Jain Agamo ki Mul Bhasha Ardhamagadhi ya Shaurseni

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Z_Sumanmuni_Padmamaharshi_Granth_012027.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210574/1

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI? pro. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI jaina AgamoM kI mUlabhASA ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI isa prazna ko lekara katipaya vidvAnoM ke bIca meM matabheda hai| pro. zrI sAgaramalajI jaina svayaM zodha keMdra ke nidezaka rahe hai tathA AgamoM kA evaM prAkRta bhASA kA unheM vizada jJAna hai| isa Alekha ke mAdhyama se unakA yahI spaSTIkaraNa hai ki mUla AgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI hai na ki shaursenii| - sampAdaka vartamAna meM prAkRta viyA nAmaka zodha patrikA ke mAdhyama se jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM kA eka varga AgrahapUrvaka yaha pratipAdana kara rahA hai ki "jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI, jise kAlAntara meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI kara diyA gyaa"| isa varga kA yaha bhI dAvA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI prAcInatama prAkRta hai aura anya sabhI prAkRteM yathA - mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTra Adi isIse ra vikasita huI haiM, ataH ve sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta se paravartI bhI haiN| isI krama meM digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM nihita ardhagAmadhI aura mahArASTrI zabda rUpoM ko parivartita karake unheM zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka suniyojita prayatna bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| isa samasta pracAra-prasAra ke pIche mUlabhUta uddezya yaha hai ki zvetAmbara-mAnya AgamoM ko digambara paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya granthoM se arvAcIna aura apane zaurasenI meM nibaddha Agamatulya granthoM ko prAcIna siddha kiyA jaaye| isa pAramparika vivAda kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI ho rahA hai ki zvetAmbara - digambara paramparA ke bIca kaTutA kI khAI gaharI hotI jA rahI hai aura isa saba meM eka niSpakSa bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana ko pIche chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiM ina sabhI praznoM para zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? granthoM ke Aloka meM carcA karane kA prayala kruuNgaa| kyA Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA? yahA~ sarvaprathama maiM isa prazna kI carcA karanA cAhU~gA ki kyA jaina Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA aura use bAda meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI rUpa diyA gayA? jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huA thA aura use bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiyA gyaa| apane isa kathana ke pakSa meM ve zvetAmbara, digambara kinhIM bhI AgamoM kA pramANa na dekara pro. TATiyA ke vyAkhyAna se kucha aMza uddhRta karate haiN| DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne prAkRta vidyA janavarI-mArca '66 ke sampAdakIya meM unake kathana ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai: hAla hI meM zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha meM sampanna dvitIya AcArya kundakundasmRti vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vizvavizruta bhASAzAstrI evaM dArzanika vicAraka pro. nathamala jI TATiyA ne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita kiyA ki "zramaNa - sAhitya kA prAcIna rUpa, cAhe ve bauddhoM ke tripiTaka Adi hoM, zvetAmbaroM ke AcArAMgasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra Adi 43

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni hoM athavA digambaroM ke SaTkhaNDAgamasUtra, samayasAra Adi prAkRta meM nibaddha huii| unhoMne spaSTa mata prakaTa kiyA ki hoM, sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI nibaddha the| unhoMne Age AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura dazavaikAlika meM sapramANa spaSTa kiyA ki bauddhoM ne bAda meM zrIlaMkA meM eka ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai"| bRhatsaMgIti meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bauddha sAhitya dUsarI aura prAkRta vidyA ke sampAdaka DaoN. sudIpa jI kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura prAcIna zaurasenI nibaddha bauddha kA kathana hai ki unake vyAkhyAna kI Tepa hamAre pAsa sAhitya graMthoM ko agnisAta kara diyaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara upalabdha hai aura hamane unheM avikala rUpa se yathAvat jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI diyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, DaoN. sudIpa jI kA to yaha thA, jisakA rUpa kramazaH ardhamAgadhI meM badala gyaa| yadi bhI kathana hai ki talasIprajJA ke khaNDana ke bAda bhI ve hama vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya mAnane para jora deMgeM, to isa ardhamAgadhI TATiyA jI se mile haiM aura TATiyA jI ne unheM kahA hai bhASA kA Aja se pandraha sau varSa ke pahile astitva hI ki ve apane kathana para Aja bhI dRr3ha haiN| TATiyA jI ke nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko isa kathana ko unhoMne prAkRta vidyA julAI - sitambara '66 500 varSa I. ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa| unhoMne spaSTa ___ ke aMka meM nimnalikhita zabdoM me prastuta kiyA hai:kiyA ki Aja bhI AcArAMgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM __maiM saMskRta vidyApITha kI vyAkhyAnamAlA meM prastuta meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai, jabika naye tathyoM para pUrNataH dRr3ha hU~ tathA yaha merI tathyAdhArita spaSTa prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM una zabdoM kA ardhamAgadhIkaraNa ho avadhAraNA hai jisase vicalita hone kA prazna hI nahIM gayA hai| unhoMne kahA ki pakSa-vyAmoha ke kAraNa aise uThatA hai|" (pR.6) parivartanoM se hama apane sAhitya kA prAcIna mUla rUpa kho rahe haiN| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki digambara jaina yaha samasta vivAda do patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se donoM sAhitya meM hI zaurasenI bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa surakSita sampAdakoM ke madhya hai, kintu isa vivAda meM satyatA kyA hai upalabdha haiN|" aura DaoN. TATiyA kA mUla mantavya kyA hai? isakA nirNaya - prAkRta viyA, janavarI-mArca 66 kA sampAdakIya / to tabhI sambhava hai jaba DaoN. TATiyAjI svayaM isa sambandha meM likhita vaktavya deM, kintu ve isa saMbaMdha meM mauna haiN| maiMne nissaMdeha pro. TATiyA jaina aura bauddha darzana ke variSThatama svayaM unheM patra likhA thA, kintu unakA koI pratyuttara nahIM vidvAnoM meM eka haiM tathA unake kathana kA koI artha aura AdhAra bhI hogaa| kintu ye kathana unake apane haiM yA unheM aayaa| maiM DaoN. TATiyAjI kI ulajhana samajhatA huuN| eka apane pakSa kI puSTi hetu tor3a-mor3a kara prastuta kiyA gayA ora kundakunda bhAratI ne unheM upakRta kiyA hai, to dUsarI hai, yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai, kyoMki eka ora tulasI ora ve jaina vizvabhAratI kI sevA meM rahe haiM, jaba jisa prajJA ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki TATiyA jI ne isakA maMca se bole hoMge bhAvAveza meM unake anukUla vaktavya de khaNDana kiyA hai| ve tulasI prajJA (apraila jUna, 66 khaNDa diye hoMge aura aba spaSTa khaNDana bhI kaise kareM? phira bhI 22, aMka 4) meM likhate haiM ki "DaoN. nathamala TATiyA ne merI antarAtmA yaha svIkAra nahIM karatI haiM ki DaoN. TATiyAjI dillI kI eka patrikA meM chape aura unake nAma se pracArita jaisA gambhIra vidvAn binA pramANa ke aise vaktavya de de| isa kathana kA khaNDana kiyA hai ki mahAvIra-vANI zaurasenI kahIM na kahIM zabdoM kI koI jor3a-tor3a avazya ho rahI 44 jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka hai| DaoN. sudIpa jI prAkRta vidyA, julAI - sitambara 66 meM DaoN. TATiyA jI ke ukta vyAkhyAnoM ke vicAra binduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta karate hue likhate haiM ki "haribhadra kA sArA yogazataka dhavalA se hai|" isakA tAtparya hai ki haribhadra ne apane yogazataka ko dhavalA ke AdhAra para banAyA hai| kyA TATiyA jI jaise vidvAn ko itanA bhI itihAsa bodha nahIM hai ki yogazataka ke kartA haribhadra sUrI aura dhavalA ke kartA meM kauna pahale huA? yaha to aitihAsika satya hai ki haribhadrasUri kA yogazataka (AThavIM zatI) dhavalA (10vIM zatI) se pUrvavartI hai| mujhe vizvAsa bhI nahIM hotA hai, ki TATiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa aitihAsika satya ko anadekhA kara de| kahIM na kahIM unake nAma para koI bhrama khar3A kiyA jA rahA hai| DA. TATiyA jI ko apanI cuppI tor3akara bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| vastutaH yadi koI bhI carcA pramANoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotI to use mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, phira cAhe use kitane hI bar3e vidvAna ne kyoM nahIM kahA ho| yadi vyakti kA hI mahatva mAnya hai, to abhI saMyoga se TATiyA jI se bhI variSTha antara-rASTrIya khyAti ke jaina-bauddha vidyAoM ke mahAmanISI aura svayaM TATiyA jI ke guru padma vibhUSaNa paM. dalasukha bhAI hamAre bIca haiM, phira to unake kathana ko adhika pramANika mAnakara prAkRta vidyA ke sampAdaka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| aura yaha saba prAstAvika bAteM thI, jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki samasyA kyA hai, kaise utpanna huI? hameM to vyaktiyoM ke kathanoM yA kartavyoM para na jAkara tathyoM ke prakAza meM isakI samIkSA karanI hai ki AgamoM kI mUlabhASA kyA thI aura ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM kauna prAcIna hai? AgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI ___yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki mahAvIra kA janma-kSetra aura kArya-kSetra donoM hI mukhya rUpa se magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM hI thaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unhoMne jisa bhASA ko bolA hogA vaha samIpavartI kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| vyakti kI bhASA kabhI bhI apanI mAtRbhASA se aprabhAvita nahIM hotii| punaH zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mAnya jo bhI Agama sAhitya Aja upalabdha hai, unameM aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha haiM ki mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM diye the| isa sambandha meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM, yathA - 1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| - samavAyAMga, samavAya 34, sUtra 22 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhaMbhasAraputassa addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsatti arihAdhamma prikhi| - aupapAtika-sUtra 3. goyamA ! devANaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti saviyaNa __ addhamAgahI bhAsA bhAsijamANI visjjti| - bhagavaI, (lADanUM) zataka 5, uddezaka 4, sUtra 63 4. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadatta mAhaNassa devANaMdA mAhaNIe tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe muNiparisAe jaiparisAe....savva bhAsANugAmaNie sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamagahAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma prikhi| - bhagavaI (lADanUM) zataka 6, uddezaka 33, sUtra 146 5. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArassa.... addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma parikahai / - bhagavaI (lADanUM) zataka 6 uddezaka 33 sUtra 163 / 6. savvasattasamadarisIhiM adamAgahAe bhAsAe sattaM uvditttthN| - AcArAMga cUrNi, jinadAsagaNi pR.255 | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ?

