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________________ anusandhAna-40 bhikSA-vicAra : jaina tathA vaidika dRSTi se ('uJcha' zabda ke sandarbha meM) DaoN. anItA botharA* bhANDArakara prAcyavidyA saMsthA meM prAkRta mahAzabdakoza ke lie vividha zabdoM kI khoja karate hue bhikSAvAcaka bahuta sAre zabda sAmane aaye| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga jaise ardhamAgadhI granthoM meM, aupadezika jaina mahArASTrI sAhitya meM, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaise jaina zaurasenI granthoM meM tathA apabhraMza, purANa aura carita granthoM meM bhikSAcaryA ke lie uJchavitti, piMDesaNA, esaNA, bhikkhAyariyA, bhikkhAvitti, goyarI, goyaracariA tathA mahukArasamAvitti Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA huA dikhAI diyA / vaidika paramparA ke zruti, smRti tathA purANa granthoM meM uJchavRtti, bhikSAcaryA, bhikSAvRtti tathA mAdhukarI ye cAra zabda bhikSAcaryA ke lie upayojita kiye hue dikhAI diye / uJcha tathA uJchavRtti ina zabdoM para dhyAna kendrita karake donoM paramparAoM ke pramukha tathA pratinidhika granthoM meM isa viSaya kI vizeSa khoja kI / bhAratIya saMskRti koza meM vaizeSika darzana ke sUtrakartA 'kaNAda' ke bAre meM nimnalikhita jAnakArI milatI hai - ___ maharSi kaNAda kheta meM gire hue dhAnyakaNa ikaTThA karake jIvana nirvAha karate the, isalie ve kaNAda, kaNabhakSa tathA kaNabhuja ina nAmoM se pahacAne jAte the| vaizeSika satra kI 'nyAyakandalI' vyAkhyA meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai (nyAyakandalI pRSTha 4) / 'kaNAda' ke zabda ke spaSTIkaraNa se uJchavRtti kA saMketa milatA hai| jaina prAkRta sAhitya : jaina prAkRta sAhitya meM kauna-kaunase granthoM meM kauna-kaunase sandarbha meM uJcha yA uJcha zabda ke samAsa prayukta hue haiM isakI sUkSmatA se jA~ca kI / nimnalikhita prAkRta granthoM se uJcha sambandhI sandarbha prApta hue / *sanmati-tIrtha, phirodiyA haoNsTela, 844, zivAjInagara, bI ema.sI.sI. roDa, puNe- 411004
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________________ julAI-2007 ardhamAgadhI grantha : AcArAMga pAyA gayA eka hI sandarbha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| sUtrakRtAMga aura sthAnAMga meM alpamAtrA meM sandarbha dikhAI diye / praznavyAkaraNa kI TIkA kA uJcha zabda kA spaSTIkaraNa bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa lagA / uttarAdhyayana meM 'uJcha kI eSaNA' isa prakAra kA sandarbha pAyA / piNDeSaNA yA bhikSAcaryA dazavaikAlika kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hone ke kAraNa usameM uJcha zabda anekabAra dikhAI diyA hai / oghaniyukti meM uJchavRtti ke aticAroM kA sandarbha milA / jaina mahArASTrI grantha : Avazyakaniyukti, oghaniyuktibhASya, nizIthacUrNi, vasudevahiNDI, upadezapada, jaMbucariya, kathAkozaprakaraNa, jJAnapaJcamIkathA tathA annAyauJchakulakam ina jaina mahArASTrI granthoM meM uJcha sambandhI ullekha upalabdha hue / jaina zaurasenI tathA apabhraMza granthoM meM 'uJcha' zabda kI khoja kii| donoM kI upalabdha zabdasUciyoM meM ye zabda nahIM haiM / ina donoM bhASAoM meM prAya: digambara AcAryoMne hI bahudhA apanI sAhityika gatividhiyA~ prastuta kI haiM / ho sakatA hai ki uJcha zabda se