandiwash taluq, North Arcot dist.), of the Chola king (Parakesarivarman.) dated in the third year, registers a gift of sheep for ghee to the Jain temple (palli) at Tandapuram in Ponnur nadu, a subdivision of Venkunra-Kottam, by Eranandi alias Naratonga-Pallavaraiyan who was a native of Nelveli in Nelveli-nadu, a subdivision of Tenkarai Panaiyur-nadu in Sola-mandalam. (277). Do. on the west face of the same boulder of the Chola king Rajakesarivarma, dated in the 22nd year ; registers a gift to Gangasurapperumpalli at Ra[jendra]puram. P. 92. (278). Do, on the west face of the same boulder registers a gift of gold for a lamp. (279). Do, on a rock to the east of the same boulder of Parakesarivarman dated in the 12th year registers a gift of paddy to Kanakavirasittadigal mentions Sembiyan Sembottiladanor, son of Videlvidugu Sembottiladanar alias Ganaperuman P. 94. PHOTOGRAPHS : (411). Jain image in a temple outside the village, Kammarchodu. Pp. 119-113. Cavern at Eruvadi containing a squatting Jain figure ; mention of Ajjanandi-The inscription is in the Vatteluttu characters of about the 8th century A.D. (See page 59, inscription No. 603)-Reference to Ajjanandi in the Tamil work JivakachintamaniReference to a Jain hermitage at Vedal headed by a lady teacher.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 229 Pp. 133-134. Jainism in the Bellary district-An image of the Jain tirthankara Vardhamana at Kammarachodu-Kondakundanvaya and the village Kondakundi. 195 (XII) Report, do, 1916-17. P. 7. (30). Inscriptions on a Jain image, Ramatirtham, Vizagapatam. P. 9. COPPER-PLATES EXAMINED : No. 9. Of Eastern Chalukya Visnuvardhana III, Saka 684, Margasira, ba. dvadasi, in Sanskrit (in Telugu) registers grant of the village Musinikunda in Tonka-Nfa tavsa]di-Visaya to the Jain teacher Kalibhadracharya. It is returned to the Govt. Museum, Madras. Ayyana or Ayyana Mahadevi, queen of Kubja-Visnuvardhana was the ajnaptri of the grant and the character was marked with the seal of KubjaVisnuvardhana. P. 72. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1917 : Anantapur dist. Madakasira taluq. No. 20. On a pillar of a dilapidated manda pa at the entrance into village of Kottasivaram in Kanarese registers that Alpadevi, the queen of king Irungola and a lay disciple of the Kanur-gana of Kondakondanvaya, protected (this] Jain charity while it was in a ruined condition. No. 21. At the same place, in Kanaresc, registers that this basadi (Jain temple) was built by Devanandi-Acharya, pupil of PuspanandiMaladharideva of Kanurgana and the Kondakundanvaya. No. 28. On a pillar set up at the southern entrance into the village Patasivaram, of Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla ViraSomesvaradeva, 'the destroyer of the Kalachurya race', dated in Saka 1107, Visvavansa, in Kanarese, mentions the Tain teacher Viranandi. Siddhantachakravartideva and his son Padmaprabha-Maladharideva. P. 74. No. 40. At the same place in the court yard of the Jain temple at Amarapuram of Irungonadeva-Chola-Maharaja of the Chola race 'ruling at the capital town of Nidugallu, Saka 1200, Isvara, Ashada, su-di, Panchami, Monday, in Kanarese, registers that Mallisetti gave at

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230 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Tammadihalli 2,000 trees to Prasanna-Parsvadeva of the basadi of Tailangere known as Brahma-Jinalaya. The priest of this temple was Challapille, a Jina-Brahmana. No. 41. On another stone in the same place. Sarvari, Asvija, su-di. 5, Friday, in Kanarese. This is the tomb (nisidhi) of Sambisetti, son of Berisetti. No. 42. On a pedestal lying in the courtyard of the same temple, Kanarese. This is the basadi caused to be made by a pupil of BalenduMaladharideva. No. 43. On a stone lying in the tank to the south of the same temple. Kanarese. This is the tomb (nisidhi) of Bommisettiyara Bachavya, a lay disciple of Prabhachandra Bhattaraka. No. 44. On a second stone in the same place. Kanarese. This is thic tomb (nisidhi) of Bhavasenatraividya-chakravartin. No. 45. On the third stone in Kanarese. This is the nisidhi of Virupaya and Maraya. No. 16. On the fourth stone. Kanarese. This is the nisidhi of Potoja and Sayabi-Maraya, father and son. No. 47. On the fifth stone. Kanarese. This is the nisidhi of Kommasa]setti, a lay disciple of Prabhachandradeva. No. 48. On a stone lying on a platform in the courtyard of the Anjaneyasvami temple at Tammadahalli. Kanarese. This is the nisidhi of Chandra[n]ka-Bhattaraka, [pupil] of Charukirti-Bhattaraka of the MIula-sangha and the Desiya-gana. P. 111. Doubtful indication of the successful crusade of Jatavarman Vira-Pandya against the Jains. Pp. 113-114. Irungoladeva or Irungonadeva-Chola-Maharaja and inscription Nos. 20 (p. 72) and 40 (p. 74). P. 114. Jain temples and Jain tomb-stones in the Madaksira taluq: Pata sivara, Kotta-sivara and Amarapura, strong settlements of the Jains with Jain bastis in them-Kotta-sivara, originally a Jain basti built by Davanandi and repaired by Alpadevi-A basti built by a lay disciple of Balendu Maladharideva-- Tomb-stones of Jain teachers (Nos. 41, 43-48, p. 74).

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 231 P. 116. Eastern Chalukiya king Visnuvardhana III and record No. 9, p. 9. 195 (XIII) Report, do, 1917-18. P. 7. Labels in Vatteluttu characters beneath the magnificent rows of Jain images on the rock at Kalugumalai. P. 74. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1917: No. 714. On a stone lying in the courtyard of a Jain basti at Agali. Kanarese. [This is the nisidhi of Kris[ni]-setti, son of Betti-setti, a lay disciple of Devachandra Deva of the Mula-sangha and the Desiyagana. P. 79. No. 66. On a boulder in a field below the tank bund at Kotipi. Kanaresc. Seems to contain the name Charurasibhandirar for Charurasi Pandita, the title of a particular order of Jain monks. P. 80. No. 279. On a slab built into the waste weir of the tank at Chilumutturu. Vijayanagara. of Mahamandalesvara Vira-Bukkarava. Saka 1289. Kanarese. Records construction of a stone bench by Irugappa Odeya. P. 85. No. 831. On the wall of the Durgapancha cave at Rama. tirtham (Vizagapatam district). Eastern Chalukya. Sarvalokasraya Visnuvardhana-Maharaja. Kanarese (Prose and verse). States that the saint Trikalayogi Siddhantadeva, the presiding teacher of the Desigana and the spiritual teacher of king Vimaladitya paid respect to Ramakonda (i.e., Ramatirtha hill), with great devotion. The king is given the title Raja-Martanda and Mummadi-Bhima. No. 132. On the pedestal of a broken Jain image on the Gurubhaktakonda hill at Ramatirtham, Vizagapatam district. Telugu. Seems to state that the image was set up by Pra[mmi) se[tti] of Chanuda(vro]lu in the Omggerumargga. P. 133-134. Inscription of Vimaladitya at Ramtirtham in the Vizagapatan district (see record No. 831, p. 85)-His Jain guru Trikalayogi-Siddhantadeva, called also Trikalavogi-Munindra, a teacher of the Desigana school of Jainism-Jainism patronised by the earliest members of the Eastern Chalukya family--Ramatirtham, a Jain centre,

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232 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 162. An inscription of the reign of Bukka I, dated in Saka 1289, recording construction of a Kallumanchige (stone-bench) by the Mahapradhana Irugappa-Vodeya, known as the best of Jains, and the builder of the Jain temple at Vijayanagara (See record No. 779, p. 80). 195 (XIV) Report, do, 1918-19. P. 16. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1918 : No. 201. On a slab set up near the Anjaneyasvami temple at Nandi-Bevuru. Western Chalukya. Trailokyamaslladeva.] Saka 976. Kanarese-Grant for the worship of Jina to a certain Astopavasi Bhala of Desiga-Gana. P. 22. No. 256. On a slab set up on the site of a ruined matha at Mannera-Masalavada. Yadava. Vira-Ramachandradeva, Saka 1219. Kanaresc; registers gift of land to Vinayachandradeva by Bhairava devarasa for offerings to the Jain temple at Mosalevada. P. 48. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1919 : No. 8. On the north and west walls of the central shrine in the Visnu temple at Dadapuram. (Tindivanam taluq, South Arcot district). Chola. Rajakesarivarman alias Rajarajadeva. 21st year, Tamil ; gives a list of vessels and ornaments presented to the temples of KundavaiJinalaya, etc., built by the princes Parantakan Kundavai-pirattiyar. P. 78. PHOTOGRAPH : No. 519. Jain stone image in the Siva temple at Draksarama. P. 94. Reference in the Dadapuram records to the erection of emples by the princess Kundavai, the sister of the Chola king Raja'raja I. Besides the Siva and Visnu temples she built a Jina shrine called Kundavai Jinalaya, now extint. 195 (XV) Report, do, 1919-20. Pp. 78-79. PHOTOGRAPHS: No. 574. General view of the rock-cut temple, Sittannavasal,

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 233 No. 575. Another in relief of a Jain image in the same temple, Sittannavasal. No. 586. East view of the cavern containing beds, Muttupatti. No. 587. South view of the same cavern showing Jain images, Muttupatti. No. 588. West view of the same cavern Muttupatti. No. 589. Sculpture of a Jain image within the cavern, Muttu patti. No. 594. General view of the hill with three caverns, Karungalakkudi. No. 595. General view of the cavern containing the Brahmi inscription and beds, Karungalakkudi. No. 596. Another view of ihe same showing the Jain image on the opposite hill, Karungalakkudi. No. 597. Another cavern on the top of the above, Karungalakkudi. P. 100. The Mavinthipalli grant of the time of the eastern Chalukya king Visnuvardhana III (surname, l'isamasiddhi, 709-746 A.D.) recording grant made to the Jain temple at Bezwada. Pp. 102-107. Periyapuranam sculptures in the temple at Darasuram near Kumbhakonam. NORTH WALL NO. 13. Pandimadevi (known by the name of Mangaiyarkkarasivar). wife of the Pandva king Nedumaran, aided by Sambandar in converting the king from Jainism to Brahmanism. WEST WALL NO. 43. Sakkiyanar, first an adherant of Jainism, afterwards a saiva. SOUTH WALL NO. 46. Naminandi-adigal. Refusal of the Jains to let him have some ghee in his act of burning a lamp in the shrine of Araneri within the temple at Tiruvarur. 195 (XVI) Report, do, 1920-21. P. 8. Three bronze statues of Jain deities in the siva temple of 30

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234 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Manjunatha in the suburb of Mangalore called Kadri-Two stone Jain images called Saranganatha (saranganatha ?) and Matsyendranatha set up in the niches of the temple-This temple probably a Jain one in the beginning A panel of Jain teachers found at Karkala-The teachers represented are: (1) Kumudachandra Bhataraka, (2) Hemachandra Bhataraka. (3) Sri Charu[kirti]panditadeva. (4) Srutamuni, (5) Dharmabhusana Bhataraka. (6) Pujvapadastami. () Vimalasuri Bhataraka, (8)Srikirti Bhataraka. (9) Siddhantideva, (10) Charukirtideva, (1) Mahakirti Ravula, and (12) Narendrakirtideva. P. 10. Existence of Jain monuments at the villages Melpadi and Tennampattu in the Chittoor and North Arcot district. P. 18. STONE INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1920 : No. 326. On a stone built into the western wall of the mosque near the cemetry at Gooty. Vijayanagara king Harihara, date (lost); Sanskrit (verse), gives in succession a list of Jain teachers of the Kondakunda line and refers to the building of a Chaityalava (Jain basti) for Parsva- Jinanatha by the general Iruga. P. 29. No. 455. On two stones built into the steps of a well near the Mallesvara temple at Konakondla. Western Chalukva, Tribhuvana Malladeva saka 9191.), Kanarese : registers grant of certain villages to the temple of Mallikarjunadeva at Kondakunde. No. 456. On a stone lying in a field near the same temple. Kanarese (archaic).-States that a certain Kanponnevan of Kondakunde lounded a tank, a matha and built the prakara of the temple. No. 457. On a slab set up before the Adi-Channakesavasvami temple at Konakondla. Durmati, Chaitra, su, ...). Telugu ; registers terms of cultivation in respect of lands at Konakondla. No. 458. On the same slab. Western Chalukva. Tribhuvanamalladeva, 'ruling at Kalvana', Kanarese verse & prose; praises the ihe Jain teacher Padmanandi Bhattaraka and the Kondakunda line. P. 78. PHOTOGRAPHS: No. 667. Stone image of Sarnganatha in the siva temple, Kadri (near Mangalore), South Canara.

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EPIGRAPHY & NUMISMATICS 235 No. 666. Stone image of Matsyendranatha in the same temple, South Canara. No. 667. View of Jain pillar placed inside the prakara of the same temple, South Canara. No. 668. General view of the Dipastambha of the same temple, South Canara. No. 672. Sculpture in reliet of a group of Jain teachers in the Dharmadhikari basti, at Hiriyangadi. Karkala, South Canara. No. 679. Inscribed slab in the basti, South Canara. No. 674. Bronze image of Adinatha in the Nemisvara busti at Hirivangadi, South Canara No. 675. Bronze image of Chandranatha in the same basti, South Canara. No. 676. View of the Kere-basti with the Gommatesvara sculpture, South Canara. P. 78. DRAWINGS : No. 220. Bronze statue of Brahma (Lokesvara) in the siva temple, Kadri near (Mangalore), South Canara. No. 221. Bronze statue of Vedavyasa (?). (a Jain image) in the same temple, South Canara. No. 223. Stone image of a Jain dcity () in the same temple, South Canara.

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SECTION V History and Geography ( including Chronology and Pravels ) and Biography 196 MACMURDO, J. du dccount of the Province of Cutch, and of the Countries lying between Guzerat and the Indus. (TLSB, ii, 1820, p. 205-211). Pp. 240-241. Description of Parsvanatha worshipped in the Parkur Desert in the hands of Soda Rajput. 196 A ERSKINE, W. Observations on the Remarks of the Buddhists in India. (TLSB, iii, 1823, p. 494-537). General-Comparative antiquity of the Buddhists, Jains, and Brahmanas-Tests by which the excavations of the Buddhists, Jains and Brahmanas may be distinguished. 196 B WALLACE, R. G. Memoirs of India. London, 1824. Pp. 145-148. Jainism described. P. 393. Notion of time, or chronology of the Jains. 196 C FORBES, JAMES. Oriental Memoirs. Vol. 1. London, 1834. .P. 197. Gigantic image of Gommatesvara at Kurkul (Karhal); Gommatesvara at Sravana-Belgola. Pp. 329-31. Cruelty on the Jains, Three classes of Yatis.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 237 PLATE VOL. PLATE NO. 33. Sculpture in a subterraneous Hindoo temple at Cambay The Shawuck Pagoda-Image of Parisnaut. 197 TAYLOR, W. Oriental Historical Manuscripts. 2 Vols. Madras, 1835. Vol. i, P. 184. Sambandar and his controversies with the JainsNaladiyar and its origin. Vol. ii, p. 83. The Ellora sculptures are in part the work of the Jains. Vol. ii, p. 86. Jain religion in the south of India above the Ghauts. 198 POSTANS, Mrs. Cutch. London, 1839. Pp. 117-119. Sect of the Jains-Singularity of costume-Religious tenets-Jain temples. 199 BURNES, ALEXANDAR. Account of the Remains of the celebrated Temple at Pattan Somnath, sacked by Mahmud of Ghizni, A.D. 1024. (JRAS, Vol. v. 1839, pp. 104-107.) P. 106. Jain style of architecture noticeable in some of the Mohainmedan structures at Pattan Somnath. 200 Colonel Tod's "Travels in Western India" (AJ, xxix, 1839, p. 145-151, 171-180). Pp. 147, 177. Sacred Mounts of the Jains at Abu and Satrunjaya. P. 171. Ancient cities of the Jains. P. 174. Library of the Jains at Anhilwara.

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238 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 MASSIE, J. W. Continental India. I'ol. 1. London, 1840. Pp. 429-477. Mythology of India displayed : the systems of the Brahmana, the Jain, and the Buddhist. 202 HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON. Himalayan Journals. l'ol I. London, 1855. Pp. 15-21. Parasnath mountain-Its sanctit-The castern metropolis of Jain worship-Origin of Jain scct-The Jains a transition between Buddhists and Hindus-Ascent of Parasnath-Vegetation of Parasnath. 203 BEVERIDGE, HENRY. A Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military and Social, etc. 3 Vols. London, 1865. Vol. 2, pp. 80-83. Worship by the Jains-Their practice as to castc-Their partial respect for the Vedas-Their Moral system. Vol. 2, P. 118. Jain temples on Mt. Abu. 204 NELSON, J. H. The Madura Country. Madras, 1868. Pt. 2, p. 16. Survival of Jain worship in two small temples in the district. Pt. 3, p. 50. The professors of the laith of the Ksamana or Sranana heretics were the predecessors of the Jains, and the religion was but little different from that now known as the Jain. 205 SYKES, D. H. and Dwyar. The Temple of Satrunjaya, the celebrated Jain place of pilgrimage near Palitana in Kathiawad. Boinbay, 1869. 206 Wilks, Mark. Historical Sketches of the South of India in an attempt to trace the History of Mysore, Second Edition. Vol. I. Madras, 1869.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 239 P. 26. n. Conversion of Visnuvardhana, of the Ballal or Hoysala dynasty, from Jainism to Vaisnas ism in 1133 under the influence of Ramanuja, an apostle of the Visnuite sect. Demolition of 101 Jain temples at Calaswadi by Timmana a Vaisnava in 1454. 207 WILLIAMS, MONIER. M. Modern India and the Indians. Third Edition. London, 1879. Pp. 515-518, (Appendix No. 5). The Jain doctrine. Pp. 159-160. Jainism is now the only representative of Buddhistic ideas in India proper. Jain system carlier than Buddhism from an independent source. Characteristics of two sects of the Jains. Jainism, also lays stress on doctrine ol transmigration. Jains although dissenting from the Veda regard themselves as Hindus. 208 Wilson, J. Final Report on the Revision of Settlement of the Sirsa District in the Punjab. [Lahore,] 1879-83. P. 101. Jaini or Saraogi sect-Worship of Parsvanatha-Tenderness for animal lite-Intermarriage of Bisnis and Saraogis. P. 139. Ascetics and low castes among the Jains. 209 A JACOBI, HERMANX. On Mahavira and his predecessors. (1.4, Vol. ix, 1880. pp. 158-163.) Mahavira, the supposed tounder of the Jaina sect-His relation with Gosala Mokkhalipura-The history of the Niganthas in general. 209 B DUNCKER, Max. The History of Antiquity (From the German by Evelyn Abbott) Vol. 4, London, 1880. Book VI. Chapter III. The Kingdom of Magadha and the settlement in the South. Chapter VI : Chandragupta and Magadha,

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240 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 210 DUTT, SHOSHEE CHUNDER. India, Past and Present. London, 1880. P. 141. Jainism superior to the general religion of the country. The Jains also repudiate the Vedas. Like the Vaisnavas and unlike the Buddhists, they adhere to caste. They explain Nirana more fully by distinctly assigning to the liberated soul a spiritual life for ever and ever. Of the saints worshipped by them Adinatha, Parsvanatha and Maha. vira are the most important. 211 MITRA, RAJENDRALAL. Indo-Aryans. . l'ols. Calcutta and London, 1881. Vol. I. Pp. 16, 36, 63. Jain temples. Vol. 2. Pp. 355. 369. Jain temples. Vol. 2. Pp. 357. 417, 418. Jainism of Asoka. 212 Growse, F. S. Mathura: A District Memoir. 3rd. Ed. Allahabad, 1883. Pp. 12-13. Most of the Saraogis of the dist. including Seth Raghunath Das are of the Khandel gachihla or got-They number in all 1593 only. A temple of the Seth stands in the suburb of Kesopur. Jambu Svami practised penance here. He is reputed the last of the Keralis. The temple was built by Mani Rama, who enshrined in it a figure of Chandra Prabhu. A large marble statue of Ajitnatha, brought by Seth Raghunath Das now occupies the place of honour. In the city are two other Jain temples dedicated to Padma Prabhu in the Ghiya mandi and the Chaubes' quarter. Other temples at Kosi and Sahpan. 213 Seweli., ROBERT. A Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India. Madras, 1883. P. 15. The Cholas destroyed a number of Jain temples at Puli

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 241 gere or Laksmesvara in the reign of Somesyara I of the Western Chalukyas. P. 39. The Kadambas of Palasika or Halsi in Belgaum, were Jains & of the Manavya-gotra, "Sons of Hariti". P. 49. A Jain named Naganandi was minister to the Kongu or Ganga kings Kalavallabha Raya, Govinda Raya, and his successor Kamaradeva. P. 50. A farged inscription dated A.D. 178 mentions that Kongu King Tiru Vikramadeva was converted from the Tain to the Saiva faith by Sankaracharya. P. 72. At the time when Yuan Chwang visited Kanchi in A.D.640 there were numerous ains. P. 73. In A.D. 788 the Buddhists were finally expelled from the neighbourhood of Kanchi to Ceylon by Prince Hemasitala who became a Jain. P. 94. The Ratta Mahamandalesvaras, at first feudatories of the Rastrakutas, were Jains. P. 95. The santara kings in Maisur, feudatories of the Chalukyas, were Jains. P. 105. Endowment of some Jain temples by Harihara I. P. 118. Amoghavarsa I who was surnamed "Atisavadhavala" and Nrpatunga I, he defeated the Chalukyas, and built the city of Manyakheta. He came to the throne in A.D. 814-15 or 815-16, and enjoyed a long reign. 214 BROWN, ROBERT. The people of the World. Vol. 4. London, 1885. Pp. 82-83. Jainism-A secession from Buddhism--Home of this faith-Mysterious character-Number of Believers-Tenets-Temples. 215 Basu, RAM CHANDRA. Jainism and its founder. Cal. cutta, 1886. A discussion of the life and historicity of Adinath and also of Mahavira and his immediate predecessors, 314

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242 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 216 HUNTER, WILLIAM Wilson. The Indian Empire : Its Peoples, History and Products. New and Revised Edition. London, 1892. Pp. 205-208. The Jains--Jain doctrines-Jain temple cities--Relation of Jainism to Buddhism-Jains earlier than Buddhists, Antiquity of the Jains-Jacobi's investigation of the question-Jainism older than Buddhism--Date of Jain Scriptures-Jains an independent sect-Modern Jainism, etc. 217 BETTANY, G. T. The Il'orld's Inhabitants ; or, Mankind, Animals,, and Plants. Third Edition. London, etc., 1892. Pp. 307-308. Representation of Buddhism in India by the Jains. Their difference from Buddhism-Their belief in a sort of pantheism, Their wealth and influence-Their tenderness to animal life-Their temples and pilgrimages. 218 * OPPERT, GUSTAV. On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatvarsa or India. Westminster and Leipzig, 1893. P. 62. Influence of the Jains strongest in towns where the artisan classes form an important and powerful portion of the population, while the Brahmans appealed to the land owning and the agricultural classes, whom they won over by entreaties or by threats. P. 67. Tiru Vallava Nayanar, author of the Tamil work, the Kural, showed in his writings a knowledge of, and tendency towards, Jainism-The Jains use the title Navanar as an honorific appellation. P. 100. Buddhist and Jain missionaries the first preachers and religious teachers devoted to the indigenous population. This is, perhaps, why a temple, more particularly of Buddhistic and Jain, is called a palli. P. 236. Adoption of the Jain faith by the Kurumbas who became bigoted adherents of this sect-Campaign of Ananda Chola to crush the

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY supremacy of Jainism-Ascendancy of Saivism, the result. Jainism by no means extinct among Kurumbas. 243 P. 245. Success of a Jain priest to convert a great number of the Kurumbas to Jainism-Erection of a Jain basti by the king of PulalDestruction of Jain sculptures found in rice-fields-Many Kurumbas resemble in their present manners and customs e.g., marriage ceremonies, the Jains of former times. P. 248. Existence of a Jain basti dedicated to Aditirthankara in the village Pulal. 219 STRACHEY, JOHN. India. London, 1894. P. 245. Jain doctrines, similar to the more orthodox forms of Buddhism-a tendency for Jainism to become virtually a sect of Brahmanism. "In the north and west of India the Jains are still a cultivated class, mostly engaged in commerce, whilst in the south they are, as a rule, agriculturists." 220 RATZEL, FRIEDRICH. The History of Mankind. (Tr. from the Second German Edition by A. J. Butler). Vol. 3. London, 1898. P. 524. The religion of the Jains is a development from Brahmanism resembling the old Buddhism, but tending more to the worship of saints. 221 DEY, NUNDO LAL. The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India. Calcutta, 1899. PART 1. ANCIENT NAMES & MODERN NAMES OR SITUATION : Ayodhya. Oudh. Birthplace of Adinatha, a Jain tirthankara. Alavi. Airwa. Alabhi of the Jains, from which Mahavira made his missionary peregrinations. Chandragiri. Near Belgola, sacred to the Jains,

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244 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Chandrikapuri. Sravasti, birthplace of Tirthankara Chandra. prabha. Girinagara. Girnar, containing temples of Neminatha and Parsvanatha. Ujjayanta. Girnar sacred to Neminatha. PART 2. MODERN NAMES AND ANCIENT NAMES OR SITUATION: Abu. Arbuda Parvata, containing temples of Risavanatha or Adinatha and Neminatha, Girnar. The Junagar hill in Guzerat is one of the five hills sacred to the Jains, containing the temples of Neminatha and Parsva. natha. Palithana. In Guzarat, one of the five hills sacred to the Jains containing a temple of Adinatha. 222 ADAMS, ARCHIBALD. The Western Rajputana States, etc. London, 1899. P. 19. Sirohi : Banias and Mahajans, mostly Jains, form a very numerous class. Pp. 37-38. Mount Abu: Jain temples at Dilwara-Their ageAbu one of the four principal places of pilgrimage of the Jains. 223 Karim, ABDUL.. The Students' History of India. Calcutta, 1899. P. 28. Jainism-Its history and chronology. 224 RECLUS, ELISEE. The Universal Geography. Ed. by A. H. Keane. 4 Vols. London. (1900)

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 215 Vol. 3. P. 167. At Kathiawad the largest and most famous groups of Sravaka or Jain temple, the special zeal of the Jains for building temples, their greatest pride in decorating temples, the Jains possess more religious edifices than the other Hindus. Vol. 3. Pp. 407-408. Mahavira's followers at one time prevailed in Southern India-Jain works still the most remarkable in Dravidian literature-greatest respect for all living things, from the venomous snake to the smallest animalcule, the "four duties" of the Jains, their spirit of fellowship-some of their sanctuaries, such as those of Palitana, Mt. Abu, Junagarh, Parasnath, are amongst the most magnificent in the world. 225 FORREST, G. W. Cities of India. Westminster, 1903. Pp. 65-66. Architectural style of the Jains copied by the Sultans of Ahmedabad. Mahavira, with his eleven chief disciples, may be regarded as the first open seceders from Brahmanism-Life of Mahavira. ism and Buddhism were the two heretical sects of importance agitating the region about Benares at the same time. Jainism never became a dominant creed. To the Peases and Barclays of Western India we owe the costly Jain temples. Pp. 89-94. Jain shrines on Mt. Abu the highest ideals of pure Hindu Architecture. Jain aim of victory over desires and Jaina creed that "Patience is the highest good". Description of Jain temples. 226 Rhys Davids, T. W. Buddhist India. Second Impression. London, 1903. P. 143. Jains an organised community all through the history of India from before the rise of Buddhism down to the present time. P. 163. The Buddhist and Jain records about the philosophic ideas current at the time of the Buddha and the Mahavira, zip

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246 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 285. Illustration of the Jain temple at Khajuraho. . P. 318. Three fourths or more of the persons named, and objects of donation specified, in all the inscriptions throughout India, from Asoka's time to Kaniska's, are Buddhists, and the majority of the remainder are Jain. 227 HELMOLT, H. F. The World's History. Vol. 2. London, 1904. Pp. 402-404. Jainism and its tenets. Pp. 105-106. The kingdom of Magadha ; Chandragupta and Asoka. 228 WATTERS THOMAS. On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. (Edited by T. W. Rhys Davids and S. W, Bushell), 2 l'ols. London, 1904-05. Vol. I, p. 252. Yuan-Chwang on the Jains-This pilgrim is of opinion that Jainism as a system was later in origin than Buddhism and was mainly derived from the latter. 229 MAJUMDAR, Purna Ch. The Musnud of Murshidabad 1794-1904), Murshidabad, 1907. P. 276. Azimgunj is the home of the Jains, whose ancestors emigrated from Bikanir in the latter half of the 18th cent. 230 SHAMASASTRI, R. Chanakya's Law and Revenue Policy. (IA, xxxiv, 1905, p. 5-10). P. 5. Hemchandra's account of Chanakya in his Sthaviravalicharita, though legendary agrees with Visnupurana in making him the destroyer of Nanda and supporter of Chandragupta,

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 247 In the Nandisutra, a Jain religious work, Chanakya is extolled for the success which he achieved as Finance Minister to Chandragupta. 231 VIDYABHUSANA, S. C. Buddhadeva. Calcutta, 1311 Sal. [1905, In Bengali]. Pp. 229 225. Conversation between Mahavira and Gosal Makhali Putta--Mahavira and Nirgrantha Natha Putta are one and the same person. 232 DUTT, R. C. Early Hindu Civilisalion, B.C. 2000 to 320. Calcutta, 1906. Pp. 381-390. History of Jainism, 233 DUTT, R. C. Later Hindu Civilisation, B.C. 320 to A.D. 800. Calcutta, 1906. Pp. 226-227, 232. Jain Architecture, its special characteristics.. 234 CROOKE WILLIAM. Things Indian. London, 1906. 270. Colossal images are common both to Buddhists and Jains. The largest Jain figure at Gwalior is 57 ft. high, while that at SravanaBelgola in Mysore, the colossal statue of Gommatesvara, cut out of a single rock, is 60 ft. Pp. 283-286. Vardhamana or Mahavira, born in about 599 B.C., the founder of Jainism-Absolute nudity was one of his chief rules-Difference between Jainism and Buddhism-Jainism remarkable for the magnificence and profuse ornamentation of its shrines-- Jain temples at Palitana, Girnar, Mt. Abu, Parasnath and Khajuraho-Two kinds of Jain temples bastis and bettus-Jainism not a separate religion, but rather a sect of Hinduism,

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248 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 397. Disturbances between Jains and orthodox Hindus in connection with Jain processions. 235 VAIDYA, C. V. Epic India; or, India as described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Bombay, 1907. P. 347. Idol worship the outcome of Buddhism and Jainism. P. 359. Jainism borrowed two planks from the orthodox religion of India. Viz., fasting and abstention from slaughter. P. 369. The only philosophical discourses in the Ramayana throws light on the state of orthodox feeling towards Jainism and Buddhism, about 1st cent. B.C. P. 377. The Ramayana refutes the doctrines of Jainism and Buddhism not by argument but by downright condemnation. P. 447. Buddhism and Jainism followed by a resuscitation of the Karmakanda and Vedic sacrifices. P. 505. The ahimsa doctrine was a part and parcel of Hinduism long before it was taken up by the Jains and the Buddhists. 236 WHISH, C. W. India. London, 1907. P. 15. Rise of Buddhism and Jainism may be dated in about 500-450 B.C. 237 LEHMANN, EDv. Buddha. Kobenhavn, 1907. Pp. 38 42. The Jain sect-Their relation and reaction to Buddha. 238 MEEBOLD, ALFRED. Indien [India]. Munchen, 1908. The work, written in German, in eight chapters, describes India in all its different aspects, religious, philosophical and even topographical. Contains Pp. 1-322, and is illustrated.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 249 Pp. 71, 75, 80, 85, 106, 107, 109, 117. About Jains and Jainism. 239 LAL, HIRA. A visit to Ramtek, (IA, V. xxxii, 1908, pp. 202-208). Pp. 2-4. Local Jains say that Rama was a Jain and that when he visited Ramtek, he first worshipped santinatha. 240 VENKAYYA, V. Ancient History of the Nellore District. (IA, xxxvii, 1908, Pp. 199-201). P. 201 n. Jain buildings at Pasalipuram replaced by a Saiva temple. 241 JAINI, MANIK CHAND. Lise of Mahavira. Allahabad, 1908. Preface-Introduction-Introductory remarks, and the historicity of Mahavira--sources of information, mythological stories-familyrelation-details arranged chronologically-Appendix. 242 BANARJI, R. D. The Scythian Period of Indian History. (IA, xxxvii, 1908, pp. 25-75). P. 52. The Jain records of the Kusana period forin an unique series of Indian epigraphs showing very advanced forms of characters, the parallel of which has not yet been found in India. 243 BARODIA, V. D. History and Literature of Jainism. Bombay, 1909. 244 VIDYABHUSANA, S. C. Yasovijaya Gani (about 16081688 A.D.). (JPASB, vi, 1910, pp. 465-469). 32A

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250 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Life of Yasovijaya-His works on Logic-His criticism on Logic as taught in Benares academies. 245 SLATER, R. The ruins of l'ijayanagar. (QJMS, ii, 1911, pp. 49-56). P. 55. Hanpi : That Jains formed a large community is evident from the group of Jain bastis overlooking the Pampapati temple. 246 GUERINOT, A. Un maitre Jaina du temps present ; Sri Vijayadharma Suri. [A Jaina teacher of the present time : Sri Vijayadharma Suri.] (JA, 1oth Ser., xviii, 1911, pp. 379384). The book in French, forms an account of Jainism as lived in the present time. The present article sketches the life of Vijayadharma Suri. 247 NARASIMHACHAR, R. The Chalukya Genealogy according to the Kannada poet Ranna. (IA, xi., 1911, pp. 41-45). Jain religion and the Poet Ranna. 248 AIYANGAR, S. KRISHNASWAMI. Ancient India. London, Madras, 1911. P. 32. Abode of the deities of the Jains. P. 34. Great patrons of the Jains and Buddhists. P. 77. Jain tradition that Chandragupta retired from the world and spent the evening of life in contemplation at Sravana Belgola. P. 219. Persecution of the Jains ascribed to Visnuvardhana is hardly supported by facts. Pp. 208, 258. In Bitti Deva's presence Ramanuja had a whole body of Jain ascetics and lavmen ground in an oil mill. P. 255. The Ganga rulers appear to have been Jains, P. 260. Jainism versus Vaisnavism,

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 251 249 * TABARD, A. M. Talkad, the buried city. (QJMS, ii, 1911, pp. 131-140). P. 188. The religion of alinost all the rulers of Talkad, a city buried under the sands of the Cavary. Mysore Prov., was Jainism. 250 Law, N. N. The Law of Contract in Chandragupta's time. (MR, May, August and December, 1912.). Pp.517 (Vol. XI) ; 12.4-128, 586-588. (Vol. XII). Sale and Preemption-Loans, 251 BELL, W. The Oxford India Reader. Oxford, 1912. Pp. 62, 63. Jainism- The religion. P. 97. Jain images and sculptures. P. 112. Jain temples in Kanara. 252 SVAMIN, A. GOVINDACHARYA. Brahmana Immigration into Southern India. (IA, xli, 1912, pp. 227-232). Jainism to make the first southward march bringing down more "Aryan's of the north into the Carnatic and Tamil lands. The traditions of twelve year's famine in Hindusthan in the grd century B.C. is attested by the Jain inscriptions at Sravana Belgo!a. 253 Pathak, K. B. Nripatunga and the authorship of the Kavirajamorga. (JBBRAS, xxii, 1913, pp. 81-115). In this paper there are several quotations from Jain authors. 254 LAL, HIRA. Muktagiri. (IA, xlii, 1913, pp. 220-221). Muktagiri or 'salvation hill' is what is called Siddha-ksetra of the Jains referred to as Medhigiri in the Jain book Nirvana Bhakti. Jain Temple in Ellichpura,

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252 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 PATHAK, K. B. On the age of the Sanskrit poet Kaviraja. (JBBRAS, xxii, 1913, pp. 11-16). P. u. From the mention of the Jain Raghavapandaviya in the Pamparamayana and in the Sravana Belgola inscription it may be inferred that there was only one Raghavapanqaviya known to Pampa's contemporaries. 256 PATHAK, K. B. and K. G. OKA. Amarasimha and his commentator Kshirasvamin. (JBBRAS, xxiii, 1919, pp. 275-281). P. 275. Though the production of a Buddhist, Amarasimha's lexicon has been universally accepted as an authority by the Brahmanas and the Jains alike. It has been commented upon by Buddhists, by Brahmanas and by Jains like Asadharapandita and Nachiraja. 257 MUNSHI, RUSTOMJI NASARVANJI. An Inquiry as to how a Bell in the Portuguese church at Borivli came to be transferred to a Hindu temple at Nasik. (JBBRAS, xxiii, 1914, pp. 328-348). P. 339. Mosque of Kutb-ud-din at Delhi built out of the ruins of some Jain temples among other Hindu ones. According to Cunningham, the great temple of Sasbahu or the great Jain temple of Gwalior, was not available for Hindu worship during the time of its Mahomedan occupation (13th and 14th cents.) P. 340. The Jain temple of Chintaman finished in about 1698 A.D. at a cost of Rs. 900000 by Santidas, a rich Bania merchant, was turned into a mosque by Aurangzeb. 258 Temple, Richard Carnac. The Travels of Peter Munday, in Europe and Asia. 1608-1667. Edited by R. C. Temple. Vol. II: Travels in Asia, 1628-1634. London, 1914. (TheHakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 35).