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni mAtra itanA hI nahIM, digambara paramparA meM mAnya AcArya arthAt 'ardhamAgadhI' rahI hai, yaha mAnanA hogA / kundakunda ke grantha bodhapAhuDa, jo svayaM zaurasenI meM nibaddha 2. isake viparIta zaurasenI Agama tulya mAnya granthoM hai, usakI TIkA meM digambara AcArya zrutasAgara jI likhate meM kisI eka bhI grantha meM eka bhI sandarbha aisA nahIM hai, haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA jisase yaha pratidhvanita bhI hotA ho ki AgamoM kI mUla upadeza diyaa| pramANa ke lie usa TIkA ke anuvAda kA bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thii| unameM mAtra yaha ullekha hai ki vaha aMza prastuta hai - "ardhamagadha deza bhASAtmaka aura tIrthaMkaroM kI jo vANI khiratI hai, vaha sarvabhASArUpa pariNata ardha sarvabhASAtmaka bhagavAn kI dhvani khiratI hai| zaMkA hotI hai| usakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki unakI ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta atizaya kaise ho sakatI hai, vANI jana sAdhAraNa ko AsAnI se samajha meM AtI thii| kyoMki bhagavAna kI bhASA hI ardhamAgadhI hai? uttara - vaha loka-vANI thii| usameM magadha ke nikaTavartI kSetroM kI magadha deva ke sAnidhya meM hone se|" AcArya prabhAcandra ne kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabda rUpa bhI hote the aura yahI kAraNa nandIzvara bhakti ke artha meM likhA hai, "eka yojana taka thA ki use mAgadhI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA thaa| bhagavAn kI vANI svayameva sunAI detI hai| usake Age 3. jo grantha jisa kSetra meM racita yA sampAdita hotA saMkhyAta yojanoM taka usa divya-dhvani kA vistAra magadha hai, usakA vahA~ kI bolI se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika jAti ke deva karate haiN| ataH ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta hai| hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, (SaTprAbhRtam caturtha bodhapAhuDa TIkA pR. 176/21) isibhAsiyAI (RSibhASita), uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika mAtra yahI nahIM, vartamAna meM bhI digambara-paramparA ke Adi magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM racita haiN| mahAn saMta evaM AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke pramukha ziSya unameM isI kSetra ke nagaroM Adi kI sUcanAe~ haiN| mUla muni zrI pramANasAgara jI apanI pustaka jaina dharma darzana pRSTha AgamoM meM eka bhI aisI sUcanA nahIM haiM ki mahAvIra ne 40 meM likhate haiM ki "una bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza bihAra, baMgAla aura pUrvI uttara pradeza se Age vihAra sarvagrAhya 'ardhamAgadhI' bhASA meM huaa|" kiyA ho| ataH unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ yaha 4. punaH AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATalIputra meM aura mAnakara cala rahI haiM ki bhagavAn kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM __ dUsarI vAcanA khaNDagirI (ur3IsA) meM huii| ye donoM kSetra huA thA aura isI bhASA meM unake upadezoM ke AdhAra para mathurA se paryApta dUrI para sthita haiN| ataH kama se kama prathama AgamoM kA praNayana huA to phira zaurasenI ke nAma se nayA aura dvitIya vAcanA ke samaya taka arthAt IsvI pUrva dUsarI vivAda khar3A karake isa khAI ko caur3A kyoM kiyA jA rahA zatI taka unake zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hone kA yA usase hai? yaha to Agamika pramANoM kI carcA huii| vyAvahArika prabhAvita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| evaM aitihAsika tathya bhI isI kI puSTi karate haiM - yaha satya hai ki usake pazcAt jaba jaina dharma, evaM 1. yadi mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM vidyA kA kendra pATalIputra se haTakara lagabhaga IsvI pUrva diye to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM prathama zatI meM mathurA banA to usa para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AgamoM kA praNayana kiyA hogaa| ataH siddha hai ki AnA prArambha huA ho| yadyapi mathurA se prApta dUsarI zatI AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita 'mAgadhI' taka ke abhilekhoM kA zaurasenI ke prabhAva se mukta honA 46 jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka yahI siddha karatA hai ki jainAgamoM para zaurasenI kA prabhAva dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt hI prArambha huA hogaa| sambhavataH phalgumitra (dUsarI zatI) ke samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt skaMdila (caturtha zatI) kI mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI prabhAva par3a cukA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nizItha, kalpa, Adi jo Agama rahe haiM, ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi DaoN. TATiyA ne yaha kahA hai ki AcArAMga Adi zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa bhI thA, jo mathurA kSetra meM vikasita yApanIya paramparA ko mAnya thA, to unakA kathana satya hai, kyoMki bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke jo saMdarbha diye gaye haiM, ve sabhI zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiN| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM ki AgamoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM huI thI aura ve bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiye gye| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA skaMdila ke samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pazcAt huI thI aura usameM jina AgamoM kI vAcanA huI, ve sabhI usake pUrva astitva meM the| yApaniyoM ne AgamoM ke isI zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa ko mAnya kiyA thA, kinta digambaroM ke lie to ve Agama bhI mAnya nahIM the, kyoMki unake anusAra isa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga do sau varSa pUrva hI Agama sAhitya to vilupta ho cukA thA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha Adi to I.pU. cauthI zatI se dUsarI zatI taka kI racanAe~ haiM, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina vidyA ke kendra ke rUpa meM mathurA kA vikAsa IsvI pUrva dUsarI zatI se hI huA hai aura usake " pazcAt hI ina AgamoM para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kaba aura kaise? yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki skaMdila kI isa mAthurIvAcanA ke samaya hI samAnAntara rUpa se eka vAcanA valabhI (gujarAta) meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI aura isI kAla meM una para mahArASTrI prabhAva bhI AyA, kyoMki usa kSetra kI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta thii| isI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita Agama Aja taka zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya haiN| ataH isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke mahArASTrI prabhAvita aura zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa jo lagabhaga IsA kI caturtha - paMcama zatI meM astitva meM Aye, unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki na to skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA meM aura na nAgArjuna kI valabhI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI bhASA meM soca - samajhapUrvaka koI parivartana kiyA gayA thaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki usa yuga taka Agama kaNThastha cale A rahe the aura koI bhI kaNThastha grantha svAbhAvika rUpa se kaNThastha karane vAle vyakti kI kSetrIya bolI se arthAt uccAraNa zailI se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jo uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usake Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI - zaurasenI se prabhAvita hue aura jo pazcimI bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha valabhI meM ekatrita huA usake Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hue| punaH yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina donoM vAcanAoM meM sampAdita AgamoM kA mUla AdhAra to ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| yahI kAraNa hai ki zaurasenI Agama na to zuddha zaurasenI meM aura na valabhI vAcanA ke Agama zuddha mahArASTrI meM haiN| una donoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke zabda rUpa to Aja bhI upalabdha hote hI haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM to ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha mahArASTI prAkata ke zabda rUpa bhI bahulatA se milate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhASAvid unakI bhASA ko jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? 47

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni kahate haiN| durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jina zaurasenI AgamoM gye| isI krama meM IsA kI caturtha zatI meM ardhamAgadhI kI duhAI dI jA rahI hai, unameM se aneka Agama 50 AgamoM ke zaurasenI prabhAvita aura mahArASTrI prabhAvita pratizata se adhika ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se saMskaraNa astitva meM aaye| prabhAvita haiN| zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnya AgamoM meM 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue prAkRta ke rUpoM kA jo vaividhya hai, usake kAraNoM kI usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jaina bhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna vistRta carcA maiMne apane lekha 'jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika pradezoM ke bhikSagaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza' sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI - boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI bhAga 1, pR. 236 - 243 meM kI hai| prastuta prasaMga meM / meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI thii| phalataH unake dvArA usakA nimnalikhita aMza dRSTavya hai - kaNThastha Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAe~ ___ "jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya ardhamAgadhI A gyiiN| tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM 3. jaina bhikSu sAmAnyataH bhramaNazIla hote haiN| huA? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA unakI bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM haiN| vastutaH ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI para anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva bhI par3atA hI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, jina para thaa| phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana huA hama kramazaH vicAra kareMge aura unameM tat-tat kSetrIya boliyoM kA mizraNa hotA 1. bhArata meM vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko maMtra gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI rUpa meM mAnakara unake svara-vyaMjana kI uccAraNa yojanA pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai, to usakI bhASA meM pUrva ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para hI adhika bala diyA aura pazcima donoM kI hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A jAtA gyaa| unake lie zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI hai| phalataH unake dvArA kaNThastha Agama ke bhASika svarUpa aura artha gauNa rhaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI aneka kI ekarUpatA samApta ho gii| vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo vedamaMtroM kI uccAraNa zailI, laya Adi ke prati to atyanta satarka rahate haiM, kintu ve 4. sAmAnyatayA buddha ke vacana buddha ke nirvANa ke unake arthoM ko nahIM jaante| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda 200-300 varSa ke andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A rUpa meM yathAvata bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM ge| ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM unake racanAkAla ke yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiN| bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi unakI unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hai| Aja diyA jAtA hai| ataH jainAcAryoM ke lie artha yA kathana / bhI laMkA, barmA, thAIlaiNDa Adi dezoM ke bhikSuoM kA kA tAtparya hI pramukha thaa| unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAe, lekina unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA caahie| yahI jaina AcAryoM viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda rUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A skaa| vaha guruphalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote ziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rhaa| phalataH 48 jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka ki ardhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita aura sampAdita hue to unakA bhASika svarUpa ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gae to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura unameM ardhamAgadhI ke tatva bhI bane rhe| ataH ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhASika svarUpa kA jo vaividhya hai, vaha eka vAstavikatA hai, jise hameM svIkAra karanA hogaa| dezakAlagata uccAraNa-bheda se unako lipibaddha karate samaya unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, likhita pratilipiyoM ke pATha bhI pratilipikAroM kI asAvadhAnI yA kSetrIya bolI se prabhAvita hue| zvetAmbara AgamoM kI pratilipiyA~ makhyataH gajarAta aura rAjasthAna meM huI, ataH una para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A gyaa| 5. bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para graMthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga IsvI san kI 5vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti mAnA jAtA thA tathA isake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA para hI AdhArita rahA / zruta-paramparA para AdhArita hone se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM vaividhya A gyaa| 6. Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo vaividhya dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra kA hotA thA, usa para usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUlapATha meM "gacchati" likhA ho, lekina yadi usa kSetra meM pracalana meM "gacchai" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra "gacchai" rUpa hI likha degaa| 7. jaina Agama evaM Agama-tulya granthoM meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA, apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga aura kSetra kI pracalita bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartana bhI kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai kyA zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM eka rUpatA hai? kintu DaoN. sudIpa jaina kA dAvA ki "Aja bhI zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM bhASika tatva kI ekarUpatA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhASA ke vividha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa zaurasenI meM sarvatra "Na" kA prayoga milatA hai, kahIM bhI 'na' kA prayoga nahIM hai| jabaki, ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra ke sAtha-sAtha NakAra kA prayoga bhI vikalpataH milatA hai| yadi zaurasenI yuga meM nakAra kA prayoga Agama bhASA meM pracalita hotA to digambara sAhitya meM kahIM to vikalpa se prApta hotaa|"; prAkRta viyA julAI-sitambara '66 pR.7 yahA~ DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne do bAteM uThAI haiM, prathama, zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASika ekarUpatA kI ora dUsarI 'Na' kAra aura 'na' kAra kii| kyA sudIpa jI Apane zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke upalabdha saMskaraNoM kA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se koI prAmANika adhyayana kiyA hai? yadi Apane kiyA hotA to Apa aisA khokhalA dAvA prastuta nahIM karate? Apa kevala NakAra kA hI udAharaNa kyoM dete haiM- vaha to mahArASTra aura zaurasenI donoM meM sAmAnya hai| dUsare zabda rUpoM kI carcA kyoM nahIM karate? nIce maiM digambara zaurasenI Agama-tulya granthoM se hI kucha | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? 46

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni udAharaNa de rahA hU~, jinase unake bhASika tatva kI ekarUpatA (32), vuccai (45), kuvvai (81, 286, 316, 321, kA dAvA kitanA khokhalA hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| mAtra 325, 340) pariNamai (76,76,80), (jJAtavya hai ki yahI nahIM, isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki zaurasenI samayasAra ke isI saMskaraNa kI gAthA kramAMka 77,78,76 Agama-tulya grantha na kevala ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiM, meM pariNamadi rUpa bhI milatA hai) isI prakAra ke anya apitu usase paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta se bhI prabhAvita mahArASTrI prAkRta rUpa, jaise veyaI (84), kuNaI (71, 66, 286, 263, 322, 326), hoi (64, 306, 1. AtmA ke liye ardhamAgadhI meM AtA, attA, 167, 346, 358), kareI (64,237, 238 328, appA Adi zabda rUpoM ke prayoga upalabdha haiM, jabaki __ 348), havaI (141, 326, 326), jANaI (185, zaurasenI meM madhyavartI 'ta' kA "da" hone ke kAraNa "AdA" 316, 316, 320, 361), bahai (186), sevai (167) rUpa banAtA hai| samayasAra meM "AdA" ke sAtha-sAtha "appA" marai (257, 260) 328, 348), havaI (141, 326, zabda rUpa jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA hai anekabAra prayoga meM 326), jANaI (185, 316, 316, 320, 361), AyA hai| kevala samayasAra meM hI nahIM, apitu niyamasAra bahai (186) sevai (167), marai (257,260), (jabaki gAthA 258 meM maradi rUpa bhI hai isI prakAra, savai (262, (120,121,183) Adi meM bhI "appA" zabda kA prayoga 261), ghippai (266), uppajjai (308), viNassai (312, 345), dIsai (323) Adi bhI milate haiN| ye 2. 'zruta' kA zaurasenI rUpa "suda" banatA hai| zaurasenI to kucha hI udAharaNa haiM- aise anekoM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke Agama-tulya granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para "suda" "sudakevalI" kriyA rUpa samayasAra meM upalabdha haiN| na kevala samayasAra zabda ke prayoga bhI hue haiM, jabaki samayasAra (varNI granthamAlA) apitu niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra Adi kI gAthA 6 evaM 10 meM spaSTa rUpa se "suyakevalI" "suyaNANa" bhI yahI sthiti hai| zabdarUpoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| ye donoM mahArASTrI zabda rUpa haiM aura paravartI bhI haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM to sadaiva bArahavIM zatI meM racita vasunandIkRta zrAvakAcAra 'suta' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| (bhAratIya jJAnapITha saMskaraNa) kI sthiti to kundakunda ke ina granthoM se bhI badatara hai usakI prArambha kI sau gAthAoM 3. zaurasenI meM "da" kI pradhAnatA hai, sAtha hI, usameM meM 40% kriyArUpa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke haiN| "lopa" kI pravRtti atyalpa hai| ataH usake kriyA rUpa "havadi, hodi, kuNadi, giNhadi, kuttadi, pariNamadi, bhaNNadi, isake phalita yaha hotA hai ki tathAkathita zaurasenI passadi Adi banate haiN| ina kriyA rUpoM kA prayoga una AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa meM to ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI granthoM meM huA bhI hai, kintu unhIM granthoM ke kriyA rUpoM para apekSA bhI na kevala adhika vaividhya hai, apitu usa mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kitanA vyApaka prabhAva hai, ise nimna mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva hai, jise sudIpa jI zaurasenI se paravartI mAna rahe haiN| yadi ye grantha, prAcIna udAharaNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai hote, to ina para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA prabhAva samayasAra, varNI granthamAlA (vArANasI) kahA~ se AtA? pro. e.ema. upAdhye ne pravacanasAra kI jANai (10), havaI (11315, 386, 384), muNai bhUmikA meM spaSTataH yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI bhASA | 50 50 jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| pro. khaDabaDI ne to 04. mathurA, prAkRta kAla nirdeza nahIM diyA hai, kintu SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM mAnA je.epha. phalITa ke anusAra lagabhaga 14-13 I. pUrva prathama zatI kA honA cAhie pR. 15 kramAMka 3 'na' kAra aura 'Na' kAra meM kauna prAcIna? mo 'arahato vardhamAnasya' aba hama nakAra aura NakAra ke prazna para Ate haiN| 06. mathurA prAkRta sambhavataH 14-13 I.pU. prathamazatI bhAI sudIpa jI, ApakA yaha kathana satya hai ki ardhamAgadhI pR.15 lekha kramAMka 10, 'mA arahatapUjA' meM nakAra aura NakAra donoM pAye jAte haiN| kintu, digambara 07. mathurA prAkRta pR.17 kramAMka 14 'mA arahaMtAnaM zaurasenI Agama-tulya ganthoM me sarvatra NakAra kA pAyA zramaNazravikA jAnA yahI siddha karatA haiM ki jisa zaurasenI ko Apa ariSTanemI ke kAla se pracalita prAcInatama prAkRta kahanA 08. mathurA prAkRta pR.17 kramAMka 15 'namo arahaMtAnaM' cAhate haiM, usa NakAra pradhAna zaurasenI kA janma to IsA 06. mathurA prAkRta pR.18 kramAMka 16 'namo arahato kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka huA bhI nahIM thaa| "Na" kI mahAvirasa' apekSA 'na' kA prayoga prAcIna hai| IsvI pUrva dvitIya zatI 10. matharA, prAkata daviSka saMvata 36-hastistambha pR.34, ke azoka abhilekha evaM IsvI pUrva dvitIya zatI ke kramAMka 43 'ayaryena rudradAsena arahaMtanaM pujaaye| khAravela ke zilAlekha se lekara mathurA ke zilAlekha (I.pU. dUsarI zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka) ina lagabhaga 80 / 11. mathurA prAkRta bhagna varSa 63 pR.46 kramAMka 67 'namo arhato mahAvirasya' jaina zilAlekhoM meM eka bhI 'NakAra' kA prayoga nahIM hai| inameM zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpoM yathA "Namo" "arihaMtANaM" 12. mathurA, prAkRta vAsudeva saM. 68 pR.47 kramAMka 60 aura "Namo vaDDhamANaM" kA sarvathA abhAva hai| yahA~ hama 'namo arahato mahAvIrasya' kevala unhIM prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko uddhRta kara rahe haiM, 13. mathurA, prAkRta pR.48 kramAMka 71 'namo arahaMtAnaM jinameM ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ye sihakasa' sabhI abhilekhIya sAkSya jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 se prastuta haiM, jo digambara jaina samAja dvArA hI prakAzita haiN| 14. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna pR.48 kramAMka 72 'namo arahaMtAna' 01. hAthIguphA bihAra kA zilAlekha - prAkRta, jaina samrAT 15. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna pR.48 kramAMka 73 'namo arahaMtAnaM' khAravela, mauryakAla 165vA~ varSa, pR. 4 lekha kramAMka 16. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna pR.48 kramAMka 75 'arahaMtAnaM 2 - 'namo arahaMtAnaM, namo savasidhAnaM' vadhamAnasya' 02. vaikuNTha svargapurI guphA, udayagirI, bihAra, - prAkRta, mauryakAla 165 vA~ varSa lagabhaga I.pU. dUsarI zatI 17. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna pR.51, kramAMka 80 'namo arahaMtAna...dvana' pR.11 le.ka. 'arahantapasAdana' 03. mathurA, prAkRta, mahAkSatrapa zoDAzake 21 varSa kA pra. zUrasena pradeza, jahA~ se zaurasenI prAkRta kA janma 12 kramAMka 5, nama aharato vadhamAnasa' huA, vahA~ ke zilAlekhoM meM dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka madhyavartI . | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ?

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni NakAra evaM 'ta', da hone ke prayoga kA abhAva yahI siddha karatA hai ki digambara AgamoM evaM nATakoM kI zaurasenI kA janma IsA kI tIsarI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai, jabaki nakAra pradhAna ardhamAgadhI kA prayoga to azoka ke abhilekhoM se arthAt I.pU. tIsarI zatI se siddha hotA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama prAcIna the| AgamoM kA zabda rUpAntaraNa ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM huA hai, na ki zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meN| digambara mAnya AgamoM kI vaha zaurasenI jisakI prAcInatA kA bar3ha-car3ha kara dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI donoM se hI prabhAvita hai aura na kevala bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para, varan apanI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para bhI IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kI nahIM hai| kyoMki, kundakunda ke granthoM meM aura mUlAcAra SaTkhaNDAgama aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM guNasthAna kA siddhAnta milatA hai, jo lagabhaga pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| ____ yadi zaurasenI prAcInatama prAkRta hai, to phira sampUrNa deza meM IsA kI tIsarI cauthI zatI taka kA eka bhI abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta meM kyoM nahIM milatA? azoka ke abhilekha, khAravela ke abhilekha, balaDI kA abhilekha aura mathurA ke zatAdhika abhilekha - koI bhI to zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM haiN| ina sabhI abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI hI hai| ataH use ardhamAgadhI to kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH prAkRtoM meM ardhamAgadhI hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM bhI namo arahaMtAnaM, namo vadhamAnasa Adi ardhamAgadhI zabda rUpa milate haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM aura abhilekhoM meM Aye 'arahaMtAnaM' pATha kA to prAkata viyA meM khoTe sikke kI taraha batAyA gayA haiN| isakA artha hai ki yaha pATha zauresanI kA nahIM hai (prAkRta vidyA aktUbara - disambara 64 pR.10-11) ataH zaurasenI usake bAda hI vikasita huI hai|) zaurasenI Agama aura unakI prAcInatA jaba hama Agama kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AcAMrAga Adi dvAdazAMgI jinheM zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya paramparA Agama kahakara ullekhita karatI hai, ve sabhI mUlataH ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha hue haiN| cAhe zvetAmbara paramparA meM nandIsUtra meM ullekhita Agama hoM, cAhe mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura unakI TIkAoM meM yA tattvArtha aura usakI digambara TIkAoM meM ullekhita Agama ho, athavA aMgapaNNati aura dhavalA ke aMga aura aMga-bAhya ke rUpa meM ullekhita Agama hoM, unameM se eka bhI aisA nahIM hai jo zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thaa| hA~, itanA avazya hai ki inameM se kucha ke zaurasenI prAkRta se prabhAvita saMskaraNa mAthurI vAcanA lagabhaga caturtha zatI ke samaya astitva meM avazya Aye the, kintu inheM zaurasenI Agama kahanA ucita nahIM hogA, vastutaH ye AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM ke hI zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa the, jo yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya the aura jinakA bhASika svarUpa aura kucha pATha bhedoM ko chor3akara zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM se samarUpatA thii| inake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne "jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya" nAmaka grantha ke tIsare adhyAya ke prArambha meM kI hai| pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| vastutaH Aja jinheM hama zaurasenI Agama ke nAma se jAnate hai, unameM mukhyataH nimnalikhita grantha Ate haiM: a. yApanIya Agama 1. kasAyapAhuDa lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI, guNadhara 2. SaTakhaNDAgama, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArdha, __puSpadaMta aura bhUtabalI jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka hai 3. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, IsA kI chaThI zatI, - zivArya anupasthita hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI 4. mUlAcAra, IsA kI chaThI zatI, - vaTTakera ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM inakI carcA pAyI jAtI hai ataH ye sabhI grantha unase jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlataH yApanIya paramparA paravartI haiN| isI prakAra umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra mUla ke haiM aura inameM anekoM gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya aura usake svopajJa bhASya meM bhI guNasthAna kI carcA AgamoM, vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM aura prakIrNakoM anupasthita hai, jabaki isakI paravartI TIkAe~ guNasthAna ke samarUpa haiN| kI vistRta carcA prastuta karatI hai| umAsvAti kA kAla va. kundakunda, IsA kI chaThI zatI ke lagabhaga ke grantha- tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke lagabhaga hai| ataH yaha nizcita hai 5. samayasAra ki guNasthAna kA siddhAnta pA~cavI zatI meM astitva meM niyamasAra - AcArya kundakunda dvArA aayaa| ataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha koI bhI grantha, jo guNasthAna kA ullekha kara rahA hai, IsA kI pA~cavI 7. pravacanasAra racita (6ThI zatI) zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM haiN| prAcIna zaurasenI Agama-tulya 8. paJcAstikAyasAra granthoM meM mAtra kasAyapAhaDa hI aisA hai, jo spaSTataH guNasthAnoM 6. aSTapAhuDa (isakA kundakunda dvArA racita honA sandigdha kA ullekha nahIM karatA haiM, kintu usameM bhI prakArAntara se hai, kyoMki isakI bhASA meM apabhraMza ke zabda rUpa bhI 12 guNasthAnoM kI carcA upalabdha hai| ataH vaha bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI una dasa avasthAoM, jinakA sa. anya grantha, IsA kI chaThI zatI ke pazcAt - ullekha AcArAMga niyukti aura tattvArthasUtra meM haiM, se 10. tiloya paNNati - yativRSabha paravartI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke saMkramaNakAla kI racanA hai| ataH usakA kAla bhI cauthI se pA~cavI 11. lokavibhAga zatI ke bIca siddha hotA hai| 12. jaMbudvIpa paNNati zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA, kitanA khokhalA 13. aMgapaNNati ___zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA guNagAna isa AdhAra para 14.kSapaNasAra bhI kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha nArAyaNa kRSNa aura tIrthaMkara 15. gommaTasAra (dasavIM zatI) ariSTanemi kI mAtRbhASA rahI hai, kyoMki ina donoM mahApuruSoM kintu inameM se kasAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara koI bhI kA janma zUrasena meM huA thA aura ye zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI grantha aisA nahIM haiM, jo pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA ho| ye ___ apanA vAk-vyavahAra karate the| DaoN. sudIpa jI ke zabdoM sabhI grantha guNasthAna siddhAnta aura saptabhaMgI kI carcA meM "ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke mahAprabhAva avazya karate haiM aura guNasthAna kI carcA jaina darzana meM se zUrasena janapada meM janmI zaurasenI prAkRta-bhASA ko pAMcavIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM anapasthita hai| zvetAmbara sampUrNa AryAvarta meM prasArita hone kA suavasara milA AgamoM meM samavAyAMga aura Avazyaka niryakti kI do thaa|" (prAkRta vidyA, julAI - sitambara 66, pR. 6) prakSipta gAthAoM ko chor3akara guNasthAna kI carcA pUrNataH yadi hama eka bAra unake isa kathana ko mAna bhI le, | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ?