juDI huI vaidika dhAraNAe~ dhyAna meM rakhate hue unhoMne uJcha zabda kA prayoga hetupurassara TAlA hogaa| uJcha zabda se jur3e hue aprAsuka, sacit vanaspatiyoM ke (dhAnya ke) sandarbha dhyAna meM rakhate hue AcArakaThoratA kA pAlana karanevAle digambara AcAryoM ne bhikSAvAcaka anya zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA lekina uJchavRtti kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA / vaidika sAhitya : vaidika sAhitya meM lagabhaga 100 granthoM meM uJcha tathA uJcha ke samAsa pAye gaye / tathApi prAcInatA tathA arthapUrNatA dhyAna meM rakhate hue nimnalikhita granthoM meM se sAmagrI kA cayana kiyA / cayana karate hue yaha bAta bhI dhyAna meM AyI ki Rgveda Adi cAra veda, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka tathA upaniSada ina granthoM meM uJcha zabda kA koI bhI prayoga dikhAI nahIM diyA / uJcha tathA uJcha ke samAsa mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva, Azvamedhikaparva tathA zAntiparva Adi parvo meM vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hue / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM do alaga alaga
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________________ 56 anusandhAna- 40 arthoM meM ye zabda pAyA gayA / manusmRti meM ucchavRtti ke bAre meM kAphI carcA kI gaI hai| bhAgavadapurANa tathA brAhmaNapurANa meM atyalpamAtrA meM prayoga upalabdha hue / purANoM meM se zivapurANa meM sarvAdhika sandarbha dikhAI diye / donoM paramparAoM se prApta ina sandarbhoM kA sUkSmarIti se nirIkSaNa yahA~ prastuta kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM 'uJcha' zabda kA prayoga dhAtu (kriyApada) tathA nAma donoM meM prayukta hai / dhAtupATha meM yaha upalabdha hai / uJchakriyA kA artha 'dhAnya kaNa ke svarUpa meM ikaTThA karanA' (to gather, to collect, to glean) isa prakAra hai / ' yazastilakacampU meM 'uJchati cuNTayati' (to pluck) isa artha meM isa kriyA kA prayoga hai / 'uJcha' kriyA kA sambandha vaiyAkAraNoMne 'IS' kriyApada se joDA hai / 'uJchana' kriyA se prApta jo bhI dhAnya kaNa hai usa samUha ko 'uJcha' kahA gayA hai / jaina paramparA ke prAkRta granthoM meM uccha kiyA kA 'kiyA svarUpa' meM prayoga atyalpa mAtrA meM dikhAI diyaa| jo bhI sandarbha pAe gaye ve sabhI 'nAma' hI haiN| kahI bhI dhAnya kaNa athavA patra-puSpa Adi kA jikra nahIM kiyA hai / 'bhikSu dvArA ekatrita kI gaI sAdhu prAyogya bhikSA', isa artha meM hI isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM se upalabdha saMdarbhoM kA cayana karane se 'uccha' kA jo eka samagra citra sAmane ubhara kara AtA hai vaha isa prakAra hai / cAndra vyAkaraNa meM uJcha kriyA kA prayoga 'ikaTThA karanA' isa sAmAnya artha meM hai / yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki, beroM ko cunanevAlA badarika kahalAtA hai | kauTilIya arthazAstra meM kahA hai ki uJchajIvi AraNyaka, rAjA ko kararUpa meM uJchaSaDbhAga arpita karate haiM / yahA~ bhI sirpha ikaTThA karanA artha hI hai / 1. dhAtupATha 7.36, 28.13 2. pANinI - 4.4.32, daNDaviveka 1 (44.4); jainendravyAkaraNa 3.3.155 (214.15) 3. yazastilakacampU- 1.449.6 4. siddhAntakaumudI - 6.1.89; daivavyAkaraNa 169 5. cAndravyAkaraNa 3.4.29 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra 1.13 -