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY P. Lix. Munday heard of a pinjrapol kept up by the Jains at Cambay for sick fowls. 253 P. 257n. Munday makes no mention of the extensive Jain temples on Mt. Abu. P. 310 n. Remarks of all the 17th cent. travellers on the pinjrapols or animal hospital in Gujarat, supported mainly by the Jains. 259 SMITH, V. A. The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest. Third Edition. Oxford. 1914. P. 10, and n. 2. Jain books-Leading Jain texts-Publications relating to Jainism. P. 29. Jainism and Buddhism. P. 33. Death of Mahavira and Buddha. P. 35. n. 1. Ajatasatru and his buildings at Bhagalpur. Pp. 42-43. Rise of Chandragupta Maurya 322 B.C.-Accession of Chandragupta. P. 46, and n. 2. Traditional dates of Mahavira and GautamaDeath of Mahavira 470 years before Vikrama, whose era begins in 58 B.C.-Merutunga, a Jain author. P. 77. Worship at altars by Chandragupta. Pp. 115-153. Chandragupta and Bindusara, from 221 272 B.C. B.C. to P. 181, and n. 3. Conversion of Kumarpala. King of Gujarat, to Jainism in A.D. 1159-Jain monk Hemachandra. P. 193. Jain traditions about Samprati, a grandson of Asoka. Pp. 196-197. Chandragupta Maurya met Alexander in B.C. 326 or 325-His accession in B.C. 325-27, his victory over Seleukos in B.C. 303. Asoka dedicated cave-dwellings at Barabar for the use of the Ajivikas, B.C. 257. and another about B.C. 250. Dasaratha dedicated Nagarjuni caves to the Ajivikas, B.C. 232. P. 203, n. 1. Persecution of Jainism in Southern India in the 7th century-Ajayadeva's (A.D. 1174-6) persecution of the Jains. P. 301. Jain cult related to the Buddhist at Mathura, 32B

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254 JAIXA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 315-346. Jainism in Vaisali and Eastern Bengal. Pp. 373-398. Paundravardhana and Jainism. Pp. 127-428. Jainism in the Deccan. P. 429. Amoghavarsa and Jainism--Progress of Jainism under Jinasena and Gunabhadra. P. 433. Decay of Jainism and Buddhism-The Hoysala dynasty Mysore-Gangaraja, a Jain minister of Bittideva or Bittiga, 1111-1141 A.D., (first prince) of the Hoysala dynasty. Pp. 153-155, 463, 172. Jain religion. Pp. 172. 176. Mahendravarman I, a Pallava kiny, (.1.D. 600625), a Jain in carly life-His destruction of the large Jain monastery at Patalipuutiram in South Arcot.. 260 Cathay and the Way Thither. (Translated and edited by Henry Yule). Second Edition (Revised by Henri Cordier). Vol. 3. London, 1914. P. 251. Mailapur was anciently inhabited by the Jains. The dream story about the image of the place. One had a dream that in a few days the town would be overwhelmed by the sea. Their holy image was removed further inland, and three days later the old town was swallowed up. The temples were then re-established in a town called Mailamanagara, where exactly the same thing happened again. Tradition runs in reference to the whole coast froin San Thoine to the Seven Pagodas, and extensive ruins existing beneath the sea are sometimes visible. 261 Tak, UmraO SINHA. Jain Historical studies. Delhi, 1914. * Contains an account of the life of prominent Jains and famous events of Jain history. 262 CHARPENTIER, Jarl. The Date of Mahavira. (IA, xliii, 1914, pp. 118-123, 125-133, 167-178).

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 255 The Jain chronology and its foundation-Buddhist relations concerning Mahavira and the Jains-The date of Buddha's death-The Jain tradition according 10 Hemachandra and the real date of Mahavira. 263 RANGachari, V. The His'ory of the Naik kingdom of Madura. (IA. xliii. 1914, p. 153-158). P. 178. A remarkable proclamation of Deva Raya in the 14th cent. declares the unity of the Jain and Vaisnava religions, and the consequent necessity on the part of the adherents of the two religions to abstain from conflicts. 264 Pathak, K. B. Jain sakatayana, contemporary with Amoghavarsha I. (IA. xliii. 191.1. p. 205-212). This Jain author lived in the time of Amoghavarsa I., wrote in about saka 789, the work Amoghavritti, so named in honour of the Rastrakuta king 265 DEY, NUNDOLAL. Notes on Ancient Anga or the DisTrict of Bhagalpw. (JPASB, X, 191.4, pp. 317-347). Pp. 320-321. Chandana or Chandravala, daughter of Dadhivahana, governed Anga during 5th-6th B.C., was the first female to embrace Jainism shortly after Mahavira's attainment of Keraliship, and afterwards became the head of thirty-six thousand nuns. P. 322. According to the Jain authorities Konika (Ajatasatru) made Champa his capital after the death of his father-Udayin was the son of Ajatasatru according to the Buddhist and Jain works. The influence of Mahavira after he attained the Kevaliship extended over Videha, Magadha and Anga, as the rulers of these kingdoms were his relatives. P. 323. The religion of Mahavira had spread over Vaisali, Rajagriha and Champa, but the genius of Buddhism prevailed over the doctrines of Jainism. P. 329. The Jain work Champakasresthi-katha mentions the name of Samanta Pala as king of Champa.

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256 TAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 334. Mahavira, on becoming Kevalin, passed three rainy seasons at Champa and its suburbs, and made many converts. Champa'a stronghold of Jainism. Champapuri is held very sacred by the Jains as Vasupujya, the 12th Tirthankara, lived and died here. A temple at Nathnagar marks the site of his birth and consecration. Vasupujya was the son of Vasupujya and Jaya, and his symbol is the buffalo. In Champa existed a temple called Chaitva Punnabhadda where Mahavira resided and where Sudharmana, one of the Mahavira's disciples recited the Uvasagadasao. Vasupujya's temple belongs to the Digambara sect-At Champa another temple of the Svetambaras. P. 336. The Ubbai Sutta, a Jain work, professes to give a description of Champa at the time of Kunika or Ajatasatru. The Champaka-Sresthi-Katha, another Jain work, contains enumerations of the castes and trades of the town. Pp. 336-337. Svayambhava, the fifth Patriarch of the Jain church who succeedled Prabhava, lived at Champa where he composed for his Son Manaka the Dasavaikalika Sutra containing in ten lectures all the essence of the sacred doctrines of Jainism in the 4th cent. B.C. 266 RICE, L. The Hoysalla King Bitti-Deva l'isnuvardhena. (JRAS, 1915, p. 527-531). P. 530. Under the influence of Ramanuja, who demolished 720 Jain temples, Bitti-Deva exchanged his Jain religion for that of Visnu. His first queen was Santala Devi, a strenuous Jain. 267 PATHAK, K. B. The Nyasakara and the Jaina sakatayana. (IA, xliv, 1915, p. 275-279 ; xli, 1916, p. 25-27). Information about the Jain grammarian. 268 JAYASWAL, K. P. The saisunaka and Maurya chronology and the date of Buddha's Nirvina. (JBORS, i, 1915, pp. 67-116). P. 101. Jain chronology.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 257 269 BANARJI, R. D. The Palas of Bengal. (Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1915, pp. 43-113). P. 48. The Jain Harivamsapurana has a reference to a king named Indraraja, a contemporary of Vatsaraja, and living in the year 705 of the Ska era, i.e., 783 A.D. P. 50. The Jain Harivamsapurana states that in S. 705 Indrayudha was ruling in the north, sri-Vallabha in the South, the Lord of Avanti in the East, and Vatsaraja in the west. 270 PARGITER, F. E. The Telling of Time in Ancient India. (JRAS, 1915, pp. 710-713). The Jain names of the muhurtas are set out in the Suryaprajnapti (Surapannatti-Sutra) as noticed by Weber in his "Sacred Literature of the Jains" in his "Indische Studien'. The list constitutes pahura x, (sub-)pahura 13. Day-Muhurtas :-fifteen in number-Rodda, Seta etc. Night-Muhurtas :-fifteen in number-Anamda, Vijaa etc. 271 FLEET, J. F. Salivahana and the Saka era. (JRAS, 1916, pp. 809-820.). Pp. 819 820. Jinaprabha Suri's Kalpapradipa (about A.D. 1300) describes anointment of Satavahana as king at Pratisthana and his conversion to Jainism (JBBRAS, x, p. 131 ff.). 272 RUTHNASWAMI, M. Dabhoi or the city of the Darbha Grass. (MR, Jany.-June, 1916, pp. 539-545). P. 543. Jain brothers Tej-pala and Vastupala and their work as builders of temples. 33A

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258 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 273 Rau, C. HAYAVADA.NA. The Place-names of Mysore. (QJMS, vi, 1916, pp. 264-281). P. 270. A very old line of kings, Jains by religion, called themselves "The Lords of Nandagiri". The Jain ascetics lovers of the picturesque and they selected such spots for passing their lives. 274 Rapson, E. J. Ancient India. Cambridge, 1916. Pp. 61-77. The rise of Jainism and Buddhism-Their foundersTheir Sanskrit epics- The Puranas-Genealogies- The Pali epics, The Sutras. 275 RICE, LEWIS. Mullur. (IA, xlv, 1916, pp. 141-142). Jain temples in Mullur-The Kongalvas were Jains by religion. 276 RICHARDS, F. J. Side Lights on the "Dravidian Prob. lem". (QJMS, vi, 1916, pp. 155-202). P. 187. Oppert (Original Inhabitants of India, p. 61) trace, the feud in a struggle between Jains and Brahmanas, the former representing urban interests and the latter the interests of the landed properties. Mr. M. Srinivasa Aiyangar would ascribe it to a military organization of Chola Emperors. 277 VENKATESWARA, S. V. The Date of Vardhamana. (JRAS, 1917, pp. 122-130). "The date of Vardhamana, the founder of modern Jainism, is one of the earliest landmarks in the chronology of ancient India,

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 259 278 JAYASWAL, K. P. The Historical Position of Kalki and His Identification with Yasodharman. (IA, xlvi, 1917, pp. 145-153). Pp. 146-147. Confirmation of Puranic data of Kalki by Jain data. Pp. 151-152. The two Jain chronologies. 279 SUBBIAH, A. VENTAKA. A Twelfth Century University in Mysore. (QJMS, 1917, pp. 157-196). Pp. 192-196. Buddhist and Jain Institutions differed markedly from the Brahmanical ones in that there was no caste system recognised by them-In the nth century the Jains at Belgame seem to have been fairly active. 280 SRIKANTAIYA, S. The Hoysala Empire. (QJMS, vii, 1917, pp. 292-309). Pp. 304-309. Visnuvardhana's (12th Cent. A.D.) minister Ganga Raja was a staunch Jain and restored several Jain temples and bastis. Punisa Raja, one of Visnu's famous generals, utilized all his wealth in raising Jain structures. Santaladevi, one of Visnu's queens gave grants to Jain temples. Influence of Jainism in the early years of Visnuvardhana's reign. He built a number of Jain bastis at Dorasamudra.. Bittideva became Visnuvardhana after his conversion to Vaisnavism-Its causes-Story of his persecution of the Jains, in the Sthalapurana his discontinuing or abolition of all Jain inams, destruction of bastis and his setting up of Narayana temples. In the reign of Narasimha I, his minister Hulla, a devout Jain, erected the Bhandara basti at Sravana Belgola,

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260 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Throughout the existence of the Hoysala empire, Jainism more or less a living religion-Hoysala kings, whatever their religion, continued to patronise the Jains. Narasimha III had a Jain guru who was called Raja Guru. 281 DAMES, MANSEL LONGWORTH. The Book of Duarte Barbosa. Translated from the Portuguese by M. L. Dames. Vo. I, London, 1918. (The Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 44). P. 110. n. 2. Barbosa's description of the Jains-Their carefulness with regard to the life of flies and vermin-Their keeping up of hospitals for animals, 282 PATHAK, K. B. New light on Gupta ern and Mihirakula. (IA, xlvii, 1918, pp. 16-22). P. 18. According to Jain authorities the early Gupta kings were immediately succeeded by the great tyrant Chaturmukha-Kalkin, or Kalkiraja. The Jain nirgranthas are allowed by the rules of their religion to take their meal at noon once a day. 283 Walsh, E. H. C. The Annual Address. (JBORS, iv, 1918, pp. 1-13). Pp. 2-3. Importance of the Hathi-Gumpha inscription of Kharavela from the point of view of the chronology of pre-Mauryan times and the history of Jainism. 284 SMITH, VINCENT A. New Light on Ancient India, JRAS, 1918, pp. 543-547).

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 261 P. 546. Position of high honour given to the Jain religion in the days of the Nandas and in those of Kharavela. The Nandas 'were Jains. 285 SANKARA AIYAR, K. G. The Age of the third Tamil Sangam. (QJMS, viii, 1918, pp. 34-60). P. 39. Establishment of a Jain Dravida Sangam in 470 A.C. according to the Jain Digambara Darsana. P. 53. Mr. Svamikannu Pillai has shown that Jivakachintamani was composed in about 813 A.C. 286 SRIKANTAIYA, S. The Hoysala Empire. (QJMS, viii, 1918, pp. 61-76). P. 69. In the reign of Vira-Ballala though Jainism was patronised as before and Srivaisnavism claimed its own adherents, Saivism was becoming more and more popular. Ballala was himself Saivite and known as Siva Ballala. 287 SRIKANTAIYA, S. Life in the Hoysala Period. (QJMS, viii, 1918, pp. 97-117). P. 98. A Jain ascetic putting the Hoysalas in possession of power. Pp. 106-107. A Jain teacher instructing four female disciplesExemption of teachers from taxation- Jain priests discoursed on religion in public. Pp. 108-109. "Jain Arithmetic" shows how questions should be set and how they should be answered. Jataka-tilaka, a poetical work on astrology written in 1049 A.D., by a Jain Siddhacharya in the time of Ahavamalla, and Arvabhayta is mentioned as his predecessor in this work. Nagachandra or Abhinavapampa was a well known Jain poet, he was a disciple of Balachandramuni. He built Mallinatha Jinalaya, 33B

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262 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY the name of a famous tirthankara in Vijayapura, probably Bijapur, his supposed birthplace. His date is 1105. P. 110. Karnatakakalyana Karaka, a medical work (12th Cent.) written by a Jain, Somanatha. Pp. 115-116. The Jains resorted to a peculiar mode of self-destruction consistently with their chief tenet. It was death by starvation or sallekhana. For days on end without food or water, men and women devoted themselves to the contemplation of the divinity till death was brought about. 287 a SLATER, ARTHUR R. Il'here religions meet-As illusfrated by the sacred places of India. (QJMS. viii, 1918, pp. 193-309). P. 296. The construction of the series of caves at Ellora is of Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jain origin. The first series are Buddhist, the second Brahmanical, while the third was excavated in the days of the Jains. P. 299. Benares and Mathura, centres of Buddhism and Jainism. 288 PATHAK, K. B. sakatayana and the duthorship of the Amoghavritti. (ABI, i, 1918-20, pp. 7-12). The Jain Sakatayana composed his sutras and the Amoghavritti in the time of Amoghavarsa I. 289 BHANDARKAR. D. R. Lectures on the ancient History of India on the period from 650 to 325 B.C. Calcutta, 1919. (The Carmichael Lectures, 1918). P. 78. The Jain Nirayavali-Sutra informs us that Ajatasatru fixed a quarrel on Chetaka, a Lichchhavi Chief of Vesali,

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 1 Pp. 146-147. Ayaramga-Sutta, a well-known Jain Canonical work, names such countries as a-raya (i.e., where there is no ruler), juvaraya (where the ruler is a youngster), do-rajja (Government by two), and also gana-raya (where Gana is the ruling authority), which the Jain religious Brotherhood is ordained to avoid. 263 290 BLOOMFIELD, M. The life and stories of the Jain Savior Parsvanatha. Baltimore, 1919. The work contains the life-history of Parsvanatha as culled from Jain works, canonical and non-canonical. 291 BHIDE, H. B. Is Kalkiraja an Historical Personage? (IA, xlviii, 1919, pp. 123-130). Pp. 123 128. Unreality of Jain writers regarding Kalkiraja. Pp. 128-130. Hemchandra's account of Kalkiraja. 292 SMITH, V. A. The Oxford History of India. Oxford, 1919. Pp. 47-56. Ajatasatru and Jainism-Jainism and BuddhismCareer of Mahavira-Jainism and Buddhism contrasted-Jain doctrines --Success of Jainism. P. 75. Chandragupta Maurya and Jainism. P. 178. Non-existence of Jainism in Kashmir or Assam. P. 188. Jain images in Bundelkhand. P. 199. Jainism patronised by the Gangas of the tenth century--- Execution of the statue of Gommatesvara at Sravana Belgola in about A.D. 983 to the order of Chamundaraya. Pp. 201-203. Jainism in southern Maratha country, Mysore and the Deccan-King Amoghavarsa (C. 815-77) and Jainism-Bittideva or Bittiga (Visnuvardhana) and Jainism. P. 210. Mahendra's destruction of Pataliputtiram, a Jain monastery in south Arcot, 1

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264 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 214-215. Persecution of the Jains at the hands of the king variously called Kuna, Sundara or Nedumaran Pandya. P. 369. Akbar taught by Jains. P. 388. Jahangir's severe orders against the Jains of Gujarat. 293 RAO, T. RAJAGOPALA. Salivahana: Who is he? (The South Indian Research. Vepery, Madras, 1919, i, pp. 225-247). Jina Prabha Suri who lived in the 15th century recorded in his Kalpapradipa that Satavahana became a Jain and built Jain Chaityas or temples. Fifty of his viras (or sirdars) erected Jain temples after their respective names-Evidences to show that Salivahana is Satavahana.. 294 CHANDA RAMAPRASAD. Date of Khar.wela. (IA, xlviii, 1919, pp. 214-216). Accession of Kharavela may be put down to about 79 B.C. and that of Satakarni II a few years earlier. 295 BHANDARKAR, R. G. A Peep into the Early History of India. (322 B.C.-circa 500 A.C.). Bombay, 1920. P. 56. The Jains: Two inscriptions recording installation of images in 424 A.D. and 459 A.D. at Udayagiri and Kahaum respec tively-Another inscription of Kumargupta dated 431 A.D. records setting up of an image at Mathura-Facts proving that at the time there were not many adherents of the religion. 296 SMITH, V. A. Asoka. Third Edition. Oxford, 1920. P. 34. Jain attitude akin to Buddhist. P. 58. Regard for sanctity of animal life practised very strictly by the Jains.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 265 P. 38. Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism offers the best possible commentary on the history of Asoka. P. 41. Kankali Tila, Mathura, a Buddhist as well as a sain site. P. 61. Buddhism and Jainism both originally mere sects of Hinduism. Asoka's honour in various ways to Jains and Brahmanical Hindus as well as to Buddhists. P. 62. Asoka's expenditure in hewing out of hard gneiss spacious cave-dwellings for the Ajivika naked ascetics-His liberal benefactions on the Jains and Brahmanas. P. 70. The Tain literary tradition of Western India about grandson of Asoka, named Samprati, who is represented as an eminent patron of Jainism, in fact a Jain Asoka. PP. 72-74. Chronology of the Maurva period. P. 210. Emplovment of Asoka's censors among the Bhahmanas and Jains. 297 MAJUMDAR, AKSHOY KUMAR. The Hindu History, B.C. 3,000 to 12,000 A.D. Second Edition. Dacca, 1920. Book II, Chapter IIA: India in Vedic Age till 2500 B.C.. Rise of Jainism-Jainism has been sometimes called Syad-bada -Jainism is still a living religion-Jains accept the caste system-Th agree with the Buddhists in denying the existence or at least the activity and providence of God. 298 MAJUMDAR, RAMES CHANDRA. The Kushan Chronology. Pt.n. (JDL, i, 1920, pp. 65-112). P. 104. The business habit of the Jain merchants is not peculiar to the Kusan period alone-Godasa's Mathura Inscription belongs to the Jain religion. 299 SASTRI, HARAPRASAD. Two Eternal Cities in the Province of Bihar and Orissa. (JBORS, vi 1920, pp. 23-39). 34

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266 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 25. Transference of the chief seat of Jainism from Vaisali to Pataliputra. At Pataliputra was made the first collection of Jain scriptures in the fourth century B.C. One great man of this period was Sthulabhadra. P. 26. Sthulabhadra was born and bred at a spot in the city of Patna near the Gulzarbagh station-Bhadrabahu the latter with Chandragupta and others settled at Sravana Belgola at a time when Pataliputra was stricken by a continuous famine for twelve years. P. 29. Composition of the Tattvarthadhigamasutra by Umasvati. Vachaka in the fifth century A.D. at Pataliputra. P. 33. Moving over to Odantapura of all respectable people from Pasaliputra, on the former being made the provincial Capital. Consecration at Patna of several Jain images in the fifth and sixth centuries. . Identity of Patna with Pataliputra, among the Jains. 300 GAIT, EDWARD. The Annual Presidential address. (JBORS, vi, 1920, pp. 455-469). P. 462 463. First collection of the Jain scriptures made at Patali putra in the 4th century B.C. Pataliputra, a stronghold of Jainism down to the 18th century. 301 LALI, PANNA. Account of a Tour in the Almora District, Himalayas. (JBORS, vi, 1920, pp. 361-392). P. 392. Jain architecture-Characteristics found in the temple at Champhavat. 302 : Pati, JAINATH. The Different Royal Genealogies of Ancient India. (JBORS, vi, 1920, pp. 205-229).

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 267 Pp. 208-209. Geneaologies in the Jain Harivamsa and its source of inspiration. Pp. 220-221. Jain element in the Mahabharata, and the Ramuzapa. According to the Jain Harivansa, Kusadya-desa appears to be another name of Saurastra. 303 JACOBI, HERMANN. Einteilung des Tage's Zeitmassung alten Indien. (Division of diurnal measure of time in Ancient India) (ZDMG, lxxiv, 1920, pp. 247-263). Information about the measurement of time by the Jains. 304 SITARAM. History of Sirohi Raj from the Earliest times to the Present Day. Allahabad, 1920. Pp. 3075. Sirobi : 12 Jain temples called the Deva Sari near the palace. Of these, the most important is that of Chaumukhiji built in V.E. 1634 (A.D. 1577). Bamanwarji : Four miles north-west of Pindwara stands the Jain temple of Bamanwarji (Banwarji) dedicated to Mahavira. An inscription is in a temple near Banwar dated in V.E. 1529 (A.D. 1462). Jharoli: An old village to the north west of Pindwara contains temple of Santinath-Inscription bearing date 1251 V.E. on a stone slab affixed to the wall, shows that it was originally dedicated to Maha vira Svami. Pindwara : In the temple of Lakshminarayana are two inscriptions of the time of Parmar Raja Dharawarsh, one bearing date V.E. 1234 (1177) affixed to a wall of the Jain temple of Mahavira Svami. Ajari : Temple of Mahavira Svami, near Gopalji's temple. The Jain temple contains an inscription dated 1269 V.E. (1212) on the seat of the image of Sarasvati. Vasantgarh : To the east stands a Jain temple of the fifteenth century in which there is an image with an inscription telling us that

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268 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY it'. was installed at Vasantpur in 1507 V.E. (1451) during the reign of Kumbhakarna. Sever al finds of this place presented by the Maharao to the Jains of Pindy, ara, who placed them in the temple of Mahavira there. Most of the i. nages are undoubtedly old, that of Risabhanath, having an inscription dated 744 V.E. (687). Nandia : To the north of the village a big Jain temple containing an inscription dated 1130 V.E. (1073), in which the temple itself is called Nandesvara Chaitya. Kojra : This village contains a Jain temple of Sambhavanatha, but an inscription dated 1224 V.E. (1167) on a column inside calls it a temple of Parsvanatha. Vasa : A peculiar feature of Saiva temple of Jagdish is that it has a Jain image on the top. A parallel case may be cited of a Saiva temple in Santpur which remained without an idol for many years, after which a Jain image was installed. There was a village named Kalagra about two miles from Vasa containing a Jain temple of Parsvanatha. Kayadran : In the middle of the village a Jain temple. There existed an old Jain temple here, the stones of which were removed to Rohera for the construction of the new temple. Ora : Common gate to the three temples near the Vaishnava temple surmounted by a Jain image which shows that it originally belonged to a Jain temple. There is also a Jain temple of Sarnath in the village, containing an inscription dated 1240 V.E. (1383), in which the temple is styled Mahavira Chaitya. Mungthala : Here is a large Jain temple, the oldest inscription on which bears date 1216 V.E. (1159). Girwar : The village contains ruins of an old temple. The marble gate to the Vaisnava temple of Pattanarayan appears to have belonged to some Jain temple of Chandravati, as a Jain image is engraved in it. Datani: Here is a Jain temple. Barman : There is a Jain temple in the village, in a wall of which an image of the Sun-God is inlaid. Anadra : In this village there exists a Jain temple.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 269 Sanpur : Restoration of a Jain temple built in about the twelfth century. Abu: Mount Abu contains shrines of the Jain TirthankarasDilwara temples are Jain-The temple of Vimala Sah, known as the Vimalvasahi, is sacred to Adinatha and was completed in 1088 V. E. (1031)-The other temple is that of Vastupala and Tej-pala built in 1287 V. E. (1271) and is dedicated to Neminatha-In addition to these, there are several other temples of Svetambara Jains, such as threestoried temple of Chaumukhji, the temple of Santinatha and a temple of Digambara Jains. Achalgarh: The brothers Vastupala and Tejpala were Jains, yet there is evidence to shew that they restored several Siva templesTemple of Santinatha near the mausoleum of Raja Man of Sirohi-It was built by Solanki Raja Kumarpala and contain three images, one of which bears an inscription dated 1302 V.E. (1245)-On the hill the shrine of Kunthunatha and temple of Parsvanatha, Neminatha and Adinatha. Oria: A lain temple of Mahavira Svami stands in this village. P. 51 n. The inscription of the Palri Jain temple dated 1239 V.E. (1182), the inscription in the Jain temple of Bagingaon dated 1359 V.E. (1302) and another show that even during the ascendency of the Parmars the part of the country north of the Sirohi town was in the possession of Chauhans. An inscription dated 1289 V.E. (1232) has also been found in the temple of Santinatha in Sewara ; this is of the time of Deora Bijai Singh. 305 PUTTAIYA, B. Maharaja Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar of Mysore. (QJMS, xi, 1921, pp. 97-112). Pp. 99-100. Vishalaksha Pandit of Yelandur, a Jain, was a tutor of Chikkadevaraja ; when he came to the throne, the Jain Pandit became his chief minister-Story that the king met a number of Lingayat leaders the massacre of Lingayats & destruction of their Mutts which is attributed to the Tain Pandit who was subsequently murdered.

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270 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 306 VAIDYA, C. V. History of Mediaval Hindu India. Vol. I. (Circa 600-800 A.D.). Poona, 1921. P. 66. The Brahmins were the leaders of thought both among the Hindus and the Buddhists and the Jains. P. 91. Use of yellow coloured cloth by Jain recluses. P. 100. In the time of Harya, Buddhism and Hinduism flourished side by side as also Jainism-Lay Buddhists and Jains observed castes as much as the Hindus. The recluses or monks alone of Buddhism or Jainism throwing away caste, Jainism not a prominent religion. P. 109. Yuan-Chwang's account of Jainism - The Jain recluses are men learned in the philosophies of their doctrines. P. 111. Bana's Harsacharita refers to the assemblage in usrama of Divakaramitra, of Irhats, (Jains), Svetapalas (si ctambara Jains). Jains (Buddhists), and others. P. 255. The Jains used and still use in Kathiwad and in Gujarat the Maharastri for their sacred writings. Pp. 273-274. Stress in Jainism on non-acrifice-Spread of Jainism in the South-Intelligence of Jain Pandits-Gradual spread of Jainism in the days of the carly Chalukyas. 307 COMMISSARIAT, M. S. d Briel History of the Gujrat Saltanat. (JBBRAS, vol. xxvi, 1921-22. PP 99-157). Pp. 137-4.15. Parsi and Jain missions from Gujarat to the court of Akbar-Mission of Hiravijaya Suri to Akbar's Court--Stupa on the spot where Hiravijava was cremated at Una in Kathiawad. 308 RAMASWAMY AYYANGAR, V. S. and B. SPSHAGIRI. Studies in South Indian Jainism. Vadras. 1922. Jain influence in the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries-Rise of saiva Nayanars and the conversions of Kuna Pandva and of the Pallava king led to the decline of the Jains in the Tamil land in about A.D. 750

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 271 Persecution of the Jains at the hands of the Vaisnava Alvars and the beginning of their fall by the end of the 10th century-Jainism in the Andhra and Karnata districts of the Madras Presidency-Jainism probably pre-Mauryan-Jainism as embodied in Andhra-Karnata literary tradition. 309 The Cambridge History of India. Voli: Ancient India. Edited by E. J. Rapson. Cambridge, 1922. P. 22. The summit of Abu bears some famous ruins of Jain temples. P. 57. The scriptures of the Jains have been preserved in various forms of Magadhi, Sauraseni and Maharastri. Pp. 150-170. The History of the Jains : Jainism, its relation to Brahmanism and Buddhism-The tirtharkaras or "prophets" ; ParsvaMahavira-Jains and Buddhists-Mahavira's rivals, Gosala and Jamali -The Jain church after the death of Mahavira-The great schism : Svetambaras and Digambaras-Settlements in Western * India-Orga nisation of the religious and lav communities--Blanks in Jain ccclesiastical history. Pp. 467-473. Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya Empire : Characteristics of the Maurya period and authorities for its historyN. W. India before and after Alexander--Agrammes, XandramesDhana-Nanda-Nanda and Chandragupta-Date of the overthrow of Nanda-Plot of Mudraraksasa--Chandragupta and Seleucus-Megas thenes-Rule of Chandragupta and the extent of his dominions P. 504. Asoka's early faith was rather that of Jainism. P. 512. Samprati is mentioned in the Jain tradition as a convert of their patriarch Suhastin. P. 526. Mathura was a stronghold both of the worship of Krisna and of Jainism. P. 532. The Jain story of Kalaka. Pp. 534-637. Caves for the use of the Jain ascetics of UdaygiriHathigumph, and Kharavela.

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272 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 697-703. Chronology. B.C. 540-468. Vardhamana Nataputra, Mahavira. Traditional date 600-528 B.C. Parsva, the predecessor of Mahavira aj tirthankara, is said to have died 250 years before him. B.C. 321-184. The Maurya dynasty. B.C. 321-297. Chandragupta. The Jain authorities give the year of his accession as 313 (312) B.C. a date at which the canon of the Jain scriptures was fixed. Megasthenes at the court of Chandragupta. C. 300 B.C.. Bindusara or Amitrochates, successor of Chandragupta : his reign variously stated as of 25, 27 or 28 years. 310 SUBRAHMANYA AYYAR, K. V. Notes on Kalinga History. (QJMS, xii, 1922. pp. 247-260). Pp. 258-259. In the 13th year of his reign, Kharavela erected pillars etc., on the Kumariparvata (i.e., Khandagiri) and improved the tomb shrine (Visidhika) of certain Jain monks (Arhats)- A cave for the Jain monks of Kalinga established by his chief queen. 311 DEB, Harir Krishna. l'ikramaditya and his era. (Zeitschrift fur Indologie und Iranistik, Leipzig. i, pp. 250-402, 1922). Pp. 299-301. Jain chronology and the evidence of inscriptions. 312 SUNAVALA, A. J. Vijaya Dharma Suri, his life and work, with a prefatory note by F. W. Thomas. Cambridge, 1922. The work in 18 chapters forms a comprehensive account of the life of the great Jaina monk,

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 23. 313 Diaries of Sir William Erskine. (JBBRAS, 1922, XXV, 1922, pp. 373-409). (1) Journey to Ellora, 1820, and (2) Journey in Gujarat, 1822 273 P. 407. An underground Jain temple in Cambay. P. 408. Sir William's visit to the celebrated Jain temple in Gujarat, the most complete temple he has seen; no Jains here now, not even one priest or Yati. The temple is kept and shewn by a Brahmanical Hindu. It is supported by contributions from the Jains at Jumboosur and Kathiawad. 314 PARGITER, F. E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. London, 1922. P. 37. Description of the Arhats (Jains and Buddhists). P. 68. Mythological story about the Buddhists and Jains-Their struggle with Brahmanism. P. 291. Buddhists and Jains treated as asuras and daityas (terms of hatred, etc.,) by the Hindus. P. 334. Buddhism and Jainism challenging the supremacy of the Brahmanas about the beginning of the seventh century B.C. 315 SINGH, SHYAM NARAYAN. History of Tirhut, etc. Calcutta, 1922. Pp. vii-viii. Mahavira, the Jain leader and taken as a Ksatriya, was related to the Lichchhavis. Pp. 41-42. Mithila and Vaisali closely associated with the names of Buddha and of Mahavira Vardhamana-Mahavira or Vardhamana, a native of Vaisali and therefore called the Vaisaliya or NataputtaHis father Siddhartha married a daughter of Cetaka, king of Vaisali-- 35

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274 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Mahavira born in or about 599 B.C.-His spiritual career at the age of zo, gathered a considerable following monks, known as the Nirgranthas-They came to be known as Jains after Mahavira's death about 527 B.C.--Mahavira's followers visited Vaisali where the Lichchhavis used regularly to carry on discussions on high problems of life-The Jains said to have been valiant disputants-Illumination at Vaisali when Mahavira died, signifying the enlightenment of human souls under Mahavira's teachings-Date of Mahavir's death. P. 52. Vaisali, according to Yuan Chwang, was inhabited by a large number of Jains, and by the Hindus and Buddhists. 316 SASTRI, R. SHAM. Malnad Chiefs. History of Sagar. (QJMS, xii, 1922, pp. 45-57). P. 47. Bhairava was a Jain king. After slaying him, Virabhadra carried off his wife Channammaji and added Garasoppa to his own territory. P. 48. Subjugation of Ammaji, the queen of Sodi and the Jain king of Chandragutti, by Sivappanayaka, the famous systematiser in the valuation of land revenue. 317 AIYANGAR, S. KRISHNASWAMI. The origin and early history of the Pallavas of Kanchi. (Journal of Indian History, Oxford, Vol. ii. 1922, pp. 20-66). P. 27. Tevaram hymner Appar, first a Jain and afterwards a Saiva. Pp. 48-52. The Pallavas and the Gangas. Pp. 55-60. The chronological datum in the Lokavibhaga, a Jain work composed in the fifth century in Cuddalore. P. 61. Mahendra first a Jain-Converted to Saivism by the saint Appar. Pp. 63 64. Influence of the Gupta culture,

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 275 317 a MAJUMDAR, R. C. Corporate Life in Ancient India. Second Edition, Calcutta, 1922. P. 292. Illumination on the night of Mahavira's death-Confinement of Jainism to a very limited section of the Lichchhavi community. P. 327. The Jain fraternity similar to the type of the Buddhist fraternity. 318 RAMADAS, G. Samapa : or the Asokan Kalinga. (IA, lii, 1923, pp. 66-70 and 80-91.). P. 67. The Kalingas were Jains, building arhats with very little art decoration. P. 68. The Jain king Kharavela-His chief seat near the Udayagiri Hils-The town of Kalinganagara strengthened in the first year of his reign. P. 87. Brahmans who advised the conquest of Kalinga, and not the Jains or Buddhists. 319 Suah, K. T. Trade, Tariffs und Transport in India. Bombay & London, 1923. P. 26. The Buddhist and Jain influences on trade-Their general condemnation of many an industrial pursuit. 320 IYENGAR, M. RAGHAVA. Mandalapurusha and his age. (QJMS, xiii, 1923, pp. 487-493.). P. 492. Yatidharma sravakadharman, written by a Jain author, deals with the history and traditions of the Jain community in the southern country. It is stated in the work that the Jain Brahmanas used to do Archaka service during the reign of Visnudevaraya of the royal dynasty at the time of Gunabhadracharya. P. 493. Use of the affix "Thiru" by Jains.