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni to prazna uThatA hai ki ariSTanemi ke pUrva nami mithilA meM huaa| isa sambandha meM merA unase nivedana hai ki mAgadhI ke janme the, vAsupUjya campA meM janme the, supArzva, candraprabha sambandha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' - (prAkRta prakAza 12/2) aura zreyAMsa kAzI janapada meM janme the, yahI nahIM prathama isa kathana kI ve jo vyAkhyA kara rahe haiM vaha bhrAnta haiM aura tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura maryAdA puruSottama rAma AyodhyA ve svayaM bhI zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' meM janme the| yaha sArA kSetra magadha kA nikaTavartI kSetra hI (prAkRta prakAza 12/2) isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 'prakRtiH' to hai, ataH inakI mAtabhASA to ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| kA janmadAtrI - yaha artha asvIkAra kara cuke haiN| isakI bhAI sudIpa jI ke anusAra yadi zaurasenI ariSTanemI vistRta samIkSA hamane agrima pRSThoM meM kI hai| isake pratyuttara jitanI prAcIna hai, to phira ardhamAgadhI to RSabha jitanI meM merA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki yadi zaurasenI prAkRta granthoM prAcIna siddha hotI hai ataH zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna ke AdhAra para hI mAgadhI ke prAkRta AgamoM kI racanA huI, to unameM kisI bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke grantha kA hI hai| ullekha kyoM nahIM haiM? zvetAmbara AgamoM meM ve eka bhI yadi zaurasenI prAcIna hotI to sabhI prAcIna abhilekha saMdarbha dikhA deM, jinameM bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra, aura prAcIna Agamika grantha zaurasenI meM milane cAhie - SaTakhaNDAgama. tiloyapaNNatti. pravacanasAra. samayasAra kintu IsA kI cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI niyamasAra Adi kA ullekha huA ho| TIkAoM meM bhI grantha aura abhilekha zaurasenI meM upalabdha kyoM nahIM hotA? malayagirijI ne mAtra 'samayapAhuDa' kA ullekha kiyA hai isake viparIta mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura SaTkhaNDAgama ___nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI upalabdhatA ke AdhAra kI TIkAoM meM aura tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi, para usakI prAcInatA kA guNagAna kiyA jAtA hai, maiM rAjavArtika, zlokavArtika, Adi sabhI digambara TIkAoM vinamratApUrvaka pUchanA cAhU~gA ki kyA ina upalabdha nATakoM meM ina AgamoM aura niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM, bhagavatI meM koI bhI nATaka IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI se pUrva kA ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM to AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana kalpa hai? phira unheM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra kaise tathA nizItha se aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| mUlAcAra meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| mAtra nATaka hI nahIM, ve zaurasenI na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA ullekha hai, apitu unakI prAkRta kA eka bhI aisA grantha yA abhilekha dikhA deM, jo / saikar3oM gAthAe~ bhI haiN| mUlAcAra meM Avazyakaniyukti, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura mAgadhI pradhAna azoka, khAravela, AtarapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka, uttarAdhyayana, Adi ke abhilekhoM se prAcIna ho / ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta dazavaikAlika Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ apane zaurasenI jisa mahArASTrI prAkRta ko ve zaurasenI se paravartI batA rahe zabda rUpoM meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI haiN| haiM, usameM hAla kI gAthA saptazatI lagabhaga prathama zatI meM digambara paramparA meM jo pratikamaNa sUtra upalabdha haiM, racita hai aura zaurasenI ke kisI bhI grantha se prAcIna hai| usameM jJAtAsUtra ke unhIM 16 adhyayanoM ke nAma milate haiM, ___maiM DaoN. sudIpa ke nimna kathana kI ora pAThakoM kA jo vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha jJAtAdharmakathA dhyAna punaH dilAnA cAhU~gA, ve prAkRta vidyA julAI-sitambara meM upalabdha haiN| tArkika dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki jo grantha '66 meM likhate haiM ki digaMbaroM ke graMtha usa zaurasenI jina-jina granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha unase paravartI prAkRta meM haiM, jisase 'mAgadhI' Adi prAkRtoM kA janma hI hotA hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| zaurasenI Agama yA 54 jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka Agama-tulya granthoM meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke nAma milate haiM, to phira zaurasenI aura usakA racita sAhitya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se prAcIna kaise ho sakatA hai? AdaraNIya TATiyA jI ke mAdhyama se yaha bAta bhI uThAyI gayI ki mUlataH Agama zaurasenI meM racita the aura kAlAntara meM unakA ardhamAgadhIkaraNa (mahArASTrI karaNa) kiyA gyaa| yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki jainadharma kA udbhava magadha meM huA aura vahIM se vaha dakSiNI evaM uttarapazcimI bhArata meM phailaa| ataH AvazyakatA huI ardhamAgadhI rUpAntara kii| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI meM rUpAntarita hue na ki zaurasenI Agama ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue| ataH aitihAsika tathyoM kI avahelanA kara mAtra kutarka karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai? buddha vacanoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI zaurasenI ko mUla bhASA aura mAgadhI se prAcIna siddha karane hetu AdaraNIya pro. nathamala jI TATiyA ke nAma se yaha bhI pracArita kiyA jA rahA hai ki "zaurasenI pAli bhASA kI jananI hai - yaha merA spaSTa cintana hai| pahile bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the| unako jalA diyA gayA aura pAli meM likhA gyaa|" - prAkRta vidyA, julAI - sitambara 66 pR. 10. ___TATiyA jI jaisA bauddha vidyA kA prakANDa vidvAn aisI kapola kalpita bAta kaise kaha sakatA hai? yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyA aisA koI bhI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hai? jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla buddha vacana zaurasenI meM the? yadi ho to AdaraNIya TATiyA jI yA bhAI sudIpa jI use prastuta kareM, anyathA aisI AdhArahIna bAteM karanA vidvAnoM ke lie zobhanIya nahIM hai| yaha bAta to bauddha vidvAn bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla buddha vacana 'mAgadhI' meM the aura kAlAntara meM unakI bhASA ko saMskArita karake pAli meM likhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jisa prakAra mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI meM kiMcit antara hai, usI prakAra 'mAgadhI' aura 'pAli' meM bhI kiMcit antara hai| vastutaH pAli to bhagavAn buddha kI mUlabhASA 'mAgadhI' kA eka saMskArita rUpa hI hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn pAli ko mAgadhI kA hI eka prakAra mAnate haiN| donoM meM bahuta adhika antara nahIM hai| pAli, saMskRta aura mAgadhI kI madhyavartI bhASA hai yA mAgadhI kA hI sAhityika rUpa hai| yaha to pramANa siddha hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza diye the, kyoMki unakI janma-sthalI aura kArya-sthalI donoM magadha aura usakA nikaTavartI pradeza hI thaa| bauddha vidvAnoM kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki mAgadhI hI mUla bhASA hai| isa sambandha meM buddhaghoSa kA nimnalikhita kathana sabase bar3A pramANa hai sA mAgadhI mUla bhAsA barAyAya aadikppikaa| bahmaNo ca assuvAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhaasre| arthAt mAgadhI hI mUlabhASA hai, jo sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna huI aura na kevala brahmA (devatA) apitu bAlaka aura buddha bhI isI meM bolate haiM (See - The preface to the childer's Pali Dictionary) isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki mUla buddha vacana mAgadhI meM the| pAli usI mAgadhI kA saMskArita sAhityika rUpa hai, jisameM kAlAntara meM buddha vacana likhe gaye / vastutaH pAli ke rUpa meM mAgadhI kA eka aisA saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA, jise saMskRta ke vidvAn aura bhinna - bhinna prAntoM ke loga bhI AsAnI se samajha skeN| ataH buddha vacana mUlataH mAgadhI meM the, na ki zaurasenI meN| bauddha tripiTaka kI pAli aura jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM kitanA sAmya hai, yaha to suttanipAta aura isibhAsiyAi ke | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? 55