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________________ julAI - 2007 rAmAyaNa meM yadyapi uJchavRtti ke sandarbha atyalpa haiM tathApi isa vrata kI duSkaratA usameM adhorekhita kI gaI hai / " ucchavRtti kA AcaraNa karanevAle ko 'ucchazIla' kahate haiN|' lekina 'ucchazila' aisA bhI zabda prayoga dekhA jAtA hai / ' 'uJcha' kA matalaba hai mArga meM yA kheta meM gire hue dhAnya kaNa ikaTThA karanA aura 'zila' kA artha hai dhAnya ke bhuTTe ikaTThe karanA / ina donoM ko milakara 'Rta' saMjJA dI hai / " ucchajIvikA" uJchajIvikAsampanna 12 uJchadharman ucchavRtti 14 Adi zabda prayoga una logoM ke bAre meM Aye haiM jinhoMne dhAnyakaNa ikaTThA karake una para upajIvikA karane kA vrata svIkAra kiyA hai / uJchavRtti vrata vipra, 15 brAhmaNa tathA gRhastha17 svIkAra karate haiM / isakA matalaba yaha huA ki gRhasthAzramI loga yaha vrata dhAraNa karate the / Azvamedhikaparva meM eka vipra kI patnI, putra tathA putravadhU ke dvArA bhI yaha vrata grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai / 18 muni 19 tathA tApasa" bhI isa vrata ko grahaNa karate the / arthAt vAnaprasthAzrama aura saMnyAsAzrama meM bhI ucchavRtti ke dvArA upajIvikA karane kA praghAta thA / 7. 8. 9. ayodhyAkANDa - 2.21.2 (Da amarakoza 2, 9, 2 - vArAhagRhyasUtra sAMkhyAyanagRhyasUtra - 4.11.13 - 9.2; bhAgavadpurANa - 7.11.19; manusmRti - 4.5; 10. manusmRti - 4.5 11. liGgAnuzAsana, hemacandra - 113.16, paramAnandanAmamAlA 3699 : skandapurANa 3.2.33 12. abhayadeva - sthAnAMga TIkA 2675.5 13. AraNyakaparva - 3.246.21 15. Azvamedhikaparva - 14.93.7; viSNudharmottarapurANa- 3.237.28 - 16. mahAbhASya 17. zAntiparva - 12.184.18 18. Azvamedhikaparva - adhyAya 93 19. AraNyaka parva - 3.246.19, zabdaratna samanvayakoza- 74.7; 300.17; sAMkhyAyanagRhyasUtra - 4.11.13 zAntiparva - 363-1,2 1.4.3; 313.13 57 20. bRhatkathAkoza- 66.34 14. vaikhAnasadharmasUtra - 1.5.5
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________________ anusandhAna-40 uJchavrata meM dhAnyakaNa yA dhAnyabIja khetoM se ikaTThA karate the / 21 jo dhAnyakaNa yA bIja bhuTToM se kheta meM par3akara gire hue haiM ve eka-eka karake cune jAte the / 22 isa vrata ke dhAraka loga patita tathA parityakta dhAnya kaNa bhI ikaTThA karate the / 23 isake lie kSetra svAmI kI anumati nahIM mAnI gaI thI / 24 khalihAna meM bace hue dhAnyakaNa bhI lene kI vidhi dI hai / 25 dhAna jaba kheta se bAjAra taka le jAyA jAtA hai taba bhI bahuta se dhAnyakaNa girate haiM / isalie rAste se yA bAjAra se bhI ikaTThe kiye jA sakate the|26 eka jagaha se kitane dhAnyakaNa ikaTThe kiye jAyeM isakA bhI pramANa nizcita kiyA hai / eka eka dhAnyakaNa cunake eka jagaha se eka muTThI dhAnya hI ikaTThA kiyA jAtA thA / isake lie kuntAgra27 guTaka28 ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, aneka jagahoM meM alpamAtrA meM uJchagrahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai / 29 isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki kisI ko bhI isa grahaNa se pIDA na ho|30 caraka saMhitA meM zodhanI se dhAnyakaNa ikaTThe karane kA ullekha hai / 31 uJchavRtti se ikaTThe kiye dhAnya kA piSTha banAyA jA sakatA thA tathA pAnI meM milAkara kA~jI vagairaha banAI jAtI thI / 32 rasAsvAda ke lie usameM namaka Adi cIjeM 21. manusmRti TIkA (sarvajJAnArAyanA) 10.110; kauTilIya arthazAstra adhyAya-45, pRSTha 61 22. kAzikA-4.4.32, 6.1.160; aparArka opha yAjJavalkya smRti .. 