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276 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 321 Sastri, R. SHAMA. Jain teachers and their contemporary kings. (Prabhavaka Charita), (QJMS, xiii, 1923, pp. 499-505 and 563-572.). The era of Vikramaditya and the dynasty of Gardabhilas and of Murundas. Haribhadra Suri-Mallavadi-Bappabhatti-Sriharsa and Manatunga-Siddharsi-Srivira (Vikram. 978-991)--Santi suri-Mahendra suri-Suracharya-Abhayadeva-Vira Suri-Deva suri-Hemachandra suri. 322 AIYANGAR, S. KRISHNASWAMI. Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. Calcutta, 1923. P. 145. Tevaram hymner Appar, first a Jain and afterwards a Saiva-conversion of Pallava Mahendravarman to Saivism. Pp. 193-194. Chronological datum in the Lokavibhaga, a Digambara Jain work treating of cosmography. P. 209. Lokavibhaga composed in Cuddalore in the fifth century. P. 204. Mahendra, a Jain, converted to Saivism by saint Appar. P. 220. Appar was born a Saiva, became a Jain, and later on returned to saivism-He was instrumental in converting Mahendravarman from Jainism to Saivism. Pp. 233-235. Jainism in the South. P. 237. Appar, once leader of the Jain settlement at Patali (now the new town of Cuddalore)-Mahendravarman and Matta-Vilasa Prahasana, a burlesque ascribed to the Pallava king. P. 238. Sambandar, Jainism and Saivism - Jains in Madura impaled at the instigation of Sambandar--Stories about a Jain king of Kanchi, Ramanuja and Jains. P. 248. The Kalachurya usurper Bijjala, a Jain-Followers of Basava, a Brahmin and their conflict with the Jains. P. 253. Bijjala-Raya-Charitam, the Jain version of the story of Bijjala. Pp. 254-255. Ekantada Ramayya, a Bralinian, and Jainism.

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 277 Pp. 287-291. Rastrakutas, the patrons of the Jains--conflict with the Jains began with the Saivas of the days of Sambandar and Appar --General persecutions of the Jains-Persecution of the Bauddhas under a king named Himasitala at the instance of a Jain Acharya Akalanka-Ramanuja and persecution of the Jains-Visnuvardhana and Jainism-Southern Maharalta country and Mysore, chief centres of Jainism-The Cholas and destruction of Jain monasteries and temples-- The Chalukyas, the Hoysalas and the progress of Jainism. P. 312. The Jains, a flourishing community in the Tulunad, the country between the Western Ghauts and Sea-Irugappa, a general of Harihara II, a Jain-Composition of Nanartharainamala at his instance -His credit in erecting the Jain temple by name Ganigitti. P. 315. The Vaisnava holy place Tirunarayanapuram known among the Jains as Vardhamanapuram. 323 SARASVATI, A. RANGASWAMY. The Founder of the Vikrama Era. (QJMS, xiii, 1923, pp. 506-510.). P. 507. Several reference in Jain literature to a Vikramaditya of Ujjain who founded the Samvat era. P. 508. Text and translation of some Prakrit gathas quoted in a very large number of Jain commentaries and chronological works ; these give the adjustment between the eras of Vira and Vikrama and form the basis of the earlier Jain chronology. P. 509. References in ancient Jain literature that a king of Ujjain called Vikramaditya founded the era after his name after the expiry of 470 years after the Jain tirthankara Mahavira's nirvana. P. 509. Prabhavakacharita or the lives of Jain saints by Pradyumna suri, gives an account of the life of the Jain Acharya Kalaka suri and of the politics of India at the period when Vikrama is said to have founded the Samvat era, and thus proves beyond all doubt that there was a Vikramaditya at 56 B.C. ruling over Ujjain. It makes Nagarjuna, the famous Buddha Scholiast and founder of the Mahayana, a Jain. The account it gives of king Krisna of Manakheta seems merely

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278 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY to be a reminiscence of the account of one of the kings of that name who ruled much later at Manyakheta (Malkhed) and who were Jains. It might be true that Vikrama patronized Jainism, but not likely that he became a Jain. In spite of doubts it appears to be certain that Kalaka suri, the Jain teacher and author, and Vikramaditya, the king of Ujjain, were historical persons. 324 RAYCHAUDHURY, H. C. Political History of India from the accession of Parikshit to the Coronation of Bimbisara. (JDL, ix, [Pt. 2], 1923, pp. 1-96.). P. 46. Sixteen Mahajanapadas given in the Jain Bhagavati Sutra 1. Anga, 2. Banga, 3. Magaha (Magadha), 4. Malaya, 5. Malava, 6. Achchha, 7. Vachchha (Vatsa), 8. Kochchha (Kachchha ?), 9. Padha (Pandya ?), 10. Ladha (Radha), 11. Bajji (Vajji), 12. Moli, 13. Kasi, 14. Kosala, 15. Avaha, 16. Sambliuttara (Sumhottara ?). P. 47. The Jains afford testimony to the greatness of Kasi, and represent Asvasena, king of Benares, as the father of their tirthankara Parsva who is said to have died 250 years before Mahavira i.e., in 777 B.C. P. 55. Mention of Dadhivahana, one of the early kings of Anga, in the Jain tradition. (Beginning of the 6th century B.C.)-His daughter Chandana or Chandravala was the first female to embrace Jainism shortly after Mahavira's attainment of Kevaliship. P. 57. Mention by Jain writers of the two early kings of Rajagriha named Samudravijaya and his son Gaya, who is said to have reached perfection which has been taught by the Jains. P. 59. The Jnatrikas were the clan of Siddhartha and his son Mahavira, the Jina. Pp. 62-63. Family connection of Mahavira. P. 65. Reference in the Jain Kalpa sutra to nine Mallakis as having formed a league with nine Lichchhavis, and the eighteen Ganarajas of Kasi-Kosala. *

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HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY 279 P. 69. Mention in the Uttaradhyayana Sutra of a king Isukara ruling at the town called Isukara in the Kuru country. Pp. 7071. The Uttaradhyayana Sutra mentions a king of Kampilya named Sanjaya who gave up his kingly power and adopted the faith of the Jains. 325 NarasiMHACHAR, R. Sravana Belgola. (QJMS, xiii, 1923, pp. 430-447.). Information about the colossal image of Gommatesvara. Account of Gommata given in inscription No. 234, of about 1180. Description of Gommata in the inscription. The statue of Gommata made by Chamunda-raya who, according to inscription No. 345, of about 1159, was the minister of Ganga king Rajamalla whose reign began in 974 and ended in about 98.4. Different estimates of the height of Gommata. The anointment ceremony of Gommatesvara in March 1922. Tradition regarding the visit to Sravana Belgola of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta. 326 NARASIMHACHARYA, R. The Western Gangas of Talkad. (QJMS, xiv, 1923, pp. 10-22.). P. 11. Foundation of the Ganga kingdom attributed to the agency of the Jain teacher named Simhanandi. Pp. 11-12. Chamundaraya, minister of Rachamalla, author of Trisastilaksana-mahapurana, popularly known as Chamundaraya-purana, written in 978; it gives an account of the twenty-four Tirthankaras. P. 13. The Ganga plates register a grant in 963 A.D. by the Ganga king Marasimha to a Jain teacher named Munjarya, having the title Vadighanghalabhatta. P. 17. King Madhava of the Ganga family obtained greatness by following the Jain doctrine - The Jain teacher Simhanandi helped him in severing a stone pillar-The Ganga dynasty owed its greatness to Simhanandi-Prosperity of the family through the blessing of this sage stated in an old commentary on the Jain work Gommatasara.

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280 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 17, note. Karma is primarily of two kinds according to the Jains; each is again subdivided into four classes. 327 BANERJI, A. R. [Speech delivered at] The Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Mythic Society. Bangalore, 1923. (QJMS, xiv, 1923, pp. 5-9.). P. 8. The great Emperor Chandragupta, a Jain-Abdicated his throne when Buddhism was pressing Jainism hard in the north-Accompanied his spiritual teacher to Sravana Belgola about the close of the zrd cent. B.C.-Mysore, a stronghold of Jainism for many yearsRamanujacharya, put an end to Jainism in the 12th cent. 328 HUTCHINSON, WALTER. History of the Nations, 4 Vols. Vol. I. P. 121. An Illustration of "An exhortation by Mahavira". Pp. 126-127. Origin of Jainism-Mahavira, his death in 527 B.C. -The prominent points in the Jain philosophy on the extreme sanctity of life, the endowment of everything observable with a living soul, and the ascetic simplicity, even to the extent of being entirely naked. P. 128. Stretch of the Arvan territories in India at the time of Mahavira's birth, 599 B.C. P. 139. In 82 A.D. the Jains split into halves-The Digambaras and the Svetambaras. P. 143. In 454 the canons of the Svetambaras were completed. P. 155. (Jainism): Its comparative purity of precepts and practice gave it that hold on the thoughtful mercantile classes which it has never since (6th century) lost. P. 156. Bijjala, a Jain Kalachuri : his minister, Basava bitterly persecuted the Jains. Pp. 158-59. Tiruvallava, his Kural-Under the Pallava rule. Jainism gave way before Hinduism in the further south, except in Mysore, the Tamil literature greatly enriched by remarkable series of hymns, some of which were Jain. P. 160. Persecution of the Jains after Kulattunga Chola,

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SECTION VI Sociology, Religion (including Logic & Philosophy), Ethnology and Iconography 329 Moor, EDWARD. The Hindu Pantheon. London, 1810. Jains, a sect of Buddhists, or Vaisnavas; their tenets ; enmity between them and Brahmanas; their persecution; their statues, images, obelisks, temples, etc., armorial and forehead marks of statue of Jain Deva and Jain isvara. 330 Bombay and Western India. (AJ, ix, 1820, pp. 609-610.) The custom of the Jain Banias to fast for eight days every year. The fasting period is called pajusan. Reference to a voluntary death by fasting. 331 The Jainas. (AJ, xvii, 1824, pp. 22-23.). Jains, a sect of the Hindus-The name Jain or Joinu derived from the word Jina (Ji, to conquer)-Accounts of the origin of Jains, their doctrine, and duties. 332 MILES, W. On the Jains of Guzerat and Marwar. (AJ, n. s., vii, 1832, pp. 146, 334-335.). Here a brief summary of the paper is given. (The paper in full is contained in the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. iii, Pp. 335-371). 364

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282 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 Baudh Mat Jain Marg Grantha. (AJ, xxxi, 1840, pp. 201202.). Notice in brief of the Jain work on Buddhism. The work begins with an exposition of the Buddhist religion as professed by the Jains, including the worship of Harr Hora, and Hiranyagarba, i.e., of Visnu, Siva and Brahma. Then follows discourses on Dharma and Adharma, showing what is religion and what irreligion, on the qualities and perfection of Bhagavan Sakya Buddha, and on behaviour in assemblies of Jains. The original treatise is in the Magadhi language. [See Proc. As. Soc. 1873, p. 40.] 334 Indian Buddhism-Its origin and Diffusion. (CR, iv, Art. 1., 1845, pp. 241-281). P. 248. In Mysore and the south of India the Jains admit certain of the Hindu deities into the courts of their temples, which they never do in the Mahratta country or Marvara. P. 251. The distinction between the Buddhists and lains-The Jains worship 24 deified heroes, the Buddhists only 7. The Jains have caste, the Buddhists have none, the Jain images are naked, the Buddhist, not. Pp. 256-257. Description of Parasnath hill. P. 257. Murshidabad was a great place of resort for the Jains. Pp. 263-264. Prof. Wilson's opinion that Jainism was introduced into India about the seventh century of the Christian era. P. 266. Mention of the remains of a Jain establishment thirty miles from Puri inland. 335 Wiuson, John, Indian Caste, 2 Vols. Bombay, 1877.

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 283 Vol. i, p. 315. The Jains, the Buddhist seceders, take exactly the same view of caste as their speculative progenitors. Their Yatis or Jatis continually assail caste by such arguments as we find in the l'ajrn suchi of Asva Ghosa. Vol. I, p. 441. Saraka. Vol. ii, pp. 86-87. Chola dynasty-Jain inscriptions at Ellora (Virola) - Depression of Jainism. Vol. ii, p. 11. Osvals, a class of mercantile Jains, and are called Osval Brahmanas. 336 EDKINS, JOSEPH. Chinese Buddhism. London, 1880. P. 31. The ruins of the city of Rajagriha visited by the Jains at a spot sixteen miles south west of Behar. Pp. 156-158. Dr. Hamilton says, speaking of the Sravakas or Jains, a still existing Buddhist sect in India, that they worship twentyfour great teachers, who are called either Avataras or Tirthankaras. The series of twenty four patriarchs may be assumed to be the same as the Jain twenty-four patriarchs. Rhode supposes the Jains to be descendants of the asuras and rakshas. Bodhidharma headed a new school in Southern India, and was heretical as viewed from the Jains' standpoint. 337 TIELE, C. P. Outlines of the History of Religion to the Spread of the Universal Religions. (Translated from the Dutch by J. Estlin Carpenter). Third Edition. London, 1884. Pp. 140-142. The Jains : Characteristic features of their religion. 338 NESFIELD, JOHN C. Brief view of the caste system of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Allahabad, 1885.

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284 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 38. Prevalence of Jainism among trading castes. P. 116-122. Jains : Incompleteness of information--Original tenets of Jainism anti-Brahmanical-But gradually assimilated to Brahmanism--Function of the Jain castes-Castes partly Jain and partly Hindu --Religious orders of Jains-Jain ceremony of Rathajatra. 339 KITTS, EUSTACE J. Caste and Custom. (CR, lxxx, art 10, 1885, pp. 189-206.). P. 190. Our imperfection of the knowledge of the Jains. P. 191. Hinduism has drawn within its pale the Jain god and goddess of Pandharpur. 340 DESHMUKH, MORESHVAR GOPAL. On the Habits of a Jain ascetic. (JAnth.SB, i, 1886, pp. 77-89.). The doctrine and principles of the Jain religion as revealed in a monk's life. 341 SEN, GURU PRASAD. A Reply to my Critics ; or what is Hindu religion ? (CR, xciii, Art 11, 1891, pp. 158-185.). Pp. 169-170. A memorial from the Jains of Shahabad, one of the most important Jain communities in India, to the Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, suggesting that they are to be classed under head "religion" as Hindus, and under head "sect" as Jains. 342 BASTIAN, A. Kosmogonien und Theogonien indischer religionphilosophien besonders der Jaina. Berlin, 1892. [Cosmogony and Theogony with religio-philosophical details of the Jaina). The work contains a detailed account of the theory of the origin of the world and the hierarchy of their deities according to the standpoint of the Jains,

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 285 343 LEUMANN, ERNEST. Rosaries mentioned in Indian literature. (Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists, London, 1893, vol. 2, pp. 893-899). The rajoharana and the mukhavastrika, two of the most characteristic utensils used by the Jains on some Jain monuments. Occurrence in the older literature of the Jains the names ganettiya and kanchaniya. First references to rosaries found in the Jain canon. The Jain literature ascribes rosaries only to certain monks of the Brahmana order. 344 ANDERSON, L. H. Spirit of the Buddhists and the Jainas Regarding Animal Life Dawning in America-How Animals are slaughtered in Chicago. (JBTS, ii, 1894, Appendix 4). A paper advocating non-slaughter of animals. 345 CROOKE, W. An Introduction of the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India. Allahabad, 1894. P. 4. The Jains are forbidden to eat after sunset lest insects may enter the mouth and be destroyed. P. 67. The Jains worship Bhairava (one of the most awful forms but do not offer him flesh or blood sacrifices, but fruit and sweetmeats. of Siva) as the protector or agent of the Jain church and community, P. 117. Worship of ancestors by the Jains. P. 338. Akbar's prohibition to kill cattle during the twelve sacred days (Pajusan) observed by the Jains. 346 Ancient Religions Before the Great Anno Domini. (CR, C, art 5, 1895, pp. 75-98). 36B

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286 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 90. Mixing up of Jainism sometimes with Buddhism and sometimes with Brahmanism. Parsvanatha was contemporaneous with other great men of the time. Two centuries later lived Mahavira, who, like Buddha, was of the royal caste. In several features Jainism differs from Buddhism ; it has never left India, and is still a quasi sect. It has a form of worship; ineffable bliss is the goal of Jainism, not nirvana ; both lay stress on morality, charity, purity, patience, courage, contemplation, knowledge; both get rid of caste, and are atheistic. The Jains number one and-a half million ; they enjoin mercy to all animated beings, and place a cloth over their mouths to save the lives of insects; they have a considerable literature, and an order of priesthood. 347 WILKINS, W. J. Modern Hinduism. Second Edition. Calcutta and Simla, [1900.]. Pp. 347-351. The Jains, Their leading tenets and tenets distinguishing them from the main body of the Hindus-Jiva and AjivaYatis and Sravakas-The rituals of the Jains-The Jains a sect of the Buddhists-Svetambaras and Digambaras. 348 JASTROW, MORRIs. The Study of Religion. London, 1901. Pp. 114, 233. Jainism follows Buddhism-Buddhism and Jainism give birth to other forms of religion. 349 Dass, BENARSI. A Lecture on Jainism. (Jain Itihas series, No. 1) Agra, 1902. Introduction-Jainism misunderstood-Causes of misunderstanding-Antiquity of the Jains-Jainism never originated after sankaracharya-Jainism is not an offshoot of Buddhism-Hindu scripturesBuddhist works-Jain sastras-Buddha not a disciple of Mahavira

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 287. Buddha an older contemporary of Mahavira-Antiquity of the Jains further-Jainism not a product of Brahmanism. Both product of the common atmosphere of ancient India-Ancient India in Jain sastrasMax Muller's opinion-Hinduism and Brahmanism misnomersJainism was not found by Parsvanatha but Risabha-Buddhist workJain sastras-Hindu scriptures, Inscription at Mathura-Ancient India once more-Yoga Darsana-Sankhya Darsana-MahabharataCharvaka Darsana-Tenets of the Jain Ratna-Traya-Eleven Pratimas-Dasa Laksani Dharma-Twelve Anupreksas-Charitra of a Muni-Why the Jain monks are naked and why the Jains worship naked images-Winding up. 350 BUHLER, J. G. On the Indian Sect of the Jainas. (Tr. from the original German by J. Burgess). London, 1903. P. 1. Communities of Jainas or Arhata i.e., followers of the prophet. The tenets-Mythology-Philosophy and ritual of this Jains. 351 OMAN, JOHN CAMPBELL. The Mystics, Ascetics and Saints of India. London, 1903. Pp. 142-151. Hindu ascetic sects and their subdivision. Sec. 1: Introductory remarks-The multiplicity of Hindu sects by no means abnormal-Jain monks or Yatis interviewed-Their opinions and habits. 352 DEUSSEN, Paul. Erinnerungen an Indien Indian Memories). Kiel, Leipzig, 1904, pp. 1-256. P. 61. The Jains-Their creed and doctrines-Their relation to Brahmanism,

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288 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 BAIJNATH. Hinduism: Ancient and Modern. Meerut, 1905. Pp. 130-131. Jainism-A branch of Hinduism. 354 OLDHAM, C. F. The Sun and the Serpent. London, 1905. Pp. 172-181. Both Buddhist and Jain systems closely connected with the sun and the serpent-Each of these forms of religion arose or found their chief supporters, amongst Solar tribes who had come but little under Brahmanical influence-The Purana version that Buddhism and Jainism originated amongst the Asuras-Origin-Legend ancient, as later sect of white-robed Jains not mentioned-Jain devotees called Yati-Term Siddha for the deified ascetics-Jains in existence before Buddha-All the twenty-four tirthankaras, or deified anchorites of the Jains, were Kshatriyas, and all but two were of the Solar race of Iksvaku-Close connection as such with the Sun and the SerpentThe last of the tirthankaras was Vardhamana or Mahavira who was a contemporary of Sakya Buddha-He was related by marriage to Bimbisara, raja of Magadha-By permission of his elder brother, Vardhamana became an ascetic; he went naked; after twelve years he became a Jina or Tirthankara; after his death, he became a Siddha-Parsva, who preceded Mahavira, was a son of the Raja of Benares-He is represented with the hoods of a seven-headed Naga expanded over his head-Sculptured representations of Naga at Jina temples. 355 THURSTON, EDGAR. Ethnographic Notes in Southern India. Madras, 1906. P. 150. Jain cremation. 356 AIYANGAR, S. KRISHNASWAMI. Self-Immolation which is not Sati. (IA, xxxv, 1906, pp. 129-131).

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 289 P. 129. There are numerous instances of Jains performing the act of Sallekhana, i.e., death brought on by starvation. 357 FORLONG, J. G. R. Faiths of Man: A Cyclopedia of Religions, 3 Vols. London, 1906. Vol. 2, P. 308. The Jains are followers of Mahavira (or Vardhamana) the contemporary of Gotama Buddha. They include Digambaras and Svetambaras. Yati ascetics are naked and laity (Sravakas or "disciples") are clothed. The Jain scriptures include 45 agamas in Jain dialect. They aim at nirvana. (Encyclop. Brit.). 358 HUTCHINSON, JONATHAN. On Leprosy and Fish eating. London, 1906. Pp. 102, 338, 347, 354, 386. Jains and Leprosy. P. 360. The Jains--Non-eaters of flesh. 359 SINGH, MIAN DURGA. A Report on the Punjab Hill Tribes. (IA, xxxvi, 1907, pp. 264-284). P. 268. The Banias are generally divided into (1) the Agarvals and (2) the Saraogis, who are Jains. 360 Anthropometric Data from Bombay. Calcutta, 1907. (Ethnographic Survey of India). Pp. 80-89. Abstracts of measurements of male members of the Jain Pancham caste taken at Kolhapur on the 19th February, 1906. : Seriations. Scytho-Dravidian Tract. Type specimen. Jain Pan cham. 37

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290 ... , JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY - 361 KENNEDY, J. The Child Krishna, Christianity, and the Gujaras. (JRAS, 1907, pp. 951-991). P. 975. Jain traditions to represent the oldest form of the Krisma legend. P. 976. Mathura, originally a capital of the surasenas, was afterwards entirely Buddhist and Jain. 362 LEWARD, C. E. and KISTANATH KRISHNA LELE. The Paramaras of Dhar and Malma. Bombay, 1908. A treatise giving an account of the Paramara rulers of Malwa. 363 Schmidt, RICHARD. Fakire und Fakirtum im Alten und Modernen Indien. [Monk and Monkhood in ancient and Modern India). Berlin, 1908. Pp. 38-42. Hemachandra and Kumarpala. 364 Bodas, M. R. A Brief Survey of the Upanishads. (JBBRAS, xxii, 1908, pp. 67-80). P. 74. Upanishads gave birth to Buddhism and Jainism and many other movements and yet ultimately supplanted them by means of the orthodox Vedanta philosophy. 365 SMITH, VINCENT A. The Gujaras of Rajputana and Kanauj. (JRAS, 1909, pp 247-281). P. 253-255. "Sakesvabhasatesu .... varahe 'vati". This passage of the Jain Harivamsa is of exceptional value on account of the firm chronological standpoint it affords,

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 291 .: P. 274. A Jain tradition of about the year 953 A.D. records that about 18,000 inhabitants migrated from Bhilmal (Bhinamala), the ancient capital of Rajputana. 366 The Convention of Religions in India. (Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India, Almora. xiv, 1909, pp. 90-94, 110-114, 130-134, 150-154, 169-174, 190-193, 207-210, 231234). Pp. 132-133. Jainism (Svetambari). By Muni Maharaj of Benares. In this thesis are stated the fundamental doctrines of Jainism. 367 GUERINOT, A. Religion Jaina. (JA, 10th Ser: V. xiv, 1909, pp. 547-549). The article is a summary of a paper meant for the Svetambara Conference at Baroda. It gives a brief outline of the religion of Jainism. 368 THURSTON, EDGAR. (with the assistance of K. Rangachari). Castes and Tribes of Southern India, 7 Vols. Madras, 1909. Vol. 2, P. 419:438. Jain and Jain Vaisya. 369 Rose, H. A. Caste and Sectarial Marks in the Panjab. (IA, xxxviii, 1909, pp. 118-121). P. 120. Sectarial marks of the Jains. 370 : VIDYABHUSANA, S. C. History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta, 1909.

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292 . JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY, Book 1: The Jain Logic-The Era of Tradition-The Historical Period. Book 2: The Buddhist Logic. 371 GUPTE. B. A. Notes on the Position of Women among Hindus, Moslems, Buddhists, and Jains. Calcutta, 1909. (Ethnographic Survey of India). Pp. 23-30. THE POSITION OF WOMEN AMONG JAINS : 1. Woman as a mother. 2.Woman as a temptation. 3. Woman's position. 4. Woman in a passion. 5. Woman as a trouble. 6. Woman as a wife. 7. Pregnant woman. 8. Married life. 9. Woman as a minister. ing angel. 10. Woman as a Queen-dowager. 11. Chastity. 12. Desire for a woman. 13. Woman as an ascetic. 14. Emancipation of women. 15. Woman the cause of quarrel. 372 Davis, Mrs. Rhys. Psalms of the Early Buddhists. London, 1909-13. I, Pp. 57-58. Psalms of Five Verse ascribed to-Nanduttara, daughter of a Brahmin of Kammassadamma, ex-Jain, pupil of Great Moggallana. . . 1. Pp. 69-68. Bhadda 'Kundalakesa', ex-Jain, daughter of a sethi of Rajagaha, wife of a Brahman thief, foremost of the sisters who had swift intuition. II, P. 30. The Jain leader Nataputta teaches a dilemma to Abhaya. .. II, p. 83. Contact of Ajjuna with the Jains and his entrance into their order. 373 OjHA, KESHAB LAL. The Moths of Malwa. Lucknow, 1909. (Ethnographical Survey of the Central India Agency, Monograph, No. 1).

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 293 Pp. 2-3. History of Modhera. an ancient town in Gujarat-Progress and influence of Jainism in Gujarat-Story in the Dharmaranya -The vanishment of all sains from the territory,The Chaturvimsat Prabandha, by a Jain, Rajsekhara Suri, account in it of the conversion of a king of Kanauj named Ano to Jainism-His stay under Jain teacher Siddhasena Suri. Ano was a staunch Jain. Vanraj of the Chavda dynasty owed a great deal to the Jains. Account in the Dharmaranya of the introduction of Jainism and subsequent dissensions among the residents of Modhera. P. 9. Out of 100 Modh families in Bhopal about twenty follow the faith of the tirthankaras. A Jain maiden married into a Vaisnava family has no scruple in entering a Vaisnava temple, while a Vaisnava girl would readily pay her respects to the Jain Yatis and always visit the Upasrayas. Jainism have retained its hold on the Modhs and most of them returned to the Brahmanical fold. In Gujarat, hardly any Jains, while in Central India, the Jains are few in number. P. 10. Jains offer balls to the manes at the Siddhvad in Ujjain. P. 11. A few Modh families in Bhopal are Jains. 374 ZACHARIAE. TH. Vertia ; eine Bezeichunng der Jainas. (Vienna Oriental Journal, xxiv, 1910, pp. 337-344). The article deals with Jaina notation, among others. 375 CHARPENTIER, J. The Lesya theory of the Jainas and Ajivikas. (Goteborg, 1910) (Festskrift tillegnad, K. F. Johanson pa hans 50-arsdag, pp. 20-38). The article is an exposition of the Lesya-Theory as given by the Jain authors like Umasvati. 376 GUERINOT, A. Religion Jaina. (JA, 10th Ser. V. xv, 1910, pp. 377-378). 37B

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294 ....-" JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY , . Tenets of Jaina religion-Its mythology and the ethical background. 377 JHAVERI, M. L. The first principles of Jain Philosophy. With an introduction by L. D. Barnett. (Vira Samvat, 2436). London, 1910. The work contains a discussion in outline of the main tenets of Jain philosophy. 378 STEVENSON, Mrs. S. Notes in modern Jainism : with special reference to the Svetambara, Digambara and Sthanakavasi sects. Oxford, 1910. The distinctive characteristics of the three sects have been discussed with reference to modern practices. 379 SUBRAHMANYA Aivar, K. V. Origin and decline of Buddhism and Jainism in Southern India. (IA, xl, 1911, pp. 209218). Buddhism known to the Pandya country a few centuries prior to Asoka-In the ist century A.D. it gradually spread throughout Southern India-Jainism also dated back to the same period-Jains put a permanent barrier to the growth of Buddhism in the 7th and 8th cent.The rise of the Saiva saints effected removal from Southern India of the two religions in the course of a few years after the gth century A.D. Jainism continued for three more centuries in Mysore and was stamped-out by the Lingayet rising and the advent of Ramanuja in the 12th century A.D. (See No. 390). 380 LA VALLEE POUSSIN, LOUIS DE. Une Stance Jain et Bouddhique. {One stanza of Jainism and Buddhism] (JA, 1oth Ser. xvii, 1911, pp. 323-325).

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 295 The article in French contains a brief account of the religions of Jainism and Buddhism. . . . 381 ENTHOVEN, R. E. The Folklore of Guzerat, with introduction. (IA, V. xl, 1911, Appendix, pp. 1-36, See Nr. 407). * Jains and Svastikas. 382 BHANDARKAR, D. R. Jain Iconography (continued from the Arch. Sur. Rep. for 1905-06, p. 149 ; IA, xl, 1911, pp. 125130 & 153-161). II. Samavasarana. 383 THOMPSON, E. W. Religion in the Mysore State. (QJMS, i, 1911, pp. 126-145). P. 139. The Jains more numerous and powerful in the Southern than the Buddhists. They came for purposes of trade or for Government administration. The Jain writers created the earliest Kanarese literature-Names of Jain Prime Ministers and Generals in Mysore known from inscriptions but the religion confined equally to small and exclusive class. It never spread outside the capital cities. All the remains of Jain temples Known are in cities that were capitals or sub-capitals of provinces. 384 Hicks, W. W. The Sanctuary of Mahavira. Boston, 1911. The Mahavira temple described. 385 GOPALAN NAIR, C. Wynad, its Peoples and Traditions. (Malabar Series). Madras, 1911, -

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296 . . . JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 50-51. Under the head predial slaves the author includes Jain or Then Kurumbers. P. 53. The Jains consisting of Gowdas and Taragans migrated from Mysore for purposes of trade. Adoption of the title Taragan in Wynad by those Jains who settled here under "Taraku" (Royal mandate) of the Kottayam Raja. P. 144. At Sultan's Battery in the Wynad taluk stands a viati temple, a magnificent and an interesting relic of a Jain colony now extinct. 386 SVAMIN, A. GOVINDACHARYA. A Note on Ajivikas. (IA, xli, 1912, p. 296). Ajivikas are neither Buddhist Bhiksus nor Jain, but they form a distinct sect. 387 BHANDARKAR, D. R. Ajivikas. (IA, xli, 1812, pp. 286290). Ajivika, according to Utpala, does not signify Narayan-asrita, Kesava-Bhakta or Bhagavata, as Prof. Kern supposes,. The theory Prof. Kern, supported by Buhlr, that the Ajivikas are Vaishnavas, is baseless. 388 Pathak, K. B. The Ajivikas, a sect of Buddhist Bhikshus. (IA. xli, 1912, pp. 88-90). * Ajivakas were well known to the Jain authors of the later Chalukya and Yadava periods as a sect of Buddhist Bhiksus who lived solely or chiefly on Kamji. P. 8. Jainism, an offshoot of Brahmanism, population 1,333,820. * Pp. 33-34. The Srimali, Porval and Osval are of the Jain religion a creed which seems to have commended itself to the mercantile

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 297 community at a comparatively early period. In the present day, except in Delhi, the Mahesri, or Brahmanic section of the Rajput caste, intermarries with the Sravaka of Jain, and the latter, in turn, employ for their caste and domestic ministration, the Bhojak, or Sevak, a subdivisions of Brahmanas not in high repute among the priestly orders. 390 GOPINATHA RAO, T. A. A Note on the "Origin and Decline of Buddhism and Jainism in Southern India". (IA. xlii, 1913, pp. 307-308). A criticism on Mr. K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar's paper "The Origin and Decline of Buddhism and Jainism in Southern India" published in the "Indian Antiquary" xl, 1911, p. 209-218, (See No. 379). 391 BHANDARKAR, R. G. Vaisnavism, saivism and Minor Religious systems. Strassburg, 1913. P. 2. The rise of a New Theistic System-Tide of free speculations culminated in the east into such systems as those of Buddhism and Jainism. Pp. 8-9. The Satvatas and their Religion-Siddhartha and Maha. vira belonged to the Sakya and Jnatrika races of Ksatriyas, and Buddhism and Jainism might be considered to be the religions of these tribes, Vasudeva Krisna worship owes its origin to the stream of thought which began with the Upanisads and culminated in the east in Buddhism and Jainism. 392 HUTTEMANN, WILHELM. Miniaturen zum Jinacharitra. (Baessler-Archiv, Berlin, iv, 1914, pp. 47-77). 38

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298 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY The article, in German, discusses and interprets the small Jinacharitra as available from existing materials. 393 HULTZCH, E. Die Digambaras von Mysore. [The Digambaras of Mysore). (ZDMG, lxviii, 1914, pp. 695-700). The article traces the history of the establishment of the Digambara Sect of Jainism at Mysore. 394 LADDU, TUKARAM KRISHNA. Address at the Tenth Anniversary, the Syadvada Jain Makavidyalaya, Benares. Benares, 1914. Early History of Jainism-Principles of Jainism-Conclusion. 395 VENKATA SUBBIAH, A. and E, MULLER. The Kalas. (JRAS, 1914, pp. 355-367). P. 357. As regards the number of Kalas the Jain texts uniformly mention seventy-two. P. 367. The commentary to Umasvati's Tattvarthadhigamasutra gives a detailed list of all the siddhis according to the Jain doctrine. 396 JACOBI, HERMANN. Some Aspects of Jainism. (Journ, Maha-bodhi Soc., Calcutta, xxii, 1914, pp. 83-90). Like Buddhism Jainism is originally and principally a monastic religion and it is entirely dependent on Buddhism-Internal evidence -Ethics of the Jains-The Jain Belief-The Jain Literature. 397 STEVENSON, MRS. SINCLAIR. The Heart of Jainism. Oxford, 1915. Introduction-Historical Summary-The Life of Mahavira--Maha. vira's Predecessors and Disciples-History of the Jain Community

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 299 Introduction of Jain Philosophy-The Nine Categories of Fundamental Truths-Karma and the Path to liberation-The Life Story of a Jain-The Jain Layman and his Religious Life-The Jain AsceticThe End of the Road-Jain Worship and Religious Customs-Jain Mythology-Jain Architecture and Literature-The Empty Heart of Jainism-Appendix. 398 GUERINOT, A. Jainisme. (JA, with ser., v, 1915, pp. 371-375). The small article, in French, gives a short outline of the Jain religion. 399 JAIN, CHAMPAT RAI. Nyaya, the Science of Thought. Arrah (India), 1916. A brief exposition of the view of Jain philosophy on the nature and types of jnana (Knowledge) and the working of mind in reference to logical inference. 400 WARREN, HERBERT. Jainism in Western Garb, as a Solution to Life's Great Problems. Chiefly from notes of talks and lectures by Virchand R. Gandhi. Second Edition. Arrah (India), 1916. Introduction - The Universe-Man as he actually is-Man as he may become-Means to the End-Recapitulation. 401 RUSSELL, R: V. .and Hira LAL. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. 4 Vols. London, 1916. Vol. 1, Pp. 219-281. Jain religion :

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300 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Numbers and distribution, (2) the Jain religion ; its connection with Buddhism, (3) the Jain tenets; the Tirtharkaras, (4) the transmigration of souls, (5) strict rules against taking life, (6) Jain sects, (7) Jain ascetics, (8) Jain sub-castes of Banias, (9) rules and customs of the laity, (10) connection with Hinduism, (11) temples and car festival, (12) images of the Tirthankaras, (13) religious observances, (14) tenderness for animal life, (15) social condition of the Jains. 402 KEITH, A. B. M. Reinach's Theory of Sacrifice. (JRAS, 1916, pp. 542-555). P. 552. The source or origin of the nude statues of the tirthankaras from the archaic type of "Apollo" which flourished in Greece from the middle of the 6th century B.C. A discussion on the above theory. 403 GUERINOT, A. Jainisme. (JA, 11th Ser., vii, 1916, pp. 133, 357-358). This article, in French, on the religion of Jainism is a continuation of the same in No. 398. 404 Jain Ahimsa. (MR, July-Dec., 1916, pp. 385-387). Non-injury to life, the essence of Jain religion thought not exclusively its own principle. 405 JAINI, JAGAMANDERLAL. Outlines of Jainism, with a preliminary note by F. W. Thomas. (Index by H. Warren). Cambridge, 1916. The work in different chapters devoted to subjects like Religion, ethics, metaphysics etc., describes Jainism in broad outline, The original texts (Pt. 2).