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / prAcIna pAli granthoM kI evaM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai / jisa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura pAli meM grantha racanA ho rahI thI, usa samaya taka zaurasenI eka bolI thI, na ki eka sAhityika bhASA / sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hai / saMskRta ke pazcAt sarvaprathama sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM yadi koI bhASAeM vikasita huI hai to ve ardhamAgadhI aura pAli hI haiM, na ki zaurasenI / zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA nATakoM ke aMza IsA kI tIsarI - cauthI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM haiM jabaki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke aneka grantha I.pU. tIsarI - cauthI zatI meM nirmita ho cuke the / 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA samyak arthaH jo vidvAn mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI ko zaurasenI se paravartI aura usIse vikasita mAnate haiM, ve apane kathana kA AdhAra vararuci (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke prAkRta prakAza aura hemacandra (lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI) ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke nimnalikhita sUtroM ko batAte haiM - a. 9. prakRtiH zaurasenI / / 10 / 2 / / asyAH paizAcyAH prakRtiH zaurasenI / sthitAyAM zaurasenyAM paizAcI - lakSaNaM pravartatitavyam / 2. prakRtiH zaurasenI / / 11/2 / / 2. asyAH mAgadhyAH prakRtiH zaurasenIti veditavyam / vararuci kRta 'prAkRta prakAza' ba. 1. zeSa zaurasenIvat / / 8 / 4 / 302 / / mAgadhyAM yaduktaM, tatoanyacchaurasenIvad draSTavyam / 56 - zeSa zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/323 / / paizAcyAM yaduktaM, tatoanyaccheSaM paizAcyAM zaurasenIvad bhavati / 3. zeSa zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/446 / / apabhraMze prAyaH zaurasenIvat kArya bhavati / apabhraMzabhASAyAM prAyaH zaurasenI bhASAtulya kArya jAyate; zaurasenI-bhASAyAH ye niyamAH santi, teSAM pravRttirapabhraMzabhASAyAmapi jAyate - hemacandra kRta 'prAkRta vyAkaraNa' ataH isa prasaMga meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama sarvaprathama ina sUtroM meM 'prakRti' zabda kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai, ise smjheN| yadi hama yahA~ prakRti kA artha udbhava kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, to nizcita hI ina sUtroM se yaha phalita hotA hai ki mAgadhI yA paizAcI kA udbhava zaurasenI se huA, kintu zaurasenI ko ekamAtra prAcIna bhASA mAnane vAle tathA mAgadhI aura paizAcI ko usase udbhUta mAnane vAle ye vidvAn vararuci ke usa sUtra ko bhI uddhRta kyoM nahIM karate, jisameM zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta batAI gayI hai, yathA " zaurasenI - 12 / 1 TIkA - zUrasenAnAM bhASA zaurasenI sAca lakSyalakSaNAbhyAM sphuTIkiyate iti veditavyam / adhikArasUtrametadA pariccheda samApteH 12/1 prakRtiH saMskRtam12/2 TIkA - zaurasenyAM ye zabdAsteSAM prakRtiH saMskRtam / / prAkRta prakAza /12/2/" ataH ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki zaurasenI prAkRta saMskRta se utpanna huI / isa prakAra prakRti kA artha udgama sthala karane para usI prAkRta prakAza ke AdhAra para yaha mAnanA hogA ki mUlabhASA saMskRta thI aura usI se zaurasenI utpanna huii| kyA zaurasenI ke pakSadhara isa satya ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra haiM? bhAI sudIpa jI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadhara haiM aura 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' ke AdhAra para mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se utpanna batAte haiM, ve svayaM bhI 'prakRtiH saMskRtam prAkRta prakAza 12 / 2' ke AdhAra para yaha mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM haiM ki prakRti kA artha usase utpanna huI aisA haiM ve svayaM likhate haiM- " Aja jitane bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa zAstra upalabdha haiM / ve sabhI saMskRta bhASA meM haiM - jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ?

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka aura saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke maoNDala para nirmita haiN| ataeva arthAt jo saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi unameM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' jaise prayoga dekhakara katipayajana saMskAra se rahita sahaja vacana vyApAra hai, usase niHsRta aisA bhrama karane lagate haiM ki prAkRtabhASA saMskRta bhASA se bhASA prAkRta hai, jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi ke lie bhI utpanna huI - aisA artha kadApi nahIM haiN| (prAkRta-vidyA, subodha hai aura pUrva meM nirmita hone se (prAk+kRta) sabhI julAI-sitambara 66, pR.14) bhAI sudIpa jI jaba zaurasenI bhASAoM kI racanA kA AdhAra hai, vaha to megha se nirmukta kI bArI AtI hai, taba Apa prakRti kA artha AdhAra jala kI taraha sahaja hai| usI kA deza-pradeza ke AdhAra para maoNDala kareM aura jaba mAgadhI kA prazna Aye taba Apa kiyA gayA saMskArita rUpa saMskRta aura usake vibhinna bheda 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA artha mAgadhI aura zaurasenI se arthAta vibhinna sAhityika prAkateM haiN| satya yaha hai ki bolI utpanna huI aisA kareM - yaha doharA mApadaNDa kyoM? kyA ke rUpa meM to prAkata hI prAcIna haiM aura saMskata unakA kevala zaurasenI ko prAcIna aura mAgadhI ko arvAcIna saMskArita rUpa haiM- vastutaH saMskRta vibhinna prAkRta boliyo batAne ke liye? vastutaH prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda svayaM ke bIca seta kA kAma karane vAlI eka sAmAnya sAhityika hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unameM mUlabhASA kauna hai? / bhASA ke rUpa meM astitva meM aaii| saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki saMskRta svAbhAvika yA mUla bhASA na hokara eka saMskArita kRtrima yadi hama bhASA - vikAsa kI dRSTi se isa prazna para bhASA hai| prAkRta zabdoM evaM zabda rUpoM kA vyAkaraNa dvArA carcA kareM to bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki saMskRta suparimArjita, saMskAra karake jo bhASA nirmita hotI hai, use hI saMskRta suvyavasthita aura vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para sunibaddha bhASA kahA jA sakatA haiN| jise saMskArita na kiyA gayA ho, hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMskRta se prAkRteM nirmita huI vaha saMskRta kaise hogI? vastutaH prAkRta svAbhAvika yA haiM, to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki mAnava jAti apane sahaja bhASA hai aura usI ko saMskArita karake saMskRta AdikAla meM vyAkaraNa zAstra ke niyamoM se saMskArita . bhASA nirmita huI hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta mUlabhASA hai aura saMskRta bhASA bolatI thI aura usI se apabhraSTa hokara saMskRta usase udbhUta huI - bhaassaa| zaurasenI aura zaurasenI se apabhraSTa hokara mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAe~ nirmita huii| isakA artha yaha bhI hemacandra ke pUrva namisAdhu ne rudraT ke kAvyAlaGkAra hogA ki mAnava jAti kI mUla bhASA arthAt saMskRta se kI TIkA meM prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda kA artha spaSTa kara apabhraSTa hote-hote hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huaa| diyA hai| ve likhate haiM: kintu mAnava jAti aura mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA sakala jagajjantunAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhita saMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH tatra bhavaM saiva vA prAkRtam / ArisavayaNe vaijJAnika itihAsa isa bAta ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM siddhaM, devANaM addhamAgahA vANI ityAdi, vacanAdvA prAk kregaa| pUrvakRtaM prAkRtam - bAlamahilAdi subodhaM sakala bhASA vaha to yahI mAnatA hai ki mAnavIya boliyoM ke nindhanabhUta vcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaika-svarUpa tadeva saMskAra dvArA hI vibhinna sAhityika bhASAe~ astitva meM ca dezavizeSAt saMskAra karaNAt ca samAsAdita vizeSa sat / AI, arthAt vibhinna boliyoM se hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA saMskRtAdhuttara bhedonaapnoti| janma huA hai| vastutaH isa vivAda ke mUla meM sAhityika ___- kAvyAlaMkAra TIkA, namisAdhu 2/12 bhASA aura loka bhASA arthAt bolI ke antara ko nahIM | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ?