167.3; smRticandrikA - 1 451.16 23. daNDaviveka - 1(44.4); aparArka oNpha yAjJavalkyasmRti-167.3; smRticandrikA - I 451.16 24. manusmRti " TIkA (sarvajJAnArAyanA) 10.112 25. daNDaviveka - 1(44.4); candravRtti-1.1.52 26. manusmRti - TIkA (sarvajJAnArAyanA) 4.5, bhAgavadpurANa- 7.11.19 27. pANDavacarita-18.143 28. dIpakalikA oNna yAjJavalkyasmRti - 1.128 (17.17) 29. hAralatA - 9.8.9; abhayadeva-sthAnAMgaTIkA - 213a. 12 30. manusmRti - 4.2 31. carakasaMhitA - 8.12.66(85) 32. zivapurANa - 3.32.6; Azvamedhikaparva - 93.9
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________________ julAI-2007 milAne kA kahIM ullekha nahIM hai isalie uJchavRtti ke loga nIrasa AhAra kA hI sevana alpamAtrA meM karate the aisA pratIta hotA hai| zivapurANa meM uJcha se arjita dravya kA bhI ullekha vaiziSTyapUrNa hai / usa dravya ko zuddha dravya kahA hai / zuddha dravya kA dAna dene se huI puNyaprApti kA bhI vahA~ jikra kiyA uJchavRtti se rahanevAle logoM ke lie khaga34 tathA kabUtara25 kI upamA bhI prayukta kI hai / uJchazIlavRtti ko 'kApotavrata' bhI kahA hai / 36 jo muni yA tApasa khetI-bADI se dUra araNyoM meM nivAsa karate the ve AraNya se nisargataH prApta phala, kanda, mUla, patte Adi para bhI upajIvikA karate the| unheM bhI uJchajIvI kahA hai / 37 / mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva meM uJchavRttidhArI cAra rAjAoM kA nirdeza hai| aneka nAma haiM - harizcandra, rantideva, zibi aura bali 138 Azvamedhika parva tathA zAntiparva meM do baDe baDe bahuta vistRta upAkhyAna Aye haiM / unakA nAma hI 'uJchavRttiupAkhyAna' hai / uJchavRtti se arjita upajIvikA sAdhanoM kA agara dAna diyA to vratadhArI ko anazana hI hotA hai / usakA phala yajJa se bhI adhika kahA hai / svargaprApti bhI kahI hai| namUne ke taura para vaidika paramparA ke ye jo ullekha diye haiM usase siddha hotA hai ki 'vrata ke svarUpa vaidikaparamparA meM' isa vidhi kA pracalana atyadhika thA ! jainaparamparA meM bhI uJcha zabda kA prayoga to pAyA jAtA hai| lekina usakA svarUpa pahale dekheMge aura bAda meM zodhanibandha ke niSkarSa taka jaayegeN| prAkRta sAhitya meM kAlakrama se tathA bhASAkrama se kauna-kauna se granthoM 33. zivapurANa - 1.15.39 34. buddhacarita - 7.15 35. Azvamedhika parva - 93.2 36. Azvamedhikaparva - 93.5 37. brahmANDapurANa - 1.30.36 38. sabhAparva - 2.225.7
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________________ 60 anusandhAna-40 meM 'uJcha' zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura kisa artha meM huA hai tathA vyAkhyA, TIkA Adi meM unakA spaSTIkaraNa kisa taraha diyA gayA hai yaha prathama dekheNge| AcArAMga aMga Agama ke dUsare zrutaskandha meM 'uJcha' zabda kA prayoga kevala bhikSA se sambandhita na hokara bhikSA ke sAtha-sAtha chAdana, layana, saMthAra, dvAra, pidhAna aura piNDapAta inase juDA huA hai / idhara kevala yaha artha nihita hai ki uparyukta saba cIjeM sAdhu prAyogya aura prAsuka honA Avazyaka hai / TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne kahA hai ki - 'uJchaM iti chAdanAdyuttaraguNadoSarahita:'39 sUtrakRtAMga ke pahale zrutaskandha meM 'uJcha' zabda kA artha 'bayAlIsa doSoM se rahita AhAra grahaNa karanA' aisA diyA hai / 40 zIlAGkAcArya ne sUtrakRtAMga 1.7.27 kI vRtti meM 'ajJAtapiNDa' kA artha antaprAnta (bAsI) tathA pUrvApara aparicitoM kA piNDa, isa prakAra kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / sUtrakRtAMga kI cUrNi meM 'uJcha' ke dravyauJcha (nIrasa padArtha) aura bhAvauJcha (ajJAta caryA) aise do bheda kiye haiM / 41 vRttikAra ne isakA arthabhikSA se prApta vastu aisA kiyA hai / / sthAnAMgasUtra meM uJchajIvikAsampanna aura jaina siddhAntoM ke prajJApaka sAdhu kA nirdeza hai / 42 praznavyAkaraNa ke saMvaradvAra ke pahale adhyayana meM ahiMsA eka paJcabhAvanA pada ke antargata Aye hue 'AhAraesaNAe suddhaM uJchaM gavesiyavvaM'43 isa pada se yaha kahA hai ki sAdhu zuddha, nirdoSa tathA alpapramANa meM AhAra kI gaveSaNA kare / praznavyAkaraNa ke TIkAkAra ne uJchagaveSaNA zabda para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / kahA hai ki, 'uJcho gaveSaNIya iti sambandhaH, kimarthamata Aha pRthivyudakAgnimArutatarugaNatrasasthAvarasarvabhUteSu viSaye yA saMyamadayA-saMyamAtmikA 39. AcArAMga TIkA 368ba.12 40. sUtrakRtAMga-1.2.3.14; sUtrakRtAMga TIkA - 74ba.11 41. sUtrakRtAMga cUNi - pR. 74 42. sthAnAMga-4.528 43. praznavyAkaraNa TIkA - 6.20
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________________ julAI-2007 ghRNA na tu mithyAdRzAmiva bandhAtmikA tadarthaM taddheto-zuddhaH-anavadyaH uJcho bhaikSaM gaveSayitavyaH / 44 - isase spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidikoM kI taraha kheta meM jAkara tathA araNya meM jAkara dhAnya, phala, phUla, patte Adi ikaTThA karanA TIkAkAra ko mAnya nahIM hai / yaha sandarbha isa zodhanibandha ke lie sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai / uttarAdhyayana isa mUlasUtra ke 35veM 'aNagAramArgagati' adhyayana meM 'uJcha' zabda kA artha alaga-alaga gharoM se thoDI-thor3I mAtrA meM tathA udgamAdi doSoM se rahita lAI huI bhikSA, aisA TIkA ke AdhAra se bhI jAna paDatA hai / 45 uJcha zabda ke sabase adhika sandarbha dazavaikAlika sUtra meM dikhAI dete haiM / isameM uJcha zabda tIna bAra 'annAya' ke sAtha6 aura do bAra svatantra rUpa se AyA hai / 47 nizIthacUrNi meM bhI 'annAyauMchio sAhU' isa prakAra kA vizeSaNAtmaka prayoga dikhAI detA hai / 48 oghaniryakti bhASya 96 meM 'aNNAuJchaM' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / 'annAya' arthAt ajJAta isa zabda kA spaSTIkaraNa dazavaikAlika TIkA tathA dazavaikAlika ke donoM cUrNikAroM ne vizeSa rUpa se diyA hai / athAt ajJAta isa zabda kA spaSTIkaraNa hAribhadrIya TIkA meM kahA hai - 'uJchaM bhAvato jJAtAjJAtamajalpanazIlo dharmalAbhamAtrAbhidhAyI caret / '49 jinadAsagaNi ne cUrNi meM kahA hai'bhAvucha anAyeNa, tamannAyaM uJchaM carati / '50 agastyasiMha kI cUrNi meM tIna-cAra prakAra se isakA spaSTIkaraNa kA vizeSaNAtmaka 44. praznavyAkaraNa TIkA 107ba.. 13 te 15 45. uttarAdhyayana 35.16; uttarAdhyayana TIkA - 375 a.9 46. dazavaikAlika - 9.3.4; 10.19; daza.cUNi 2.5 47. dazavaikAlika - 0.23; 10.17 48. nizIthacUNi - 2.159.23 49. dazavaikAlika TIkA - 231ba.7 50. daza.jinadAsagaNi cUrNi - pR. 319