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 301 406 AIYANGAR, S. KRISHNASWAMI. Social Legislation under Hindu Governments. (QJMS, vi, 1916, pp. 47-57). Pp. 51-52. Under Bukka (A.D. 1336-1376), the founder of Vijayanagar Empire, came up a dispute between the Jains and the Vaisnavas in a Vaisnava centre, in the State of Mysore. It was decreed that the five big drums and the Kalas will continue to be used. If to the Jain Darsana any injury on the part of the Vaisnava should arise, it will be protected in the same manner as if injury to the Vaisnavas had arisen. By consent of both the Vaisnavas and the Jains, the duty of protection of the Jains was entrusted to the particular Tatacharya (leading Vaisnava) of Tripati. 407 ENTHOVEN, R. E. Folklore of Guzarat. (IA, xlvi, 1917, Suppl., pp. 125-135, See No. 381). P. 132. At the time of admitting a Jain to the ascetic order of the religion, the hairs of his head are pulled out one by one until the head is completely bald. 408 BLOOMFIELD, MAURICE. On Recurring Psychic Motifs in Hindu Fiction and the Laugh and Cry Motif. (JAOS, xxxvi, pp. 54-89). Pp. 54-55. Jain's performances of the type of Devendra's stories and the commentaries (churni and tika) to the Avasyaka literature. Comment on the critical habits of the charitas or prabandhas of the Jains: They illustrate 'conspiciously the Hindu inability to discriminate between fact and fancy-They weave into their narrative once more the whole apparatus of Hindu fiction-Hemachandra's Trisastisalaka-purusa Charita gives an idea of the extent of this type of literature-Not very different and scarcely less numerous are the

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302 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Jain writings called Katha (Kaha), or Kathanaka-They moralize more directly and obviously (dhammakaha), but they are intimately connected with the traditional names of saints, emperors and kings. 409 JAIN, CHAMPAT RAI. The Practical Path. Arrah (India), 1917. The Method of Philosophy-The Tattvas-The Nature of KarmaAsrava -- Bandha -- Samvara - Nirjara -- Moksa - Stages on the Path -Dharma in Practice-Appendix-Glossory-Index. 410 Ui, H. The Vaisesika Philosophy. Edited by F. W. Thomas. London, 1917. P. 19. Four schools of the Jains : Kriya vada, Akriya vada, Ajnanavada, and Vainayika-vada. P. 23. Mahavira and even Buddha were compelled to provide their teachings and assertions against the scepticism of Sanjaya Velatghi-putta. Pp. 24-25. Jacobi's remarks on matter in Jainism-Atomic theory of the Jains. . Pp. 28-29. Dharmottara's theory opposed to the Jain theoryAccording to the Uttaradhycyana Jainism maintains three categories --In Jainism the categories are divided into two-The Vaisesika borrowed the materials from the thoughts of those days and systematized them later. Pp. 35. Roha-gutta, the chief teacher in the sixth schism of Jainism imported the Vaisesika doctrines into Jainism. P. 38. The fains maintain that the Vaisesika was estiblished by Roha-gutta. P. 133. In Jainism ether means empty space and is not an element.

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 303 411 NAHAR, PURAN CHAND and KRISHNA CHANDRA GHOSH. An Epitome of Jainism, being a Critical Study of its Metaphysics, Ethics and History etc., in Relation to Modern Thought. Calcutta, 1917. Introduction-Jainism-Its Philosophy and Religion--Predicaments by Pre-eminence-Knowledge and its forms-Epistemology and Logic-Pratyaksa is really Paroksa-The Jain Theory of Formal Logic -The Jain Logic and the "Nayas"--The doctrine of Syadbad-Sankara and Syadbad-Examination of Sankara- The Doctrine of Unity in Difference-The Universe as a Self-Existent Unit-Theories of Evolution-The Sankhya Philosophy-Causation and Compound Evolution -God-Soul-The Karma Phenomenology-Churchianity and the Law of Karma-Belief in Rebirth-Rebirth and Karma-Sarira--KarmaSarira and Oudarika-Sarira-Free-will and Fatalism-Will and Individuality-Causality in the Moral World-Classification of Karmas-From Metaphysics to Ethics- The Conceptions of Virtue and Vice-On Punya and its Fruitions--Papa, vice or sin-Asrava or Influx-Bandha or Bondage-Samvara or Stoppage-Nirjara or Dissipation-Moksa or Emancipation-Gunasthanas-Jain Church-Jain Festivals-Jain Places Pilgrimage--Jain Literature-Jain Art and Architecture-Appendices. 412 MONTGOMERY, JAMES A. Religions of the Past and Present. Philadelphia and London, 1918. Pp. 135-160. Buddhism with an addendum on Jainism. By Franklin Edgerton. 413 GARR, BANARSI LAL. Samayika ; or, A Way to Equanimity. Arrah (India), 1918,

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304 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Its Origin-Its Meaning and Object-Dissension of the subject from the ideal or internal (Nischai) point of view-A succinct account of Avasyaka Sutra-Dostas (blemishes to be avoided)-The TextsHow to perform Samayika-Appendix (A): Eleven Pratimas, (B): Twelve Vows. 414 JAIN, C. R. What is Jainism. Third Edition, Revised. Arrah (India), 1919. Jainism--Its ethics,Philosophical back-ground-Its mythology and ritual. 415 Jain, C. R. The Key of Knowledge. Second Edition, Revised. Arrah (India), (1919.] Preface-The Ideal-Creation-God-The Fall Redemption-The Kingdom of God-Yoga-Resurrection-The Holy Trinity-The Siddhanta-The Coming of the Messiah-Reincarnation-In the Footsteps of Gods-Reconciliation-Summary and Conclusioin-Appendix-Glossary of Non-English Words and Phrases etc. 416 GOPINATHA Rao, T. A. Bhusana-Lakshanam, or A Description of Ornaments Usually worn by Indian images. (QTMS, ix, 1919, pp. 123-141). P. 123. Ornaments worn by the images of the Jain, Buddha and Hindu religions are the same. 417 LAW, B. C. Influence of the five heretical teachers on Jainism and Buddhism. (JPASB, xv, 1919, pp. 123-186).

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 305 An attempt to make an extensive research with regard to the influence of the doctrines of the five heretical teachers on the development of Jainism and Buddhism. 418 KAMANUJASVAMI, N. Who is a Hindu ? Madras, 1919. Pp. 29-31. Jains and Sikhs are Hindus but Buddhists are notCharacteristics of Jainism-Jains consider themselves to be Hindus, and are governed by Hindu secular or civil jurisprudence. 419 WIDGERY, A. C. Salvation and Redemption from Sin and Suffering as taught by some Oriental Religions. (QJMS, ix, 1919, pp. 102-110). P. 107. Salvation, according to the Jains, revealed to men especially by the twenty four great tirtharkaras. It appears to the Jains that one may obain redemption from suffering. 420 BLOOMFIELD, MAURICE. The Dohada or Craving of Pregnant Women: A Motif of Hindu Fiction. (JAOS, xl, 1920, pp. 1-24). Reference to many Jain work have been made to illustrate the paper. 421 JOUVEAU-DUBREUIL, G. Ancient History of the Deccan (Translated from the French by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar). Pondicherry, 1920. P. 12. Kharavela of Kalinga. Pp. 104-110. The Gangas. 422 BARUA, B. M. The Ajivikas : History of their religion and philosophy, pt. 1 ; Historical summary. Calcutta, 1920. 39

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306 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Ajivikas and Jainism. 423 BARUA, B. M. The Ajivikas. (JDL, v. ii, 1920, pp. 1-80). 1. Pre-Makkhali period: The rise of a religious order of wandering mendicant's called the Ajivika from a Vanaprastha or Vaikhanasa order of the hermits. 2. Makkhali period: Elevation of Ajivika religion into a philosophy of life at the hands of Makkhali Gosala. 3. Post-Makkhali period: The further development of Ajivaka religion, absorption of the Ajivika into the Digambara Jaina, the Sivaite and others; the influence of Ajivika religion and philosophy on Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. 424 FARQUHAR, J. N. An Outline of the Religious Literature of India. London, etc., 1920. Ch. 2. P. 73. Transmigration and Release: Y to 200 B.C. iv (D). The Jain School. Ch. 3. The Movement Towards Theism: 200 B.C. to A.D. 200. P. 119. (iii) Jainism. Ch. 4. P. 162-165. Philosophies and sects. A.D. 200 to A.D. 550. (iii) Jainism. (A) Svetambara Literature. (B) Digambara Litera ture. Ch. 5. The Sakta System: A.D. 550 to A.D. 900. Pp.213-215. (iii) Jainism. (A) Svetambara Literature. (B) Digambara Literature. Ch. 6. Bhakti : A.D. 900 to A.D. 1350. Pp. 277-281. (iii) Jainism. (A) Svetambara Literature. (B) Digambara Literature. Ch. 7. Muslim Influence: A.D. 1350 to A.D. 1800. Pp. 359-60, (ii) Jainism. (A) Svetambara Literature. (B) Digambara Literature. 425 JAIN, C. R. Logic for Boys and Girls. Arrah (India), 1920. Jain logic, simplified for the Young.

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 307 426 JAIN, C. R. A Peep Behind the Veil of Karmas. Third Edition, Revised. Arrah (India), 1920. An exposition of the Jain theory of Karma. 427 WARREN, H. Jainism not Atheism ; And the Six Dravyas of Jain Philosophy. Second Edition. Arrah (India), 1920. An attempt to establish Jainism as not atheistic absolutelyAn account of the six dravyas or reals of the Jains. 428 JAIN, C. R. Selections from "Atma-Dharma" of Brahmachari Sital Prasadji. Allahabad, 1920. 429 BAGCHI, P. C. Animistic elements of Jainism. (Proc., Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, xvii, 1921, p. ccxlviii). The ethical back ground of non-injury in Jainism is discussed in this paper with reference to original texts-The historical beginnings -Elements in Jain philosophy in Jain mythology & ritual. 430 KEITH, A. B. The Karma-Mimamsa. Calcutta, 1921. Pp. 32 n, 34, 38, 68, 69. Jain vicws about the theory of Karma. 430 a KEITH, A. B. Indian Logic and Atomism : An exposition of the Nyaya and Vaisesika systems. Oxford, 1921. Buddhist or Jain logic has been handled where it comes into immediate contact with the doctrines of the Nyaya and Vaisesika. Pp. 14-16. Jain legends as to the origin of Vaisesika. P. 53. Jain view about Cognition

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308 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY P. 56. Jain theory of perception. P. 80. n. Bhadrabahu's 10-member argument for Jainism. P. 195. Realism and Jainism P. 228. Mythology of the Jains. P. 232. Sound-theory of the Jains. P. 271. n. 4. Theism and the Jains. P. 272. Jain theory about self-moving atoms. 431 CHIROL, VALENTINE. India, Old and New. London, 1821. Pp. 27, 43, 53, 54. Jainism and Jain school of architecture. 432 ELIOT, SIR CHARLs. Hinduism and Buddhism : An Historical Sketch. Vol. I. London, 1921. Pp. 105-123. The Jains, Their relation to Buddhism etc. 433 BARUA, B. M. A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy. Calcutta, 1921. Pp. 362-404. Philosophy of Mahavira. Aim and scope-Review of modern studies in Jainism : Lack of historical method-Acknowledgement of debts to the Jain scholars-A general reflection on Indian life in the time of Mahavira and Buddha-The bearing of political history upon the progress of thought and the development of language-Uninterrupted growth of Sanskrit-The origins of pessimism-The problem of misery and other ethical problems. A short account of Mahavira's life: His names and birthplaceHis parentage : The source of his anti-Brahmanical feelings-Marriage --Renunciation. Parsvanatha and Mahavira-His philosophy, Sources of information-Kiriyam or Kariyavada was the original name of what is now known as Jainism-Significance of the name Nigancha. In which sense Parsva may be called a precursor of Mahavira-The

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 309 original Nigantha order-Parsva doctrine-Modern interpretation of the term catuyama samvara-Contrast between Parsva and Mahavira : The former was a mere religious teacher, the latter a religious philosopher-Mahavira's philosophic predecessor was Gosala-Three questions relating to the ecclesiastical history of the Jains, and their answers -Definition of Kiriyam. Gosala, Mahavira and Buddha-Buddha's interpretation and criticism of pre-Jain and contemporary philosophers from the standpoint of his ethics-The fundamental categories and maxim of Mahaviras ethics-Modification of Buddha's interpretation of his predeces sor's fundamental ethical thesis, and of Mahavira's interpretation of pre-Jain philosophies-Difference between the views of Mahavira and Buddha, and the correlation of Niyativada and Kriyavada. The category of Jiva-Gosala's determinism did not exclude the notion of freedom of the will, nor did Mahavira's dynamism altogether set aside the rule of fate-Gosala, Mahavira and Buddha: Transition from a Biological to a psychological, or from a physical to an ethical stand-point-Threefold division of actions into deed, word, and thought-There is physical determinism: Soul is in its nature absolutely pure. The category of Ajiva: Its signification-the problems of knowledge-Sanjaya, Mahavira and Buddha-Syadvada-Panca asti-kaya. 434 BAGCHI, P. C. Primitive Elements of Jainism. (JDL, V, 1921, pp. 349-364). Introductory - Philosophy - Religious Rites and SuperstitionsMythology Conclusion and Probabilities. 435 DEB, HARIT KRISHNA. The Svastika and the Onkara. (JPASB, xvii, 1921, pp. 231-244). P. 232. The Svastika has long been a favourite emblem with the Jains whose traditions represent it as having been the special sign

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310 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY of Suparsvanatha, a tirthankara who is said to have flourished considerably anterior to the period of Mahavira (died 528 B.C.). 436 SANKARA, K. G. Tolkapya's Religion. (QJMS, xi, 1921, pp. 289-290). The earliest Tamil grammarian Tolkapya was a Jain householder ; Tolkapya may have been a Brahmana before he became a Jain. Mr. Subramanian shows that Tolkapya was a Brahmara and was never a Jain. 437 Jains and Swadeshi. (MR, June, 1922). P. 758. Order passed to the effect that (1) no other clothes but woven and hand spun khaddar should be worn in temples while performing Puja and saying morning and evening prayers, (2) Chandan alone should be used unless pure Kashmere Kesar is available. 438 LAW, B. C. Historical Gleanings. Calcutta and Simla, 1922. Pp. 21-42. Influence of the five heretical teachers on Jainism and Buddhism (See No. 417). Pp. 76-95. Buddha and Niganthas: Introduction - Siha, a disciple of Nigahtha Nathaputta and the Buddha-Sachchaka and the Buddha Sirigupta and Garahadinna - The Buddha and Dighatapassi, a Jain - Buddha and Upali - Abhayarajakumara and the BuddhaVisakha. 439 Law, B. C. Ksatriya Clans in Buddhist India. Calcutta and Simla, 1922.

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 311 P. 2. The Lichchhavis were one of the earliest and devoted fol. lowers of Jainism and Buddhism. P. 3. By the time of Chandragupta Maurya the first council of the Jains was held at Pasaliputra. Sutrakritanga is one of the earliest works of the Jain sacred literature. P. 26. Mahavira was very kin and most probably a fellow townsman of the Lichchhavis. P. 35. Vaisali claims the founder of Jainism as its own citizen. P. 77. Buddhism and Jainism had a strong hold on the Lichchhavis of Vaisali. P. 124. Ksatriyani Trisala was the mother of Mahavira, the founder of Jainism. Pp. 175-176. Followers of Jainism among the Mallas as among the other races of Northern India. 440 STEIN, OTTO. Megasthenes und Kautilya (Megasthenes and Kautilya]. (Sitzungsber. d. Phil. hist. Kl., Akad d. Wiss. in Wien, 191 Bd. 5 Abu.). Wien, 1922. Pp. 290-297. Buddhist and Jain Religions. 441 DAS-GUPTA, S. N. A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. I. Cambridge, 1922. Pp. 169-207. The Jain Philosophy. The origin of Jainism-Two sects of Jainism,The canonical and other literature of the JainsSome general characteristics of the Jains-Life of Mahavira-The fundamental ideas of Jain ontology-The doctrine of relative pluralism (Anekantavada)-The doctrine of Nayas-The doctrine of SyadvadaKnowledge, its value for us,Theory of perception-Non-perception knowledge-Knowledge as revelation-The Jivas-Karma theory-Karma, Asrava and Nirjara-Pudgala-Dharma, Adharma, Akasa-Kala and

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312 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Samaya-Jain cosmography-Jain Yoga-Jain atheism-Moksa (emancipation). 442 SASTRI, H. P. Chronology of the Nyaya System. (JBORS, Vol. viii, 1922, pp. 13-28). f Haribhadra Suri and prameya sutra-Nyaya Sutras, a sectarian work-Jains and the Saptabhanginyaya or Syadvada. 443 MOSES, S. T. Fish and Religion in South India. (QJMS, xiii, 1923, pp. 549-554). Pp. 550-551. The Jains found in the North Arcot, South Arcot and South Canara districts are the only people who scrupulously abstain from eating fish or flesh-They avoid all sorts of meat diet. 444 STCHERBATSKY, TH. The Central Conception of Buddhism and the meaning of the word "Dharma". London, 1923. Pp. 34, 49. (n. 2). Karma and Jainism. P. 68. Jainism existing before Mahavira. P. 70. Soul with reference to Jainism and other schools of philo sophy. P. 73. 8th cent. B.C., the period of pre-Jainistic Jainism. 445 GOPINATHA RAO, T. A. On the History of Sri-Vaisnavas. (Sir Subrahmanya Ayyar Lectures, 1917). Madras, 1923. P. 11. Bittideva's conversion to Sri-Vaisnavism. P. 12. Images of Narayana set up in Jain temples converted into places of Vaisnava worship.

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 313 Pp. 35-36. Conversion to Vaishnavism of the Jain king Bittideva Account given in the Sthalapurana-Date of the royal conversion by by Ramanuja, sometime before 1021 Saka (A.D. 1099). P. 38. Kulottunga l's grant to saiva, Vaisnava and Jain temples alike. 446 MASSON-OURSEL, Paul. Esquisse d'une Histoire de la Philosophie Indienne (A Sketch of the History of Indian Philosophy]. Paris, 1923. Pt. 3. On Jain and Buddhist thought. 447 Rama Rao, R. Origin and Development of siva-worship with Special Reference to Virasaivism. (QJMS, xiv, 1924, pp. 282-301). Basava-His birth and early life-His rise to power under king Bijjala--His missionary zeal. 448 PERTOLD, O. The idea of God in Jainism and Buddhism : Observed from the point of view of the Comparative Science of Religions. (Proceedings of the Tenth Indian Science Congress, pp. 241-242). Calcutta, 1924. The idea of god in Jainism. 449 KAVIRAJ, GOPINATH. The Doctrine of Pratibha in Indian Philosophy. (An. Bhand. Or. Inst., vol. v, 1924, pp. 113-132). Pp. 126-128. Jainism. Omniscience explained by an appeal to the nature of jiva and the existence of the Past and the Future-Classification of Intuition-Rise of intuition Process of dawning of Intuition described.

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314 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY trines. 450 JAIN, JINNESWAR PRASAD (Mail Delhvi). Husn-i-Avval [or, First Beauty], an Original Work on Jainism. (In Urdu). Arrah (no date), pp. 1-178. The work is a discourse on Jain philosophy and religious doc 451 JAIN, C. R. Sacred Philosophy. [Allahabad]. (no date). A discourse on the Jain Siddhanta. 452 JACOBI, H. Der Jainismus. [Jainism] (Archiv fur Religionsurissenschaft, xiii, 4). The short article in German gives a succint account of Jainism. 453 FORLONG, J. G. R. Short studies in the Science of Comparative Religions. London, 1897, pp. 1-662. Ch. 1. Jainism and Buddhism. The article on Jainism and Buddhism draws special attention to the student of Indian Religions. The most important fact brought out is the relation of Jainism and Buddhism. Instead of Jainism being, as was formerly supposed, an offshoot from Buddhism, it is shown to extend as far back as 3,000 B.C. It is found flourishing alongside the nature worship of the rude tribes in Northern India. The author points out that Asoka on becoming a Buddhist changed his title, and it is significant of the difference between Jainism and Buddhism. 454 FORLONG, J. G. R. A Student's Synchronological chart of the Religions of the World. Accompaniment to Rivers of Life or Faiths of Man in All Lands. Edinburgh. (No date).

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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION, ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 315 Jain preceptor, 24 Tirthankaras (700 B.C.-600 B.C.). Jain Kalpa Sutra written; part of Sutras or Jain Bible (500 B.C.-400 B.C.). Jain images naked. Buddha called Jain Esa. Jain faith in full vigour (100 A.D-200 A.D.). Siladitya of Balabhi protects Jains. Jain priest-Jain Siva. Jainism revived under Amogavarsa, king of Konjeveram. Jain temples of Satrunjaya and Palitana, that of Somnat destroyed by Mamud (1025 A.D.) at Abu of Vimalasa (1032 A.D.)-That of sad rebuilt by Kamboo. Rana of Oodayapur. Jain Tower, Chitore, built by Kamboo Rana (1439 A.D.). 455 KANNOOMAL. The Study of Jainism. Agra. It contains a summary of the Jain philosophy (dharma) and religion based on the Tattwadarsa of Atmaramji. There are chapters in it dealing with the tirthankaras, the ideal of a Jain sadhu and the ideal of a Jain householder. 456 RADHAKRISHNAN, S. Indian Philosophy. Vol. I. London, 1923. P. 286. Pluralistic realism of the Jains. 1:

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SECTION VII Language and Literature and Educational Statistics. 457 The Tamil Language and Literature. (CR, XXV, Art. 7, 1855, pp. 158-196. P. 183. Establishment of the amanal or Jain religion in Madura a little before the reign of Kuna Pandyan. P. 184. Kuna Pandyan was a follower of the Samanal doctrines. P. 186. Jains claim author of the Kural to be a Jain and adduce a verse in support of it, alleging that their god, the twenty-fourth tirthankara, called Arugan, ascended up into heaven over a ladder of flowers. P. 191. The author of the Chintamani, a Tamil poem, was a Jain. P. 193. Manigavasagara, the great champion of Saivism, overcame the Jains in the ninth century. 458 GRIBBLE, JAMES D. B. Tamil Poetry. (CR, Ix, art. 5, 1875, pp. 69-77). P. 70. Tiruvallava, a Tamil poet, was a Jain. About his time Jainism grew in strength all over Madura, until it was professed by many learned doctors, and in the ninth century the king of Madura, Kuna became a convert to Jainism. 459 Gough, ARCHIBALD EDWARD. Papers relating to the collection and preservation of the records of ancient Sanskrit literature in India. Calcutta, 1878. P. 21. Mode followed by the Jains in preserving their literary treasures.

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 317 P. 28. Mention of 7 manuscripts on Jain religion in R. L. Mitra's "Notices". Pp. 64-68, 80, 87. Mention of several Jain works and their authors, etc. : Pp. 83-84, 100-104, 116-119, 125-134. References to Jain works etc., made in connection with Buhler's search for Sanskrit manuscripts during 1871-72, 1872-73, 1873-74, 1874-75. Pp. 91-99, 108-113, 137. A classified list of Jain works. 460 Cust, ROBERT NEEDHAM. Linguistic and Oriental Essays, written from the year 1846 to 1876. London, 1880. P. 121. The Jains appear to have had their career of supremacy in Southern India, but they have dwindled away to an inconsiderable sect; they admit caste, and if they abandon their heresy, can be admitted back into full privileges, from which they are only partially excluded. They carry their respect to animal life to very extravagant lengths. P. 134. The Jain religion is an admixture of Buddhist and Brahmanical doctrines. P. 425. Dr. Eggeling's exhibition of some Jain palm-leaves dating from the twelfth to the fourteenth century A.D., the oldest date that can safely be assigned to any Indian manuscript. 461 Hernle, A. F. RUDOLF. A Sketch of the History of Prakrit Philosophy. (CR, lxxi, Art. 7., 1880, pp. 311-332). P. 312. The last Prakrit Grammarian is the great Jain monk, Hemachandra, who wrote his grammar at the instance of the Chalukya king Siddha Raja (who reigned in Gujarat from 1094-1143 A.D.). The two other Prakrit grammarians Trivikrama and Subha Chandra belonged to the Jain community. P. 315. Books of the Jains contain not only speciments of Prakrit, but are wholly written in that language.

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318 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Colebrooke speaks of the Prakrit and Pali, the languages of the Jains and the Buddhas. In 1847 was published the first Jain work, Kalpa Sutra, by Dr. J. Stevenson of Bombay. P. 317. Hemachandra wrote his grammar about the middle of the 12th cent. A.D. Grammar of the Jain Prakrit by E. Muller came out' in 1876. 462 WEBER, ALBRECHT. The History of Indian Literature. (Translated from the second German edition by John Mann and Theodor Zachariae). Second Edition. London, 1882. P. 244 n. Development of the atomic theory among the Jains. Pp. 296-297 n. The sect of the Jains is to be regarded as one of the schismatic sects that branched off from Buddhism in the first century of its existence. Origin of the Jain sect. The sacred texts of the Jains are styled Angas. The Jains have great significance in connection with the Sanskrit literature. 463 Cust, ROBERT NEEDHAM. Linguistic and Oriental Essays written from the year 1847 to 1887. Second series. London, 1887. Pp. 67-68. The Jains have played a great part in the history of India, and left an enormous literature behind them. Rhys Davids is of opinion, that the few Buddhists who were left in India at the Mahomedan conquest of Kashmir, in the twelfth century, preserved an ignoble existence by joining the Jain sect, and by adopting the principal tenets as caste and ceremonial observations of the antecedent Hindu creeds-One of the chief leatures of the Jain religion is their extreme respect for animal life. 464 Grierson, GEORGE ABRAHAM. The Languages of India. Calcutta, 1903.

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 319 P. 57. Ardha-Magadhi or Half Magadhi, was the language in which Mahavira, the Jain apostle, preached, and it was used in the older Jain scriptures. 465 "Casual". Languages of Southern India. (CR, cxvi, Art. 9., 1903, pp. 90-97). P. 92. The Chintamani, an epic celebrating the exploits of a king named Jivaka, belongs to the early Jain period, which has been appropriately termed the Augustan age of Tamil literature. 466 GRIERSON, G. A. Specimens of the Marathi Language. Calcutta, 1905. (Linguistic Survey of India, vii). P. 7. One form of the Maharastri is the dialect of the non-canonical literature of the Svetambara Jains-This form of the language is usually called Jain Maharastri, and was perhaps based on the vernacular spoken in Surastra. 467 GRIERSON, G. A. Munda and Dravidian Languages. Calcutta, 1906. (Linguistic Survey of India, iv). P. 298. In the canon of the Svetambara Jains the form Damila is used for the Tamils. The forms Davila and Davida in the Prakrit literature of the Jains and of the Sanskrit plays seems to be a later stage, due to the Prakrit change of m to v. P. 301. The beginning of Tamil literature proper seems to be due to the labours of the Jains-The romantic epic Chintamani is by an unknown Jain poet. 468 KUPPUSWAMI SASTRI, T. S. The Age of the Tamil Jivakachintamani. (IA, xxxvi, 1907, pp. 285-288). The works dealing with the story of Jivaka are four in number, viz., (1) The Gadyachintamani by Vadibhasimha, (2) The Ksatrachudamani by the same author, (3) the Jivandharachampu by Harichandra, (4) the Tamil Jivakachintamani,

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320 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Observation of Pandit Saminatha Aiyar' in his edition of a portion of the Jivakachintamani, published in 1899. The Pandit is of opinion that the Tamil Jivakachintamani is not an original work. The Sanskrit poems which treat of the story of Jivaka are based on the Jain puranas. The original story of Jivaka is found in the Mahapurana. Jivakachintamani was composed during the period ranging from the beginning of the 10th to the second half of the 11th cent. A.D. 469 GHOSH, RABINDRA NARAYAN. India's Literary Wealth : A connected story of her Libraries from the very earliest times downwards. (DSM, v., 1909, pp. 77-79). Tain libraries in Western India. 470 BARODIA, U. D. History and Literature of Jainism. Bombay, 1909. I. Origin of Jainism-The twenty-four Jineswaras--The kings of Magadha-History of Jainism from the Nirvana of Mahavira up to the present time. II. The Jain Siddhant or canon-The later literature of Jainism --Secular Literature. 471 JACOBI, H. Arthamateva. (JRAS, 1909, pp. 421-423). Interpretation of arthamateva. Hemachandra's allegory becomes intelligible by reference to the U pamitibhavaprapancha Katha, a popular work with the Jains. Hemachandra and Siddharsi in the interpretation of Bahulika. 472 JACOBI, H. Hindu Tales. [An English translation of Jacobi's Ausgewahlte Erzahlungen in Maharastri. By J. J. Meyer). London, 1909.

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 321 473 RANGANATHASWAMI, S. P. V. Literary Wealth of India : Search for Prakrit Manuscripts. (DSM, vi, 1910, pp. 41-46). Srutasagara, the author of Audaryachintamani, was a fierce Digambara Jain and he devoted the greater part of his attention to crushing the rival sect. He was the pupil of Sri Vidyanandin who was the pupil of Devendrakirti. He was skilled in Sanskrit and Prakrit poetry, Mention of some of his works-His literary activity must be referred to about the years 1550 Sambat or 1494 A.D. Two schools of grammar dealing with the two dialects of the Prakrit language. The works of Chanda, Hemachandra, Trivikrama, Subhachandra and srutasagara dealing mainly with the Jain dialects of Prakrit and other Prakrit works of Jain authors. The rest such as Prakrit-prakasa, etc. deal with the Aryan Prakrit dialects used in the ordinary works. 474 GHOSH, RABINDRA NARAYAN. India's Literary Wealth : A connected story of her Manuscript Libraries : Some valuable informations from a Mysore correspondent. (DSM, vi, 1910, pp. 1-3). [See No. 469). Manuscript libraries in Southern India : (a) Jain libraries : (1) An ancient Jain mutt in Mudabidri near the west coast of the Canara District, Madras Presidency, contains a very rich collection of manuscripts. Here are found the only surviving single copies of valuable books. (2) At Sravana Belgo!a. Mysore State, below the hill on which stands the statue of Gommatesvara, there is a Jain monastery containing a large, valuable and well-preserved collection of manuscripts, mostly in palmyra leaves, in the Pali, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil languages. (3) In another Jain monastery in Mysore State, at Humcha, we find a large collection of manuscripts. (4) Pandit Padmaraja and other Jain pandits possess, more or less collections of manuscripts. 475 SEN, D. C. History of Bengali Language and Literature. Calcutta, 1911. 41

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322 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Pp. 2-4. Conversion of nearly the whole population of Bengal to Buddhism and Jainism-Out of the twenty-four tirthankaras of the Jains, twenty-three attained Moksa in Bengal-The seat of their religious activity was Samet Sekhara or the Paresanath hills in the district of Hazaribagh-Many of the tirthankaras, such for instance as Srey amgsunatha and Vasupujya, were born in Bengal-Mahavira spent eighteen years of his life preaching his faith in Rara Desa (Western Bengal). MIRONOV, N. D. Notes Jaines I. Siddharsi. (Bull., Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 6th Series, v, Pt. 1, 1911, pp. 349-354). (In Russian). Notes Jaines II. Nyayavakaratippan de Devabhadra. (Bull.. Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 6th Series, v, Pt. 1, 1911, pp. 501-508) (In Russian). 477 A History of Sanskrit Litera MACDONELL, ARTHUR A. 476 ture. London, 1913. P. 25. The older tradition of both the Buddhist and the Jain religions ignored Sanskrit entirely, using only the popular dialects for all purposes--In course of time both the Buddhists and the Jains endeavoured to acquire a knowledge of Sanskrit. P. 26. In the Jain inscriptions of Mathura an almost pure Prakrit prevails down to the first century A.D.-In the seventh century the Jains, like the Buddhists, used Sanskrit even in oral theological discussions, though without entirely giving up Prakrit. P. 386. On the Sankhya system were based the two heterodox religious systems of Buddhism and Jainism. P. 390. The popular beliefs about heavens and hells, gods, demigods, and demons, were retained in Buddhism and Jainism. Pp. 395-396. On the Sankhya system are based the two philosophical religions of Buddhism and Jainism in all their main cultures. The two pessimistic religions are very nearly similar.

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 323 Jainism has survived as an insignificant sect in India alone. 478 TESSITORI, L. P. Two Jaina versions of the story of Solomon's Judgment, in Gujarati and Jaipuri. (IA, xlii, 1913, pp. 148-152). The version in the commentary of the Nandisutta-The version in the Antarakathasangraha. 479 SASTRI, H. P. Preliminary Report on the operation in search of manuscripts of Bardic Chronicles. Calcutta, 1913. P. 4. Jain bardic literature. P. 9. Sevak or Scythian Brahmanas as officiating priests in Jain temples. 480 NARIMAN, G. K. References to Buddhist Authors in Jain Literature. (IA, xlii, 1913, pp. 241-242). P. 241. The names of authors like Devabhadra-His works Nyayavataratika. P. 242. Authors like Bhadrabahu, Haribhadra and Prabhachandra. The last wrote Prameyakamalamartanda & Nyayakumudachandra. 481 VIDYABHUSANA, SATIS CHANDRA. All-India Jain Literary Conference. (MR, September, 1914). Pp. 255-258. An address delivered at the Conference held at Jodhpur. 482 BELVALKAR, SHRIPAD KRISHNA. An Account of the Different Existing Systems of Sanskrit Grammar. Poona, 1915. Pp. 62-63. Jina or Mahavira, the last of the tirthankaras, is the traditional author of the Jainendra grammar-Works like Dhananjaya

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324 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY kosa or Jain-Harivamsa (A.D. 783) and writers like Bopadeva or Hemachandra refer to Devanandi, otherwise known as Pujyapada, as the author of this grammar. P. 63, n. 1. Sutrapatha of the Jainendra grammar originally belonged to the Digambara Jains from whom the Svetambaras borrowed it. Pp. 64. Date of the Jainendra Vyakarana-Foundation of this school dates from about the same time as that of the Chandra-Prof. Pathak's paper on the Jain sakatayana (Ind. Ant. Oct. 1914) gives evidence to assign the Vyakarana to the latter part of the 5th century A.D. P. 65. Character of the Jainendra Vyakarana-There are two versions in which the Jainendra Grammar has come down to us-Altogether wanting in originality. Pp. 66-68. Later history of the grammar since the 13th century very little is known-It draws a solitary student here and there amongst the Digambara Jains, especially of Southern India. Pp. 79-81. The Hemachandra School-Life of HemachandraNature of Hemachandra's Sabdanusasana,Treatises accessory to Sabdanusasana-Commentary on Sabdanusasana-Digests and manuals and other miscellaneous works-Conclusion. P. 98. From the prasasti given at the end of Chandrakirti's commentary on the Sarasvata Prakriya we learn that the author was a Jain belonging to the brihad gachchha of Nagpur, residing in a Jain tirtha.. called Kantika, and 15th in succession from the founder of the gachchha, Deva Suri (Sam. 1174). 483 TESSITORI, L. P. Notes on the Grammars of the Old Western Rajasthani with special reference to Apabhramsa and to Gujarati and Marwari. (IA, xlv, 1916. pp. 93-99). P. 97. Jain ascetics live like the bees. 484 1., K. P. Vijnapti-Triveni, a Jaina epistle. (IA, xlvi, 1917, p. 276).

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 325 This paper is a review of the work, Vijnapati-Triveni-The work is a Sanskrit epistle dated in 1484 V.S.-It is in imitation of the Meghaduta. 485 QUACKENBOS, G. P. The Sanskrit Poems of Mayura, etc. New York, 1917. (Columbia University-Indo-Iranian Series, ix). Pp. 16-50. The Jain tale about Mayura and Bana. The date of Manatunga. The Jain tale first found in the Prabhavakacharita. The four versions of the Jain tale. The Jain tale as told by an anonymous commentator. Variations from thte Jain tale as narrated by the anonymous commentator. The Jain tale as given in the Prabandha-Chintamani. Allusion to the Jain tale in the Kavyaprakasa, Sudhasagara and Jagannatha's commentary on the Suryasataka of Mayura. COMMENTS ON THE JAIN TALE : Origin of the tale. The legend of Samba. The real reason for the composition of Suryasataka. The real reason for the composition of Chandisataka. Mayura not a Jain. King Bhoja. The Bhojaprabandha. Allusions to the Mayura in the Bhojaprabandha. A list of poets at Bhoja's court. The poet Kritachandra joins the court circle of Bhoja. The Banishment of Kalidasa. The poet Sukadeva joins the court circle of Bhoja. Mayura in disfavour. Comment on the Bhojaprabandha : Bhoja not a contemporary of Mayura.