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni samajha pAnA hai| vastutaH prAkRteM apane mUla svarUpa meM bhASAe~ zaurasenI prAkRtamaya hI thA, jisakA svarUpa kramazaH na hokara boliyA~ rahI haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA ardhamAgamadhI ke rUpa meM badala gyaa|" isa sandarbha meM hamArA cAhie ki prAkRta koI eka bolI nahIM, apitu bolI samUha prazna yaha hai ki yadi prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya kA nAma hai| jisa prakAra prArambha meM vibhinna prAkRtoM arthAt zaurasenI prAkRta meM thA, to phira vartamAna upalabdha pAThoM meM boliyoM ko saMskArita karake eka sAmAnya vaidika bhASA kA kahIM bhI zaurasenI kI 'da' zruti kA prabhAva kyoM nahIM nirmANa huA, usI prakAra kAla krama meM vibhinna boliyoM ko dikhAI detaa| isake viparIta hama yaha pAte haiM ki digambara alaga - alaga rUpa meM saMskArita karake unase vibhinna paramparA meM mAnya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya para ardhamAgadhI sAhityika prAkRtoM kA nirmANa huaa| ataH yaha eka sunizcita aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vyApaka prabhAva hai, isa tathya kI satya hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM prAkRteM mUla evaM prAcIna haiM aura sapramANa carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa sambandha meM unhIM se saMskRta kA vikAsa eka 'kAmana' (Common) digambara paramparA ke zIrSastha vidvAna pro. e.ena. upAdhye bhASA ke rUpa meM huaa| prAkRteM boliyA~ aura saMskRta bhASA kA yaha spaSTa mantavya hai ki pravacanasAra kI bhASA para haiN| bolI ko vyAkaraNa se saMskArita karake eka rUpatA dene zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA paryApta prabhAva . se bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA se bolI kA vikAsa hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAe~ uttarAdhikAra nahIM hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ko Age calakara ke rUpa meM isa grantha ko prApta huI haiN| vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se saMskArita kiyA gayA, to unase vibhinna prAkRtoM kA janma huaa| jaise mAgadhI bolI se isameM svara parivartana, madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke parivartana, mAgadhI prAkRta kA, zaurasenI bolI se zaurasenI prAkRta kA _ 'ya' zruti ityAdi ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke samAna hI milate aura mahArASTra kI bolI se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vikAsa haiN| dUsare variSTha digambara vidvAn pro. khaDabaDI kA kahanA huaa| prAkata ke zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI. mahArASTI Adi hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zuddha zaurasenI nahIM hai| isa bheda tat tat pradezoM kI boliyoM se utpanna hue haiM na ki prakAra yahA~ eka ora digambara vidvAn isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki digambara AgamoM para kisI prAkRta vizeSa se| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai| zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA prabhAva hai, sAtha hI unameM pratyeka prAkRta ke liye alaga-alaga maoNDala vahA~ yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ki zvetAmbara Agama apanAye haiN| vararuci ke lie zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hai, jabaki hemacandra ke lie zaurasenI kI prakRti (mahArASTrI) hue haiN| punaH ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prAkRta hai, ataH prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| digambara vidvAnoM meM jo bhrAMti pracalita rahI hai, usakA anyathA hemacandra ke zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'zeSaM prAkRtavat spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| sambhavataH ye vidvAn ardhamAgadhI (8.4.286) kA artha hogA zaurasenI mahArASTrI se utpanna aura mahArASTrI ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se nahIM samajha pAye huI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadharoM ko mAnya nahIM hogaa| haiM tathA sAmAnyataH ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTI ko paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI calate rheN| yahI kAraNa hai ki upAdhye jaise kyA ardhagAmadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the? vidvAn bhI 'ya' zruti ko ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa batAte haiM' prAkRta vidyA, janavarI - mArca '66 ke sampAdakIya meM jabaki vaha mUlataH mahArASTrI prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai, na ki DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne pro. TATiyA ko yaha kahate hue prastuta ardhamAgadhI kaa| ardhamAgadhI meM to 'ta' kA na to lopa kiyA hai ki "zvetAmbara jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa hotA hai aura na madhyavartI asaMyukta 'ta' kA 'da' hotA hai| jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

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jaina saMskRti kA Aloka yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para usa bhASA ke zabda rUpoM ko bhASA meM kAlakrama meM parivartana hue haiM aura usa para mahArASTrI samajhAte haiM, vahI usakI prakRti kahalAte haiN| yaha satya hai prAkRta kI 'ya' zruti kA prabhAva AyA hai, kintu yaha ki bolI kA janma pahale hotA hai, vyAkaraNa usake bAda mAnanA pUrNataH mithyA hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI banatA hai| zaurasenI athavA prAkRta kI prakRti ko saMskRta se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai mAnane kA artha itanA hI hai ki ina bhASAoM ke jo bhI ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI mAthurI aura vallabhI vAcanAoM vyAkaraNa bane haiM, ve saMskRta zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para bane ke samaya kramazaH zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prabhAvita hue| haiN| yahA~ para bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta kA koI bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta ke likhane yA bolane vAloM ke lie nahIM TATiyA jI jaisA vidvAna isa prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNA banAyA gayA, apitu unake lie banAyA gayA, jo saskRta ko pratipAdita kare ki zaurasenI Agama hI ardhamAgadhI meM meM likhate yA bolate the| yadi hameM kisI saMskRta ke rUpAntarita hue - yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai| yadi jAnakAra vyakti ko prAkRta ke zabda yA zabdarUpoM ko TATiyA jI kA yaha kathana ki 'pAli tripiTaka aura samajhAnA ho, to hameM usakA AdhAra saMskRta ko hI banAnA ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the aura phira pAli hogA aura usIke AdhAra para yaha samajhAnA hogA ki aura ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue' haiM, to unheM yA sudIpa saMskRta ke kisa zabda se prAkRta kA kauna sA zabda rUpa jI ko isake pramANa prastuta karane caahie| vastutaH jaba kaise niSpanna huA hai| isalie jo bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kisI bolI ko sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA jAtA hai, nirmita kiye gaye, aparihArya rUpa se ve saMskRta zabdoM yA to ekarUpatA ke lie niyama yA vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI zabda rUpoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkata zabda yA zabda rUpoM haiM aura yahI niyama bhASA kA vyAkaraNa banAte haiN| vibhinna kI vyAkhyA karate haiN| saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti kahane prAkRtoM ko jaba sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA gayA, to kA itanA hI tAtparya haiN| isI prakAra jaba mAgadhI, paizAcI unake lie bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyama Avazyaka hae aura ye yA apabhaMza kI 'prakRti' zaurasenI ko kahA jAtA hai to vyAkaraNa ke niyama mukhyataH saMskRta se gRhIta kiye gye| usakA tAtparya hotA hai, prastuta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM ina jaba vyAkaraNazAstra meM kisI bhASA kI prakRti batAI bhASAoM ke zabda rUpoM ko zaurasenI zabdoM ko AdhAra jAtI hai, taba vahA~ tAtparya hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke mAnakara samajhAyA gayA hai| prAkRta prakAza kI TIkA meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA mUla Adarza kisa bhASA ke zabdarUpa vararuci ne spaSTataH likhA hai - zaurasenyA ye zabdAsteSAM haiM? udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba hama zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNa kI prakRtiH saMskRtam (12/2) arthAt zaurasenI ke jo zabda haiM carcA karate haiM to yaha mAnate haiM ki usake vyAkaraNa kA unakI prakRti yA AdhAra saMskRta zabda haiN| Adarza apanI kucha vizeSatAoM ko chor3akara, jisakI yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta meM tIna prakAra ke carcA usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa meM hotI hai, saMskRta ke zabda zabda rUpa milate haiM - tatsama, tadbhava, aura dezaja / dezaja rUpa haiN| zabda ve haiM jo kisI deza vizeSa meM kisI vizeSa artha meM kisI bhI bhASA kA janma bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hotA prayukta haiN| inake artha kI vyAkhyA ke liye vyAkaraNa kI hai| phira bolI se sAhityika bhASA kA janma hotA hai| jaba koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| tadbhava zabda ve haiM jo sAhityika bhASA banatI hai, taba usake lie vyAkaraNa ke saMskRta zabdoM se nirmita haiM, jabaki saMskRta ke samAna zabda niyama banAye jAte haiM, ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama jisa bhASA tatsama haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM do zabda prasiddha haiM - | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ?