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________________ 6 2 anusandhAna- 40 diyA hai / 51 antimataH ajJAta zabda kA tAtparya yaha phalita hotA hai ki khuda kA paricaya diye binA tathA aparicita kuloM se alpapramANa maM uJcha kI gaveSaNA karanI cAhie / pracalita chanda zabda kA prayoga naye apracalita artha se karane ke lie 'annAyaucchaM' zabda ke itane sAre spaSTIkaraNa dikhAI dete haiM / vasudevahiNDI meM eka jaina sAdhu ne uJchavRttidhAraka brAhmaNa 52 gRhasthadvArA bhikSA grahaNa karane kA mahattvapUrNa ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| cU~ki sAdhu ne isa prakAra ke gRhastha se bhikSA lI, isakA matalaba yaha huA ki usane yaha bhikSA prAsuka aura eSaNIya maanii| isake sivA brAhmaNa kI sAdhu ke prati paramazraddhA hone kA ullekha hai| isameM donoM paramparAoM kI eka-dUsare ke prati Adara rakhane kI yaha bhAvanA nizcita rUpa se spRhaNIya hai / kathAkozaprakaraNa meM eka sthavirA ke dvArA ucchavRtti se kASTha ikaTTA karane kA ullekha hai ||3 isakA matalaba yaha huA ki, 'kevala bhikSA ke lie hI nahIM, anya cIjoM ke lie bhI ikaTThA karanA' yaha uccha zabda kA prayoga dikhAI detA hai / Avazyaka niryukti 1295 meM nArada - utpatti kI eka kathA dI gaI hai / usameM kahA hai ki yajJayaza tApasa kA yajJadatta nAma kA putra aura somayazA nAma kI snuSA thii| unakA putra nArada thA / vaha pUrA kuTumba ucchavRtti se nirvAha karatA thA / usameM bhI ve loga eka dina upavAsa aura eva dina bhojana lete the / jJAnapaJcamI kathA meM araNya se ucchAdika grahaNa karake apanI patnI ko denevAle padmanAbha nAmaka brAhmaNa kI kathA AyI haiM / 54 isase spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidikoM kI uJchavRtti se jaina AcArya kAphI paricita the| aura araNya se ucchavRtti lAne ke ullekha se kandamUla, phala, phUla, patte Adi grahaNa karane 51. daza. agastyasiMha cUrNi - 8.23, 9.3.4 10.16; cUlikA 2.5 52. vasudevahiNDI pR. 284 53. kathAkozaprakaraNa 54. jJAnapaJcamIkathA 7.4 pR. 31.23
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________________ julAI-2007 kA vaidika paramparA kA saMketa bhI yahA~ milatA hai / / jambucarita grantha meM uJchazabda meM bhikSA kA pramANa batAne ke lie do zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / zakaTa ke akSa ke agrabhAga jitanI tathA vraNa ke upara lagAye jAnevAlI lepa jinatI / 55 vaidika paramparA ke pANDavacarita grantha meM jisaprakAra kuntAna zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai usI taraha kA yaha spaSTIkaraNa hai / 56 upadezapada meM haribhadra ne uJcha zabda ko zuddha vizeSaNa lagAyA hai 57 aura zuddha kA spaSTIkaraNa bayAlIsa dopoM se rahita diyA hai / isakA matalaba yaha huA ki kevala bhikSA' itane artha me bhI 'uJcha' zabda kA prayoga hotA thA / lagabhaga 16vIM zatI ke AsapAsa jaina AcAryoM dvArA jo prakaraNa grantha yA laghugrantha likhe gaye unameM zrI vijayavimalagaNikRta 'annAyauJchakulakaM' prakaraNa kA samAveza hotA hai / AhArazuddhi, AhAra ke aticAra Adi kA pratipAdana karanevAlA yaha saMgrahagrantha hai| bhikSAvAcaka sAre dUsare nAma dUra rakhate hue inhoMne 'annAyauJchakulakaM' zIrSaka apane kulaka