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326 . .. JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY The credibility of Jain tradition: Buhler's opinion. Pp. 56-60. Summamy of the life of Mayura-Traditions concerning Mayura fall into two classes : Traditions separate from the Jain tale itself. 486 RANGANATHASWAMI, S. P. V. Paisachi Prakrit. (IA,, xlviii, 1919, pp. 211-213). P. 213. Hemachandra in his grammar treats of six Prakrits, viz., Prakrita, Sauraseni, Magadhi, Paisachi, Chulika-Paisachi. and Apabhramsa, and has only two Paisachi dialects. 487 SASTRI, HARAPRASAD. Contributions of Bengal to Hindu Civilization. (JBORS, v, 1919, pp. 307-324). P. 314-316. Jainism, Buddhism, Ajivakism and all the religions receiving from the Buddhists the appellation of "Tairthikias" or the Heretical systems were founded upon the customs, usages, morals and religious opinions prevalent in ancient times in Bengal and Magadha and among the people known as the Chera. 488 KEAY, F. E. Hindi Literature. Calcutta, 1920. P. 84. Banarasi Das (b. 1586, d. sometime after 1641) of Jaunpur, a follower of the Jain religion. P. 85. Bhudhar Das, flourishing in 1724, was a Jain-Wrote works connected with the Jain religion, including Jain Sataka and the Parsva-purana. P. 97. Jaichand of Jaipur wrote in 1806 Svami Karttikeyanupreksa dealing with the doctrines of the Jains. Brindaban Ji (circ. 1792-1858) of Benares, a Jain of considerable merit was also a forceful writer on Jainism. 489 WINTERNITZ, M. Geschichte der Indischen Literatur. [History of Indian Literature) vol. 2 Leipzig, 1920.

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 327 Vol. 2, pp. 289-296. Religious text of the Jains-Jain canon (Siddhanta)-Canonical Jain literature. 490 Jain Manuscript "Bhandars" at Patan. (MR, July, 1920). P. 72. The importance of exploring these hitherto unnoticed Jain mss. libraries is emphasised in this short note. 491 NARIMAN, G. K. Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism. (From Winternitz, Sylvain Levi, Huber), Bombay, 1920. P. 199. Nirgranthas or Jains are religious sects of non-Buddhistic persuasion-They are the adversaries whom Asvaghosha detests with greater virulence than Brahmans-There is a story in which King Kaniska is made to be enraged against the Jain rivals of the Buddhists --Inscriptions at Mathura show that the Jains were flourishing under the Indo-Scythian Kings. Pp. 288-289. The Jain work Darsana Sara contains a virulent attack on the Buddhists charging them not only with consumption of animal food but also of spirituous liquor. 492 GRIERSON, GEORGE A. Paisachi in the Prakrita-Kalpataru. (IA, xlix, 1920, p. 114). Hemachandra in his grammar describes Paisachi and two varieties of Chulika-paisachika. 493 NARASIMHACHAR, R. The Karnataka Country and Language. (QJMS, X, 1920, pp. 248-258). P. 252. Antiquity of the Kannada language-According to the Jain tradition Bramhi, the daughter of Risabhadeva, the first Tirthankara, invented eighteen alphabets including, among others, Kannada. An inscription of about the gth century found in a Jain temple in the

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328 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY Deogarh fort contains specimens of different alphabets mostly Dravi. dian. Amrita-sagara, a Jain Tamil poet who flourished before the lith cent. states in his Yapparungalakkarigai, a work of prosody, that there existed in the Kannada language a work on prosody. 494 GUNE, P. D. Pradyota, Udayana and Srenika-A Jain Legend. (ABI, ii, 1920-21, pp. 1-21). The author traces the history of Pradyota, Udayana and Srenika from Jain legendary sources. 495 WOOLNER, ALFRED C. Introduction to Prakrit. (JRAS, 1921, pp. 633-5). The article is a review of the work-Introduction to Prakrit by A. C. Woolner-The work contains specimens of Jain Maharastri. 496 KINGSBURY, F. and G. E. PHILIPS. Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints. Calcutta, 1921. Pp. 10-11. Influence of the Saiva pilgrim poet Sambandar in conquering in argument a vast multitude of Jains in the presence of the king of Madura-Conversion of the king to saivism-Impalement of eight thousand stubborn Jains with the consent of Sambandar. P. 27. Sambandar's poems contain frequent denunciations of Buddhism or Jainism proving that the poems were composed at a time when the struggle between Hinduism and these other religions was at its highest. P. 33. Jains setting fire to Sambandar's house-His prayer for an attack of fever of the Pandyan king, then a Jain. P. 59. Apparsvami, a Saiva, got sunk in the sea by the Jain per secutors, but he began to float on the surface on crying "Hail, Siva". P. 61. Apparsvami when smitten with an inward disease for- sook Saivism and became a Jain. : !

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATION SHATTIN99 497 RICE, EDWARD P. A History of Kanarese Literature. Second Edition. Calcutta, 1921. Pp. 17-41. The Jain period to A.D. 1160. The Jain religion in the Kanarese country: Its dominance in the Kanarese country--Its introduction into South India-Principal tenets-The vow of sallekhana-Syadvada--Decline. The Kavirajamarga (C. 850) and early writers. Stanzas from Kavirajamarga. Jain writers from the Kavirajamarga to the Lingayet revival (1160). Illustrative extract from the Pampa Rarnayana. Note on the date of Samanta Bhadra and Pujyapaila. Pp. 42-48. Jain literature from 1160-1600 : In the time of the later Ballala Rajas (1160-1986). Under the Rajas of Vijaynagar (1336-1610). Pp. 93-94. Jain writers of the 19th and 18th centuries. 498 . RAMANUJASWAMI, P. V. Hemachandra and Paisaciprakita. (IA, li. 1922, pp. 51-54). No grammarians who follow Hemachandra treat of more than two Paisacikas-He treats of seven dialects. Trivikrama and srutasagara are two Jain Prakrit grammarians who closely follow Hemachandra. 499 NAHAR, P. C. A Note on the Jain Classical Sanskrit Literature. (Calcuita, 1922. Second Oriental Conference). This kind of literature is divided into three periods : (1) Period from ist Cent. B.C. to 10th Cent. A.D., classed as ancient, (2) the next period from ith Cent. A.D. to 15th Cent. A.D., classed as mediaeval, and (3) the third period from 16th Cent. to 19th Cent. A.D.., classed : as modern.

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350 JAINA BIBLIOGRAPHY RAO, H. NARAYANA. Etymological Research in Kanarese and Marathi. (JBBRAS, xxv, 1923, pp. 491-497). Pp. 492-3. Reference to Hemachandra's Desi-namamala. 20 500 501 BHATTACHARYYA, BATUKNATH. . .Brief Survey .of Sahitya-Shastra. (JDL, ix, [Pt. 2], 1923, pp. 97-206). P. 123. In an inscription dated 1128 A.D., discovered by Mr. Lewis Rice, is a verse by Dandin praising the Jain writer Srivardhadeva, author of Churamani. : Pp. 152-153. Amarasimha or Amarachandra, a disciple of Jinadatta Suri-Hemachandra and his production of Kavyanusasana. 502 BLOOMFIELD, M. The Salibhadra Charita, a story of conversion to Jaina Monkhood. (JAOS, xliii, pp. 257-316). 503 GRIERSON, GEORGE. Paisachi and Chulikapaisachika. (IA; lii; 1923, pp. 16-17). Jain religion eulogised. Hemachandra and his Prakrit Grammar. 504 JOHNSON, HELen M. The Story of the thief Rauhineya in the Mahaviracharitra of Hemacandra. (JAOS, xliv, 1924, pp. 1-10). This popular story forms a side-episode in the story of the lifehistory of the last Tirthankara of the Jains. 505 JAIN, BANARSI DAS. Ardha-Magadhi Reader. [Lahore, 1923]. Deals with Ardha-Magadhi, the sacred language of the Jains and serves as an introduction to the study of the Jain Agamas.

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LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, & EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 331 506 Indian Education in 1915-16 (Bureau of Education, India). Calcutta, 1917. P. 23. JAINS UNDER EDUCATION : 1. In Bombay. 19,800. 2. In the Central Provinces, 41,644. 507 Indian Education in 1917-18. (Bureau of Education, India). Calcutta, 1919. P. 17. JAINS UNDER EDUCATION : 1. In the Punjab, 1,950. 2. In the Central Provinces, 5,248. 3. In Assam (privately educated), 8 (found reading in recog. nised schools). 508 Indian Education in 1918-19. (Bureau of Education, India). Calcutta, 1920. Pp. 17-18. JAINS UNDER EDUCATION : 1. In the Punjab, 1,463. 2. In Bihar and Orissa, 157. g. In the Central Provinces, 5,536. 509 Indian Education in 1919-20. (Bureau of Education, India). Calcutta, 1921. P. 19. JAINS UNDER EDUCATION : 1. In Bombay, 22,545. 2. In the Punjab, 1,588. 3. In Bihar and Orissa, 170. 4. In the Central Provinces, 5,504. 5. In Assam, 14.

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INDICES N.B. The figures to the right refer to the entry numbers. A. JAIN WORKS Chitrakutadurge MahaviraprasadaAkalankacharita. 141 (xiv) prasasti. 140 (vii), 172. Akalankastaka. 141 (xiv) Chudamani. 2, 159, 187 (v), 501. Akalankasutravritti. 159 Darsanaratnaratnakara. 140 (xxi). Amoghavritti. 141. (xiv), 264, 288 Darsanasara. 491. Antarakathasangraha. 478 Dasavaikalikasutra. 265 Aptamimamsa. 159 Desnamamala.500 Astasati. 151 (v) Devagamastotrabhasya. 159 Atmatatvapariksana. 141 (xiv) Dhanyakumaracharita. 11 (xiv) Audaryachintamani. 473 Dharmarani.. 373 Aupapatikasutra. 119 Dharmopadlesamrira. 1 (iii, vi Avasvakaniryukti. 140 Dravyasan rahagama. i (13) Ayara igasutra. 289 Gadyachintamani. 1.1 (vin) Bahubalicharitrasataka. 141 (xx) Ganadharastotra. 141 (viii) Baudh-mat-jain-marg grantha. 333 Gandhahastimahabhasya. 159 Belgolada gommatesvaracharitre. 14: Gayatrivakhyana. 1.11 (xi) (viii) Gommatasara. 326 Rcluguladavistara. 141 (xx) Harivamsa. 1.41 (xx), 162, 171, 364), Bhadrabahucharita. 141 (7), 159, 1831 302, 365. 182. Bhadrabahucharitarthasamgraha. 141 Hirasanbhagya. 10 (xxi) (vii) Indirabhyudaya. 14 (xviii) Bhagavatisutra. 324 luihasakalpadruma. 135 (xvii) Bharatesavaibhava. 141 (ix) Jainendraprakriyavatara. 11 (xiv) Bharatesvaracharita. 141 (xiv) Jainendravyakarana. 1.11 (ix). 159. Bhojaprabandha. 485 482 Bhujabalicharitre, 141 (ix) Jatakatilaka. 1.41 (viii), 287 Bijjalarayacharita. 322 Jinacharita. 392 Brihatkathakosa. 159, 171 Jinendrakalyanabhyudaya. y (x) Budhesbhavanavyakhyana. 159 sivakachintamani. 195 (xi), 25,5 tris Champakasresthikatha. 265 Jivandharachampu. 408 Chamundarayapurana. 326 Jivandharasatpadi. 11 (vi) Chandranathasataka. 141 (viii) jnanabhaskaracharita. 11 (1) Chandraprabhacharita. 23, 141 jnanachandracharita. 141 (xvi) Chandraprabhasatpadi. 141 (x) jnanasara. 141 (vii) Chaturvirstiprabandha. 373 svalinikalpa. 159 Chhandasara. 141 (xiv) Kalpapradipa. 271, 293 Chikkasravakachara. 141 (vii Kalpasutra. 26, 324, 461 Chintamani. 1, 2, 159, 457, 465, 467, Kalyanakaraka. 141 (i, iv) Kannadaratnakarandaka. 141 (8) Chandranarayapuratha. 265 159 468. 43

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334 INDICES amani. (vi) 321 Kappasuya, See Kalpasutra Padarthasara. 141 (xviii) Karigai. 1, 2 Padmacharita. 141 (iv, xiv) Karkaladagommatasvamicharitre, 141 | Pamparamayana. 255, 497 (viii) Panchakalyanastotra. 141 (viii) Karmaprakriti. 141 (viii) Paumachariya. 140 (xxi) Karnatakabhasabhusana. 1.11 ( Paramagahasara. 141 (vii Karnatakakalyanakaraka. 141 (vii) Parsvapurana. 488 287 Prabandhachintamani. 485 Karnatakasabdanusasana. 159 Prabhanjanacharitre. 141 (viii) Kasikavivaranapanchika. 141 (xiv) Prabhavakacharita. 140 (xxi), 321. Kavirajamarga. 253, 497 323, 485 Kavyanusasana. 501 Prakritprakasa. 473 Kavyaprakasa. 485 Prasnoitararatnamata. 141 (xiv) Khagendramanidarpana. 1.11 (viii) Pratisthakalpa. 159 Kriyachuliki. 141 (viii) Pravaschitta. 141 (xiv) Ksatrachudamani. 169 Punyasravakatha. 141 (xiv) Kural. 218, 328, 4:17 Purudevachampu. 141 (vii) Linganusasana. 141 (V) Raghavapandaviya. 159, 255 Lokopakara. 11 (iii, xiv) Rajavalikathe. 159 Lokasvarupa. 141 (1111) Ratnakarandaka (or, UpasakadhyaLokavibhaga. 1.41 (vi, vii, xiv), 174, yana). 141 (viii) 183, 317, 322 Sabdagama. 141 (xiv) Mahapurana. 468 Sabdanusasana. 482 Maharamayana. 1. 41 (iv. xiv) Sabdanusasanaprakriya. 159 Mahaviracharita. 504 Sabdavatara. 141 (ix), 159 Mahisuradoregala Vamsabali. 141 Sadbodhachandrodaya. 141 (vii) (xvii) Salibhadracharita. 502 Mangarajanighantu. 141 (viii) Samadhisataka. 159 Marttanda. 159 Samayabhusana. 159 Mullasastra. 141 (xiii, xiv) Samayasara Natakam. 26 Munisuvratakavva. 11 (vii) Samudrikalaksana. 141 (viii) Munivamsabhyudaya. 141 (vii Sanatkumarasatpadi. 141 (viii) Naladiyar. 197 Santinathapurana. 141 (ii) Nanartharatnakara. 141 (xvi) Sarasvataprakriya. 482 Nanartharatnamala. 141 (xvi), 322 Sarvarthasiddhi. 159 Nandisutra. 230, 478 Sastrasarasamuchchaya. 141 (xviii) Nandisvarabhakti. 171 Satrunjayamahatmya. 140 (xxi) Nannul. 1, 2, 187 (xix) Siddhastotra. 141 (viii) Navasabdavachya. 159 Silappadigaram. 145 (iii) Navastotra. 159 Slokavarttikalankara. 159 Neminatham. 187 (v) Somadevaniti. 141 (xiv) Neminathapurana. 141 (xiv) Sraddhadinakritya. 135 (xxiii) Nirayavalisutra. 289 Sravakachara. 141 (vii) Nirvanabhakti. 254. Srichitrakuta-durga * Mahavira - PraNyayakumudachandrodaya. 159 sada Prasasti. 140 (vii) Nyayavakaratippana. 476 Srimalamahatmya. 135 (xv)

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JAIN WRITERS 335 waracha ha. 25; (xiv) Sringararnavachandrika. 141 (xvi) Vratasvarupa. 141 (xi) Sripadasiti. 141 (xiv) Vrittachintaratna. 141 (vii) Sripalacharita. 141 (i Vyavaharaganita. 141 (iv)" Srutavatara. 141 (vii) Yapparungalakkarigai. 187 (v), 493 Sthalapurana. 280, 445 Yatidharmasravakadharman. 320 Sthaviravalicharita. 230 Yogamrita. 141 (ii) Suktisudharnava. 141 (iv) B. JAIN WRITERS Sukumaracharitra. 141 (xi, xiv) Abhavachandra. 1.41 (viii) Sulamaninighamtu. 1, 187 (xviii) Abhayanandi. 23 Sumatisatakam. 159 Abhinavapampa. 287 Supasastra. 141 (vii) Achanna. 141 (xiv) Suryaprajnapti (Surapannattisutra) Adiyappa. 141 (xiv) 270 Akalanka. 141 (v, xiv, xv), 159, 322 utrakritanga. 439 Amarachandra. 501 Sumikarttikeyanupreksa. 488 Amarasimha. 250, 501 Svarupasambodhana. 141 (xiv) Amoghavarsa. 11 (xiv) Syadvada Manjari. 23 Amritasagara. 1. 493 Tandavamalai. 2 Amritasakarar. ? Tarkarahasyadipika. 140 (ix) dia akavi. i41 (vi, xx) Tattvarthathigamasutra. 159, 299 Anantaviryya. 159 Tattvarthamahasastra. 159 Appar. 2 Tirthakalpa. 135 (xv), 140 (v) Appai aiyar. 2 Tolkappaya. 2, 436 Araldasa. (vii) Trailok yadipika. 141 (xx) Asadihara. 14! (viii) 256 Traistrisvarnikachara. 141 (ix, xiv) Asvaghosa. 491 Trelokyadipaka. See Trailokyadipika atmajna. 141 (viii) Trilokasara, 159, 171. Ayaialarma. 141 (iii) Trisastilaksanamahapurana. 326 Ayyapparva. 141 (x) Trisastisalakapurusacharita. 140 Banarsidasa. 188 Bhadrabahu. 141 (viii) Trivarnikachara. See Traivarnika- Bhavanandin. 18; (vii) chara Bhuchardasa. 188 Ubbaisutta. 265 2umarasa. 1.1 (viii) Udyogasara. 141 (viii) Brindabana. 488 Unnatasikharapurana. 135 (xii) Chamundaraya. 141 (iii, xiv) Upamitibhavaprapanchakatha. 471 Chanda. 473 Upasakadhyayana. 141 (viii) Chandrakirti. 1.41 (viji), 482 Uitamasikharapurana. 135 (xii) Chandrama. 141 (viii) Uttaradhyayanasutra. 324, 410 Chandrasagaravarni. 141 (xiii, xiv) Uttarapurana. 141 (ii, ix, xiv) Charitraratnagaoi. 140 (vii), 172 Uvasasadasao. 265 Chidanandakavi. 141 (vii) Vaidyonighantusara. 141 (xviii) Chikkanna. 141 (xviii) Pardhichandrodaya. 141 (xvi) Chintamani. 159 Vastupalacharita. 86 Chitrakavi Soma. 141 (vii) l'idhipaksagachhhiyapanchaprati- Chucamani. 159 kramana. 140 (xxi) Dandin. 501 408

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336 INDICES . Dayapala. 159 Munjarya. 141 (xviii). Devabhadra. 476 Nachiraja. 256 Devachandra. 111 (xvi), 159 Nagachandra. 287 Devanandi. Sce Pujyapada Nagaraja. 141 (xiv) Devaraja. 141 (xiv) Nagavarma. 141 (vii) Devavimalagani. 140 (xxi) Nemanna. 141 (v) Devendra Suri. 135 (xxiii) Nemichandra. 141 (viii, ix, xiv, xvi, Dhananjaya. 141 (xvi) xx), 159 Dhanesvara Suri. 140 (xxi) Nripatunga. 253 Doddana. 141 (x) Padmanandi. 141 (iii, vii) Gridhrapinchhacharya. 159 Panchabana. 141 (ix) Gunabhadra. 141 (xiv), 259, 320 Pavanandi. 1, 2, 87' (xix) Gunachandra. 141 (ii, xiv) Payanavarni. 141 (xvi) Gunaratna Suri. 140 (ix) Ponna. 141 (i Gunasagara. 187 (v) Prabhachandra. 140 (xxi), 141 (xi, Gunavarma. 141 (viii) xiv), 159 Gunavira. 187 (v) Pradyumna Suri. 323 Haribhadra Suri. 140 (xxi), 142 Pujyapada. 141 (ix), 159, 482, 497 Harichandra. 468 RaghunathaSuri. 141 (xviii) Harisena. 159, 171 Rajaditya. 141 (iv) Harsavardhana. 141 (v) Rajasekhara Suri. 373 Hemachandra. 1.10 (xxi), 172, 259, Ramasena. 159 291, 363, 408, 482, 473, 504 Ranna. 247 Indrabhuti. 159 Ratnakarasiddha. 141 (ix) Indranandi. 159 Ratnakaravarni. 141 (xiv) Irugapa. 141 (xvi), 187 (xxi) Ratnanandi. 141 (vii), 159 Jagaddala Somanatha. 1,4i (vii) Ravisena. 141 (iv, xiv) Lagannathacharya. 141 (vii) Rohagutta. 410 Jaichand. 488 Sakatayana. 204, 267, 288 Jinachandra. 159 Samantabhadra. 141 (viii), 159, 497 Jinaprabha Suri. 135, (xvi), 140 (v). Sampurnachandra. 159 271, 293 Santarajapandita. 141 (vii) Jinasena. 141 (xx), 162, 171, 259. Santinatha. 141 (xi, xiv) livendrabuddhi. 141 (xiv) Siddhacharya (See also, SridharaKalaka Suri. 323 charyya) 287 Kotisvarakavi. 141 (vi) Siddhars. 471, 476 Lokacharya. 159 Siddhasena Suri. 373 Vaghanandi. 141 (xviii) Siddha Suri. 135 (xiii) al undraprabha Suri. 140 (xxi) Simha Suri. 141 (vi, vii, xiv), 183 Mallikarjuna. 141 (iv) Sital Prasad. 428 Van ala Purudar. 2 Sivakoti Suri. 159 Tangaraja. 141 (viii) Sivananji Ganda. 141 (iv) sagarasa, 11 (i, vii, viii) Somadeva. 141 (xiv) Varatuga. 1857 Somanatha. 287 !!! andra. 159 Somesvara. 86 Sicrurunga. 259 Sidhara. 141 (viii), 159

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LOCALITIES 337 di ala'yo Srindinandi (?). 141 (vii) | Ajmere. 42, 135 (xvii, xxii, xxvi), 143 Sripala. 159 (i, vii, ix) Srivardhadeva. 159, 501 Akola. 60 Srutakirtti. 159 Alagarkovil. 187 (xxxvi) Srutamuni. 159 Alagarmalai. 140 (xi, xii), 195 (xi) Srutasagara. 473, 498 Alavi. 221 Subhachandra. 461, 473 Allahabad. 91, 138 (vii, x) Sumati. 159 Alurutrimalai. 187 (xlviii) Tiruvallava. 2, 218, 228, 458 Alwar State. 143 (vii, viii) Tolamolitteva. 187 (xviii) Amarpur. 41, 195 (xii) Trivikrama. 461, 473, 498 Ambaji. 135 (xiii) Tumbaluracharya. 159 Amer. 135 (xvii) Ugraditya. 141 (i, xiv) Aminbhavi. 135 (xiii) Umasvali. 159, 299 mirpur. 138 (viii) Vadibhasimha. 141 (viii), 159, 568 Amnasatram. 187 (xlviii), 195 (u) Vadigharghalabhatta. 141 (xviii) Imraoti. 61 Vajranandi. 159 Amur. 195 (vi) Vakragriva. 159 Amvam. 135 (xii) Vidyananda. 141 (xiv), 159, 473. Anadra. 304 Vimala Suri. 140 (xxi) Anaimalai. 1445 (i), 187 (xxxv), 195 Vira Mandala. I (ii, iv. x) Viranandi. 23 Anamkonda. jog Anantapur. 41 C. LOCALITIES Andhra. 308 Abu. 32, 82, 86, 135, (viii, xiv, xxii), Anga. 265 138 (i), 140 (ix, xx), 152, 203, 224, Angadi. 112, 114, 115, 141 (xiv) 225, 231, 258, 304, 309, 454 Anjangiri. 137 (viib), 171, 195 (viii) Achalgarh. 135 (xxii), 304 Anjukottai. 187 (xli), 193 (iii) Achargunchi. 135 (xxii, xxiii, XXV Ankanathapur. 141 (x) Adbhar. 59, 135 (xi), 139 (xi) Annavasal. 137 (xv, xvi) Adhamankotai. 187 (xlii), 195 (vi) : Antariksa Parasvanatha. 59, 139 (ix), Adipur. 94 153 Adoki. 142 (i) Antri. 143 (iv) Adoni. 40 Arai, Arami. 135 (xviii) Agali. 41, 195 (xiii) Arang. 53, 135 (xi), 139 (vii, xii, xiii, Aghalaya. 141 (x) xiv), 140 (iii) Agra. 138 (iv) | Arappakkam, Arapakam. 137 (x, xvi) Ahar. 138 (i) Arappar. 179 Ahmadpur. 47 | Arbudi. See also Abu. 221, 222 Ahmedabad. 135 (xxii, xxviii) Arrah. 28 . Ahmednagar. 135 (xxviii) Arsa. 139 (ii) Aihole. 135 (xvi, xxii), 140 (x) Arsikere. 112, 114, 115, 141 (vi, xv) Aivarmalai. 187 (xxxvii) Arthuna. 135 (xxii), 143 (iv) Aiyambalaiyam. 187 (xxxvii) Asaikhera. 138 (iv) Ajabgarh. 143 (vii) Assam. 36, 76 Ajari. 135 (xiii), 138 (i), 304 Atru (Kotah State). 138 (iv)

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338 INDICES 94 Atru Ganeshgunj. 138 (iv) Aunda. 135 (v) Avanti. 27, 269 Aybavalli. 141 (x) Ayiraimalai. 187 (xxxvii) Ayodhya. 221 Azimganj. 68, 229 Badami. 99, 135 (xvii, xx, xxi, xxvi), 141 (xvii) Badaneguppe. 171 Badaseri. 94 Dadhnor. 143 (ix) Bagali. 195 (i) Baghelkhand. 135 (xxvi) Baghera. 143 (ii) Bagingaon. 304 Bahawalpur. 47 Bahulara. 139 (xiv), 10 (xxvi) Baluriband. 135 (iv, xi), 139 (vii) Baijnath. 142 (iii, iv) Bairat. 135 (xvii) Balalpur. 59 Balda. 135 (xxiv) Balehonnut. 141 (xiii) Balguli. 40 Bali. 135 (xv) Balligrama. 141 (viii) Bamanvarji. 135 (xxiv) Damandarji. 304 Banavasi. 135 (iii) Bandalike. 112, 114, 115, 141 (viii) Bandarpekhana hills. 135 (xxviii) Bankura. 140 (xxvi) Danswara State. 143 (iv) Barabar. 259. Baragaon. 139 (i) Barkana. 135 (xvi) Barkur. 137 (xxv) Barli. 135 (xix), 143 (ii) Barlu. 135 (xviii, xix) Barman. 304 Baro. 135 (xxi), 140 (xvii) Baroda. 38, 143 (iv) Barsana. 142 (x) Barsi Takli. 139 (ix) Barwani. 135 (xxiii) Basrur. 187 (xxv) Basti. 140 (xiii) Bastihalli. 141 (viii, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii) Basti-Haskole. 141 (xvii) Batesar. 138 (v) Bayana, Byana. 135 (xvii, xxvii. xxviii) Beda. 135 (xv) Begur. 141 (xii) Behar. 76c, 224 Belar. 135 (xv) Belgami. 141 (viii) Belgaum. 135 (viii, x, xiii, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv), 175 Belgola. 187 (xxvii). 195 (viii) Bellary. 40, 195 (xi) Bellumbatte. 141 (xv) Bellur, Belur, 141 (viii, xii) Belvadi. 11 (x2) Bclvola country. 159 Benares. 225, 287A Bengal. 31, 57, 64, 65, 66, 68, 76A, 192, 259, 475 Bevur. 141 (vi) Bezwada. 187 (xxx), 195 (iv, v, xv) Bhadalpur. 51 Bhadrabahu cave. 193 Bhadravati, Bhadrapur. 139 (xv) Bhadresvara, Bhadresara. 86, 135 (xiii) Bhagalpur. 31, 259 Bhandak, Bhadravati. 139 (vii, xv, xvi), 140 (iii) Chanpur. 135 (xxvii) Bharatpur. 142 (iii) Bhatkal, 135 (iii, xvii, xxi, xxiii, xxvii), 140 (xxv) Bhatkuli. 61 Bhatund. 135 (xv) Bhavanagara. 141 (vi) Bhilri. 135 (i) Bhilsa. 51, 195 (xxi) Bhimapur. 94 Bhinmal, Bhilmal. 135 (xiv, xv), 365 Bhodesar, 135 (xix, xxiv)

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LOCALITIES 3..9 Chinumi35 Bhogapur. 187 (xlix) 187 (xlv) Bhojpur. 135 (ix) Chandravati. 182 Bhopal. 373 Chandrikapuri. See also Sravasti. 221 Bhuvanesvara. 88 Channarayapatna. 141 (x) Bihar and Orissa. 31, 64, 76c, 135 Chartana. 135 (v) (xxviii) Chatsu. 135 (xvii) Bijapur. 135 (xxv), 160, 287 Chaumuhani. 142 (x) Bijawada. 135 (xxviii) Chikka-betta. See Chandragiri Bijolia. 135 (xii, xiii), 138 (i) Chikka-bilagumha. 141 (vii) Bikanir. 31, 32, 68, 229 Chikka-hansoge. 112, 114, 115, 111 Bilas. 138 (iv) | (x, xi) Bilaspur. 59 Chikka-magadi. 141 (viii) Bilgi: 135 (iii, x, xvii, xix, xx) Chikmagalur. 141 (xiii) Biliur. 171, 195 (viii) Chilamkur. 137 (ix) Bisakur. 141 (xii) Chinnatumbal. 40 Bodeswara. 135 (xxvi) Chipiani. 138 (viii) Bogara. 40 Chippigiri. 40,137 (xv, xvi), 187 Boiya. 135 (xv) (xii) Bombay. 35, 37, 58, 330 Chitral. 1.15 (i, ii, iv), 187 (li) Brahmagiri. 141 (vi) Chitor. 143 (ix), 454 Buddhani. 137 (ii) Chitorgarh. 135 (viii, xi, xii, xiv, Budha Pushkar. 143 (viii) xxiii), 138 (i, iii, iv), 140 (vii) Budhikonda, Bodikonda. 137 (xiv) Chitrakut. 135 (xi), 172 Buldana. 56 Chittamur. 137 (x) Bundelkhand. 52, 125, 292 Cholasandra. 112, 114, 115 Bundi. 32 Chota Kailasa. 135 (xviii) Burran. 139 (ii) Churra. 139 (ii) Calaswadi. 206 Coimbatore. 85 Calcutta. 66 76B Conjecvcram. 137 (v) Calicut. 137 (xvi) Coorg. 137 (xxi), 159, 171 Cambay. 196C Cuddalore. 317, 322 Canara. 116, 195 (xvi) Cuddapah. 137 (x) Chaitru. 142 (x) Cuttack. 31, 88 Champa. 265 Dabar Lena, Tarla Lena. 144 (iii) Champanagara. 31, 139 (ii), 265 Dabhoi, Darbhavati. See 86 Champanir. 135 (xvi, xvii, xix) Dadapur. 195 (xiv) Champur. 135 (xxvii) Dammani. 143 (i) Champhavat. 301 Danavulapadu. 137 (ix, x, xi, xiii, Chamrajnagara. 141 (ix, xiii, xvii) xiv, xv, xvi, xxi, xxii, xxiii), 140 Chanda. 55 (ii-vii), 164, 187 (A), 195 (xv) Chanderi. 51 Datani. 304 Chandpur. 142 (ix, x) Daulatabad. 141 (xvii) Chandragiri. 97, 141 (vi, x), 193, 195 Deccan. 144 (ii), 259, 292 (i), 221 Degamve. 135 (xii) Chandragutti. 316 Delhi. 67, 138 (vii, x), 171, 257 Chandralekhai Chaturvedimangala. Deogaon. 135 (xx, xxviii)

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340 INDICES 222 Deogarh, 48, 138 (ii), 140 (xx, xxiii, Gahrao. 142 (vi) ! xxv), 142 (v, vi, viii, ix), 143 (x) Gama. 141 (xiv) Decli. 139 (ii) Gandhawal. 51 Depalpur. 135 (xxvii) Gangdhar. 143 (iii) Deravar. 47 Gangaikondasolapur. 137 (xiv) Devki Vansol. 135 (xxii) Gangavadi. 171 Dewas. 49 Gatyali. 143 (ii) Dhamnar caves. 140 (vii) Gandhar. 135 (iv) Dhamoni. 139 (vii, ix, xi) Garasoppa. 135 (iii, xvii, xxv, xxvi), Dhanpur. 59 1.11 (xiii). 316 Dhar, Dhara. 138 (i), 143 (ix) Garhi. 62 Dharmapuri. 74, 161, 187 (xlii), 195 Gaya. 31 (vi) Ghanerava. 135 (xv) Dharwar. 135 (xxiii) Gharivala. 135 (xiv) Dhauli. 88 Ghazi. 1.13 (vii) Dilmal. 135 (1) Ghori. 135 (xix, xxi) Dilwara, Dilvada. 135 (xiv), 138 (i), Ghotan. 135 (xxviii) Ghusai, Ghosavati. 140 (xxii) Dinajpur. 31 Ginjec. 137 (ix, x, xvi, xviii) Dinciori. 62, 139 (viii) Girinagara, Girnar. 95, 135 (xix, Dodda-betta. 97, 141 (vi, x), 193. xxvi), 221, 234 Doda-Kanagalu. 171 Girwar. 304 Dom gandara. 94 Gouwar. 32 Donneboranare. 141 (xii) Gokul. 138 (xii), 142 (iii) Dorasamudra. 280 Gooty. 41, 195 (xvi) Draksarama. 195 (xii) Gopichala. See Gwalior. Dravida country. 145 (ii) Gopinatha hill. 141 (xi) Dubkund. 51 Gori. 23, 26, 28, 135 (xxiii) Dudali. 138 (ii) Govardhana. 143 (ii) Dudhai. 142 (vi, ix, x) Gudivada. 137 (ii, xvi), 187 (xxxi) Dungarpur State. 143 (iv) Gujarat, Guzcrat. 313, 332, 373, 461 Durgakonda hill. 137 (xiv, xvi), 140 Gunapavara. 195 (xi) (xvi) Gurgaon. 112 (ii) Dvarasamudra. 150 Gurubaktakonda hill. 137 (xiv), 140 Ekling. 135 (xii) (xvi), 195 (xiii) Eksambi. 141 (xiii) Gurugalare hill. 141 (x) Elephanta. 80 Guruvayankeri, Guruvankeri. 116, Eleyur. 141 .(xiv) 137 (ix, xiv, xvi, xix) Ellichpur. 254 Gwalior. 51, 126, 135 (xxvi), 143 (vii), Ellora caves. 81, 110, 135 (xxi), 141231. 257 (xvii), 197, 287A, 335 Gyaraspur, Giaraspur. 51, 135 (xxi) Eran. 139 (xi, xiii, xv, xvi, xvii) Hadagalli. 10 Eruvadi. 195 (xi) Hadvalli, Haduvalli. 135 (iii, xxiii). Faizabad. 138 (x) 159 Fatehpur Sikri. 136 (iii) | Hagalhalli. 142 (xvii) Gadag. 135 (xxiii) Talcangadi. 137 (xii)

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LOCALITIES 341 Hale Belgola. 141 (x), 193 Isagarh. 51 Halebid. 112, 114, 115, 141 (iv, v, viii, Isapur. 138 (xii) xiv, xx), 159 Izatpuri. 135 (xxii) Hallur. 135 (xxviii) Jabalpur. 135 (iv) Halol. 135 (xvi) j'adoli. 135 (xii) Halugoda. 195 (i) Jagdusa. 135 (xiii) Hampi. 40, 111, 137 (x, xiii, xv, xvi, Jahugira hill. 139 (ii) xvii, xix, xxi, xxiv, xxv), 140 (xiv), Jaipur. 143 (ix) 141 (xvii), 185 (xv), 245, 322 Jalor. 135 (xvi), 140 (xii), 166 Hanasoge. 159, 171 Jammalamadugu. 137 (ix) Hanchi. 141 (viii) jananathachola Chaturvedimangala. Hangal. 135 (xvi, xxi, xxvi) 187 (xi) Hanumantogudi. 187 (xli), 195 (iii) Jananathapur. 187 (xliv), 195 (iii) Harpanahalli. 40 Janti Agrahara. 195 (viii) Hastikundi. 160 (vii, ix) Taora. 135 (xxvii) Hastinapur. 142 (vii, ix) Jaso. 135 (xxvi) Hateangadi. 187 (xix) Jasol. 135 (xviii, xix) Hathigumpha. 88, 113, 157, 168, 176, Jaswantapur. 148 194, 283 savagal. 141 (viii) Hathundi. 135 (xv) Javal. 135 (xxiv) Hatna. 141 (xv, xvi) jayankondapur. 137 (i, xiv-xvii) Hattugattunad. 171 saykal fort. 135 (xvi) Hazaribagh. 31, 71 Jesalmere, Jaselmere. 29, 32 Heggadadevankote. 141 (x), 195 (vii) shadesvarapur. 94 Heggere. 141 (xv, xvi) shadoli. 135 (xiii) Hemakuta. 121, 137 (x, xx, xxi, xxiii) Jhalrapatan. 135 (xii), 143 (iii) Hindoli. 32 Jhansadi. 143 (x) Hiriyangadi. 195 (xvi) Jhansi. 142 (v, vi, x) Hissar. 69 Jharda. 135 (xxvii) Hola Narsipur. 141 (x) Jharkhand. 139 (ii) Hosaholalu. 141 (xii) sharoli. 304 Hoshangabad. 46 jhelam. 45 Hoshiarpur. 43 |jinanathapur. 112, 114, 115, 141 (vi, Hospet. 137 (viii) x), 193 Hubli. 135 (xxv) Jinendramangala. 187 (xli), 195 (iii) Hulibidu. 137 (xx) sinmata. 135 (xvii) Hulidenhalli. 141 (xi) Jiraval. 135 (xxiv) Huliyar. 141 (xv) Jodhpur. 32, 148, 468 Hullegal. 141 (xvii) lodikempanapur. 141 (xiv) Humcha. 33, 474 Jothi. 137 (ix) Ichavadi. 141 (xx) Juaneer. 81 India. 63 Jubbalpur. 52 India, Southern. See Southern IndialJumboosur. 313 India, Western. See Western India Junagadh, Junagarh. 185 (xvi, xvii), Indore. 50, 135 (xxii, xxvii) | 162, 168, 224 Indragiri. See Doddo-betta Kabirpur. 31 44 .