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sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni prakRti aura pratyaya / inameM mUla zabdarUpa ko prakRti kahA usase niHsaMdeha yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI jAtA hai| mUla zabda se jo zabda rUpa banA haiM vaha tadbhava asaMyukta madhyavartI 'ta' kA lopa na hokara vaha yathAvat haiN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta zabda se prAkRta kA tadbhava banA rahatA hai aura usameM lopa kI pravRti nagaNya hI hai zabda rUpa kaise banA hai, isakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| ataH aura yaha ardhamAgadhI bhASA zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se yahA~ saMskRta ko prakRti kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai prAcIna bhI haiN| yadi zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se mahArASTrI, ki tadbhava zabdoM ke sandarbha meM saMskRta zabda ko Adarza jise digambara vidvAn bhrAMti se ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiN| mAnakara yA maoNDala mAnakara vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai| badale gaye to phira unakI prAcIna pratiyoM meM madhyavartI 'ta' ataH prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| saMskRta zabda ke sthAna para 'da' pATha kyoM upalabdha nahIM hote haiM jo rUpa ko maoNDala/Adarza mAnanA isalie Avazyaka thA ki zaurasenI kI vizeSatA hai| isa prasaMga meM DaoN. TATiyA jI prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta ke jAnakAra vidvAnoM ko dRSTi meM ke nAma se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki Aja bhI AcarAMga rakhakara yA unake lie hI likhe gaye the| jaba DaoN. sudIpa sUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI jI zaurasenI ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha pracuratA milatI hai| maiM AdaraNIya TATiyA jI se bhAI maoNDala yA Adarza karate haiM to unheM mAgadhI, paizAcI Adi sudIpa jI se sAgraha nivedana karuMgA kI ve AcArAMgake sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA artha bhI yahI karanA RSibhASita-sUtrakRtAMga Adi kI kinhIM bhI prAcIna pratiyoM cAhie ki zaurasenI ko maoNDala yA Adarza mAnakara inakA meM madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' hone saMbandha pATha vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai - isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai dikhalA deN| prAcIna pratiyoM meM jo pATha mila rahe haiM, ve ki mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kI utpatti zaurasenI se huI hai| ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa prAkRta ke haiM, na ki zaurasenI ke| hemacandra ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko AdhAra mAnakara zaurasenI, yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki kacha zabdarUpa ArSa ardhamAgadhI mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ko samajhAyA hai| ataH isase yaha aura zaurasenI meM samAna haiN| siddha nahIM hotA haiM ki mahArASTrI prAcIna hai yA mahArASTrI se vastutaH ina prAcIna pratiyoM meM na to madhyavartI 'ta' ke mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi utpanna huii| sthAna para 'da' kI pradhAnatA dekhI jAtI hai aura na "na" ke prAcIna kauna? ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jise vyAkaraNa isI sandarbha meM TATiyA jI ke nAma se yaha bhI meM zaurasenI kI vizeSatA kahA jAtA hai| satya to yaha hai pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki "yadi vartamAna ardhamAgadhI ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI zaurasanI rUpAntara huA hai, Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla Agama sAhitya mAnane para jora na ki zaurasenI AgamoM kA ardhamAgadhI ruupaantrnn| yaha deMge to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se 1500 varSa satya hai ki na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM para apitu pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane zaurasenI Agama-tulya kundakunda Adi ke granthoM para bhI Agama sAhitya ko hI 500 I.ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa| mahArASTrI kI 'ya' zruti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai, jise hama pUrva jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ bhI mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI ke meM siddha kara cuke haiN| antara ko na samajhate hue eka bhrAnti ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke kyA pandraha sau varSa pUrva ardhamAgadhI bhASA aura zvetAmbara prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke 'ta' kI pradhAnatA vAle pATha cUrNiyoM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA astitva nahIM thA? aura aneka prAcIna pratiyoM meM Aja bhI mila rahe haiN| DaoN. sudIpa jI dvArA TATiyA jI ke nAma se uddhRta 60 jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? |

Page #19
jaina saMskRti kA Aloka yaha kathana ki 1500 varSa pahale ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA astitva hI nahIM thA' pUrNataH bhrAnta hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita jaise AgamoM ko pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne eka svara se I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI yA usase bhI pahale kA mAnA hai| kyA usa samaya ye Agama ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha na hokara zaurasenI meM nibaddha the? jJAtavya hai ki 'da' zruti pradhAna aura 'Na' kAra kI pravRti vAlI zaurasenI kA janma to usa samaya huA hI nahIM thA, anyathA azoka ke abhilekhoM meM aura matharA (jo zaurasenI kI janma-bhami haiM) ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM to isa zaurasenI ke vaiziSTya vAle zabda rUpa upalabdha hone cAhie the| kyA zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha aisA eka bhI grantha hai jo I.pU. meM likhA gayA ho? satya to yaha hai ki IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI ke pUrva zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI grantha nahIM thA, jabaki mAgadhI ke abhilekha aura ardhamAgadhI ke Agama I.pU. tIsarI zatI se upalabdha ho rahe haiN| punaH yadi ye loga jise ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM, use mahArASTrI bhI mAna le to usake bhI grantha IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se upalabdha hote haiN| sAtavAhana kAla kI gAthA-saptazatI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAcIna grantha haiM, jo isI I.pU. prathama zatI se IsA kI prathama zatI ke madhya racita hai| punaH yaha eka saMkalana grantha hai, jisameM aneka granthoM se gAthAe~ saMkalita kI gaI haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki isake pUrva bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha race gaye the| kAlidAsa ke nATaka, jinameM zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa milatA hai, bhI IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI haiN| kundakunda ke grantha spaSTa rUpa se na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se, apitu paravartI 'ya' zruti pradhAna mahArASTrI se bhI prabhAvita haiN| kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM guNasthAna, saptabhaMgI Adi lagabhaga 5vIM zatI meM nirmita avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti unheM zvetAmbara AgamoM aura umAsvAti ke tattvArthasatra (lagabhaga catartha zatI) se paravatI hI siddha karatI hai, kyoMki inameM ye avadhAraNAe~ anupasthita haiN| isa sambandha meM maiMne apane, grantha 'guNasthAna siddhAntaH eka vizleSaNa' aura 'jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| isa prakAra satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA yA ardhamAgadhI Agama nahIM, apitu zaurasenI bhASA aura zaurasenI Agama hI IsA. kI 5vIM zatI ke pazcAt astitva meM aaye| acchA hogA ki bhAI sudIpa jI pahale mAgadhI aura pAli tathA ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke antara ko, inameM pratyeka ke lakSaNoM ko tathA jaina Agamika sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAlakrama ko aura jaina itihAsa ko taTastha dRSTi se samajha leM aura phira pramANa sahita apanI kalama nirbhIka rUpa se calAeM, vyartha kI AdhArahIna bhrAntiyA~ khar3I karake samAja meM kaTutA ke bIja na boeN| 0 prophesara DaoN. sAgaramala jI jaina kA janma tAH 22 pharavarI san 1632 meM zAjApura (ma.pra.) meM huaa| Apane ema.e.evaM sAhityaratna kI parIkSAeM zreSTha aMkoM se uttIrNa kii| Apa iMdaura, rIvA~, bhopAla aura gvAliyara ke mahAvidyAlayoM meM darzana zAstra ke pravaktA, AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa rhe| san 1676 se 1666 taka Apa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke nidezaka rhe| bhArata aura videzoM meM Apane aneka vyAkhyAna die| ojasvI vaktA, lekhaka, samAlocaka ke rUpa meM suvikhyAta DA. jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA vizeSa adhyayana kiyaa| Apane bIsa se adhika zodhapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kii| Apake saikar3oM zodhapUrNa nibaMdha aneka patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hue| "zramaNa" ke pradhAna sNpaadk| Apake nirdezana meM tIsa chAtroM ne pI.eca.DI. kI upAdhi prApta kii| jaina vidyA ke zIrSastha vidvAn / aneka zaikSaNika, sAmAjika va sAMskRtika saMsthAoM ke pdaadhikaarii| | jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? 61