ke lie cunA yaha bhI eka asAdhAraNa bAta hai / 'ajJAtauJcha' kA matalaba ve batAte haiM - 'anAvarjanAdinA bhAvaparizuddhasya stoka-stokasya grahaNaM, ajJAto uJchagrahaNam / ' bauddha jAtakoM meM uJchacariyA bauddha (pAli) granthoM meM bhikSAcArya ke lie 'uJcha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai yA nahIM yaha dekhane hetu mukhyata: jAtakakathAgrantha dekhe vividha jAtakoM meM kamase kama 25 bAra ucchacariyA, uJchApatta, uJchApattAgata ina zabdoM ke prayoga milate haiM / yahA~ vividha sthAnoM para brAhmaNa tApasa ke uJchAcaryA kA nirdeza hai / tathA bauddha bhikSu (tApasa, RSi) ke uJcha kA nirdeza hai / aneka bAra vana meM jAkara phalamUla bhakSaNa karanA tathA bAda meM gA~va-zahara Adi meM Akara namaka tathA khaTTA (matalaba pakA huA rasayukta bhojana) bhojana bhikSA 55. jambucarita-12.54 56. pANDavacarita-18.143 57. upadeza pada - gA. 677
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________________ anusandhAna-40 meM grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai / matalaba yaha huA ki bauddha paramparA meM uJcha ke vaidika tathA jaina donoM artha samAnatA se grahaNa kiye haiM / bauddha bhikSu vanoM se kanda-mUla, phala grahaNa karate the tathA vikalpa se gharoM se pakI huI rasoI kA bhI svIkAra karate the / upasaMhAra __ vaidika (saMskRta) tathA prAkRta (jaina) granthoM meM pAye gaye uJcha sambandhI sandarbho kA avalokana karake hama nimnalikhita sAmya- bhedAtmaka upasaMhAra taka pahu~cate haiM / sAmya saMketa : donoM paramparAoM meM 'uJcha' isa dhAtu kA 'ikaTThA karanA' (to glean, to collect, to gather) itanA hI mUlagAmI artha hai / cAndravyAkaraNa meM tathA jaina mahArASTrI kathAkoza prakaraNa meM isa mUlagAmI artha se isa dhAtu kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| * yaha ikaTThA karane kI yA cunane kI kriyA alaga-alaga sthAna se alpamAtrA meM grahaNa karane kA saMketa detI hai| ve dhAnya ke kaNa ho yA bhikSA ho alaga-alaga sthAnoM se alpamAtrA meM grahaNa kI jAtI hai / alpagrahaNa kI mAtrA kA sUcana karanevAlI upamA bhI donoM prAya: samAna hai| jaise ki pramANa ke lie kuntAna yA vraNalepa tathA pravRtti kI sUcaka kabUtara yA madhukara / * vaidika paramparA kA tApasa tathA gRhastha khuda jAkara uJcha dravya lAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina sAdhu bhI svayaM jAkara gRhastha se uJcha lAtA hai / * uJchavRtti kA eka bAra svIkAra kiyA to donoM paramparAnusAra usakA pAlana AjIvana karanA paDatA hai / * uJcha (bhikSA) agara prApta nahIM huI to donoM usa dina anazana hI karate bhedasaMketa : * yahA~ prayukta uJcha zabda vaidikoM kI uJchavRtti kA nidarzaka hai tathA jaina
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________________ julAI-2007 sAdhu kI bhikSA kA vAcaka hai / * uJchavRtti vratasvarUpa hai / mA~gakara lAI jAnevAlI bhikSA nahIM hai| jaina sAdhu khuda gRhastha ke ghara jAkara bhikSA (uJcha) mA~gakara lAte haiM / uJcha vrata sAdhu aura gRhastha donoM ke lie hai / bhikSA vrata sirpha sAdhuoM ke lie hai / vaidika paramparA meM uJchavRtti vratasvarUpa hai / jaina paramparA meM yaha sAdhu kA nitya AcAra hai / * uJcha meM dhAnya kaNa, bhuTTe tathA vRkSoM se kandamUla, phala, phUla, patte Adi kA