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842 INDICES Kadaba. 187 (xxix) Kari Talai. 139 (ix) Kadaikottur. 187 (v) Karinga. 135 (ix) . Kadri. 195 (xvi) Karkas. 116, 131 (xi, xii, xiv, xvi, Kadur. 159 |xix), 187 (xxv, xxviii), 195 (xvi) Kahaon. 140 (viii) Karlee. 81 Kahaum. 295 Karnataka, Karnata. 33, 308 Kaidala. 141 (xv) Karnul. 85 Kailwada. 135 (xvi) Karungalakkudi. 187 (xxxvi), 195 Kalachumbarru. 187 (xxxii) (vii, xv) Kalagara. 143 (i), 304 Karuppannasami rock. 187 (xxxviii) Kalahasti, 187 (xix) Karwar. 135 (xix) Kalandri. 135 (xxiv) Kasi. 324 Kalasavadi. 141 (ix) Kathiawad. 224, 313 Kalavati. 141 (xii) Kathumbar. 143 (viii) Kalbhani. 159 Katra. 142 (iii) Kalinga. 88, 96, 310, 318 Kattarighatta. 141 (xii) Kalinganagara. 318 Kattebennur. 187 (xiv), 195 (x) Kalinjra. 135 (xiv), 143 (iv) Kausambi. 106, 140 (xix), 142 (vii) Kallangere. 141 (viii) Kavakadu. 195 (xi) Kallil. 145 (ii) Kaveripatna. 137 (xvi) Kalloli. 135 (xvii) Kayadran. 304 Kallugumalai. 187 (vi, vii, xiii, xiv, Kekind. 135 (xvii, xvii) XV), 145 (i), 195, (xiii) Kelasur. 195 (vii) Kalungula. 137 (xiv) Kelwa. 143 (vi) Kalya, Kalleha. 141 (xii) Kenera. 81 Kamalmere, Kamalgarh. 138 (i) Keshorai Patan. 185 (xii) Kamalpur. 137 (ix, xiv) Kesopur. 212 Kambadahalli. 112, 114, 115, 141 (xii) Ketamanhalli. 141 (xiii) Kambaduru. 41, 137 (xviii) Kethuli, Ketholi. 135 (xxvii) Kammarachodu. 195 (xi) Khajuraho, Khajaraha. 135 (xi, xvii, Kampila, Kampilya. 142 (ix), 324 ' xxvi), 140 (v), 156, 226, 234 Kanara. 135 (xxiii, xxv), 140 (xviii), Khandagiri. 84, 88, 89, 96, 113, 129, 187 (xxiv), 251 139 (v, vi), 140 (i), 141 (xix), 310 Kanchi. 183, 213, 322 Khandela. 135 (xvii) Kanchinakovi hill. 141 Khed. 135 (xviii, xix) Kondikere. 141 (xv) Kheda. 143 (viii) Kangra. 138 (ix), 140 (vii), 142 (iii, Khiching. 94 iv, x) Khidrapur. 135 (iii) Kanheri. 141 (xvii) Khutiani Bihar. 51 Kanthkot. 135 (xiii) Kiggatnad. 171 Kantika. 482 Kilakkudi. 187 (xxxv), 195 (v) Kaparda. 135 (xiv) Kilavalavu. 137 (xix), 187 (xxxvi), Karagna. 142 (v) 195 (v) Karanja. 59 Kiradu. 166 Karanpur. 139 (ix) Kiriya Kondakunda. 195 (xi) Kareda. 135 (xii) Kitas. 45

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LOCALITIES Kogali. 187 (xiv), 195 (i, x) Kunnekkudi. 195 (iv) Kohala. 135 (xx, XXv1) Kuppatur. 141 (viii) Kojra. 135 (xxiv), 304 Kuppulanatha. 137 (xvi), 140 (xi), Kolar. 135 (xxiv), 187 (xix) 187 (xxxix), 195 (iv) Kolhapur. 135 (iii, xxi), 360 Kurandi. 187 (xxxv, xl), 195 (x) Kolikkudi. 137 Kuru. 324 Koliyanur. 187 (xi) Kurugodu. 40, 187 (xiii) Kollegal. 195 (v) Kuruvadinudi. 187 (xli) Kommanandu. 187 (xxiii) Ku[ruvjaniyakkudi. 179 Konakondala. 41, 195 (xi, xvi) Kuvalalapur. 187 (xix) Kondakatti. 187 (xiv), 195 (x) Kuyirkudi. 187 (xxxv), 195 (v) Kondakundeyatirtha. 195 (xi) Lachhmangarh. 143 (viii) Kondakundi. 195 (xi, xvi) Laharpur. 142 (vii) Kongar Puliyangula. 140 (xi), 187 Lakkavarapukota. 187 (1), 195 (vii) (XXXV, XXXix), 195 (iv, V) Lakkundi. 135 (xiii, xv, xxi, xxiii) Konnur. 135 (xvii, xxii) Laksmesvara. See Puligere Kopanatirtha. 171 Laksmidevihalli.. 141 (viii) Koppala. 141 (xiii) Lalrai. 166 Korta. 135 (xvi) Lanji. 139 (x) Kosali. 94 Las. 135 (xxiv) Kosam. See Kausambi Lepakshi. 137 (xv) Kosi, Kosikalan. 142 (x), 212 Lohagar. 135 (xvii) Kotesvara. 187 (xxv) Lucknow. 136 (i, vii), 162, 168 Kotipi. 195 (xiii) Madakasira. 41, 140 (xxii) Kotra. 135 (xxviii) Madanpur. 138 (ii) Kotragarh. 138 (i) Maddagiri. 141 (xv) Kotri, Kothri. 50, 195 (xxvii) Madhubana. 71 Kot-solankiya. 166 Madras. 30, 187 (xxxiv) 195 (vi) Kottagere. 141 (xvi) Madura. 1, 2, 137 (xx), 195 (iv, v), Kottasivarama. 195 (xii) 204, 322, 457, 458 Kotturu. 40, 187 (Li) Magadha. 209, 227, 265 Kovilangula. 187 (xl), 195 (x) Magadi Taluq. 141 (iii) Krishnagiri. 137 (xiv) Magaral. 137 (iv) Kuchchangi. 141 (xiii) Mahabana. See Gokul Kudalur. 141 (vi) Mahadanpur. 137 (xiv), 187 (xlvii) Kukdesvara. 135 (xxvii), 140 (XXV) Maharatta country. 322, 334 Kulattur. 195 (viii) Mahendramangala. 187 (xlii), 195 Kumalgarh. 135 (xv, xvi) (vi) Kumaramarttandapur. 187 (xl) Mahet, Maheth. 138 (x), 140 (x, xvi) Kumariparvata. See Khandagiri Mahoba. 123, 138 (viii), 142 (vi, viii) Kumbanur. 187 (xl) Mailamanagara. 260 Kumbhakona. 195 (xv) Mailapur. 260 Kumbhania. 135 (xiii) Mainpuri. 138 (iv, v) Kummadavada. 159 Makarbai. 142 (viii) Kunche. 141 (x) Maksi. 51 Kundalpur. 135 (iv), 139 (viii) Malabar hill. 58 Kunigal. 141 (xvi) Malaganhalli. 141 (vii)

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344 INDICES Malaiyadikurichchi. 195 (xi) Miani. 135 (vii) Malayur. 33, 187 (v) Milalaikurram. 187 (xxxv), 195 (v) Mallani. 32 Miri. 135 (ii), 140 (xxvi) Malliyapundi. 187 (xxiii), 195 (iv) Mirpur. 135 (xiii) Malwa. 49 Mirpukhas. 135 (xvii) Manbhum. 31, 57, 64, 139 (ii) Modhera. 373 Mandal. 135 (xix) Molagavalli. 137 (xx) Mandalgarh. 135 (xii) Mori. 135 (xx, xxvii) Mandla. 62 Morkhana. 140 (xxiii) Mandor. 135 (xiv), 140 (xiv) Mosalevada. 195 (xiv) Mandu hill. 138 (i) Mudakodu. 137 (xiv) Mandvi. 35 Mudbidri. 116, 137 (x, xi, xvi, xix, Mangalore. 137 (xix), 195 (xvi) xx), 140 (xviii, xx), 187 (xxvii), 474 Manjgadh. 47 Mudigondam. 187 (xxi), 195 (v) Manjpur. 143 (viii) Mugur. 141 (ix) Mannarsamudram. See Sendalai Muktagiri. 39, 254. Manne. 141 (xiv) Malappalli. 187 (xlii) Mannera Masalavada. 195 (xiv) Mulgund. 177, 190 Manyakheta. 213, 323 Mulki. 187 (xxvi) Maratha. See Southern Maratha Mullur. 137 (xxi, xxv), 159, 171, 195 Marganhalli. 141 (vii) (viii), 275 Markuli. 141 (xx) Mundgaon. 59 Maruttuvakkudi. 187 (xliv) Mundsaur. 135 (xii) Marwar. 166, 332 Mungaoli. 51 Masulipatam. 187 (xxx), 195 (iv) Munghyr. 31 Mathura, Muttra. 87, 91, 98, 119, 136 Mungthala. 135 (xiv), 304 (i), 138 (iii, iv, x), 140 (xvii), 142 Munjpur. 135 (i) (iii, v, vi, vii, ix), 149, 162, 163, Murdesvara. 135 (iii) 168, 209, 212, 287A, 295, 296, 298, Murshidabad. 31, 68, 334 go9, 361, 477 Murti hill. 142 (ix) Mattavara. 141 (xiii) Musinikunda. 195 (xii) Maungyatunga hill. 140 Muttupatti. 187 (xxxv), 195 (v, XV Mayurbhanja. 94 Mysore. 33, 112, 113, 114, 141 (xv, Medhigiri See Muktagiri xvi), 159, 292, 322, 327, 383, 393. Medta. 135 (xvii) Nadol, Nadlai. 135 (xv, xvi), 138 (i), Meguti. 135 (xx, xxii) 166 Mehkar. 135 (ix), 139 (xv) r. 135 (xviii, xix) Melachcheri. 195 (xi) Nagai. 118 Melpadi. 187 (vii), 195 (xvi) Nagar. 135 (xviii, xix) Melur. 195 (v) Nagarhastikeri. 135 (xvii, xix, xx, Mercara. 171 xxv). Mettapoliam. 85 Nagarjuni caves. 259 Mettapudur. 137 (xxiii-xxv) Nagarkoyil. 145 (vii), 187 (li) Mettupatti. 137 (xix), 195 (x) Nagda, Nagahrada. 135 (xii), 138 (i) Metur. 187 (xx, xvi) Nagpur. 135 (iii), 482 Mewar. 48 Nalgudha. 195 (xvi) Mewasa. 135 (xiv) Nallur. 171

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LOCALITIES 345 Nana. 135 (xv) Nandavara. 195 (xi) Nandia. 135 (xiii), 143 (ii), 304 Nandibevuru. 195 (xiv) Nanhwara. 139 (xiv) Nara. 135 (xxiii) Narasingamangala. 187 (xxxv) Narasimharajapur. 141 (xiii) Narnal. 59 Naroli. 135 (xxviii) Narsinghpur. 135 (iv) Narsipur. 141 (ix) Narwar. 51 Nasik. 141 (xvii) Nasrat canal. 135 (xxv) Nathnagara. 265 Naugama. 143 (v, viii) Nawada. 31 Nidugal. 141 (xv) Nilagiri. 88 Nitora. 135 (xxiv) Nittur. 141 (xvi) Nohara. 140 (xxv) Nohta. 135 (iv). Noroli. 135 (xxviii) Nosal. 135 (xviii) Nundgal. 135 (xxiii) Nutanpur. See Naugama Odantapur. 299 Olakkur. 187 (ix) Or, Ur. 135 (xxiv) Ora. 304 Oria. 304 orisa. See Bihar and Orisa. Osia. 135 (xiv), 140 (ix, xii) Osian. 143 (x) Pachar hill. 139 (1) Pachor. 49 Paigor. 142 (iii) Pakbirra. 139 (ii) Paladi. 135 (xvi, xxiv) Palaiyur. 179 Palghat. 187 (x, xvi, xviii) Pali. 135 (xv), 138 (i) Palitana. 205, 221, 224, 284, 454 Pallavaram. 195 (iv Pallimadam. 187 (xl) Palma. 139 (ii) Palri. 304 Panala. 135 (xxv) Panasoge. See Hanasoge. Panchapandavamalai. 187 (iii, vi, ix, 1 xxxvi) 195 (x) Panchapandavarkuttu. 195 (vii) Panchapandavarpadukkai. 187 (xxxvi) Pandavaghat. 94 Pandhara. 135 (xxvii) Pandharpur. 339 Pandya country. 2, 379 Pangalanadu. 188 Parasgad. 135 (xix) Parasnatha. 31, 64, 68, 71, 139 (ii), 202, 224, 234, 334, 475 Parnapalle. 187 (xxii) Partabgach. 48, 143 (x) Paruttikkudinadu. 187 (x) Pasrur. 75 Patali. See Cuddalore Patalika. 183 Patalipur. 240 Pataliputra. 27, 299, 300, 439 Pataliputtiram. 137 (xxxiii), 259, 292 Patan. 135 (i, xxii), 490 Patancheru. 144 (ii) Patasivaram. 195 (xii) Pathari. 135 (iv) Patna. 64, 77, 299 Patnarayan. 135 (xiv) Pattadkal. 135 (xvii, xxi, xxiii), 135 (xvii, xxi, xxiii), 140 (xvii) Pattan. 135 (vii) Patur. 60, 135 (ix, x) Paundravardhana. 259 Pavagadh. 135 (xvi, xviii, xix, xxvii) Pawapuri. 64, 77, 139 i, iii) Pechchipalam. 187 (xxxv), 195 (v) Peddatumbal. 40 Pedgaon. 135 (ii) Peggur. 171, 195 (viii), Pennagadanga. 195 (viii) Pennaivayil. 195 (viii)

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346 Penugonde. 187 (xxiA) Ramnagara. 158, 163 Penukonda. 41, 85, 137 (ix), 187 (i) Rampur. 141 (xv) Ramtek. 239 Rangpur. 31 Ranigumpha. 101 Ranipur. 142 (v) Perambalur. 137 (ix) Peravali. 137 (ii) Perayakkudi. 187 li) Perggadur. 171 Periapatnam. 187 (xvii) Perumandur. (187 (ix) Perumbattiyur. 187 (xxxvii) Perur. 141 (vii), 159 Petha. 135 (xvii) Pettavaithalai. 137 (ix) Phalodi. 135 (xvii), 140 (xiv) Phulra. 47 Pindwara. 135 (xiii), 304 Pipalawan. 51 Pokaran. 32 Polur. 188, 195 (iii) Ponnur. 187 (v) Poona. 81, 135 (xx) Pratisthana. 157, 271 Proddatur. 137 (ix) Pugalalaimangalam. 187 (vi) Pulal. 218 Puri. 334 Purwa. 139 (iv) INDICES Puligere. 213 Pundal. 94 Pundi. 187 (iii) Punnata, Punnad. 141 (xiii), 159, 171 Sampgaom. 135 (xvii) Raipur. 53, 139 (xi) Rajgir, Rajagriha. 64, 77, 139 (i, xvi), 140 (vi, vii), 162, 265, 336 Rajkot. 147 Rajnagara. 143 (vi) Rajor. 135 (xxviii) Rajputana. 32, 34, 42, 48, 54 Rajshahi. 31 Rakhabdeo. 138 (i) Rakhiyal. 135 (xxviii) Ramakka. 195 (vi) Ramakonda hill. 195 (xiii) Ramatirtha. 137 (xiv, xv), 140 195 (xi, xii, xiii) Ramgarh. 135 (xii) Ramnad. 137 (xx) Ranpur. 135 (xv), 140 (x) Ratanpur. 135 (xi), 139 (vii) Ratnagiri. 41, 137 (xv) Ratnapur. See Jodhpur Rayadrug. 40, 137 (xvii, xviii) 187 (vi), 195 (ix) Reni. 32 Rikabdeo. 32 Rohera. 304 Roho.. 135 (i) Rohtak. 140 (xv), 142 (ix) Rupnagar. 135 (xviii) Sadadi. 135 (xv) Sadri Pass. 138 (i) Sahasrakuta. 135 (xv) Saheth Maheth. 140 (x, xvi) Sahpan. 212 Salem. 74 Saligram. 141 (x) Samadallipur. 141 (v) Samet Sekhara. See Parasnath. Sanchor. 135 (xv) Sanderav. 135 (xvi), 166 Sandhara. 135 (xxvii), 140 (xxv) xv, Sanehalli. 193. Sanganer. 135 (xvii) Sangitapur. 141 (vi), 159 Sankesvara. 135 (i) Sankigatta. 141 (xii) Sanpur. 304 Santpur. 304 Sarkarwada. 135 (xxviii) Sarnatha. 140 (v, viii, ix, xviii), 142 (v) Sarotra. 135 (1) (xvi), Satgaon. 135 (ix) Satrunjaya hill. 135 (xxii) Sattamangalam. 187 (xlvi), 195 (viii) Saugor. 139 (ix)

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LOCALITIES . 111 Saurastra. 147, 302 xvi, xx), 159, 164, 171, 187 (xx), Sejakpur. 135 (vii) 193, 195 (v, vi), 196C, 234, 248, Seudalai. 187 (xlv) 252, 255, 280, 299, 325 Seudamaram. 195 (xi) Sravasti. See also Chandrikapuri. 138 Sengudinadu. 187 (xxxviii) Seringapatam. 141 (ix), 159 Sridharapur. See Kottagere Settippodavu. 187 (xxxv) Srimala. 135 (xv) Sevadi. 135 (xv), 166 Srimangal. 74 Sewara. 304 Sringeri, Sringapur. 141 (xiii) Shahabad. 341 Shajapur. 51 Srisailam. 187 (xxxiii) Sheopuri. 51 Suai. 137 (xxii) Shiyali. 137 (xvi) Sultan's Battery. 137 (xii, xiii, xiv, Sholapur. 135 (xxvii) xvi, xviii) Sia. 49 . Sundakkaparai. 195 (viii) Sialkot. 75 Sundana. 143 (viii) Siddapur. 141 (vi) Sundarsi. 135 ( Sijari. 142 (viii) Surasulamanipperunderu. 187 (xviii) Simhapur. 142 (ix) Surpur. 135 (xviii, xix) Singangadde. 141 (xvi) Suvarna Panaripur. 138 (iv) Singavaram. 187 (viii), 195 (i) Tadpatri. (ii) Singbhum. 31, 57 Tagadur. See Dharmapuri Singhpur. 45 Tagara. 140 (i) Sirohi. 54, 135 (xiii), 143 (viii, x), Tailangere. 195 (xii) 222, 304, Talavana-nagara. 141 (ix, xvii), 171, Sironi. 135 (V), 249. Sirpur. 59, 135 (ix, x), 139 (ix), 153 Talkad.See Talavana-nagara. Sirramur. 187 (ix) Talwara. 143 (iv). Sirukadaippuram. 187 (xxxv), 195 Tammadahalli. 41. (v) Tandapur. 195 (xi). Sirukadambur. 137 (xix, xxiii) Tankai. 185 (xix). Sittamur. 187 (ix) Tantoli. 143 (ii). Sittannavasal. 195 (ii, xvi) Taranga hill. 135 (xxiv). Sode. 141 (xiii) Tarla Lena. See Dabar Lena. Sogi. 187 (xiv), 195 (x) Taxila. 140 (xxi). Sohagpur. 135 (xxvi, xxviii) Talhara. 59. Somnathpur. 112 Tellarn. 187 (vii). Sonda. 135 (xxvii) Temampattu. 195 (xvi) Sopara. 135 (vi) Tenaikalattar. 187 (xxxv). Soundatti. 135 (xix, xxiii) Tenkarai. 137 (xxii) Southern India. 30, 39, 40, 41, 70, Teori. 135 (xiv) 116, 169, 197, 213, 252, 259, 292, Ter. 135 (ix), 140 (i) 308, 320, 322, 334, 379, 390. Tewar. 135 (iv) Southern Maratha. 292 Thamli. 135 (xvi) Sravana Belgola. 112, 114, 115, 141 Thana. 195 (vii) (iii, vi, vii, viii, x, xii, xiv, xv, Thoban. 51

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348 INDICES (li) Tindivanam. 137 (ix) Ujjayanta. See Girnar Tingalur. 187 (xx) Ukesh. See Osian Tinnevelley. 70, 190 (iv) Ukha. 135 (xxvii) Tirakkol. 137 (xxi, xxiv), 195 (xi) Ukkal. 187 (iv) Tiruchchanathumalai. 145 (i, ii), 187 Umarkot. 135 (xxvi) (Umlearavani. 175 Tiruchchuliyal Pallimadai. 187 (xl) Ummanamalai. 195 (v) Tirikkattamhalli. See Kurandi |Un. 135 (xxvi), 140 (xxiv) Tirukkalukkunram. 195 (iv) Undavilli. 195 (iv) Tirumalai. 137 (xvi, xx, xxii, xxv), Unstra. 135 (xviii, xix) 145 (ii), 187 (v), 188, 195 (ii Urnur. 159 Tirumappa hill. 141 (vi) Uthaman. 135 (xxiv) Tirumukudlu. 141 (xviii) Uttamapalayam. 137 (xix), 187 Tirunagesvaram Anakkudi. 1871 (xxxviii) (xliii), 188, 195 (vii) Vadapalangya. 195 (v) Tirunarayanpur. 322 Vagir. 135 (xxiv) Tirunarungondai. 187 Vagvara, Vagoda country. 143 (v) Tirunarungoni. 145 (ii) Vaidyanathapur. 141 (vii) Tirunathakunru hill. 137 (ix) Vaigavur. 188, 195 (iii) Tirupaddikunram. 137 (xiv-xvi, Vaikheda. 135 (xxvii) xxv), 187 (xvii) Vaisali. 139 (iii), 140 (iii), 170, 259, Tiruparankunram. 195 265, 299, 315, 439 Tiruppallathurai. 137 (ix) Valikondapur. 137 (ix), 140 (iii) Tiruppanmallai. See Panchapandava-Vallimalai. 137 (xi,' xiv-xvi), 187 malai (vii), 195 (vi) Tiruppanuttikunnam. 121 Vamsapur. 187 (xxvii) Tirupparangunram hill. 140 (xi, xii) Vanadiya, Vanadia. 135 (xxvii) Tirutturaippundi. 187 (xlvi), 195 Vanbunadu. 195 (iv) (viii) Varakodu. 141 (xvii) Tiruvalanjuli. 137 (xxiii), 187 (xliii) Vardhamanpur. 322 Tiruvarur. 195 (xv) Varman. 135 (xxiv) Tiruvayirai. 187 (xxxvii) Varuna. 141 (xiii) Tiruvorriyur. 187 (xviii) Vasa. 135 (xiii), 304 Tondur. 195 (xi) Vasantagadh. 135 (xiii), 304 Tonk. 138 (viii) Vasantapur. 304 Travancore. 145 (ii) Vedal, Vidal. 140 (xi), 187 (vii), 188, Trichinopoly. 187 (ix) 195 (iv, xi) Tringalvadi. 135 (xxii) Velapur. 135 (xxviii) Tripati. 406 Vellanur. 137 (xv, xvi). Tuludesa. 187 (xxvii) Vellur. 137 (viii) Tulunad. 322 Venbaikudinadu. 187 (xxxv, xxxviii) Udaipur. Udaypur. 135 (xiii), 138 (i) Venbunadu. 187 (xxxv) Udayagiri. 88, 89, 101, 139 (vi), 162, Venganram. 137 (xxi) 168, 176, 295, 309 Venoor, Venur. 116, 137 (xiv, xvi, Uden Rally. 85 xix), 187 (xxvii) Udrat. 135 (xxiv) Venupur. 187 (xxvii)

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AUTHORS : WORKS & PAPERS 349 Veraval. 135 (vii) Virappati. 137 (XXV) Videha. 265 Virasikhamani. 195 (iii) Vijayapur. 141 (ix), 287 Virawati. 135 (xix-xxi, xxiii, xxiv, Vijayamangalam. 85, 137 (iii, xi, xiii xxvi) xvi, xx), 187 (xx) Vizagapatam. 195 (viji, xi) Vijayanagar. 137 (xiv, xv), 140 (v, Wakkund. 135 (xvii, xxiii) xii), 187 (xv, xvii), 195 (iii, xiii) Wardha. 44 Vijayavatika. See Bezwada Western India. 30g Wynad. 137 (xii, xiv, xvi, xviii), 385 Villivakkam. 195 (vi) Yanamalai. 137 (xiv-xvi) Villupur. 187 (xi) Yedahalli. See Narasimharajapur Vindhyagiri. See Dodda-betta Yelandur. 141 (xiv), 305 Wardhand. 135 (xvii, *xion Vilappakkam. See Bezwada "", xiii) D. AUTHORS : WORKS do PAPERS 223 34 222 248 317.. 406 322 356 105 170 Abdul Karim. Students' History of India. Abott, H. B. Census of India : Rajputana. Adams, A. Western Rajputana States. Aiyangar, S. K. Ancient India. ,, Origin and early History of the Pallavas of Kanchi. , Social Legislation under Hindu Governments. >> Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. Self-immolation which is not sati. Aiyar, V. N. Descriptive list of exhibits in the Archeological Section, Nagpur Museum. Allan, J. Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties and of Sasanka. Allen, S. C. Census of India : Assam. Alphabetical list of Jain manuscripts. Ancient religions. Anderson, L. H. Spirit of the Buddhists and the Jains regarding animal life. Anthropometric data from Bombay. Archeological Survey Reports : Bengal Circle. 139 ( i-xvii : i-iv-Bengal Circle. V-XV-Eastern Circle xvi-xvii-Central Circle) India. 140 (-xxvi) Jammu and Kashmir State. 146 (i, ii) Madras. 187 (i-XXv) Mysore. 141 (i-xx) * Nizam's Dominions. 144 (i-iii) 346 344 360

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350 29 Bagchi, P. C. Animistic elements of Jainism. Primitive elements of Jainism. "2 Bahawalpur State. Baijnath. Hinduism: ancient and modern. Baines, A. Ethnography. Banerji, A. R. [Speech delivered at] the Thirteenth annual meeting, Mythic Society. Banerji, R. D. Discovery of seven new dated records of the Scy thian period. 93 29 37 "" dw 23 Barnett, L. D. Catalogue of Kannada, Badaga and Kurg books. Catalogue of Telugu books. Hulgur inscription of the reigns of Jayasimha II and the Yadava Kanhara. Supplementary catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit books. Two inscriptions from Balgaum. Two Jain inscriptions of Mulgund and Laksmesh war. 33 93 INDICES 22 North-Western Provinces and Oudh. 138 (i-xii) Northern Circle, Hindu and Buddhist Monuments. 142. (i-x) Western India. 135 (i-xxviii) Inscription in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves. New Brahmi inscription of the Scythian period. Note on the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela. Palas of Bengal. Scythian period of the Indian history. and G. U. Pope. Catalogue of Tamil books. Barodia, U. D. History and literature of Jainism. Barua, B. M. Ajivakas. 22 " History of pre-Buddhistic Indian philosophy. Basak, R. G., and D. C. Bhattacharyya. Catalogue of the archeological relics, Varendra Research Society. Bastian, A. Kosmogonien und theogonien indischer religion philosophien besonders der Jaina. Basu, R. C. Jainism and its founder. Baudh Mat Jain Marg Grantha. Begbie, L. F. Chanda District. Bell, W. Oxford India Reader. Belvalkar, S. K. Account of the different existing systems of Sanskrit grammar. Bendall, C. Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit books. Bettany, G. T. World's inhabitants. Beveridge, H. A Comprehensive history of India. Bhandarkar, D. R. Ajivikas. Chahamanas of Marwar. ::::: 2720 & 2008 8-20 = 310025 NOD :::::: 429 434 47 353 389 327 158 176 163 181 269 242 18 23 189 12 175 190 243, 470 16 422, 423 433 117 333 55 482 6 217 203 387 166 :.

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AUTHORS : WORKS & PAPERS 351 172 154 382 289 295 391 501 292 90 93 420 290 408 502 24 17 364 330 Bhandarkar, D. R. Chitorgadh prasasti. , Ghatiyala inscriptions of Kakkuka. , Jain iconography. , Lectures on the ancient history of India. Bhandarkar, R. G. Peep into the early history of India. ,, Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems. Bhattacharyya, B. N. Brief survey of Sahitya-Shastra. Bhattacharyya, D. C. See Basak, R. G., and D. C. Bhattachary Bhide, H. B. Is Kalkiraja an historical personage? Bloch, T. Modern name of Nalanda. Bloch. Supplementary catalogue, Archeological Section, Indian Museum. Bloomfield, M. Dohada or craving of pregnant women. , Life and stories of the Jain savior Parsvanatha. ,, Recurring phychic motifs in Hindu fiction. Salibhadra Charita. Blumhardt, J. M. Catalogue of Marathi, Gujarati, etc., manus cripts. Blumhardt, J. F. Supplementary catalogue of Hindi books. , Supplementary catalogue of Hindustani books. Bodas, M. R. Brief survey of the Upanishads. Bombay and Western India. Book of Knowledge. Brown, C. Akola District. Brown, P. Indian painting. Brown, R. People of the world. Buhler, J. G., and J. Burgess. On the Indian Sect of the Jainas. Burgess, J. Ancient monuments, temples and sculptures. >> See Buhler, J. C., and J Burgess. , and H. Cousens. Antiquities of the town of Dabhoi. Burnell, A. C. See Yule, H., and A. C. Burnell. Bushell, S. W. See Watters, Thomas. Cambridge history of India. Cathay and the way thither. Chakravarti, M. M. Remains in Dhauli, Udaigiri and Khanda giri. Chanda, R. P. Date of Kharavela. Four ancient Yaksa statues. , Medieval sculpture in eastern India. Chariar, T. D. Numismatics with special relation to South India. Charpentier, J. Date of Mahavira. , Lesya theory of the jains and Ajivikas. Chirol, V. India, old and new. Chitty, S. C. Catalogue of books in Tamil language. Coomaraswamy, A. K. Catalogue of Indian collections. >> Jaina sculpture. 214 350 87 86 30g 260 88 294 122 119 169 262 375 431 132 125

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352 INDICES 85 366 46 281 Coomaraswamy, A. K. Notes on Jaina art. 102, 134 Coomaraswamy, Hon. P. Gleanings from ancient Tamil Litera ture. Commissariat, M. S. Brief history of the Gujarat Sultanat. Congrene, H. Druidical and other antiquities. Convention of religions in India. Corbett, G. L., and R. V. Russell. Hoshangabad District Cordier, H. See Cathay and the way thither. Cornish, W. P. Report on the Census, Madras Presidency. Cousens, H. See Burgess, J., and H. Cousents. Crooke, W. Introduction of the popular religion and folk-lote of N. India. 345 , Things Indian. 234 Cust, R. N. Linguistic and oriental essays, 1846-76. 460 Linguistic and oriental essays, 1847-87. 463 Dalal, C. D. Catalogue of manuscripts in the Jain bhandars, Jasalmere. 29 Dames, M. L. Book of Duarte Barbosa. Das Gupta, S. N. History of Indian philosophy. Dass, B. Lecture on Jainism. 349 Davids, T. W. R. Buddhist India. 226 ,, See Watters, Thomas. Davids, Mrs. T. W. R. Psalms of the early Buddhists. Deb, H. K. Svastika and Omkara. 435 Vikramaditya and his era. Delhi District. Deshmukh, M. G. Habits of a Jain ascetic. Deussen, P. Erinnerungen an Indian. 352 Dey, N. L. Ancient Anga or the District of Bhagalpur. 265 Geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India. 221 Diaries of Sir William Erskine. 313 Dikshit, K. N. Six sculptures from Mahoba. Dube, R. P. See Luard, C. E., and R. P. Dube Duncker, M. History of antiquity. 209B Dutt, R. C. Early Hindu civilisation. ,, Later Hindu civilisation. 233 Dutt, S. C. India, past and present. 210 Dwyar. See Sykes, D. H., and Dwyar. ............. Edgerton, F. See Montgomery, J. A. ... Edkins, J. Chinese Buddhism. Edwards, s. M. Census of India: Bombay. " Rise of Bombay. Eliot, C. Hinduism and Buddhism. 37 Enthoven, R. E. Folk-lore of Guzerat. 381, 407 Epigraphy Reports : Madras. Erskine, K. D. Mewar Residency 195 (i-xvi) 48 372 311 67 340 123 232 336 35 432

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54 196A 165 174 177 453 40 DELL AUTHORS : WORKS do PAPERS 858 Erskine, K. D. Western Rajputana States. Erskine, W. Cave temple of Elephanta. 80 >> Diaries. 313 Observations on the remarks of the Buddhists in India. Farquhar, J. N. Religious literature of India. 424 Fitzgerald, S. V., and A. E. Nelson. Amraoti District. 61 Fleet, J. F. Hathigumpha inscription. ,, New Ganga record and the date of Saka 380. Salivahana and the Saka era. 271 ,, Some records of the Rashtrakuta kings of Malkhed. Forbs, J. Oriental memoirs. 1960 Forlong, J. G. R. Faiths of man. 357 Short Studies in the science of comparative religions. Synchronological chart of the religions of the world. 454 Forrest, G. W. Cities of India. 225 Francis, W. Anantapur. , Bellary. Gait, E. Annual presidential address, Bihar and Orissa Research Society. Census of India : India. Gandhi, L. B. See Dalal, C. D. Ganguly, M. M. Orissa and her remains. Hand book to sculptures in the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. Garr, B. L. Samayika. 413 Garrett, A. Caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. Gazetteer of Bombay city and island. Ghosh, K. C. See Nahar, P. C., and K. C. Ghosh. Ghosh, R. N. India's literary wealth. 469, 474 Gopinatha Rao, T. A. Bhusanalakshanam. . 416 Elements of Hindu iconography. 103 History of Sri-Vaisnavas. 445 Note on the "origin and decline of Buddhism and Jainism in South India". 390 Gough, A. E. Papers relating to the collection and preservation of the records of ancient Sanskrit literature. 459 Gribble, J. D. B. Tamil poetry. Grierson, G. A. Languages of India. 464 Munda and Dravidian languages. 467 , Paisachi in the Prakrita Kalpataru. Paisachi and Chulikapaisachika. Specimens of the Marathi language. 466 Growse, F. S. Mathura. 212 Guerinot, A. Essai de Bibliographie Jaina. Jainisme. 398, 403 Notes de Bibliographie Jaina. .. 15 Quelques collections de livres Jainas. .. 19, 21 127 ::: COLO 458 492 50%

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354 INDICES 367, 376 155 246 25 494 OO 371 178 126 153 100 227 384 461 202 43 393 216 Guerinot, A. Religion Jaina. >> Repertoire d'epigraphie Jaina. , Une maitre Jaina du temps present. Guide illustre du Musee Guimet de Lyon. Gune, P. D. Pradyota, Udayana and Srenika. Gupta, S. D. Collection of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Hindi works. Gupte, B. A. Position of women among Hindus, Moslems, Bud dhists and Jains. Gupte, Y. R. Two Talesvara copperplate. Gwalior Fort album. Haig, T. W. Some inscriptions in Behar. Havell, E. B. Indian architecture. Helmolt, H. F. World's history. Hicks, W. W. Sanctuary of Mahavira. Hissarpur District. Hoernle, A. F. R. Sketch of the history of Prakrit philosophy. Hooker, J. D. Himalayan Journals. Hoshiarpur District. Hultzsch, E. Digambaras von Mysore. Hunter, W. W. Indian empire. , Statistical account of Bengal. Hutchinson, J. On Leprosy and Fish-eating. Hutchinson, W, History of the nations. Huttemann, W. Miniaturen zum Jinacharitra. Indian Buddhism. Indian education. Iyengar, M. R. Mandalapurusha and his age. 1., K. P. Vijnapti-Triveni. Jacobi, H. Arthamateva. Einteilung des Tage's Zeitmassung un alten Indien. Hindu tales. Der Jainismus. Some aspects of Jainism. Jagadisa Ayyar, P. V. South Indian shrines. Jain, Banarsidass. Ardha-Magadhi reader. Jain, C. L. Jain Pratima Yantra Lekha Sangraha. Jain, C. R. Key of Knowledge. Logic for boys and girls. Nyaya. Peep behind the veil of karmas. Practical path. Sacred philosophy. Selections from Atma-Dharma. What is Jainism. Jain, J. D. Husn-i-Avval. Jain ahimsa. 31 358 328 392 506 334 320 484 471 303 472 452 396 121 505 192 415 425 399 426 409 451 428 414 450 404

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AUTHORS: WORKS O PAPERS 355 490 331 79 405 241 348 180 185 278 184 268 120 377 45 504 421 101 128 418 Jain manuscript bhandars at Patan. Jainas. Jaini, J. L. Jain gem dictionary. Out-lines of Jainism. Taini. M. C. Life of Mahavira. Jains and Swadeshi. Tames, J. F. W. Patna. Tastrow, M. Study of religion. Tayaswal, K. P. Hathigum pha inscription of Kharavela. Jayaswal, K. P. Hathigumpha inscription revised from the rock Historical position of Kalki. Note on the Hathigumpha inscription. Saisunaka and Mayura Chronology. , Statue of Ajatasatru Kunika. Thaveri, H. L. First principles of Jain philosophy. Jhelam District. Johnson, H. M. Story of the thief Rauhineya. Jouveau-Dubreil, G. Ancient history of the Deccan. Archaologic du sud de l'Inde. e Pallava painting. Kamanujasvami, N. Who is a Hindu ? Kannoomal. Study of Jainism. Karna, R. Bijapur inscription of Dhavala of Hastikundi. Kaviraj, G. Doctrine of Pratibha in Indian philosophy. Kavyatirtha, K. V. Catalogue of printed books and manuscripts in Sanskrit. Keane, A. H. See Reclus, Elisee. Keay, F. E. Hindi literature. Keilhorn, F. Two verses from Indian inscriptions. Keith, A. B. Indian logic and atomism. Karmamimamsa. Keith, A. B. M. Reinach's theory of sacrifice. Keith, J. B. Indian problem in relation to Indian art and archi tecture. Kennedy, J. Child Krishna, Christianity and Gujaras. Kingsbury, F., and G. E. Philips. Hymns of the Tamil Saivite saints. Kitts, E. j. Caste and custom. Konow. S. Some problems raised by the Kharavela inscription Kramrisch, St. Expressiveness of Indian art. Kuppaswami Sastri, T. S. Age of the Tamil Jivakachintamani. Laddu, T. K. Address at the tenth anniversary, Syadvada Jain Mahavidyalaya. Lal, H. Muktagiri. 455 160 449 488 152 430A 430 402 98 361 496 339 194.. 129 468 394 254

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366 INDICES 239 301 465 380 438 417 439 250 237 343 49 362 162 71 76 111 150 14 Lal, H. Visit to Ramtek. Lal, H. See Russell, R. V., and H. Lal. Lall, P. Tour in the Almora District. Languages of Southern India. La Vallee Poussin, L. de. Une stance Jain et Bouddhique. Law, B. C. Historical gleanings. Law, B. C. Influence of the five heretical teachers of Jainism and Buddhism. Law, B. C. Ksatriya clans in Buddhist India. Law, N. N. Law of contract in Chandragupta's time. Lehmann, E. Buddha. Lele, K. K. See Leward, C. E., and K. K. Lele. Leumann, E. Rosaries mentioned in Indian literature. Leward, C. E. Western States : Malwa. Leward, C. E., and K. K. Lele. Paramaras of Dhar and Malwa. List of Brahmi inscriptions from the earliest times. Lister, E. Hazaribagh. Lloyd, G. T. Census of India : Assam. Longhurst, A. H. Hampi ruins. Loventhal, E. Coins of Tinnevalley. Luard, C. E. Bibliography of literature dealing with Central India Agency. Luard, C. E., and D. N. Sheopuri. Gwalior State. Luard, C. E., and R. P. Dube. Indore State. Luders, H. List of Brahmi inscriptions. , Some Brahmi inscriptions in the Lucknow Provincial Museum. Macdonald, K. S. Baroda Census report. Macdonell, A. A. History of Sanskrit literature. Macmurdo, 1. Account of the Province of Cutch. Majumdar, P. C. Musnud of Murshidabad. Majumdar, R. C. Corporate life in ancient India. Kushan chronology. Mann, John. See Weber, A. Marshall, T. Monuments of the Dekhan. Massie, J. W. Continental India. Masson Oursel, P. Histoire de la philosophie Indienne. Mazumdar, A. K. Hindu history. Meebold, A. Indian. Menant, D. Pelerinage aux temples Jainas du Girnar. Meyer, J. J. See Jacobi, H. Miles, W. Jains of Guzerat and Marwar. Milloue, L. de. Catalogue du Musee Guimet. Petit guide illustre au Musee Guimet. Mironov, N. D. Notes Jaines. Mitra, R. L. Antiquities of Orissa. 51 50 168 167 38 477 196 229 317A 298 110 201 446 297

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Indo-Aryans. Monier- Williams, M. Modern India and the Indians. Montgomery, J. A. Religions of the past and present. Monumental inscriptions in all parts of the world. Moor, E. Hindu Pantheon. Moses, S. T. Fish and religion in South India. Muller, E. See Subbah, A. V., and E. Muller. Munshi, R. N. Inquiry as to how a bell in the Portuguese Church at Borivle came to be transferred to a Hindu temple at Nasik. Murdoch, J. Classified catalogue of Tamil printed books. Museum Reports: 33 99 Rajputana Museum. 143 (i-x) Nahar, P. C. Jain classical Sanskrit literature. Jair inscriptions, etc. Nahar, P. C., and K. C. Ghosh. Epitome of Jainism. Nair, C. G. Wynad. Narasimhachar, R. Chalukya genealogy. Narasimhachar, R. Inscriptions at Sravana Belgola. Karnataka country and language. Kesava temple at Belur. Kesava templt at Somanathapur. Lakshmidevi temple at Doddagaddavalli. Sravana Belgola. Western Gangas of Talkad. "" Narayana. Etymological research in Kanarese and Marathi. Nariman, G. K. Literary history of Sanskrit Buddhism. Nariman, G. K. References to Buddhist authors in Jain literature. Nelson, A. E. Bilaspur District. "" 33 AUTHORS: WORKS & PAPERS 39 99 99 39 Lucknow Provincial Museum. 136 (i-vii) Sardar Museum and Sumer Public Library. 148 Watson Museum. 147 "" Buldana District. Jubbalpore District. Raipur District. See Fitzgerald, S. V., and A. E. Nelson. Nelson, J. H. Madura country. Nesfield, J. C. Caste system of the N. W. Provinces and Oudh. Newbold, T. J. Statues of the Jains. Odeypoor, Mount Aboo, Bheels and Jains. Ojha, K. L. Modhs of Malwa. Oka, K. G. See Pathak, K. B., and K. G. Oka. Oldham, C. F. Sun and the serpent. O'Malley, L. S. S. Census of India: Bengal. :: Census of India: Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, and Sikkim. 46 : ::: :: : 357 211 207 412 149 329 443 257 42 499 186 411 385 247 193 493 114 112 115 325 326 500 491 480 59 56 52 53 202 338 83 82 373 354 65

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858 INDICES 351 aos ancora 70 264 253 267 162 288 256 302 116 Census of India : City of Calcutta. Murshidabad. Singhbhum, Saraikela and Kharswan. Oman, J. C. Mystics, ascetics and saints of India. Oppert, G. Index to 62 manuscript volumes. Original inhabitants of Bharatvarsa or India. F. E. Ancient Indian historical tradition. Telling of time in ancient India. Pate, H. R. Tinnevally. Pathak, K. B. Age of the Sanskrit poet Kaviraja. Ajivikas. Gupta era and Mihirakula. Jain Sakatayana. Nripatunga and the authorship of the Kavirajamarga. Nyasakara and the Jain Sakatayana. Pim pari plates of Dharavarsa-Dharmaraja, Saka Samvat 697. Sakatayana and the authorship of Amoghavritti. and K. G. Oka. Amarasimha and his commentator Kshirasvamin. Pati, J. Different royal genealogies of ancient India. Peris, M. M. Jain antiquities in Southern India. Pertold, O. Idea of God in Jainism and Buddhism. Peteron, P. Catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts. Philips, G. E. See Kingsbury, F., and G. E. Philips. Pope, G. U. See Barnett, L. D., and G. U. Pope. Postans, Mrs. Cutch. Puttaiya, B. Maharaja Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar of Mysore. Quackenbos, G. P. Sanskrit poems of Mayura. Radhakrishnan, S. Indian philosophy. Rajputana Gazetteer. Ramachandra Mudaliar, D. B. Indian music. Ramadas, G. Samapa. Ramanujaswami, P. V. Hemachandra and Paisachi Prakrita. Ramaswamy Ayyangar, M. S., and B. Seshagiri. Studies in South Indian Jainism. Rangachari, K. See Thurston, E., and K. Rangachari. Rangachari, V. History of the Naik Kingdom of Madura. Rangacharya, V. Topographical list of inscriptions of the Madras Presidency. Ranganathaswami, S. P. V. Literary wealth of India. Paisachi Prakrita. Rao, R. R. Origin and development of Siva-worship. Rao, T. R. Salivahana. Rapson, E. J. Ancient India. Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the 448 198 305 CO no ano O eso 498 308 269 187 486 447 293 274

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AUTHORS : WORKS du PAPERS 157 79 220 273 130 324 224 171 159 183 497 33 266 275 74 276 369 44 Western Ksatrapas, etc. See Cambridge history of India. Ratnachandraji. Illustrated Ardha-Magadhi dictionary Ratzel, F. History of Mankind. Rau, C. H. Place-names of Mysore. Ray, C. L. Ruins at Gholamara. Ray Chaudhuri, H. C. Political history of India. Reclus, E. Universal Geography. Rice, B. L. Coorg inscriptions. ,, Mysore and Coorg from inscriptions. .. Penukonda plates of Madhava II (III). Rice, E., P. History of Kanarese literature. Rice, L. Report on the Mysore Census. , Hoysalla king Bittideva Visnudharmana. Mullur. Richards, F. J. Salem. Side lights on the "Dravidian problem". Rose, H. A. Caste and sectarial marks in the Punjab. Rudman, F. R. R. Mandla District. Russell, R. V. Wardha District. , See Corbett, G. L., and R. V. Russell. , and H. Lal. Tribes and castes of the Central Pro vinces. Ruthnaswamy, M. Dabhoi. Sahni, D. R. Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology, Sarnath. , Chandravati plates of Chandradeva. Sankara, K. G. Tolkapya's religion. Sankara Aiyar, K. G. Age of the Third Tamil Sangam. Sarasvati, A. R. Founder oof the Vikrama era. Sarkar, G. D. Alleged Buddhist influence in the Sun temple at Konarak. Sastri, H. K. Danavulapadu pillar inscription of Srivijaya. Sculptures in the Provincial Museum, Lucknow. South Indian images of Gods and Goddesses. South Indian inscriptions. Two Nolamba inscriptions from Dharina puri. Sastri, H. P. Catalogue of manuscripts in the Bishop's College Library. Chronology of the Nyaya system. Contributions of Bengal to Hindu civilization. . Preliminary report on the operation in search of manuscripts of bardic chronicles. Report on the search for Sanskrit manuscripts. Search for Sanskrit manuscripts. Two eternal cities in the Province of Bihar and Orissa. 401 GONNA 113 164 124 107 179, 188 161 26 487 479 20 27 209

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360 INDICES 321 316 363 475 341 213 ::: 319 230 75 :::: 359 315 304 99 287A 245 . 106 296 151 259 365 Sastri, R. S. Jain teachers and their contemporary kings. , Malnad chiefs. Schmidt, R. Fakire und Fakirtum in alten und modernen Indien. Sen, D. C. History of Bengali language and literature. Sen, G. P. A reply to my critics. Seshagiri, B. See Ramaswamy Ayyangar, M. S., and B. Seshagiri. Swell, R. Sketch of the dynasties of Southern India. Shah, K. T. Trade, tariffs and Transport in India. Shamasastri, R. Chanakya's law and revenue policy. Sheopuri, D. N. See Luard, C. E., and D. N. Sheopuri. Sialkot District. Singh, M. D. Punjab hill tribes. Singh, S. N. History of Tirhut. Sitaram. History of Sirohi Raj. Slater, A. R. Caves at Badami. , Where religions meet. Slater, R. Ruins of Vijayanagar. Smith, V. A. Archaeological research: a Jain duty. , Asoka. Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Muscum. Early history of India. Gurjaras of Rajputana and Kanauj. History and coinage of the Chandal (Chandella) dynasty of Bundelkhand. History of fine art in India and Ceylon. New light on ancient India. Oxford history of India. Srikantaiya, s. Hoysala empire. Life in the Hoysala period. Srinivas, T. Antiquities of Kulpak. ,, Nagai and its remains. Stcherbatsky, Th. Central conception of Buddhism. Stein, O. Megasthenes und Kautilya. Stevenson, Mrs. S. Heart of Jainism. Modern Jainism. Strachey, J. India. Subbiah, A. V. Twelfth Century University in Mysore. , and E. Muller. Kalas. Subrahmanya Ayyar, K. V. Kalinga history. Mitranandapuram copper-plates. Origin and decline of Buddhism and Jainism in Southern India. Sunavala, A. J. Vijaya Dhurma Suri. Svamin, A. G. Ajivakas. .. Brahmana immigration into Southern India. Sykes, D. H., and Dwyar. Temples of Satrunjaya. 156 92 284 292 280, 286 287 108 440 397 378 219 279 395 310 191 379 312 386 252 205

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AUTHORS : WORKS & PAPERS 361 :: 249 :::::: 478 : 76B 355 Sykes, W. H. Cave temples of Ellora. Tabard, A. M. Sravana Belgola. 97 , Talkad. Tallents, P. C. Census of India : Bihar and Orissa. 760 Tamil language and literature. 457 Tank, U. S. Dictionary of Jaina Biography Part 1 (a). 72 Jain historical studies. 261 Taylor, W. Oriental historical m 197 Temple, R. C. Travels of Peter Munday. 258 Tessitori, L. P. Grammars of the old western Rajasthani. 483 ,, Two Jaina versions of the story of Solomon's Judg ment. Thomas, F. W. Notes on the edicts of Asoka. 173 See Jaini, J. L. ,, See Sunavala, A. J. See Ui, H. Thompson, E. W. Religion in the Mysore State. 383 Thompson, W. H. Census of India: Bengal. 70A Census of India : Calcutta. Thurston, E. Ethnographic notes in Southern Indi.. , and K. Rangachari. Castes and tribes in Soutncin India. 368 Tiele, C. P. Outlines of the history of religion. 337 Tod, Col. Travels in Western India. 200 Travancore Archaeological Series. 145 (i-iv) Ui, H. Vaisesika philosophy. Edited by F. W. Thomas. Vaidya, C. V. Epic India. 235 ,, History of madiaval Hindu India. 306 Vasu, N. N. Archeological Survey of Mayurabhanja. 94 Venkateswara, S. V. Date of Vardhamana. 277 Venkayya, V. Ancient history of Nellore. Vidyabhusana, S. C. All-India Jain literary conference. 481 Buddhadeva. 231 , History of the mediaeval school of Indian logic. 370 >> Yasovijaya Gani. 244 Vogel, J. Ph. Catalogue of the Archaeological Museum, Mathura. Wallace, R. G. Memories of India. Walsh, E. H. C. Annual address, Bihar and Orissa Research Society. 283 Warren, H. Jainism in Western garb as a solution to Life's Great Problem. >> Jainism not atheism. 427 - See Jaini, J. L. Watson, C. C. Ajmere-Merwara. Watters, T. Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. 228 Weber, A. History of Indian literature. Whish, C. W. India. 410 240 91 196B 400 :: :::: 462 236

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362 INDICES 419 347 Widgery, A. G. Salvation and redemption from sin and suffering. Wilkins, W. J. Modern Jainism. Wilks, M. Historical sketches of the South of India. Wilson, J. Indian Caste. , Settlement of the Sirsa District. Winternitz, M. Geschichte der Indischen literatur. Woolner, A. C. Introduction to Prakrit. Yazdani, G. Antiquities of Warangal. Yule. H. See Cathay and the way thither. Yule, H., and A. C. Burnell. Hobson-Jobson. Zachariae, Th. Vertia. Zachariae, Th. See Weber, A. 206 335 208 489 495 109 39 374 E. DYNASTIES Kusana. 91, 125, 140 (xvii) Lichchhavi. 170, 289, 315, 317A, 324, Andhra. 248 439 Chahamana. 166 Malla. 439 Chalukya. 40, 141 (vi, viii), 145 (ii), Maurya. 97, 106, 159, 171, 181, 185, 179, 187 (xiv, xxiiii), 193, 195 (i,xi, 209, 227, 230, 248, 250, 259, 292, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi), 213, 306, 322 299, 309, 325, 327 Changalva. 141 (ii), 159, 171, 193 Murunda. 321 Chautar. 187 (xxvii) Nysore. 141 (vi,, xiv, xv), 193 Chavda. 373 Nanda. 284 Chera. 187 (v, xlii), 195 (iv) Nidugal. 193 Chola. 74, 141 (vi, xv), 159, 187 (iii, Nolamba. 74, 161, 187 (xlii), 193 iv, v, vii, ix, x, xviii, xix, xl, xliii, Nuggchalli. 193 xliv, xlv), 193, 195 (iii), 276 Pallava. 137 (xxui), 140 (ix), 169, Ganga. 74, 141 (vi, viii, ix, x, xi, xii, 174, 187 (v, vi, vii, ix, xlii), 193, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx), 159, 164, 171, 195 (v), 259, 308, 317, 322, 328 179, 187 (vii, ix, xix, xxix), 193, Pandya. 8, 131, 169, 187 (xviii, xxxvii, 195 (vi, viii), 213, 248, 292, 317, xxxviii), 195 (ii, iv), 292 325, 326, 421 Paramara. 362 Gardabhila. 321 Rastrakuta. 88, 141 (xvii), 145 (ii), Guhila. 166 159, 177, 187 (xxiA, xxix), 193, Gupta. 91, 101 195 (iii, xi), 264, 322 Hoysala. 40, 74, 137 (xxv), 141 (iv, Ratta. 141 (xiii), 175, 213 vi, viii, x, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, Saluva, 159, 195 (vii) xvii, xx), 145 (ii), 159, 171, 187|Sautra. 159, 213 (xiv, xxvii), 193, 195 (i, x), 206,(Senarara. 159 259, 280, 287, 322 Sevuna. 141 (vi) Kadamba. 135 (xxii), 141 (x), 143 Silahara. 141 (xiii) (ii), 171, 193, 213 Vellala. 137 (1) Kalachuri. 159, 187 (xii), 328 Vijayanagara. 40, 141 (vi, xvi), 187 Kalinga. 318 (xiii, xvi, xvii, xx, xxvii), 193, 195 Kongalva. 141 (ii, x), 159, 171, 195 (i, iii, viii, ix, xvi) (viii), 275 radava. 195 (xiv)

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AUTHORS : WORKS PAPERS 363 F. PERSONAGES Chagiraja. 187 (xxix) Abhayapala. 166 Chamundaraya. 74, 97, 135 (xxii), Achyutraya. 40 141 (iii. xv), 159, 187 (xxvii), 292, Aditya I. 187 (xliii) 325, 326 Ahavamalla. 287 Chanakva. 230 Ajatasatru Kunika. 120, 259, 265, Chandana, Chandravala. 265, 324 289, 292 Chandivabbe. 195 (xi) Ajayadeva. 259 Chandragupta. 97, 106, 159, 171, 185, Akalavarsa Prithuvi-vallabha. 171 209B, 227, 230, 248, 259, 292, 299, Akbar. 135 (xii), 292, 307, 345 309, 325, 327 Alauddin. 140 (xv) Channammaji. 316 Alexander the Great. 259 Chetaka. 289, 315 Alhanadeva. 166 Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar. 141 (xviii), Alpadevi. 195 (xii) 305 Ammaraj II. 187 (xxiii, xxx, xxxii),Chinnavai. 187 (v) 195 (iv) Dadhivahana. 324 Amoghavarsa. 74, 135 (xvii), 164. Devaraya. 187 (xxv, xxvii), 263 179, 213, 259, 264, 288, 292, 454 Dharavarsha Dharmaraja. 162 Analadevi. 166 Duggaraja. 187 (xxiii) Ananda Chola. 218 Dungarsingh Tomara.' 126 Ano. 373 Durgaraja. 195 (iv) Asoka. 135 (xvi), 159, 211, 227, 259, Durvinita. 141 (ix), 159, 187 (xiv) 296, 309 Echappa. 187 (xxv) Asvasena. 724 Ganga Permadi. 159 Atisayadhavala See Amoghavarsa Gangaraja. 74, 171, 259, 280 Aurangzeb. 257 Govinda III. See Prabhutavarsa. Avinita Kongani. 141 (vii), 159, 171 Harihara. 213, 322, 187 (xvi) Ayyana or Ayyana-mahadevi. 195) Harivarman. 135 (xxii), 140 (xx) (xii) Harsa. 306 Balachandradeva. 175 Himasitala. 2, 141 (xv), 213 Ballala. 112, 114, 115, 141 (v) Hosang Shah Ghori. 138 (i) Basava, Basappa. 40, 322, 328, 447 Hulla. 74, 159, 280 Bhairava. 316 Huvishka. 91, 158, 168 Bhoja. 485 Irdraraja. 159, 269 Bichana or Bichiraja. 175 Indrayudha. 269 Bijjala. 40, 159, 187 (xii), 195 (vii). Trugappa, Iruga. 141 (xvi), 187 (xv, 322, 328 xvii, xxii), 195 (vii, xiii, xvi), 322 Bimbisara. 120, 354 Irungoladeva. 195 (xii) Bindusara. 259, 30g Tagatsingh. 138 (i) Bittideva, Bittiga. See also Vishnu- Jahangir. 292 vardhana. 74, 121, 141 (xx), 150, Tatavarman Vira Pandya. 195 (xii) 159, 248, 259, 266, 280, 292, 445 Tayasimha. 138 (iv), 189 Bukkaraya. 121, 141 (iii, xii), 159,!inadatta. 159 187 (xvii, xxvii), 195 (vii, xiii), Jivaka. 465, 468 406 Kadavarkonpanai. Bukkayave. 187 (xv), 195 (iii) Kalavallabharaya. 218

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364 INDICES asimha. 141 x .318,0,1, 283,9V), 152, l Kamaradeva. 219 Mirabai. 138 (i) Kambadeva. 141 (xvii) Mokkara, Mushkara. 159 Kanadachchi. 159 Mukkanna Kadamba. 159 Kaniska. 168. 491 Nandaraja. 187 (vii) Kannara. 195 (xi) Nandi. 187 (vii) Kartavirya Ratta Prince. (xiii), 175 Nandivarman. 187 (ix), 195 (iv) Katudeva. 166 Nannichangalva. 159 Katukaraja. 166 Nanniyaganga. 141 (xx) Kavadala. 159 * Narasimha. 74, 112, 114, 115, 159, Kelhanadeva. 166 Kharavela. 88 113, 139 (v), 157, 165. Navibharsi. 189 168, 180, 181, 283, 284, 294, 309, Nedumaran. See Kunasundara 910, 318, 421 Niraggundaraja. 159 Kinniga Bhupala. 187 (xxiv) Nitimaharaja. 171 Konerinmaikondau. 187 (x) Nitvavarsa. 187 (xxia) Korgalva Rajadhiraja. 171 Nripatunga. See Amoghavarsa ,, Rajendra. 171 Pallavadhiraja. 159 Konounivarmma. 195 (viii) Pandaranga. 195 (iv) Krishna II. 177, 323 Pandimadevi. 195 (xv) Krishnavallabha II. 177 Parakesarivarman. 187 (v), 195 (iii) Krishnaravar. 2 Paramagula. 159 Kubja Vishnuvardhana. 195 (xii) Pochabbarasi. 171 Kulottunga. 187 (x, xix), 328, 445 Prabhutavarsa. 187 (xxix) Kumaragupta. 295 Pradyota. 494. Kumarapala. 86, 135 (xi), 259, 296. Prithuvi Kongalva. 171 304, 363 Prithuvivallabh. 171 Kumbhakarna Rana. 135 (xi, xvi). Pullappa. 187 (xx) 138 (i), 304 Punisa. 141 (v, xvii), 280 Kunasundara. 2, 145 (ii), 195 (xv). Rachamalla. See Rajamall 292, 308, 457, 458 Rajadeva. 166 Kundavai. 187 (v), 195 (xv) Rajadhiraja. 159, 187 (x) Lakhanapala. 166 Rajadhiraja Kongalva. 171 Lungardeva. 138 (viii) Rajakesarivarman. See Aditya I Madanavarman. 138 (viii) Rajamalla. 112, 114, 115, 159, 187 Madar Mahadeva. 88 (vii), 195 (vi), 325, 326 Madhava. 141 (vii), 159, 326 Rajaraja. 187 (iv, v, ix, x), 195 (iii, Mahendra. 74, 128, 137 (xxiii), 259. xiv) 292, 317, 322 Rajendra Kongalva. 171 Mahendradhiraja. 187 (xlii) Ramarajayya. 187 (xiii) Mandalapurusa. 187 (v) Ramnathavira. 40 Mangaiyarkkarasiyar. 195 (xv) Ranaviradeva. 166 Marasimha. 74, 141 (xviii), 159, 171, Rayapala. 166 326 Recharara. 141 (xv) Marasingadeva. 189 Rudrasimha. 168 Maravarman I. 145 (i) Sadaiyamaran. 187 (xxxviii) Maravijayottungavarman. 145 (ii) Sala. 141 (xii)

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DIGNITORIES Salivahana. 157, 271, 293 Vikramaditya. 40, 108, 145 (ii), 190, Salva. 187 (xxvii. xxxiv) 321, 323 Salvadeva. 195 (ix) Vimaladitya. 140 (xxiii), 195 (xiii) Samanta Gova. 141 (xv) Vinayaditya. 112, 114, 115 Samanta Pala. 265 Viraballala. 286 Samantasimhadeva. 166 Virabhadra. 316 Samara Simhadeva. 166 Viradhavala. 86 Sambuvaraya. 187 (iii) Vira Kongalvadeva. 141 (x) Samprati. See Asoka Vira mandala. 1 Samudravijaya. 324 Vira Pandya. 187 (xxviii) Sanjaya. 324 Vira Ramanatha. 195 (i) Santaladevi. ` 141 (xiv), 159, 266, 280 Virupaksa. 187 (xxvii) Visaladeva. 86 Santalinga. 137 (xxii) Satavahana. See Salivahana Visamasiddhi. See Vishnuvardhana Vishnudevaraya. 320 Satyavakya. 171 Vishnuvardhana. See also Bittideva. Seyakanga. i 74, 112, 114, 115, 137 (xxv), 141 (v, Siddharaja. 461 viii), 187 (xiv), 195 (xii, xiii, xv), Siddhartha. 315, 324 206, 248, 280, 322 Siladitya. 454 Yasodharman. 278 Simhavarman. 141 (vi, vii), 174, 183/" G. DIGNITORIES Sivamara. 141 (viii) Abhinava Charukurtipanditadeva. 195 Siyaganga. 187 (xix) (viii) Sodasa. 168 Abinandana Bhatara. 187 (xxxv), Somesvara. 188 (i), 190, 213 195 (v) Srenika. 120, 494 Aiyai. 191 Sripurusa 141 (xi), 159, 195 (vi) Ajitasena. 159 Srivallabha. 162, 269 |Ajjanandi. 140 (xi), 187 (XXXVSrivijaya. 187 (xxiA) | xxxix), 195 (ii, iv, v, vii, xi) Sriyadevi. 141 (xi), 148 Amarakirti. 187 (xvi), 195 (ix) Sundar Pandya. 2, 187 (xlviii) Anantaviryadeva. 187 (xiv), 195 (x) Timmana. 206 Anantaviryyayya. 195 (viii) Timmaraja. 187 (xxvii) Appar, Tevaram Hymn. 177 Tippu Sultan. 137 (xvi) Arattanemi Bhatara. 195 (i) Tiruvikramadeva. 213 ,,Arattanemipperiyar. 187 (xxxviii) Udaiyar Rajendra Choladeva I. 1871 Arhadbali. 159 (v) Arhanandin. 187 (xxxii) Udayaditya. 187 (ii) Arimandala Bhatara. 195 (v) Udayana. 494 Aristanemi Acharya. 187 (v) Udayin. 27, 265 Aristanemipidarar. 187 (iii) Vanavira. 166 Arittanemi Bhatara. 187 (10) Vanaraja. 374 Arkakirti. 187 (xxix) Varaguna. 187 (xxxvii) Aryanandin. 187 (vii) Vasudeva. 91, 168 Attapavasigal. 187 (xxxviii) Vatsaraja. 269 Badayya. 187 (xvi) Vijayaditya. See Ammaraja II. Bahubalideva. 195 (viii)

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868 INDICRS 195 Vena. 143 195 Balachandramuni. 141 (xx), 287 Jinabhushana Bhattarakadeva. 187 Baladevacharya. 143 (iii) Balendumaladharideva. 195 (xii) Jinachandra. 187 (xlix), 195 (vii) Bhadrabahu. 159, 185, 193, 299, 325 Jinanandi. 187 (xxiii) Bhavanachandra Suri. 135 (xiii) Jinasagara Suri. 135 (xiii) Bhavanandin. 187 (vii) Vinasundara Suri. 135 (xiii) Bhavasena Traividyachakravar 05 Jinavallabha. 135 (xi) (xii) Kalaka. 309 Birasenasiddhantadeva. 195 (viii) Kalibhadracharya. 195 (xii) Chandrabhuti. 187 (xvi), 195 (ix) Kamalavahana. 187 (li) Chandrakirti. 187 (xxvii) Kanakachandra. 187 (xlviii) Chandranandi. 141 (xiv), 187 (viii), Kanakakirtidera. 187 (xxi.) 195 (i) Kanakanardi Bhatara. 187 (xxxv) Chandranka Bhattaraka. 195 (xii) Kanakasena. 177, 187 (xlii-xlv) Chandrendra. 187 (xvi) Kanakavira Kuratti. 187 (vii), 195 Charukirti. 187 (xxvii), 195 (xii, xvi) (iv) Devachandra. 135 (xiii), 195 (xiii) Kanakavira Kurattiyar. 188 Devanandi. 195 (xii) Kanakavira Periadigal. 187 (xxxv), Devasena. 187 (vii) Devendrakirti. 478 |Kumarasena. 143 (ix), 177 Dharmabhusana. 195 (xvi) Kumudachandra. 195 (xvi) Dharmachandra. 135 (xiii) Kunakirti. 187 (vii) Dharmadeva. 187 (xlviii), 195 (ii) Kunavirakkuravadigal. 187 (xxxvii) Dhiradeva. 187 (xxiii) Kundakundacharya. 138. (i), 135 Dighatapasi. 438 (xiii) Divakara. 187 (xxiii) Kurandi Astaupavasi. 187 (xxxv), Ganisekhara. 187 (v) 195 (v) Gunabhadra. 187 (v) - Tirukkattambal}i. 187 (xxxv) Gunakirti, 188, 195 (iv) Lokacharya. 141 (ix) Gunasena. 171, 187 (xxxv), 195 (iv, Madhavachandra. 175 V, viii) Maghanandi. 187 (xvi, xxxv), 195 Gunasenapperiyadigal. 187 (xxxv), (v, ix) 195 (iv, v) Mahakirti Ravula. 195 (xvi) Gunavira. 187 (v, li) Maladharideva. 175 Gunavirakkurav Adigal. 145 (iii), Mallisena. 159, 162, 164, 187 (xxxvii) 191 Mativardhana Suri. 135 (xiii) Haribhadra. 195 Meghachandra. 159 Hemachandra. 461, 471, 486, 492, Miladudaiyar. 187 (xliii) 500, 501, 503 Munjarya. 326 Hemachandra Bhataraka, 195 (xvi) Naganandi. 187 (vi), 213 Hemasena. 164 Nandisena. 195 (vi) Hiravijaya Suri. 307 Narendrakirtideva. 195 (xvi) Ilaiyappadarar. 187 (viii), 195 (i) Nemichandra. 175 Indrakirti. 187 (xiv), 195 (i) Nemidevacharya. 143 Indrasena. 187 (xxxvii) Padmanandi. 135 (xiii), 141 (viii), Jayakirtti. 135 (xi) | 195 (xi, xvi)

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GENERAL 367 xii) Padmaprabha Maladhari. 195 (xi, Vasanta kirtideva. 135 (xiii) Vidyadhara Buchidevarasa. 171 Paravadimalla. 187 (v) Vidyananda. 159 Parsvapadara. 187 (xxxviii) Vijayadharma Suri. 246 Parvata. 141 (viii) Vijayakirti. 159, 187 (xxix) Pattirikurattivar. 187 (xxxvii) Vimalasuri Bhataraka. 195 (xvi) Piridivividanga Kurati. 187 (ix) Vinayachandradeva. 195 (xiv) Prabhachandra. 135 (xiii), 141 (x), Vinayasena Siddhanta Bhattara. 187 171, 195 (xii) (xlii) Pujyapada. 195 (xvi) Viranandi. 195 (xii) Purnachandra Suri. 135 (xv) Virasena. 177 Puspanandi Maladharideva. 195 (xii) Visalakirtideva. 135 (xiii) Puspasena. 187 (xvii) Yasahkirti. 143 (ii) Puvvanandikkuratti. 187 (xxxvii) Yasobhadra Suri. 135 (xvi) Ramakirtti. 135 (xi) H. GENERAL. Ramasena. 159 Abhaya, a Buddhist. 372 Ratanprabha. 135 (xiv) Addakali Gachchha. 187 (xxxii) Ratnakirtti. 135 (xiii, xxvi) Adhai-Din-ki Jhonpuri. 135 (xxvi), Santikirtideva. 195 (viii) 1 143 (vii) Santisena. 196 (vi) Adinatha, 210, 349 Santiviraguravar. 187 (xxxvii) Agamas. 357 Sarvanandideva. 183, 195 (viii) Agarvals. 46, 52, 69, 76C, 141 (vii), Siddhantadeva. 195 (xiii, xvi) 1359 Simhanandi. 159, 171, 179, 187 (xv), Ahimsa. 135, 104 Airavatesvara temple. 187 (xliv) srikirti Bhataraka. 195 (xvi) Aiyai, a female ascetic. 145 (iii) Sripala. 159 | Ajivikas. 259, 296, 375, 386-8, 487 Srivijaya. 164 Ajjuna, a Buddhist. 372 Srutamuni. 159, 195 (xvi) Algebra and mensuration. 141 (iv) Sthulabhadra. 77, 299 Alphabets. 142 (viii) subhachandra. 135 (xiii), 141 (xv), Alvars. 308 175 Amari-rudhi, edict on non-slaughter. Subhakirtideva. 135 (xiii) 1166 Sudatta (Vardhamana munindra). 159 Amba, Anbika. 195 (xiii, xix), 193 Suhastin. 309 (ix) Suratnasena. 143 (ii) America, spirit of non slaughter in. Svayambhava. 265 344 Timmana. 187 (xvi) Ammanasvami. 137 (i) Trailokya Yogi Siddhantadeva. 140 Anandimata, a Jain goddess. 135 (xxiii) (xviii) Trikalayogi Siddhantadeva. 195 (xiii) Ancestors, worship of. 345 Vairadeva. 139 (1) Ancient cities. 200 Varagandamuni. 187 (xliii) Ancient religions. 346 Vardhamana. 159 Anekantavada. 441 Varttamanava Panditar. 187 (xxxv), Angas, sacred texts. 462 195 (iv) Animal hospital. 258, 281 309 326

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INDICES Animal life. Sanctity of. 296, 344 Apaniya Sangha. See Yapaniya Sangha Appar, a Saiva. 101, 128, 137 (xxiii), 195 (iv), 317, 322, 496 Archaka service. 320 Architecture. 96, 100, 225, 233, 301, Bhagavati temple. 145 (ii) Bhairava, deity. 345 Bhaironatha. 130 Bhakti. 424 Bhamandala. 88 Bhandara basti. 280 Bhandars. 29, 490 Art. 102, 125, 411 Arthamateva, interpretation of. 471 Bharata. 141 (ix) Bhattaraka. 135 (xiii) Bhavanagar Museum. 135 (xxvii) Bhojak, priest. 389 Bhojakas. 32 Bhujabalin. See Gommatesvara Bichana or Bichiraga. 175 Biography, dictionary of Jain. 72 Bisnis. 208 411, 431 Ardha-Magadhi. 464 Arhat-nisidiya, resting place. 184 Arhats. 184, 306, 314 Arithmetic. 141 (iv), 287 Bhadda Kundalakesa, ex-Jain. 372 Bhadrabahu cave. 97 Bhadrabahu, his 10 member argument for Jainism. 430a Bhadrabahu inscription. 141 (vi) Arugan. 457 Arya Samaj. 63 Ascetics (Yatis). 196C, 273, 483 Asiatic Society of Bengal. 9, 13 Asoka and Jainism. 211 Astamangalas, anspicious symbols. 180 Astapada. 135 (xiii) Astrology, work on. 141 (viii), 287 Book-illustrations. 133 Astronomer, 159 Asuras. 314, 354 Atheism. 441 Atomic theory. 410, 462 Bahulika, interpretation of. 471 Balabhadra. 101 Balatkaragana. 135 (xiii), 138 187 (xxvii) 195 (ix) Balls, offering of. 373 Bana king, record of. 187 (vii) Banias. 330, 359 Barli inscription. 135 (xix) Basadi. See Basti Books, leading texts and publications. 259 Brahma. 139 (vii) Brahma pillar. 141 (xiv) Brahmadeva. 97 Brahmanas. 159, 195 (xii), 320 (i), Brahmi. 142 (viii) Brahmi, alphabets invented by. 493 Brihad Gachchha. 482 Brihat-Punnata Sangha. 171 British Museum. 6, 10, 12, 16-8, 23, 24 Buddhism, basis of. 487 Basohli school of paintings. 142 (ix) Buddhists joining the Jain Sect. 463 Basti. 40, 74, 85, 97, 112, 114, 115 Buildings. 240 135 (xvi, xvii, xix-xxii), 137 (viib Caste system. 80, 279, 297, 306 xi, xii, xiv-xvi), 141 (vi-x, xii-xvi. Caves. 81, 84, 88, 96, 97, 99, 101, 107, XX), 159, 171, 187 (xiv, xv, xx, XXVxxviii, xlii), 193, 195 (viii, x-xiii, xvi), 218, 234, 245, 280. Bengal, Jainism in. 475 Benika. 46 113, 135 (ix, xvi-xx, xxii), 137 (xivAvi, xxi, xxii), 138 (i, viii), 139 (i, v, vi, xvi), 140 (i, vii, xvi, xxvi), 141 (xvii, xix), 144 (iii), 145 (1), 162, 176, 187 (v, vii, xxxv-vii. xlviii), 188, 193, 194, 195 (iii-v, yii, xi, xiii, xvi), 259, 287A Bezwada Museum. 137 (xvii) Bhabras. 43, 75

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GENERAL 3 sep 26 amb Census of the Jains. 34-8, 50, 63-6, Desi-gana. 140 (xxiii), 195 (xii-xiv) 76, 76A-C Desi-pattadlu, villages of the mercanChaityas. 119, 122, 293, 304 tile class. 187 (xlix) Chakra. 108, 185 Devakulika. 135 (xiii) Chakresvari, goddess. 140 (xxiii) Devarma, saint. 187 (vii) Chamekamba. 187 (xxxii) Devasangha. 143 (iii), 159 Chandiyanna. See Nidhiyanna. Devasari, temples. 304 Charana, Jain ascetic. 145 (i), 187 (li) Devis, goddess. 53, 139 (vii, xi) Charitas or prabandhas of the Jains. Dharwa. 409 408 Dhundias. 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 69, 76, Charuvasi Pandita, title of monks. 378 195 (xiii) Digahbaras. 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 59, 71, Chaubaree Deva, temple. 140 (xxiv) 76, 91 98, 105, 107, 118, 135 (ix, Chaula, hair-cutting. 135 (xiii) xi-iii, xvii iii, xxii, xxvi-viii), 136 Chaumukha images and temples. 107. (i, iii), 137 (xxiii), 138 (i, viii), 139 135 (iii, xv, xvi), 137 (xi, xiv, xv, (vii), 140 (v, xxiii-vi), 143 (ii-it, xix), 140 (x, xviii), 142 (ii), 143 vii-iii, x), 153, 158, 174, 179, 18%, (ix), 158, 163, 304 192, 265, 28, 30., 309, 322, 328, Chaturmukha. See Kalki 347, 357, 378, 393 Chawrie bearer. 136 (vi) Drammas. 135 (xv) Chedikulamanikkapperumballi, Dravida Sangam. 285 temple. 187 (xliv) Drawings. See Photographs, etc. Chera. 487 Ether in Jainism. 410 Chhatri. 135 (xvii) Fasts. 187 (viii), 235 Chintaman, temple. 257 Footprints. 94, 141 (x), 171, 193 1, 11) Chola temple. 41 Gachchhas. 105 Christian faith. 159 Gaja Laksmi. 113 Chronology. 27, 196, 262, 268, 277, Ganas. 105 278, 283, 296, 311, 317, 322, 323. Ganettiya, name occurring in older Cognition, Jain view of. 430a Jain literature. 343 Colossal statues. 195 (iv, ix, xi, xiii, Gangarulasundarapperumballi, tem xxi-iii, xxvi-viii), 137 (ix, xiv, xix), ple. 187 (xliv) 138 (i, iii), 139 (i, ii), 140 (xxiv), Ganigiui temple. 40, 111, 137 (x, 141 (v, xvii), 142 (iii), 144 (ii, . xii, xviii), 322 viii), 159, 187 (xxvii, xxviii), 1960, Sanmukha, god. 139 (vii) Gayatri. 84 234, 325 Cosmography. 141 (vi), 183, 317, Genealogies. 274, 302 322, 441 Geometry. 141 (iv) Countries, visit prohibited by Jain God in jainism. 297, 415 monks and nuns. 289 Goddess. 53, 107, 108, 135 (xvii-ix,, Cremation among the Jains. 355 xxvii), 139 (vii, xi), 159, 187 (xli), Customs. 40, 50 Gods. 105, 107 Daityas. 314 Gommatesvara. 97, 187 (xxvii-xxviii), Damila. 467 196C, 284, 292, 325 Dargah See Mosque Gopura. 1-37 (vib), 145 (i) Definition of a Jain. 76C Gasala. 299A, 909, 453

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370 INDICES M 438 ory of Jainism, 47deg See Pustaka Isukara. 324 Gosala Makshali Puttra. 209A, 291 196a, 221, 234, 239, 251, 287, 292, Gotras of Gachchhas and Acharyas. 295, 299, 304, 325, 329, 349, 454 186, 192 Indecent sculptures. 135 (xi) Gowdas. 385 indian education. 506-9 Grammar of the Jain Prakrita. 461 Indo-Scythians. 91 Gunamatiyar, mother of Ajjanandi. Inscriptions. 40, 41, 51, 59, 74, 88, 187 (xxxv) 91, 108, 109, 113, 124, 135 (xiv-xxviii), Gunandangi Kurattigal. 187 (xli) 136 (i, ii, vi, x), 137 (x, xiv-xvi, Guptas, early, age of. 141 (xx) xxiv), 138 (i, iii-v, viii-xii), 139 (i, Guroos. 196C ii, v), 140 (vii, ix-xii, xiv, xvii, xx, Hairpulling ceremony. 407 xxii-iii, xxv), 141 (iii, v, vi-x), 142 Halos. 88 (ii-x), 143 (i-x), 145 (i, ii), 148, Harivamsa. 162 153, 154, 157-60, 162-168, 171, 175, Hathigumpha. 88, 113, 157, 168, 176, 176, 177, 187, 188-190, 194, 195, 194 ; 213, 242, 252, 253, 295, 298, 304, Heretical teachers, influence of. 417, 325, 326, 335, 477, 501 Institutions. 279 Hermitage. 187 (xxxvi), 195 (iv, v, Intermarriages. 208, 389. vii, xi) Interpretation of Bahulika--byHemaHinduism and Buddhism. 432 chandra and Siddharsi 470 Irituition. 449 Hottage Gachchha. See Pustaka Inundation. 260 Gachchha. Hoysala. 112, 114, 115 Jagaji Talesara, temple. 143 (vi) Humar. 48 Jagat Seth. 31, 68 Humcha family. 137 (XXV) Jagdish temple. 304 .. Iconography. 135 (xxvii) 140 (vii), Jain ahimsa. 403 382 Tain architecture, See Architecture Idol worship. 235 jain ascetics. 1960, 273, 483 Illumination. 315, 317 Jain bardic literature. 479 Illustrations. See Photographs, etc Jain Brahmanas. 320 Images. 40, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60, 61, Jain figures. 88 74, 80, 81, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 99, Jain literature, references to Bud101, 103, 104, 107, 108, 117, 118, dhist authors in. 180 119, 124, 125, 130, 135, (i, ix, xi il ain literature from 1160-1600. 497 xv-viii, xx, xxiv, xxvii-iii), 136 ( ain Maharastri. 466, 495 vi, vii), 137 (i, ii, iv-vi, viii-xi, xiiain mode of preserving their literary xvi, xviii-xxv), 138 (i, iii-v, viii-xii) treasures. 459 139 (i, ii, vii-viii, xiv, xvi), 140 ( ain noiation. See Notation vii, viii, xi, xiii, xvi-ii, xix, xxii,ain or Buddhist logic. 4goa iii, XXV-vi), 141 (v, viii-ix, xii, xvljain palm-leaves. 460 xx), 142 (ii, iii-vii, ix-x), 143, (i-iv, jain religious texts. 489 vi-x), 144 (ii,iii), 145 (i, ii), 156, Jain sect in Mysore. 141 (iii), 388 158, 159, 162, 163, 167, 168, Jain Siddhanta. 470 185, 187 (v, vi, xiv, xvi, xxia, xxvii- jain women, position of. 371 iii, xxxiv-ix, xliii, 1), 195 (iv-xvi), Jain work on Buddhism. 338 d hist authors' intelerences to Bud ? 25, 130, 135, (i, is i

Page #385
GENERAL Jain writers of the 17th and 18th 135 (xiii), 187 (xv, xvi, xxiii, xxv), centuries. 497 139, (i, iii, vii, viii), 143 (iii, vi-viii, Jainalapaka lineage. 141 (x) xi-ii, xx), 145 (i), 187 (vii, ix, xi, Jainism. 3, 4, 7, 30, 33, 42, 56, 77, 78, xii, xxi. xxxiii, xl, xlii-iii, li), 192, 96, 105, 111, 119, 155, 157, 159, 164, 195 (i, iii, v, xii-iii) 201, 212, 213, 171, 180, 181, 187, (xlii-iii), 195 214. 218, 219, 220, 226, 229, 237, (iv, xi), 196B, 206-208, 210, 211 231, 295, 297, 330, 331, 332, 334, 217, 223-228, 232, 236, 213, 247, 251, 338, 339, 350, 358, 368, 374, 383, 252, 259, 274, 292, 297, 317A, 328, 385, 432, 506 340, 366, 376, 378, 394, 400, 405, Jains, four schools of. 410 411, 414, 424, 427, 430, 431, 433, Jains, persecution of. 2, 8, 137 (xxii), 134, 441, 444, 449, 450, 452, 454, 196C, 206, 234, 240, 248, 257, 259, 155, 456, 460, 487 263, 266, 280, 292, 308, 314, 317, Jainism, history of. 153, 454 322, 327, 328, 379. Jainism and Buddhism. 2, 8, 30, 78, Jains, sect of the Buddhists. 347, 348 80, 85, 88, 106, 108, 110, 113, 119, J2ins and Jainism. 182, 198, 202, 203 122, 130, 135 (ii), 137 (xvi, xxili), i 215-218, 238, 284, 322, 328, 329, 140 (ix), 141 (xv, xix), 151, 157, 331, 331-339, 345, 346, 347, 349, 269, 18., 187 (xxxvi), 195 (iv), 207, 350, 352, 353, 354, 357, 373, 375, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 228, 379, 390, 396, 397, 401, 462, 463, 234, 235, 236, 259, 262, 265, 274, 475, 491 2874, 292, 296, 297, 306, 309, 314, Jains and leprosy. 358 323, 327, 334, 345, 354, 391, 412, Jains and Swadeshi. 437 417, 418, 438, 439, 440, 448, 453, Jains, Buddhists and Brahmanas, 477 comparative antiquity of. 196A Jainism and Buddhism, and Brah-Jains classed as Hindus. 33, 38, 63, manism. 201, 346, 348 341, 418 Jainism and Hinduism. 2, 8, 31, 32, Jains under education. 506-9 40, 50, 74, 76C, 80, 85, 86, 88, 101, jamali. 309 106, 108, 113, 121, 122, 135 (xii- Jambusvami. 212 xvii, xix, xxi-ii, xxiv-v, xxviii), 137 Jangamas. 83 (xvi, xxiii), 138 (i, ix), 140 (xi, Jina. 108, 118, 135 (xvii, xxvii), 141 xxiii), 141 (ui, viii-xii, xv-vi, xx), (viii-xiii, xv-xvii), 146 (i), 159, 164, 143 (ix), 144 (ii), 145 (i), 150, 157, 185, 187. (xxxiv), 195 (xiv) 159, 187 (vii, xiv, xxxiii, xlii, xliii), Jiva and ajiva. 489 195 (iv, vi, xiv-vi), 219, 220, 234, Jivadeva Siri. 185 235, 248, 263, 266, 271, 274, 276, Jnatrikas. 324, 391 279, 280, 286, 287, 292, 296, 304, Kalachumbarrugrant. 187 (xxxii) 305, 306, 308, 309, 314, 317, 322, Kalaka, story of. 309 328, 406. Kalas, number of. 395 Tainism in Orissa. 88, 94, 96 Kalidasa, poet. 485 Jainism in South India. 379, 390 Kalika terhple. 86 Jainism in the Kanarese country. 385, Kalingan Jina. 185 497 Kalki. 141 (xx), 278, 282, 291 Jains. 30-41, 43-48, 50, 52, 54, 56-59, Kalpadruma. 142 (ix) 63-69, 71, 75, 76, 76A-C, 98, 105,, Kaluvettal, impaling ceremony. 70

Page #386
302 INDERS 372, 3 475,28 18. 241 Kanarese country, 140 (i) Logic. 159, 370 Kanarese country, Jainism in See Lokapalas, guardian deities. 122 under Jainism Lord of Avanti. 269 Kanarese literature. 383 Magadhi. 309 Kanchaniya. 343 Mahabharata. 302 Kanji, food. 388 Mahajanapadas. 324 Kankali Tila. 91, 136 (i), 140 (ix), Mahalaksmi. 113 168, 296 Mahapradhana Brahmadevana. 187 Kannada language. 33, 159 (xxxiv) Kanur Gana. 195 (xii) Maharastri. 306, 309 Karkal king. 187 (xxv) Mahavira. 64, 71, 77, 88, 94, 105, Karmas. 326, 426, 430, 441, 444 139 (i, iii), 140 (iii), 180, 183, 210, Kasta Sangha. 135 (ix) 225, 231, 234, 241, 259, 262, 265, Katha literature. 408 277, 309, 315, 317, 324, 328, 346, Katuka, a Jain sect. 178 354, 357, 372, 397, 433, 439, 441, Kayahas. 58 Kesalochana, hair pulling. 241 Mahavira, sanctuary of. 384 Kevali. 162, 265 Mahavratins. 195 (R) Khandagiri. See Hathigumpha Mahesri, sect. 50, 135 (xvii, xviii), Khandelvals, Sect. 43. 135 il), 389 138 (viii) Malayapundi grants. 187 (xxx) Kharatara Gachchha. 135 (i, xiii), Malini or Sumalini, goddess. 140 138 (i) (xxiii) Khonduka, sect. 143 (vii) Mallappa Vodaya. 187 (xxii) Kings of Dravida countries. 145 (ii) Mallikarjura temple. 74, 187 (xlii) Kondakondanvaya. 195 (ix, xi, xii, Mallishena. 162 xvi) Manastambha. 137 (xix) 140 (i), 187 Kottayam Raja. 385 1 (xxvi, xxvii) Krishna legend. 361 Mandapa. 118, 137 (viib) Ksapanakas. 179 Mandirpanthis, sect. 45, 69 Ksatriyas. 391 Manibhadra, Yaksa. 122 Kubera. 122 Manikavasagara, Saiva. 457 Kulas 105 Manikyaswami Gudi, 108 Kumbhipatias, sect. 64 Manikyavatchaka. 101 Kurumbas, sect. 140 (ix), 21 Manirama. 212 Kusan period. 242, 298 Manuscripts. 5, 9, 10, 19, 22, 26, 28, Kutab Mosque. 257 29, 138 (i), 459, 460, 490 Lada Vagada Sangha. 143 (ix) Map of Jain population. 63 Laksminarayana temple. 304 Maps. See Photographs, etc. Lavadiyas, sect. 135 (xviii) Mariyamman temple. 187 (xlii) Lesyas. 141 (xii), 375 Marks, sectarian. 369 Libraries. 200, 469, 474, 490 Marundisvara temple. 187 (xlvi) Linga. 159, 187 (xxxiii) Marwaris. 31, 36, 66 Lingayats. 159 Mata, goddess. 135 (xix) Literature. 141 (i-xi, xiv, xvi-iii, Matha or Mutt. 141 (x, xii-iv, xvi), xx), 274, 383, 441 187 (xliii), 193, 195 (xiv), 474

Page #387
GENERAL 373 Matter in Jainism. 410 Nagarjuna. 323 Maurya Kala and Jainism. 180 Nagaya. 187 (i) Mayura and Bana, Jain tale about. Nandagiri. 273 485 Nandi. 195 (iv) Meat diet' avoided by Jains. 443 Nandigachchha. 187 (xxiii) Medicine. 141 (i, iv, vii, xviii), 159, Nandipada, symbol. 157 287 Nandi Sangha. 159 Megasthenes. 159 Nandisvara, island in Jain cosmoMerchants. 298, 328 graphy. 171 Meypporulnayanar, saint. 187 (xliii) Nandisvara chaitya. 304 Modh Jamilies in Bhopal. 373. Nandisvaradvipa. 135 (xviii) Mohammedanism. 141 (xii) Nanduttara, ex-Jain. 372 Mohammedans or Muslims. 98, 135 Narayana images set up in Jain (xii, xxvii), 144 (i), 257 temples. 445 Monastries. 322 Narshingpura, caste. 48 Monks. 88, 119, 136 (i), 138 (iii), Nasiyan t'emple. 42 139 (i, v), 140 (iii, vii), 310 Natha Putta. See Mahavira Mosque or Masjid. 86, 135 (i, vii, xii, Nayanar, use of the title. 218, 308 xvi, xx, xxvi, xxviii), 138 (i, vi), Nidhiyanna. 74, 187 xlii) 140 (xv), 143 (vii), 144 (i), 166, 195 Nikas or Nikal. 185 (xvi), 257 Nirgranthas. 49, 137 (xxiii), 140 (iii), Mosque, Jain temple resembling. 135 231, 282, 315, 433, 438 (xix) Nirvana. 78, 139 (i), 210, 241, 357 Muhurtas. 270 Nisidhi or nishidhika, Tombs. 135 Mukhavastrika, cloth. 343 (xii), 184, 185, 187 (viii, xvi, xx, Mukkode, tripple umbrella. 141 (xv) xxia), 195 (i, ix, xii, xiii), 310 Mulasangha. 135 (xiii), 138 (i, Non-slaughter or animals. 148, 166. xviii), 141 (viii, xx), 143 (iii), 187 344, 345 (xvi, xlii), 195 (vii, ix, xii, xiii) Notation, of the Jains. 374 Murundas. 141 (xx) Nudity. 103, 124, 135 (xvii), 136 (vMusalman buildings. 138 (i) vi), 138 (ii), 139 (viii), 142 (iv), Museums. 135 (xxii), 136 (i-vii) 138 187 (xxxv), 234, 328, 349, 402 (x), 140 (xi, xvii-viii, xxv) 142 (1-Omkara. 435 vii, ix), 143 (i-x), 145 (i), 147, 148, Ontology. 441 158, 162, 167, 168, 195 (v, ix) Muslim influence. 424 Orators. 141 (i) Mutiny. 98 Orissa, Jainism in. See under Jainism Mysore, Jain sect in. 141 (iii), 382 | Ornaments of Jain images. 416 Mythology. 135 (xiii), 142 (viii, ix).loxish Oswals. 32, 43, 48, 50, 69, 135 (xv, 1 xix), 193 (vi), 335, 389 430a, 434 Nabhi Jina. See Adinatha Padmavati, goddess. 141 (xv), 145 Naga. 354 (i, ii) Naga, worship of. 137 (xx), 149 (vii), Padukas, foot-prints. 139 (i, ii), 140 145 (ii) (iii, v) Naga stories. 137 (xviii, xx) Pagoda. 85, 196C Naganathasvami temple. 187 (xliii) Paintings. 132 48

Page #388
1 374 Paisachi and Chulika-paisachika. 492, vii-viii, xvi) 498 Pajusan, sacred days. $45 Palli, Jain temple. 179, 187 (xxxv, xliii), 195 (iv, viii), 218 Pallichchandam, gift to a Jain temple. 145 (ii), 179, 187 (xlvi), 195 (viii) 389 Palliwal, sect. 135 (xx) Pancham, caste, 360 Panchatirtha. 135 (xv-vi) Parapadra Gachchha. 135 (xv) Parsvanatha. 71, 88, 94, 119, 210, 309, 324, 346, 354, 433 Parvars, sect. 46, 52 Patni, sect. 143 (vii) Patrons of Jainism. 145 (ii) Pattanarayana temple. 304 Pattavardhika lineage. 187 (xxxii) Patwa, sect. 135 (19) Perception, Jain theory of. 430a Persecution of Jains. 30, 40, 50, 70, Pustaka Gachchha. 159, 17i 74. 83, 85, 86, 88, 101, 121, 131, 135 Qutab Minar. 138 (vii) (i, xii, xiii, xx), 137 (i, xvi, xxi, Ragunathdas Seth. 212 xxiii, xxv), 138 (i, vi), 140 (ix, xv), 141 (xii, xx), 143 (ix), 144 (i, ii), Rajkot Museum. 135 (xxii) 145 (1), 159, 166, 187 (vii, xxxiii, Rajoharana. 343 xliii), 195 (x, xii, xv, xvi), 213, 218, 829, 496. Philosophy. 377, 390, 410, 433, 44, Ramanuja. 2, 121, 150, 159, 206, 248, 266, 280, 322, 327, 379, 445 Ramayana. 235, 302 Raradesa. 475 Rathayatra. 338 Priests. 159, 196C Prakrit, language. 461, 473, 486 Procersions. 234 Publications, Jain. 14, 19 Rajaguru. 280 196C, Rajputana Museum. 143 General 51, 135 (i, viii-xxviii), 137 Rayachandra-Jaina-Sastra-Mala. 21 Rauhineya, story of the thief, 504 (ix, x, xiv-viii, XX-XXV), 138 (IV-Realism of the Jains. 430, 456 viii, x, xi), 189 (ii, vii-ix, xvi) 14 Rikhabdeva. See Adinatha (iv, vi, viii, x, xiv, xvii, xviii, xxii-iii, Rosaries, references to, in Jain canon Xxv-vi), 14 (vi-viii, x, xii, xiv-vii), and literature. 343 142 (-iv, vi-x), 144 (iii), 145 (Sacred mounts. 200 ii), 146 (1), 148, 193, 195 (v-viii, x-Sacrifice. 306 xi, xiv-vi) INDICES 442, 449, 451, 455 Photographs, Drawings, Illustrations, Maps: Bengal and Eastern (central) circles. 139 (ii, vii-ix, 140 (iii) xvi), North Western Provinces and Oudh, United Provinces and Punjab, Northern Circle. 138 (iii-v, viii, x-xii) Gwalior State. 51 India. 140 (iii, iv, vi, viii, x, xii xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiv-vi), 195 Southern Circle. 137 (iii-vii, ix xivxxv), 138 (iii-v), 140 (x), 141 (vii, ix, xii, xv, xvii), 142 (iv), 145 (ii) Western India. 135 (i, iii, iv, viii-xv, xvii-xxii, xxiv-viii) Pillars. 135 (i-iii, iv-v, xii), 137 (viib, xii, xiv-v. xix) Pimpari plates of Dharavarsa. 162 Pinjrapoles, animal hospitals. 258 Pogariya Gana. 187 (xlii) Porval or Porvads, sect. 135 (xv), Rama of Ramayana. 159, 171, 239 Sahasrakuta temple. 141 (vi, xv) Saitvals, sect. 44 Saiva Nayanars. 308 (Salva temple. go4

Page #389
GENERAL 496 477 Saivism. 159, 447 Seths. 98 Sakhas. 105 Sevak or Scythian Brahmanas, aus Sakkiyanar. 195 (xv) priests in Jain teraples. 479 Saktikumara. 157 Sheep. 187 (xxxvi, xl), 195 (xi) Sallekhana, death by starvation. 141 Shepherd. 187 (xxxv), 195 (V) (xvii), 159, 287, 356 siddha. 354 Salvation. 419 Siddhaksetra. 254 Samanal. 457 Siddhanta. 491 Samavasarana. 173, 382 Siddhanta Bhavana. 88 Samba, legend of. 485 Siddhis. 395 Sambandar, 2, 8, 195 (xv), 197, 322, Siha. 438 Sikharas. 108 Sametasikhara. 135 (xv) Simhanandi, teacher. 179 Sanderaka Gachchha. 135 (xvi), 166 Simhasangha. 159 Sankaracharya. 159 Siruttonda Nayanar, saint. 195 (iv) Sankhya system, basis of Ja 477 Sitalanatha. 51, 139 (xv Sannyasanam, rite. 171 Sittannavasal, temple. 128 Sanskrit, ignored by the early Jains. Sivalinga. 135 (xxiv) Sivappanayaka. 316 Santara plates. 141 (v) Slaughter. 235 Sanyasa. 241 Socialism. 276 ! Saptabhanga. 135 (xi) Sada Rajput. 196 Sarak. So& Sravak Sodasa, merchant. 298 Saraogis, sect. 39, 56, 195 (xvii, Soma. 122 , 208, 212, 359 Soul with reference to Jainism. 444 Sarasvati. 141 (xv), 304 Sound theory of the Jains. 4goa Sarasvati Gachchha. 135 (xiii), 138 South India, Jainism in. See under (i), 187 (xxvii), 195 (ix) | Jainism Sarnatha temple. 304 Sramanas. 96, 159, 179, 187 (11) 294 Sasana basti. 97 Srayakas, sect. 57 135 (xii), 139 Sasanadevatas. 105 (ii), 186, 187 (xxyjii), 19% (xii), Sasbahu temple, 257 335, 386, 347, 397 Satrunjaya temple. 205 Sravana Belgola. 168 Sangoliplates. 140 (xx) Sreyangsunatha. 475 Sauraseni, language. 309 Srimala, sect. 135 (xxvii), 889 Scriptures. 187 (XXXV, xxxvi, xlii, Srivatsa. 88, 103 xlvii), 195 (ii, iv-vi, xv-vi), 299. goo Stambha. 187 (xii. xiv, xv, xix) Sculptures. 98, 93, 104, 105, 118, 119, Statues. 83, 124 124-127, 129, 185 (xv, xviii), 136Sthanakavasi. See Dhundias (ii), 187 (vi, x-xii, xv-xix), 138'Store houses. 85 (viii-xi), 139 (i, viii, x, xi), 140 Stupa. 136 (i), 198 (iii). 189 (iv), fix, x, xii), 141 (iv, 144 (ii, iii, 140 (ix), 151 " viii-x), 143 (ii, vii), 196C, 251 Sundaresvara temple. 187 (xv) Sepanvaya. 187 (xlii) Suparsvanatha. 435 Senasangha. 159, 177 Superstitions. 484 Serpent. See Naga Surya. 135 (xv, xxiv), 304, 354

Page #390
376 Tirunavukkaraiyar. See Appar Svastika. 141 (viii), 381 Svetambaras. 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 59, 69, Tombs. 135 (xxviii), 137 (x-xii, xiv71, 76, 105, 118, 122, 135 (xi, xii), v, xix, xx, XXV), 140 (xx), 184, 136 (i), 140 (vii, xxv), 143 (iv, viii, 187 (i, xxvii), 195 (xii) x), 181, 265, 304, 309, 328, 347, 357, Torana. 135 (xviii) 378 Tower. 135 (viii, xi), 138 (iv) Trade. 319 Syadvada. 297 Symbols. 4, 88, 90, 91, 103, 108 Tagadur. See Basti Talai-vetti-muni-appan, Jain INDICES Tridivesa Sangha. 159 Trisala, mother of Mahavira. 138 figure (v), 439 Tundiradesa, Jain kings of. 141 (xv) Tungabhadra, river. 85 159, Upanishads, origin of Jainism from. in Salem. 74 Talkad, 249 Tamil language and literature. 328, 436, 457, 467 Tapa Gachchha. 135 (xvi) Taragans, sect. 385 Tatacharya, Vaisnava. 406 Tattvas. 409 Taxation. 287 48, Vagata Sangha. 135 (xvii) Tejpala. 86, 272, 304 Vaisesika system. 410 Temples. 31, 32, 40, 41, 45, 51, Vaishanavas. 159, 304 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 74, Vaisramana. 122 77, 82, 84, 85, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, Vakulyavala Gotra. 138 (viii) 107-112, 114, 135, (i-v, vii, ix-xii, Valahari Gana. 187 (xxxii) xiv-xxviii), 136 (i, ii), 137 (ii-v, Vanjari caste. 135 (xii) ix-xvi, xviii-xxv), 138 (i, ii, iv, Vardhamana. vii), 139 (i, ii, vi, viii, ix, xi, xiii Vardhamana Nataputra xvi), 140 (i-x, xii-iv, xvii-viii, xx, Varuna. 122 xxiii-v), 141 (iv-vi, viii-x, xii-iii, Vastupala. 86, 272, 304 xix), 142 (v-vi, viii-x), 143 (ii, iv-x), Vasudeva. 172 145 (i, ii), 148, 156, 159, 160, 166, Vasupujya. 265, 475 175, 177, 181, 187, (i, iii, v, vii, ix-Vesalie. See Mahavira xi, xiii-xv, xvii, xx, xxia, xxiii-iv, Vijaya Parsva temple. 159 xxx, xxxii, xxxvi, xl, xlii-iv, xlix), Vijnapti Triveni, Jain epistle. 484 188, 193, 195 (i-xii, xiv v), 198, 203, Vira Saivas. 2, 159, 187 (xxxiii) 211-214, 216, 217, 221, 222, 225, Viragals. 135 (iii), 141 (xiii) 226, 234, 245, 248, 251, 257, 258, Virasolam. 195 (x) 275, 280, 287, 293, 301, 304, 313 Vishalaksha Pandita. 305 Tevaram. See Appar "Thiru", suffix used by the Jains. Time, telling of. 270, 303 Tirthankaras. 4, 41, 42, 90, 91, 103, 108, 117, 309, 326, 336, 475, 482 Tirujnana Sambandar. 145 (i), (iv) Visvachakra. 135 (xxvii) 320 Vrisabhanatha. See Adinatha Yadavas. 140 (ix) 96, Yaksa. 122, 137 (viib), 195 (iii), 187 354, (v, vi), Yaksi. 97, 136 (vii), 137 (viib), 140 195 (xxiii), 142 (viii), 187 (v, vi, ix, xxxvii, xl) 364, 391 Upasra or upaasraya, monastery. 75, 135 (xv) Urna. 91 Usnisa. 91 See Mahavira 23 33 ;

Page #391
GENERAL 3113 Yama. 122 ***Yatis. 32, 135 (xiv, xix), 159, 196C, Yantras. 145 (ii) 313, 335, 347, 351, 354, 357 Yapaniya Sangha. 159, 185, 187 (xvi, Yellow robes. 306 xxiii), 195 (ix) Yuan Chwang, on Jainism. 306 Yasovijaya-Jaina-Granthamala. 19

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ABBREVIATIONS. 1. ABAW=Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen schaften, Munchen. i ABI=Annals of the Bhandarkar Institute, Poona A=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australia, London. BA=Baessler Archiv, Berlin, Leipzig. BAIS=Bulletin de l'Academie Imperial des Sciences, St. Peters burg.. BDG=Bengal District Gazetteer, Calcutta. BMFA=Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. BODG=Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteer, Patna. CISC=The Central India State Gazetteer, Bombay, Calcutta. CPDG=Central Provinces District Gazetteers, Allahabad, Bom bay. CR=Calcutta Review, Calcutta. DSM=The Dawn and Dawn Society's Magazine, Calcutta. EI=Epigraphia Indica, Calcutta. EIM=Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica, Calcutta. GSAI=Giornale della Societa Asiatica Italiana, Firenze HOS=Harvard Oriental Series, Cambridge, Mass. HS=The Hakluyt Society, London. IA=The Indian Antiquary, Bombay. JA=Journal Asiatique, Paris. JAOS=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Boston, Now Haven. J. Anth. SB=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, Bombay. JBBRAS=The Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay. JBORS=The Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, Patna. JBTS=Journal (and Text) of the Buddhist Text Society of India, Calcutta,

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JCBRAS Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo. JDL Journal of the Department of Letters, University of Calcutta, Calcutta. JHAS The Journal of the Hyderabad Archaeological Society, Hyderabad, Deccan. " JIH Journal of Indian History, Oxford. JMBS The Journal of the Mahabodhi Society, Calcutta. JPASB-Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, ABBREVIATIONS Calcutta. JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London. MDG Madras District Gazetteer, Madras. MJ The Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Nungumbankum, Madras, London. MR The Modern Review, Calcutta. n-Note. p=Page. PASB Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. JB Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India, Almora. PDG Punjab District (States) Gazetteers, Lahore. QJMS The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Bangalore. RDG,RG Rajputana District Gazetteer. Ajmer. RSO Rivista deghi Studi Orientali, Roma. SAW Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschajter, Wien. Sl-Serial. SBJ Sacred Books of the Jains, Arrah, India. SIR The South Indian Research, Vepery, Madras. TAS Travancore Archaeological Series, Trivandrum. TLSB Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay, London. VOJ Vienna Oriental Journal, Vienna. ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen GeselIschaft, Leipzig. TRAL ARCHAEOLO (New Delhi LIBRARY

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D.G.A. 80. CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY NEW DELHI Issue resoro WWW Call No.-0 10.9010954/J/Jain-6182 ---- ----- Author, Jair, Chhote La ia Title Jaina vibiio graphy. Porrower's Namel Date of Issue Date of Bauen "A book that is shut is but a block" CHAEOLOGIC .... NL ARCHA .... CENTRAL GOVT. OF INDIA Department of Archaeology NEW DELHI. AL LIBRARI . Please help us to keep the book clean and moving. 5.1., 148. N. DELHI.