grahaNa hotA hai / bhikSA meM gRhastha ke dvArA gRhastha ke lie banAI haI rasoI se sAdhu prAyogya AhAra kA vidhipUrvaka grahaNa hotA hai / jaina sandarbha meM 'uJcha' zabda kA prayoga AhAra ke alAvA chAdana, layana, saMstAraka, dvArapidhAna Adi ke bAre meM bhI prayukta kiyA gayA hai / * uJchavRtti meM agniprayoga na kI huI khAne kI cIjeM lAI jAtI haiM / uJchavRtti kA dhAraka kabhI bhI pakAyA huA AhAra nahIM lA sakatA / uJchavRtti se lAe gaye sabhI padArtha jaina dRSTi se sacitta hai aura jaina sAdhu ko kabhI bhI kalpanIya nahIM haiN| bhikSA meM agniprayoga ke binA, kisI bhI vastu ko sacitta aura aprAsuka mAnA hai / * uJchavRtti se lAyA gayA dhAnya Adi pIsanA, pakAnA Adi kriyA khuda uJchavRtti dhAraka karatA hai / bhikSAvRtti se lAye hue AhAra para jaina sAdhu kisI bhI taraha kA saMskAra nahIM karatA hai / * uJchavRtti se lAye gaye dhAnya Adi kA saMgraha kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhikSA kA saMgraha nahIM kiyA jAtA / saMgRhIta uJcha kA 'satpAtra vyakti ko dAna denA', puNyazIla kRtya mAnA gayA hai| sAdhu ke dvArA lAI gaI bhikSA kA anya sAdhuoM ke sAtha agara saMvibhAga bhI kiyA to usako dAna saMjJA prApta nahIM hotI / * uJchavRtti se bhikSA lAne ke pahale kisI bhI mAlika kI anumati nahIM lI jAtI / isake viparIta mAlika kI anumati ke binA jaina sAdhu suI bhI apane mana se uThA nahIM sakatA / agara koI bhI cIja anumati
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________________ anusandhAna-40 bagaira uThAe to usake acaurya vrata kA bhaMga (adattAdAna) hotA hai 1 niSkarSa : sAmya-bhedAtmaka nirIkSaNoM ke AdhAra se hama isa niSkarSa taka pahu~cate haiM ki jaina prAkRta granthoM meM prApta 'uJcha' zabda nizcita hI vaidika paramparA se liyA gayA hai / uJchavRttidhArI vyakti samAja ke lie bahuta hI pUjanIya aura AdarAspada rahA hogA / isI vajaha se jainoM ne sAdhu ke bAre meM bhI uJcha zabda kA prayoga kiyA hogA / vaidikoM se uJcha zabda kA to grahaNa kiyA lekina jaina paramparA meM prApta sAdhu-AcAra viSayaka niyamoM se ve pramANika rahe / * uJcha zabda mUlataH kRSi se sambandhita hai / bAle yA bhuTToM ko kATA jAtA hai use 'zila' kahate haiM aura nIce gire hue dhAnyakaNoM ko ekatra karane ko 'uJcha' kahate haiM / yaha zabda artha kA vistAra pAte-pAte bhikSA se jur3a gayA aura khAne ke bAda rahA huA zeSa bhojana lenA, ghara-ghara se thoDA-thoDA bhojana lenA, isakA vAcaka bana gayA / aura sAmAnyataH bhikSA, piNDaiSaNA, eSaNA, gocarI Adi kA paryAyavAcI jaisA bana gyaa| * vaidika tathA jaina donoM artha samAnatAse grahaNa kiye haiM / bauddha bhikSu vanoM se kanda-mUla, phalagrahaNa karate the tathA vikalpa se gharoM se pakI huI rasoI kA bhI svIkAra karate the / vaidika paramparA meM ucchavratadhArI sAdhu yA gRhastha vartamAna sthiti meM dikhAI denA kaThinaprAyaH ho gayA hai / lekina sAdhuprayoga uJcha (bhikSA) grahaNa karanevAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA bhAratIya samAja meM honA Aja bhI eka Ama bAta hai / uJcha zabda ke itihAsa para dRSTipAta karane se yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki jaina samAja meM AcAra kI prathA avicchinna rakhane kA prayAsa yatnapUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai /