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________________ bhAratIya vAGmayameM anumAna-vicAra prAstAvika bhAratIya tarkazAstra meM anumAnakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| cArvAka (laukAyata) darzanake atirikta zeSa sabhI bhAratIya darzanoMke anumAnako pramANarUpameM svIkAra kiyA hai aura use parokSa padArthokI vyavasthA evaM tattvajJAnakA anyatama sAdhana mAnA hai| vicAraNIya hai ki bhAratIya tarkagranthoMmeM sarvAdhika vivecita evaM pratipAdita isa mahatvapUrNa aura adhika upayogI pramANakA saMvyavahAra kabase Arambha huA? dUsare, jAta sudUrakAlameM use anumAna hI kahA jAtA thA yA kisI anya nAmase vaha vyavahRta hotA thA? jahA~ taka hamArA adhyayana hai bhAratIya vAGmayake nibaddharUpameM upalabdha Rgveda Adi saMhitA-granthoMmeM anumAna yA usakA paryAya zabda upalabdha nahIM hotaa| hA~, upaniSad-sAhityameM eka zabda aisA avazya AtA hai jise anumAnakA pUrva saMskaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai aura vaha zabda hai 'vAkovAkyam'2 / chAndogyopaniSadke isa zabdake atirikta brahmabindUpaniSadaanumAnake aGga hetu aura dRSTAnta tathA maitrAyaNI-upaniSadeM anumAnasUcaka 'anumIyate' kriyAzabda milate haiM / isI taraha subAlopaniSadbhe 'nyAya' zabdakA nirdeza hai / ina ullekhoMke adhyayanase hama yaha tathya nikAla sakate haiM ki upaniSad kAlameM adhyAtma-vivecanake lie kramazaH anumAnakA svarUpa upasthita hone lagA thaa| zAGkara-bhASyameM 'vAkovAkyam' kA artha 'tarkazAstra' diyA hai / DA0 bhagavAnadAsane bhASyake isa arthako apanAte hue usakA tarkazAstra, uttara-pratyuttarazAstra, yukti-pratiyuktizAstra vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / ina (artha aura vyAkhyAna)ke AdhArapara anubhavagamya adhyAtmajJAnako abhivyakta karane ke lie chAndogyoyapaniSadameM vyavahRta 'vAkovAkyam'ko tarkazAstrakA bodhaka mAna lene meM koI vipratipatti nahIM hai / jJAnotpattikI prakriyAkA adhyayana karanese avagata hotA hai ki Adima mAnavako apane pratyakSa (anubhava) jJAnake avisaMvAditvakI siddhi athavA usako sampuSTike lie kisI tarka, hetu yA yuktiko AvazyakatA par3I hogii| __prAcIna bauddha pAlI-grantha brahmajAlasuttameM tarkI aura tarka zabda prayukta hue haiM, jo kramazaH tarkazAstrI tathA tarkavidyAke arthameM Aye haiM / yadyapi yahA~ tarkakA adhyayana AtmajJAnake lie anupayogI batAyA gayA hai, 1. gautama akSapAda, nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 3; bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vaaraannsii| 2. RgvedaM bhagavo'dhyami "vAkovAkyamekAyanaM "adhyemi / -chAndo0 7.112; nirNayasAgara presa bambaI, san 1932 / 3. 'hetudRSTAntavarjitam' |-brhmbinduu0 zloka 9; nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1932 / 4. " bahirAtmA gatyantarAtmanAnumIyate / -maitrAyaNI0 5 / 1; nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1932 / 5. 'zikSA kalpo"nyAyo miimaaNsaa|'-subaalopniss0 khaNDa 2; prakAzana sthAna va samaya vhii| 6. vAkovAkyaM tarkazAstram |-aa0 zaGkara, chAndogyo0 bhASya 7 / 1 / 2, gItApresa, gorakhapura / 7. DA. bhagavAnadAsa, darzanakA prayojana pR. 1 / 8. 'idha, bhikkhave, ekacco samaNo vA brAhmaNo vA takkI hoti vImaMsI / so takkapariyAhataM vImaMsAna critN"|-raay DeviDa (sampAdaka), brahmajAlasu. 1132 / -239 -
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________________ kintu tarka aura tarkI zabdoMkA prayoga yahA~ kramazaH kutarka (vitaNDAvAda yA vyarthaka vivAda) aura kutarkI (vitaNDAvAdI)ke arthameM huA jJAta hotA hai / athavA brahmajAlasuttakA ukta kathana usa yugakA pradarzaka hai, jaba tarkakA durupayoga hone lagA thaa| aura isIse sambhavataH brahmajAlasuttakArako AtmajJAnake lie tarkavidyAke adhyayanakA niSedha karanA pdd'aa| jo ho, itanA to spaSTa hai ki usameM tarka aura tarkI zabda prayukta haiM aura tarkavidyAkA adhyayana AtmajJAnake lie na sahI, vastu-vyavasthAke lie Avazyaka thaa| nyAyasUtra' aura usakI vyAkhyAoMmeM tarka aura anumAnameM yadyapi bheda kiyA hai-tarkako anumAna nahIM, anumAnakA anugrAhaka kahA hai / para yaha bheda bahuta uttarakAlIna hai / kisI samaya hetu, tarka, nyAya aura anvIkSA ye sabhI anumAnArthaka mAne jAte the| udyotakarake ullekhase yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai| nyAyakozakArane tarkazabdake aneka artha prastuta kiye haiN| unameM AnvIkSikI vidyA aura anumAna artha bhI diyA hai| __ vAlmIki rAmAyaNameM AnvIkSikI zabdakA prayoga hai jo hetuvidyA yA tarkazAstrake arthameM huA hai| yahA~ una logoMko 'anarthakuzala', 'bAla', 'paNDitamAnI' aura 'durbudha' kahA hai jo pramukha dharmazAstroMke hote hue bhI vyartha AnvIkSikI vidyAkA sahArA lekara kathana karate yA usakI puSTi karate haiM / mahAbhA tameM AnvIkSikIke atirikta hetu, hetuka, tarkavidyA jaise zabdoMkA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| tarkavidyAko to AnvIkSikIkA paryAya hI batalAyA hai / eka sthAnapara yAjJavalkyane vizvAvasuke praznoMkA uttara AnvIkSikIke mAdhyamase diyA aura use parA (ucca) vidyA kahA hai| dUsare sthalapara yAjJavalkya rAjarSi janakako AnvIkSikIkA upadeza dete hue use caturthI vidyA tathA mokSake lie trayI, vArtA aura daNDanIti tInoM vidyAoMse adhika upayogI batalAte haiN| isake atirikta eka anya jagaha zAstrazravaNake anadhikAriyoMke lie 'hetuduSTa' zabda AyA hai, jo asatya hetu prayoga karanevAloMke grahaNakA bodhaka pratIta hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki jo vyartha tarkavidyA (AnvIkSikI) para anurakta haiM unheM mahAbhAratakArane vAlmIki rAmAyaNakI taraha paNDitaka, hetuka, aura vedanindaka kahakara unakI bhartyasnA bhI kI hai / tAtparya yaha ki tarkavidyAke sadupayoga aura durupayogakI ora unhoMne saMketa kiyA hai| eka anya prakaraNameM nAradako 1. akSapAda gautama, nyAyasU0 11113,1 / 1 / 40 / 2. vAtsyAyana, nyAyabhASya 1 / 1 / 3, 111140; udyotakara, nyAyavA. 111 / 3, 1 / 1 / 4 / / 3. apare tvanumAnaM tarka ityAhu: / hetustoM nyAyo'nvIkSA ityanumAnamAkhyAyata iti |-udyotkr, __ nyAyavA0, 1 / 1 / 40; caukhambA vidyAbhavana, san 1916 / 4. bhImAcArya (sampAdaka), nyAyakoza, 'tarka' zabda, pR0 321, prAcyavidyAsaMzodhanamandira, bambaI, san 1928 / 5. vAlmIki, rAmAyaNa, ayo0 kA. 100 / 38,39, gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi. saM. 2017 / 6. vyAsa, mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 210 / 22; 180 / 47; gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi. saM. 2017 / 7. vahI, zA0pa0 318 / 34 / 8. vahI, zA0pa0 318 / 35 / 9. vahI, anushaa0p0134|17 10. vahI, zA0 50 180 / 47 / 11. vyAsa, mahAbhA0 sabhAparva 5 / 5,8 / - 240 -
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________________ paMcAvayavayukta vAkyake guNadoSoMkA vettA aura 'anumAnavibhAgabit' batalAyA hai| ina samasta ullekhoMse avagata hotA hai ki mahAbhAratameM anumAnake upAdAnoM aura usake vyavahAra kI carcA hai / AnvIkSikI zabda anumAnakA bodhaka hai / isakA yaugika artha hai anu-pazcAt + IkSA-dekhanA arthAt phira jA~ca krnaa| vAtsyAyanake anusAra pratyakSa aura Agamase dekhe-jAne padArthako vizeSa rUpase jAnanekA nAma 'anvIkSA' hai aura yaha anvIkSA hI anumAna hai / anvIkSApUrvaka pravRtti karanevAlI vidyA AnvIkSikI-nyAyavidyA-nyAyazAstra hai| tAtparya yaha ki jisa zAstrameM vastu-siddhike lie atamAnakA vizeSa vyavahAra hotA hai use vAtsyAyanane anumAnazAstra, nyAyazAstra, nyAyavidyA aura AnvIkSikI batalAyA hai| isa prakAra AnvIkSikI nyAyazAstrakI saMjJAko dhAraNa karatI huI anumAnake rUpako prApta haI hai| DA0 satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNane2 AnvIkSikImeM AtmA aura hetu donoM vidyAoMkA samAveza kiyA hai| unakA mata hai ki sAMkhya, yoga aura laukAyata AtmAke astitvakI siddhi aura asiddhimeM prAcIna kAlase hI hetuvAda yA AnvIkSikIkA vyavahAra karate A rahe haiN| kauTilyake arthazAstrameM AnvIkSikIke samarthanameM kahA gayA hai ki vibhinna yuktiyoM dvArA viSayoMkA balAbala isI vidyAke Azrayase jJAta hotA hai| yaha lokakA upakAra karatI hai, duHkha-sukhameM buddhiko sthairya pradAna karatI hai, prajJA, vacana aura kriyAmeM kuzalatA lAtI hai / jisa prakAra dIpaka samasta padArthoM kA prakAzaka hai usI prakAra yaha vidyA bhI saba vidyAoM, samasta kAryoM aura samasta dharmoko prakAzikA hai| kauTilyake isa vivecana aura uparyukta varNanase AnvIkSikI vidyAko anumAnakA pUrvarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| manusmRtimeM jahA~ tarka aura tarko zabdoMkA prayoga milatA hai vahA~ hetuka, AnvIkSikI aura hetuzAstra zabda bhI upalabdha hote haiM / eka sthAnapara' to dharmatattvake jijJAsuke lie pratyakSa aura vividha AgamarUpa zAstra ke atirikta anumAnako bhI jAnanekA spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki manusmRtikArake samayameM hetuzAstra aura AnvIkSikI zabdoMke sAtha anumAna zabda bhI vyavahRta hone lagA thA aura use asiddha yA vivAdApanna vastuoMkI siddhike lie upayogI mAnA jAtA thA / SaTkhaNDAgamameM 'hetuvAda', sthAnAGgasUtrameM 'hetu', bhagavatIsUtrameM 'anumAna' aura anuyogasUtrameMdeg 1. pratyakSAgamAzritamanumAnaM sA'nvIkSA / pratyakSAgamAbhyAmIkSitasyAnvIkSaNamanvIkSA / tathA pravartata ityAnvI kSikI nyAyavidyA nyAyazAstram |-vaatsyaayn, nyAyabhA0 11111, pR0 7 / 2. A History of Indian Logice, Calcutta University 1921, page 5. 3. kauTilya, arthazAstra, vidyAsamuddeza 1 / 1, pR0 10, 11 / 4. vizeSake lie dekhie, DA. satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa, e hisTarI oNpha iNDiyana laoNjika, pR0 40 / 5. manusmRti 12 / 106.12 / 111, 7143, 2011; caukhambA saM0 sI0, vaaraannsii| 6. pratyakSaM cAnumAnaM ca zAstraM vividhAgamam / trayaM suviditaM kArya dharmazuddhimabhIpsatA ||-vhii, 12 / 105 / 7 bhUtabalI-puSpadanta, SaTkha0 5 / 5 / 51, solApura saMskaraNa, san 1965 I0 / 8. muni kanhaiyAlAla; sthA0 sU0, pR0 309, 310; vyAvara saMskaraNa, vi0 saM0 2010 / 9. muni kanhaiyAlAla; bha0 sU0 5 / 3 / 191-92; dhanapatasiMha, kalakattA / 10. muni kanhaiyAlAla, anu0 sU0 mUlasuttANi, pR0 539, vyAvara saMskaraNa, vi0 saM0 2010 / -241 -
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________________ anumAnake bheda-prabhedoMkI carcA samAhita hai / ataH jainAgamoMmeM bhI anumAnakA pUrvarUpa aura anumAna pratipAdita haiN| isa prakAra bhAratIya vAGmayake anuzIlanase avagata hotA hai ki bhAratIya tarkazAstra ArambhameM 'vAkovAkyam', usake pazcAt AnvIkSikI, hetuzAstra, tarkavidyA aura nyAyazAstra yA pramANazAstrake rUpoMmeM vyavahRta huaa| uttarakAlameM pramANamImAMsAkA vikAsa honepara hetavidyApara adhika bala diyA gayA / phalataH AnvIkSikImeM arthasaMkoca hokara vaha hetupUrvaka honevAle anumAnakI bodhaka ho gyii| ataH 'vAkovAkyam' AnvIkSikIkA aura AnvIkSikI anumAnakA prAcIna mUla rUpa jJAta hotA hai / anumAnakA vikAsa anumAnakA vikAsa nibaddharUpameM akSapAdake nyAyasUtrase Arambha hotA hai| nyAyasUtrake vyAkhyAkAroMvAtsyAyana, udyotakara, vAcaspati, jayanta bhadra, udayana, zrIkaNTha, gaMgeza, varddhamAnaupAdhyAya, vizvanAtha prabhRti ne anumAnake svarUpa, AdhAra, bhedopabheda, vyApti, pakSadharmatA, vyAptigrahaNa, avayava AdikA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| isake vikAsameM prazastapAda, mAThara, kumArila jaise vaidika dArzanikoMke atirikta vasubandhu, diDnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, prajJAkara, zAntarakSita, arcaTa Adi bauddha naiyAyikoM tathA samantabhadra, siddhasena, pAtrasvAmI, akalaMka, vidyAnanda, mANikyanandi, prabhAcandra, devasUri, hemacandra pramukha jaina tAkikoMne bhI yogadAna kiyA hai| niHsandeha anumAnakA kramika vikAsa tarkazAstrakI dRSTise jitanA mahattvapUrNa evaM rocaka hai usase kahIM adhika bhAratIya dharma aura darzanake itihAsakI dRSTise bhii| yataH bhAratIya anumAna kevala kAryakAraNarUpa bauddhika vyAyAma hI nahIM hai, balki niHzreyasa-upalabdhike sAdhanoMmeM vaha parigaNita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya anumAnakA jitanA vicAra tarkagranthoMmeM upalabdha hotA hai utanA yA usase kucha kama dharmazAstra, darzanazAstra aura purANagranthoMmeM bhI vaha pAyA jAtA hai| prastutameM hamArA uddezya svatantra rUpase bhAratIya tarkagranthoMmeM anumAnapara jo cintana upalabdha hotA hai usIke vikAsapara yahA~ samIkSAtmaka vicAra karanA hai / (ka) nyAya-darzanameM anumAna-vikAsa akSapAdane anumAnakI paribhASA kevala 'tatpUrvakam'2 pada dvArA hI upasthita ko hai / isa paribhASAmeM "tat" zabda kevala spaSTa hai, jo pUrvalakSita pratyakSake lie prayukta huA hai aura vaha batalAtA hai ki pratyakSa pUrvaka anumAna hotA hai, kintu vaha anumAna hai kyA ? yaha jijJAsA atRpta hI raha jAtI hai| sUtrake agrAMzameM anumAnake pUrvavat, zeSavat aura sAmAnyatodRSTa ye tIna bheda upalabdha hote hai| inameM prathama do bhedoMmeM Agata 'vat' zabda bhI vicAraNIya hai / zabdArthakI dRSTi se 'pUrvake samAna' aura 'zeSake samAna' yahI artha usase upalabdha hotA hai tathA 'sAmAnyatodRSTa' se 'sAmAnyataH darzana' artha jJAta hotA hai / isake atirikta unake svarUpakA koI pradarzana nahIM hotaa| solaha padArtho meM eka avayava padArtha parigaNita hai / usake pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya aura niga 1. pradIpaH srvvidyaanaaN|"ih tvadhyAtmavidyAyAmAtmAditattvajJAnaM " / -vAtsyAyana, nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 1, pRSTha 11 / 2. gautama akSapAda, nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 5, / 3. nyaaysuu01|1|5| - 242 -
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________________ mana ina pA~ca bhedoMkA paribhASAsahita nirdeza kiyA hai|' anumAna ina pA~case sampanna evaM sampUrNa hotA hai / unake binA anumAnakA AtmalAbha nahIM hotA / ataH anumAnake lie unakI AvazyakatA asandigdha hai / 'hetu' zabdakA prayoga anumAnake lakSaNameM, jo mAtra kAraNasAmagrIko hI pradarzita karatA hai, hameM nahIM milatA, kintu ukta paMcAvayavoMke madhya dvitIya avayavake rUpa meM 'hetu' kA aura hetvAbhAsake vivecana-sandarbha meM 'hetvAbhAsoMkA' svarUpa avazya prApta hotA hai / 2 / __ anumAna-parIkSAke prakaraNameM rodha, upaghAta aura mAdRzyase anumAnake mithyA honekI AzaMkA vyakta kI hai / isa parIkSAse vidita hai ki gautamake samayameM anumAnakI paramparA paryApta vikasita rUpa meM vidyamAna thI-'vartamAnAbhAve sarvAgrahaNama, pratyakSAnapapatte:'4 sUtrameM 'anupapatti' zabdakA prayoga hetuke rUpameM kiyA hai| vAstavamai 'anupapatti' hetu paMcamyantakI apekSA adhika gamaka hai| isIse anumAnake svarUpako bhI nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka bAta aura smaraNIya hai ki 'vyAhatatvAt ahetuH"5 sUtra meM 'ahetu' zabdakA prayoga sAmAnyArthaka mAna liyA jAe to gautamako anumAna-sAraNimeM hetu, ahetu aura hetvAbhAsa zabda bhI upalabdha ho jAte haiN| ataeva niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki gautama anumAnake mUlabhUta pratijJA, sAdhya aura hetu ina tInoM hI aMgoMke svarUpa aura unake prayogase suparicita the| vAstavameM anumAnakI pramukha AdhAra-zilA gamya-gamaka (sAdhya-sAdhana) bhAva yojanA hI hai / isa yojanAkA prayogAtmaka rUpa sAdharmya aura vaidharmya dRSTAntoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / paMcAvayAvAkyakI sAdharmya aura vaidharmyarUpa praNAlIke mUlalekhaka gautama akSapAda jAna par3ate haiM / inake pUrva kaNAdake vaizeSikasUtrameM anumAnapramANakA nirdeza 'laiMgika' zabdadvArA kiyA gayA hai, / para usakA vivecana nyAyasUtra meM hI prathamataH dRSTigocara hotA hai / ataH anumAnakA nibaddharUpameM aitihAsika vikAsakrama gautamase Arambhakara rudranArAyaNa paryanta aMkita kiyA jA sakatA hai / rudranArAyaNane apanI tattvaraudrI meM gaMgeza upAdhyAya dvArA sthApita anumAnakI navyanyAyaparamparAmeM prayukta navIna padAvalIkA vizeSa vizleSaNa kiyA hai| yadyapi mUlabhUta siddhAnta tattvacintAmaNike hI haiM, para bhASAkA rUpa aghunAtana hai aura avacchedakAvacchinna, pratiyogitAkA bhAva Adiko navIna lakSaNAvalI meM spaSTa kiyA hai / gautamakA nyAyasUtra anumAnakA svarUpa, usakI parIkSA, hetvAbhAsa, avayava evaM usake bhedoMko jJAta karaneke lie mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki anumAnake nirdhAraka tathya pakSadharmatA, vyApti aura parAmarzakA ullekha isameM nahIM pAyA jAtA, to bhI anumAnakI prastuta kI gayI samIkSAse anumAnakA pUrA rUpa khar3A ho jAtA hai| gautamake samayameM anumAna-sambandhI jina vizeSa bAtoMmeM vivAda thA unakA unhoMne svarUpavivecana avazya kiyA hai| yathA-pratijJAke svarUpa-nirdhAraNake sambandha vivAda thA-koI sAdhyako pratijJA mAnatA thA, to koI kevala dharmIko pratijJA kahatA thaa| unhoMne sAdhyake nirdezako pratijJA kahakara usa 1. nyAyasU0, 111 / 32-39 / 2. vahI, 112 / 5-9 / 3. vahI, 2 / 1138 / 4. vahI, 211 / 43 / 5. vahI, 2 / 1 / 29 / 6. sAdhyasAdhAttaddharmabhAvI dRSTAnta udAharaNam / tadviparyayAdvA viparItam |-vhii 111 / 36, 37 / 7. tayoniSpattiH pratyakSalaigikAbhyAm / asyedaM kArya kAraNaM saMyogi virodhi samavAyi ceti laiMgikama / vaizeSika sU0 101 / 3, 9 / 2 / 1 / 8. sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA |-nyaaysuu0 1 / 1 / 33 / -243 -
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________________ vivAdakA nirasana kiyaa| isI prakAra avayavoM, hetuoM, hetvAbhAsoM evaM anumAna-prakAroMke sambandha meM vartamAna vipratipattiyoMkA bhI unhoMne samAdhAna prastuta kiyA aura eka sudRr3ha paramparA sthApita kI / nyAyasUtrake bhASyakAra vAtsyAyanane sUtroMmeM nirdiSTa anumAnasambandhI sabhI upAdAnoMkI paribhASAe~ aMkita kI aura anumAnako puSTa aura sambaddha rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| yathArthameM vAtsyAyanane gautamako amara banA diyA hai / vyAkaraNake kSetra meM jo sthAna bhASyakAra pataMjalikA hai, nyAyake kSetrameM vahI sthAna vAtsyAyanakA hai / vAtsyAyanane sarvaprathama 'tatpUrvakam' padakA vistAra kara ligaliginoH sambandhadarzanapUrvakamanumAnam paribhASA aMkita kii| aura liMga-liMgIke sambandhadarzanako anumAnakA kAraNa btlaayaa| gautamane anumAnake trividha bhedoMkA mAtra ullekha kiyA thaa| para vAtsyAyanane unakI sodAharaNa paribhASAe~ bhI nibaddha kI haiN| ve eka prakArakA pariSkAra dekara hI santuSTa nahIM hue, apitu prakArAntarase dUsare pariSkAra bhI grathita kiye haiN| ina vyAkhyAmUlaka pariSkAroMke adhyayana binA gautamake anumAnarUpoMko avagata karanA asambhava hai / ataH anumAnake svarUpa aura usakI bhedavyavasthAke spaSTIkaraNakA zreya bahuta kucha vAtsyAyanako hai| apane samayameM pracalita dazAvayavakI samIkSA karake nyAyasUtrakAra dvArA sthApita paMcAkyava-mAnyatAkA yuktipurassara samarthana karanA bhI unakA ullekhanIya vaiziSTya hai|5 nyAyabhASyameM sAdharmya aura vaidharmya prayukta heturUpoMkI vyAkhyA bhI kama mahattvakI nahIM hai / dvividha udAharaNakA vivecana bhI bahuta sundara aura vizada hai / dhyAtavya hai ki vAtsyAyanane 'pUrvasmin dRSTAnte yo to dharmoM sAdhyasAdhanabhUtau pazyati, sAdhye'pi tayoH sAdhyasAdhanabhAvamanuminoti / ' kahakara sAdharmyadRSTAntako anvayadRSTAnta kahane aura anvaya evaM anvayavyApti dikhAnekA saMketa kiyA jAna par3atA hai| isI prakAra 'uttarasmin dRSTAnte tayordharmayorekasyAbhAvAditarasyAbhAvaM pazyati, 'tayorekasyAbhAvAvitarasyAbhAvaM sAdhye'numinotIti / 8 zabdoM dvArA unhoMne vaidharmyadaSTAntako vyatirekadRSTAnta pratipAdana karane tathA vyatireka evaM vyatirekavyApti pradarzita karanekI ora bhI iMgita kiyA hai| yadi yaha ThIka ho to yaha vAtsyAyanako eka nayI upalabdhi hai / sUtrakArane hetukA sAmAnyalakSaNa hI batalAyA hai| para vaha itanA aparyApta hai ki usase hetuke sambandhameM spaSTataH jAnakArI nahIM ho pAtI / bhASyakArane hetu-lakSaNako udAharaNa dvArA spaSTa karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai / unakA abhimata hai ki 'sAdhyasAdhanaM hetuH' tabhI spaSTa ho sakatA hai jaba sAdhya (pakSa) tathA udAharaNa meM dharma (pakSadharma hetu) kA pratisandhAna kara usameM sAdhanatA batalAyI jaae| hetu samAna aura asamAna donoM hI prakArake udAharaNa batalAne para sAdhyakA sAdhaka hotA hai| yathA-nyAyasUtrakArake pratijJAlakSaNa' ko spaSTa karane ke lie udAharaNasvarUpa kahe gaye 'zabdo'nityaH' ko 'utpattidharmakatvAta' 12 hetakA prayoga karake siddha kiyA gayA hai / tAtparya yaha ki bhASyakArane hetusvarUpabodhaka sUtrakI udAharaNadvArA vizada vyAkhyA to kI hI hai, para 'sAdhye 1. nyAyabhA0, 11115, pRSTha 21 / 2, 3, 4. vahI, 1 / 1 / 5, pRSTha 21, 22 / / 5. nyAyabhA0 1 / 1132, pRSTha 47 / 6. vahI, 1 / 1 / 34, 35, pRSTha 48 / 7. vahI, 111137, pRSTha 50 / 8. vhii,111|37, pRSTha 50 / 9. nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 34, 35 / 10. 'utpattidharmakatvAt' iti / utpattidharmakamanityaM dRSTamiti / -nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 34, 35, pRSTha 48, 49 / 11. sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA-nyAsU0 1 / 133 / 12. nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 33, 35, pRSTha 48, 49 / - 244 - |
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________________ pratisandhAya dharmamudAharaNe ca pratisandhAya tasya sAdhanatAvacanaM hetuH " kathana dvArA sAdhyake sAtha niyata sambandhIko hetu kahA hai / ataH jisa prakAra udAharaNa ke kSetrameM unakI dena hai usI prakAra hetuke kSetra meM bhI / 1 anumAnakI prAmANikatA yA satyatA liMga-liMgIke sambandhapara Azrita hai / vaha sambandha niyata sAhacaryarUpa hai / sUtrakAra gautama usake viSayameM mauna haiN| para bhASyakAra ne usakA spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai / unhoMne liMgadarzana aura liMgasmRtike atirikta liMga ( hetu ) aura liMgI ( hetumAn -sAdhya ) ke sambandha darzanako bhI anumiti meM Avazyaka batalA kara usa sambandhake marmakA udghATana kiyA hai| usakA mata hai ki sambaddha hetu tathA hetumAnke milane se hetusmRtikA abhisambandha hotA hai aura smRti evaM liMgadarzana se apratyakSa (anumeya ) arthakA anumAna hotA hai / bhASyakArake isa pratipAdana pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne 'sambandha' zabdase vyApti sambandhakA aura 'ligalaginoH sambaddhayodarzanam' padoMse usa vyApti sambandhake grAhaka bhUyodarzana yA sahacAradarzanakA saMketa kiyA hai jisakA uttaravartI AcAryoMne spaSTa kathana kiyA tathA use mahattva diyA hai / 3 vastutaH liMgaliMgIko sambaddha dekhanekA nAma hI sahacAradarzana yA bhUyodarzana hai, jise vyAptigrahaNa meM prayojaka mAnA gayA hai / ataH vAtsyAyana ke mata se anumAnakI kAraNa sAmagrI kevala pratyakSa ( liMgadarzana) hI nahIM hai, kintu liMgadarzana, liMga-liMgI sambandhadarzana aura tatsambandhasmRti ye tInoM haiN| tathA sambandha ( vyApti) kA jJAna unhoMne pratyakSa dvArA pratipAdana kiyA hai, jisakA anusaraNa uttaravartI tArkikoMne bhI kiyA hai / 4 7 vAtsyAyanakI" eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi aura ullekhya hai / unhoMne anumAnaparIkSA prakaraNameM trividha anumAnoMke mithyAtvakI AzaMkA prastuta kara unakI satyatAkI siddhike lie kaI prakArase vicAra kiyA hai / ApattikAra kahatA hai ki 'Upara ke pradezameM varSA huI hai, kyoMki nadI meM bAr3ha AyI hai; varSA hogI, kyoMki cIMTiyA~ aNDe lekara jA rahI haiM ye donoM anumAna sadoSa haiM, kyoMki kahIM nadIkI dhArAmeM rukAvaTa honepara bhI nadI meM bAr3ha A sakatI hai| isI prakAra cIMTiyoMkA aNDoM sahita saMcAra cIMTiyoMke bilake naSTa honepara bhI ho sakatA hai / isI taraha sAmAnyatodRSTa anumAnakA udAharaNa - 'mora bola rahe haiM, ataH varSA hogI' - bhI mithyAnumAna hai, kyoMki puruSa bhI parihAsa yA AjIvikA ke lie morakI bolI bola sakatA hai| itanA hI nahIM morake bolanepara bhI varSA nahIM ho sakatI; kyoMki varSA aura morake bolane meM koI kArya kAraNa sambandha nahIM hai / vAtsyAyana ina samasta ApattiyoM (vyabhicAra - zaMkAoM) kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahate haiM ki ukta ApattiyAM ThIka nahIM haiM, kyoMki ukta anumAna nahIM hai, anumAnAbhAsa haiM aura anumAnAbhAsoMko anumAna samajha liyA gayA hai| tathya yaha hai ki viziSTa hetu hI viziSTa sAdhyakA anumApaka hotA 9 1. nyAyabhA0, 111 / 34, 35, pRSTha 48, 49 / 2. liMgaliMginoH sambandhadarzanaM liMgadarzanaM cAbhisambaddhyate / liMgaliMginoH sambaddhayordarzanena liMga-smRtirabhisambaddhyate / smRtyA liMgadarzanena cApratyakSo'rtho'numIyate / nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 5, pR0 21 / 3. yathAsvaM bhUyo darzanasahAyAni svAbhAvikasambandhagrahaNe pramANAnyunnetavyAni - vAcaspati, nyAya 0 tA0 TI0 1 1 5, pR0 167 / 4. udyotakara, nyAyavA0 1 / 1 / 5, pR0 44 / nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 11115, pR0 167 / udayana, nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 parizu0 1 / 1 / 5, pR0 701 / gaMgeza, tattvacintAmaNi jAgadI0 pR0 378, Adi / 5. 6. 7. nyAyabhA0 2 / 1 / 38, pR0 114 | 8. nyAyabhA0 2 / 1 / 38, pRSTha 114 / 9. vahI, 2 / 1 / 39, pRSTha 114, 115 / - 245 -
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________________ hai / ataH anumAnakI satyatAkA AdhAra viziSTa ( sAdhyAvinAbhAvI) hetu hI hai, jo koI nahIM / yahA~ vAtsyAyana ke pratipAdana aura unake 'viziSTa hetu' padase avyabhicArI hetu abhipreta hai jo niyamase sAdhyakA gamaka hotA hai / ve kahate haiM ki yaha anumAtAkA hI aparAdha mAnA jAegA ki vaha arthavizeSavAle anumeya arthako sAmAnya arthase jAnane kI icchA karatA hai, anumAnakA nahIM / isa prakAra vAtsyAyanane anumAnake upAdAnoMke pariSkAra evaM vyAkhyAmUlaka vizadIkaraNake sAtha kitanA hI nayA cintana prastuta kiyA hai / anumAna ke kSetra meM vAtsyAyanase bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa kArya udyotakarakA hai / unhoMne liMgaparAmarzako anumAna kahA hai / aba taka anumAnakI paribhASA kAraNasAmagrIpara nirbhara thI / kintu unhoMne usakA svatantra svarUpa dekara nayI paramparA sthira kI / vyAptiviziSTa pakSadharmatAkA jJAna hI parAmarza hai / udyotakara kI dRSTi meM ligaligasambandhasmRtise yukta liMgaparAmarza abhISTArtha (anumeyArtha ) kA anumApaka hai / ve kahate haiM i anumAna vastutaH use kahanA cAhie, jisake anantara uttarakAlameM zeSArtha (anumeyArtha ) pratipatti (anumiti) ho aura aisA kevala liMgaparAmarza hI hai, kyoMki usake anantara niyamataH anumiti utpanna hotI hai / liMgaligasambandhasmRti Adi liMgaparAmarzase vyavahita ho jAnese anumAna nahIM hai / udyotakarakI yaha anumAnaparibhASA itanI dRr3ha evaM baddhamUla huI ki uttaravartI prAyaH sabhI vyAkhyAkAroMne apane vyAkhyA -granthoM meM use apanAyA hai / navyanaiyAyikoMne to usameM prabhUta pariSkAra bhI upasthita kiye haiM, jisase tarkazAstra ke kSetra meM anumAnane vyApakatA prApta kI hai| aura nayA mor3a liyA hai / nyAyavArtikakArane gautamokta pUrvavat zeSavat aura sAmAnyatodRSTa ina tInoM anumAna-bhedoMkI vyAkhyA karaneke atirikta anvayI, vyatirekI aura anvayavyatirekI ina tIna naye anumAna - bhedoMkI bhI sRSTi kI hai, jo unase pUrva nyAyaparamparA meM nahIM the / 'trividham' sUtrake inhoMne kaI vyAkhyAna prastuta kiye haiM / " nizcayataH unakA yaha saba nirUpaNa unakI maulika dena hai / paravartI naiyAyikoMne unake dvArA racita vyAkhyAoMkA hI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / udyotakara dvArA bauddhasandarbha meM kI gayI hetulakSaNasamIkSA bhI mahattva kI hai| bauddha' hetukA lakSaNa trirUpa 1, 2 . vahI 0 2 / 1 / 39, pRSTha 115 / 3. nyAyavA0 1 / 115, pRSTha 45 Adi / 4. vahI 115, pRSTha 45 / 5. tasmAt smRtyanugRhIto liMgaparAmarzo'bhISTArthapratipAdaka : - vahI, 1115, pR0 45 / 6. yasmAlliMgaparAmarzAdanantaraM zeSArthapratipattiriti / tasmAlliMgaparAmarzo nyAyya iti / smRtirna pradhAnam / kiM kAraNam ? smRtyanantaramapratipatteH / - vahI, 1 1 5, pR05 / 7. vAcaspati, nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 1 / 115, pR0 169 / tathA udayana, tA0 TI0 parizu0 1 / 1 / 5, pR0 707 / 8. gaMgeza upAdhyAya, tattvacintAmaNi, jAgadIzI, pR0 13, 71 / vizvanAtha, siddhAntamu0 pRSTha 50 Adi / 9. nyAyavA0 1 / 115, pR0 46 / 10. vahI, 115, pR0 46-49 / 11. dignAgaziSya zaGkara, nyAyapraveza, pR0 1 / - 246 -
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________________ mAnate haiN| para udyotakara na kevala usakI hI AlocanA karate haiM, apitu dvilakSaNako bhI mImAMsA karate haiN|' kintu sUtrakArokta evaM bhASyakAra samarthita dvilakSaNa, trilakSaNake sAtha caturlakSaNa aura paMcalakSaNa hetu unheM iSTa hai| anvayavyatirekImeM paMcalakSaNa aura kevalAnvayI tathA kevalavyatirekI meM caturlakSiNa ghaTita hotA hai / yahA~ udyotakarakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve nyAyabhASyakArakI AlocanA karanese bhI nahIM cakate / vAtsyAyanane 'tathA vaidhAt' isa vaidharmya prayukta hetulakSaNakA udAharaNa sAdharmya prayukta hetulakSaNake udAharaNa 'utpattidharmakatvAt' ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| ise ve yuktisaMgata na mAnate hue kahate hai ki yaha to mAtra prayogabheda hai / aura prayogabhedase vastu (hetu) bheda nahIM ho sktaa| athavA vaha kevala udAharaNa bheda haiAtmA aura ghaTa / yadi udAharaNa-bhedase bheda ho to 'tathA vaidhAt' yaha sUtra nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki udAharaNake bhedase hI hetubheda avagata ho jAtA haiM aura bhedaka udAharaNasUtra 'tadviparyayAdvA viparItam' sUtrakArane kahA hI hai / ataH 'utpattidharmakatvAt' yaha vaidharmyaprayukta hetukA udAharaNa ThIka nahIM hai / kintu 'nedaM nirAtmakaM jIvaccharIraM aprANAdimattvaprasaMgAditi' yaha udAharaNa ucita hai| isa prakAra nyAyabhASyakArakI mImAMsA sUtrakAradvArA pratipAdita hetudvayakI puSTi meM hI kI gayI hai / ataeva udyotakara antima niSkarSa nikAlate hue likhate hai ki parokta hetulakSaNa sambhava nahIM hai, yahI ArSa (sUtrakArokta) hetulakSaNa saMgata hai / nyAyabhASyakArake samaya taka anamAnAvayavoMkI mAnyatA do rUpoMmeM upalabdha hoto hai-(1) paMcAvayava aura (2) dazAvayava / vAtsyAyanane dazAvayavamAnyatAko mImAMsA karake sUtrakAra pratipAdita paMcAvayavamAnyatAkI saMpuSTi kI hai| para udyotakarane' vyavayavamAnyatAkI bhI samIkSA kI hai| yaha mAnyatA bauddha tArkika diGanAgakI hai. kyoMki diGanAgane hI adhika-se-adhika tIna avayava svIkAra kiye haiM / sAMkhya vidvAna mATharane bhI anumAnake tIna avayava pratipAdita kiye haiN| yadi mAThara diGnAgase pUrvavatI hai to vyavayavamAnyatA unakI samajhanA cAhie / isa prakAra kitanI hI sthApanAoM aura samIkSAoMke rUpameM udyotakarakI upalabdhiyA~ hama unake nyAyavArtikameM pAte haiM / vAcaspatikI bhI anumAnake lie mahattvapUrNa dena hai| vyAptigrahakI sAmagrImeM tarkakA praveza unakI aisI dena hai jisakA anusaraNa uttaravartI sabhI naiyAyikoMne kiyA hai / udyotakara dvArA pratipAdita "liMga 1. 'trilakSaNaM ca hetuM buvANena-ahetutvamiti prAptam / tAdRgavinAbhAvidharmopadarzanaM heturityapare""tAdazA binA na bhavatItyanena dvayaM labhyate-'-nyAyavA0 1 / 1 / 35, pR0 131 / / 2. cazabdAt pratyakSAgamAviruddhaM cetyevaM caturlakSaNaM paMcalakSaNamanumAnamiti |-vhii, 11115, pR0 46 / 3. nyAyabhA0 11115, pR0 49 / 4. nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 35 / 5. etattu na samaMjasamiti pazyAmaH pryogmaatrbhedaat"| udaahrnnmaatrbhedaacc""| tasmAnnedaM udAharaNaM nyAyyamiti / udAharaNaM tu 'nedaM nirAtmakaM jIvaccharIraM apramANAdimatvaprasaMgAditi -nyAyavA0 1 // 1 // 35, pR0 123 / 6. nyAyavA0, 1 / 1 / 35, pR0 134 / 7. nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 32, pR0 47 / 8. nyaayvaa01|132, pR0 108 / 9. nyAyapraveza pR0 1, 2 / 10. pakSahetUdRSTAntA iti tryavayavam-mAThara vR0, kA0 5 / 11. nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 11115, pR0 167, 170, 178, 165 tathA 1 / 1 / 32, pR0 267 / -247
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________________ parAmarzarUpa' anumAna-paribhASAkA samarthana karake use puSTa kiyA hai / do avayavakI mAnyatA bhI ullekha karake usakI samIkSA prastuta ko hai| yaha do avayavakI mAnyatA dharmakItikI' hai / nyAyadarzanameM avinAbhAvakA sarvaprathama svIkAra yA pakSadharmatvAdi pA~ca rUpoMke avinAbhAva dvArA saMgrahakA vicAra unhIMke dvArA praviSTa huA hai| liMga-liMgIke sambandhako svAbhAvika pratipAdana karanA aura use nirupAdhi aMgIkAra karanA unhIMkI sUjha hai| jayantabhaTTakA bhI anumAnake lie kama mahattvapUrNa yogadAna nahIM hai / unhoMne nyAyamaMjarI aura nyAyakAlikAmeM anumAnakA sAMgopAMga nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ve svatantra cintaka bhI rahe haiM / yahA~ hama unake svatantra vicArakA eka udAharaNa prastuta karate haiM / nyAyamaJjarImeM hetvAbhAsoMke prakaraNa meM unhoMne anyathAsiddhatva nAmake eka chaThe hetvAbhAsakI carcA kI hai / sUtrakArake ullaMghanakI bAta uThanepara ve kahate haiM ki sUtrakArakA ullaMghana hotA hai to hone do, suspaSTa dRSTa aprayojaka hetvAbhAsakA apahnava nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / para antameM ve use udyotakarakI taraha asiddhavargameM antarbhUta kara lete haiM / 'athavA' ke sAtha yaha bhI kahA hai ki aprayojakatva (anyathAsiddhatva) sabhI hetvAbhAsavRtti anugata sAmAnyarUpa hai / nyAyakalikAmeM bhI yahI mata sthira kiyA hai| samavyApti aura viSamavyAptikA nirdeza bhI ullekhanIya hai / avayava-samIkSA, hetusamIkSA Adi anumAna-sambandhI vicAra bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| udayanakA cintana sAmAnyatayA pUrvaparamparAkA samarthaka hai, kintu aneka sthaloMpara unakI svastha aura sUkSma vicAradhArA unakI maulikatAkA spaSTa prakAzana karatI hai| upAdhi aura vyAptikI jo paribhASAe~ unhoMne prastuta kI uttarakAlameM unhIMko kendra banAkara puSkala vicAra huA hai| anumAnake vikAsameM abhinava krAnti udayanase Arambha hotI hai / sUtra aura vyAkhyApaddhatike sthAnameM prakaraNa-paddhatikA janma hotA hai aura svatantra prakaraNoM dvArA anumAnake svarUpa, AdhAra, avayava, parAmarza, vyApti, upAdhi, hetu evaM pakSa-sambandhI doSoMkA isa kAlameM sUkSma vicAra kiyA gayA hai| gaMgezane tattvacintAmaNimeM anumAnakI paribhASA to vahI dI hai jo udyotakarane nyAyavAttikameM upasthita kI hai, para unakA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki unhoMne anumitikI aisI paribhASA' prastuta kI hai jo nyAyaparamparAmeM aba taka pracalita nahIM thii| usameM prayukta vyApti aura pakSadharmatA padoMkA unhoMne sarvathA abhinava 1. 'athavA tasyaiva sAdhanasya yannAMgaM pratijJopanayanigamanAdi..." -vAdanyAya0 pR0 61 / kintu dharmakIti, nyAyabindu (pR0 91 ) meM dRSTAntako hetuse pRthak nahIM mAnate aura hetuko hI sAdhanAvayava batalAte haiM / pramANavArtika (1-128) meM bhI 'hetureva hi kevala:' kahate haiN| 2. nyAyamaMjarI pRSTha 131, 163-166 / 3. aprayojakatvaM ca sarvahetvAbhAsAnAmanugata rUpam |-nyaayk0 pRSTha 15 / 4 kiraNAvalI0 pRSTha 267 / 5. tatra vyAptiviziSTapakSadharmatAjJAnajanyaM jJAnamanumitiH, tatkaraNamanumAnam / -ta0 ci0, anumAna lakSaNa, pRSTha 13 / 6. nanvanumitihetuvyAptijJAne kA vyAptiH / na tAvadavyabhicaritatvam |''naapi / atrocyate / pratiyogya sAmAnAdhikaraNayatsAmAnAdhikaraNAtyantAbhAvapratiyogitAvacchedakAvacchinnaM yanna bhavati tena samaM tasya sAmAnAdhikaraNyaM vyAptiH / -ta. ci0, anumAnalakSaNa, pRSTha 77, 86, 171, 178, 181, 186-209 / 7. vahI, pRSTha 631 / - 248 -
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________________ tathA vistRta svarUpa pradarzita kiyA hai| vyAptigrahake sAdhanoMmeM sAmAnyalakSaNApratyAsAttipara unhoMne sarvAdhika bala diyA hai| unakA abhimata hai ki yadi sAmAnyalakSaNA na ho to anukula tarkAdike binA ghUmAdimeM AzaMkita vyabhicAra nahIM bana sakegA, kyoMki prasiddha dhUmameM vahnisambandha kA jJAna ho jAnese kAlAntarIya evaM dezAntarIya dhUmake sadbhAvakA sAdhaka pramANa na honese usakA jJAna nahIM hotaa| sAmAnyalakSaNA dvArA to samasta dhUmoMkI upasthiti ho jAne aura dhUmAntarakA vizeSa darzana na honese vyabhicArakI AzaMkA sambhava hai| tAtparya yaha ki vyabhicArazaMkAke lie sAmAnyalakSaNAkA mAnanA Avazyaka hai aura vyabhicArazaMkAke hone para hI tarkAdikI upayogitA pramANita hotI hai| isI prakAra gaMgezane anumAnake sambandha meM maulika vivecana navyanyAyake AlokameM kara naye siddhAnta prastuta kiye haiN| vizvanAtha, jagadIza tarkAlaMkAra, mathurAnAtha tarkavAgIza, gadAdhara Adi navyanaiyAyikoMne bhI anumAna para bahuta hI sUkSma vicAra karake use samRddha kiyA hai / kezava mizrakI tarkabhASA aura annambhaTTakI tarkasaMgraha prAcIna aura navIna nyAyakI pratinidhi tarkakRtiyA~ haiM, jinameM anumAnakA sUbodha aura sarala bhASAmeM vivecana upalabdha hai| (kha) vaizeSika-darzanameM anumAnakA vikAsa vaizeSikadarzanasUtrapraNetA kaNAdane svatantra darzanakA praNayana karake usameM padArthakI siddhi (vyavasthA) pratyakSake atirikta laiMgika dvArA bhI pratipAdita kI hai aura hetu, apadeza, liMga, pramANa jaise hetuvAcI paryAyazabdoMkA prayoga tathA kArya, kAraNa, saMyogi, virodhi evaM samavAyi ina pAMca laiMgikaprakAroM aura trividha hetvAbhAsoMkA nirdeza kiyA hai / unake isa saMkSipta anumAna-nirUpaNameM anumAnakA sUtrapAta mAtra dikhatA hai, vikasita rUpa kama milatA hai / para unake bhASyakAra prazastapAdake bhASyameM anumAna-samIkSA vizeSa rUpameM upalabdha hotI hai / anumAnakA lakSaNa prazastapAdane isa prakAra diyA hai-'liMgavarzanAtsaMjAyamAnaM laiMgikam' arthAt liMgadarzanase honevAle jJAnako laiMgika kahate haiN| isI sandarbha meM unhoMne liMgakA svarUpa batalAneke lie kAzyapakI do kArikAe~ uddhRta kI hai jinakA Azaya prastuta karate hue likhA hai ki jo anumeya arthake sAtha kisI dezavizeSa yA kAlavizeSameM sahacarita ho, anu meyadharmase samanvita kisI dUsare sabhI athavA eka sthAnameM prasiddha (vidyamAna) ho aura anumeyase viparIta sabhI sthAnoMmeM pramANase asat (vyAvRtta) ho vaha aprasiddha arthakA anumApaka liMga hai / kintu jo aisA nahIM vaha anumeya ke jJAnameM liMga nahIM hai-liMgAbhAsa hai| isa prakAra prazastapAdane sarvaprathama liMgako trirUpa varNita kiyA hai| bauddha tAkika diGnAgane bhI hetuko trirUpa batalAyA hai / sambhavataH vaha prazastapAdakA anusaraNa hai| 1. vyAptigrahazca sAmAnyalakSaNApratyAsatyA skldhuumaadivissykH"| yadi sAmAnyalakSaNA nAsti tdaa| -vahIM, pRSTha 433, 453 / vaizeSika da0 101113. tathA 9 / 2 / 1,4 / 3. praza0 bhA0, pRSTha 99 / / 4,5. vahI, pR0 100, 101 / 6. hetustri rUpaH / kiM punastrarUpyam / pakSadharmatvaM sapakSe sattvaM vipakSe cAsattvamiti / -nyAyapra0 pR0 1 / -249 -
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________________ vyAptigrahaNa ke prakArakA nirUpaNa bhI hama prazastapAda ke bhASya meM sarvaprathama dekhate haiM / unhoMne use batalAte hue likhA hai ki 'jahA~ ghUma hotA hai vahA~ agni hotI hai aura agni na hone para dhUma bhI nahIM hotA, isa prakAra se vyAptiko grahaNa karane vAle vyaktiko asandigdha ghUmako dekhane aura dhUma tathA vahnike sAhacarya - kA smaraNa honeke anantara agnikA jJAna hotA / isI taraha sabhI anumAnoMmeM vyAptikA nizcaya anvayavyatirekapUrvaka hotA hai | ataH samasta deza tathA kAla meM sAdhyAvinAbhUta liMga sAdhyakA anumApaka hotA hai / ' vyAptigrahaNa ke prakArakA isa tarahakA spaSTa nirUpaNa prazastapAdase pUrva upalabdha nahIM hotA / prazastapAdane aise katipaya hetuoMke udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiM jinakA antarbhAva sUtrakAra kaNAdake ukta kAryAdi paMcavidha hetuoM meM nahIM hotA / yathA - candrodayase samudravRddhi aura kumudavikAsakA, zarameM jalaprasAdase agastyodayakA anumAna karanA / ataeva ve sUtrakArake hetukathanako avadhAraNArthaka na mAnakara 'asyedam' isa sambandhamAtra ke sUcaka vacanase candrodayAdi hetuoMkA, jo kAryAdirUpa nahIM haiM, saMgraha kara lete haiM / yaha pratipAdana bhI prazastapAdakI anumAnake kSetra meM eka dena hai / 5 anumAnake dRSTa aura sAmAnyatodRSTake bhedase do bhedoM tathA svanizcitArthAnumAna aura parArthAnumAna ke bhedase bhI do bhedoM kA varNana, zabda, ceSTA, upamAna, arthApatti, sambhava, abhAva aura aitihyakA anumAnameM antarbhAva- pratipAdana, " parArthAnumAna vAkya ke pratijJA, apadeza, nidarzana, anusandhAna, pratyAmnAya ina pA~ca avayavoMkI parikalpanA, hetvAbhAsoMkA apane DhaMgakA cintana, anadhyavasitanAma ke hetvAbhAsako kalpanA aura phira use asiddhake bhedoMmeM ho antarbhUta karanA tathA nidarzana ke vivecanaprasaMga meM nidarzanAbhAsoMkA kathana, ' jo nyAyadarzanameM upalabdha nahIM hotA, kevala jaina aura bauddha tarkagranthoMmeM vaha milatA hai, Adi anumAna - sambandhI sAmagrI prazastapAdabhASya meM paryApta vidyamAna hai / vyomaziva, zrIdhara Adi vaizeSika tArkikoMne bhI anumAnapara vicAra kiyA hai aura use samRddha banAyA hai| (ga) bauddha darzana meM anumAnakA vikAsa bauddha tArkikoMne to bhAratIya tarkazAstrako itanA prabhAvita kiyA haiM ki anumAnapara unake dvArA saMkhyAbaddha grantha likhe gaye haiM / upalabdha bauddha tarkagranthoMmeM sabase prAcIna tarkazAstra aura upAyahRdaye nAmaka 1. vidhistu yatra ghUmastatrAgniragnyabhAve ghUmo'pi na bhavatIti / evaM prasiddha samayasya sannigdhaghUmadarzanAt sAhacaryAnusmaraNAt tadanantaramagnyadhyavasAyo bhavatIti / evaM sarvatra dezakAlAvinAbhUtamitarasya liMgam / - praza0 bhA0 pRSTha 102, 103 2. zAstra kAryAdigrahaNaM nidarzanArthaM kRtaM nAvadhAraNArtham / kasmAt ? vyatirekadarzanAt / tadyathA - vyavahitasya hetuliGgam, candrodayaH samupravRddheH kumudavikAsasya ca' / vahI, pRSTha 104 / 3. praza0 bhA0 pRSTha 104 / 4 vahI pRSTha 106, 113 / 5. vahI, pRSTha 106-112 / 6. vahI, pRSTha 114-127 / 7. vahI, pRSTha 116-121 / 8. vahI, pRSTha 116 tathA 120 / 9. vahI, pRSTha 122 / 10. oriyaMTala iMsTITyUTa bar3audA dvArA prakAzita Per Dinnaga Budhist texts on Logic Form Chinese Sources ke antargata / 11. hI - 250
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________________ do grantha mAne jAte haiM / tarkazAstra meM tIna prakaraNa haiN| prathamameM paraspara doSApAdana, khaNDanaprakriyA, pratyakSaviruddha, anumAnaviruddha, lokaviruddha tIna viruddhoMkA kathana, hetuphalanyAya, sApekSanyAya, sAdhananyAya, tathatAnyAya cAra nyAyoMkA pratipAdana Adi hai| dvitIyameM khaNDanabhedoM aura tatIyameM unhIM bAIsa nigrahasthAnoMkA abhidhAna hai, jinakA gautamake nyAyasUtrameM hai| kintu gautamakI taraha hetvAbhAsa pA~ca vaNita nahIM haiM, apitu asiddha, viruddha aura anaikAntika tIna abhihita hai|' jaisI yuktiyA~ aura pratyuktiyA~ isameM pradarzita hai unase anamAnakA upahAsa jJAta hotA hai| para itamA spaSTa hai ki zAstrArthameM vijaya pAne aura virodhIkA muMha banda karaneke lie sad-asad tarka upasthita karanA usa samayakI pravRtti rahI jAna par3atI hai| __ upAyahRdayameM cAra prakaraNa hai| prathamameM vAdake guNa-doSoMkA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vAda nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki usase vAda karanevAloMko vipula krodha aura ahaMkAra utpanna hotA hai tathA citta vibhrAnta, mana kaThora, parapApaprakAzaka aura svakIya pANDityakA anumodaka bana jAtA hai / isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki tiraskAra. lAbha aura khyAti ke lie vAda nahIM, apita sulakSaNa aura durlakSaNa upadezakI icchAse vaha kiyA jAnA cAhie / padi lokameM vAda na ho to mokA bAhalya ho jAyagA aura usase mithyAjJAnAdikA sAmrAjya jama jaaegaa| phalataH saMsArakI durgati tathA uttama kAryoMkI kSati hogii| isa prakaraNa meM nyAyasUtrakI taraha pratyakSAdi cAra pramANa aura pUrvavadAdi tIna anumAna varNita haiM / ATha prakArake hetvAbhAyoM AdikA bhI nirUpaNa hai| dvitIyameM vAdadharmoM AdikA, tRtIyameM dUSaNoM AdikA aura caturthameM bIsa prakArake praznottara dharmoM, jinakA nyAyasUtra meM jAtiyoMke rUpameM kathana hai, AdikA varNana hai| ullekhya hai ki isameM pUrvavat, zeSavat aura sAmAnyatodRSTa ina anumAnoMke jo udAharaNa diye gaye haiM ve nyAyabhASyagata udAharaNoMse bhinna tathA anuyogasUtra aura yuvitadIpikAse abhinna haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai ki isameM kisI prAcIna paramparAkA anusaraNa hai| yahA~ ina donoM granthoMke saMkSipta paricayakA prayojana kevala anumAnake prAcIna srotako dikhAnA hai| parantu uttarakAlameM ina granthoMkI paramparA nahIM apanAyI gayI / nyAyapraveza meM anamAnasambandhI abhinava paramparAe~ sthApita kI gayI hai| sAdhana (parArthAnamAna) ke pakSa, hetu aura dRSTAnta tIna avayava, hetuke pakSadharmatva, sapakSasattva aura vipakSAsattva tIna rUpa, pakSa, sapakSa aura vipakSa ke lakSaNa tathA pakSalakSaNameM pratyakSAdya viruddha vizeSaNakA praveza, jo prazastapAdake anusaraNakA sUcaka hai, navavidha pakSAbhAsa, tIna hetvAbhAsa aura unake prabheda, dvividha dRSTAntAbhAsa aura pratyekake pAMca-pAMca bheda, pratyakSa aura anumAnake bhedase dvividha 1. yathApUrvamuktAstrividhAH / asiddho'nakAntiko viruddhazceti hetvAbhAsAH |-trkshaastr pRSTha 40 / 2. vahI, pRSTha 3 / 3. upAyahRdaya pRSTha 3 / 4. vahI, pRSTha 6-17, 18-21, 22-25, 26-32 / 5. yathA SaDaMguli sapiDakamUrdhAnaM bAlaM dRSTvA pazcAvRddhaM bahuzrutaM devadattaM dRSTvA SaDaMgulismaraNAt so'yamiti pUrvavat / zeSavat yathA, sAgarasalilaM pItvA tallavaNaM samanubhUya zeSamapi salilaM tulyameva lvnnmiti"| -vahI, pRSTha 13 / 6. saM0 munizrI kanhaiyAlAla, mUlasuttANi, a0 sU0 pRSTha 539 / 7. yu0 dI0 kA0 5, pRSTha 45 / 8. nyA0 pra0 pRSTha 1-8 / -251
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________________ pramANa, liMgase honevAle artha (anumeya) darzanako anumAna; hetvAbhAsapUrvaka honevAle jJAnako anumAnAbhAsa, dUSaNa aura dUSaNAbhAsa Adi anumAnopayogI tattvoMkA spaSTa nirUpaNa karake bauddha tarkazAstrako atyadhika puSTa tathA pallavita kiyA gayA hai| isI prayojanako puSTa aura bar3hAvA deneke lie diGnAgane nyAyadvAra, pramANasamuccaya savRtti, hetucakrasamarthana Adi granthoMkI racanA karake unameM pramANakA vizeSatayA anumAnakA vicAra kiyA hai| dharmakIrtine pramANasamuccayapara apanA pramANavAtika likhA hai, jo udyotakarake nyAyavArtikakI taraha vyAkhyeya granthase bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa aura yazasvI huaa| inhoMne hetubindu, nyAyabindu Adi svatantra prakaraNa-granthoMkI bhI racanA kI hai aura jinase bauddha tarkazAstra na kevala samRddha huA, apitu aneka upalabdhiyA~ bhI use prApta huI hai| nyAyabindumeM anumAnakA lakSaNa aura usake dvividha bheda to nyAyapraveza pratipAdita hI haiN| para anumAnake avayava dharmakIrtine tIna na mAnakara hetu aura dRSTAnta ye do athavA kevala eka hetu hI mAnA hai| hetu ke tIna bheda (svabhAva, kArya aura anupalabdhi), avinAbhAvaniyAmaka tAdAtmya aura tadutpattisambadhadvaya, gyAraha anupalabdhiyA~ Adi cintana dharmakIrtikI dena haiM / inhoMne jahA~ diGnAgake vicAroMkA samarthana kiyA hai vahA~ unakI kaI mAnyatAoMkI AlocanA bhI kI hai / diGnAgane viruddha hetvAbhAsake bhedoMmeM iSTavighAtakRta nAmaka tRtIya viruddha hetvAbhAsa, anekAntikabhedoMmeM viruddhAvyabhicArI aura sAdhanAvayavoMmeM daSTAntako svIkAra kiyA hai| dharmakItine nyAyabindumeM ina tInoMkI samIkSA kI hai| inakI vicAra-dhArAko unakI ziSyaparamparAmeM honevAle devendrabuddhi, zAntabhadra, vinItadeva, arcaTa, dharmottara, prajJAkara Adine paSTa kiyA aura apanI vyAkhyAoM-TIkAoM Adi dvArA pravaddha kiyA hai| isa prakAra bauddhatarkazAstrake vikAsane bhI bhAratIya anumAnako aneka rUpoMmeM samRddha kiyA hai / (gha) mImAMsaka-darzanameM anumAnakA vikAsa bauddhoM aura naiyAyikoMke nyAyazAstrake vikAsakA avazyambhAvI pariNAma yaha haA ki mImAMsaka jaise darzanoMmeM, jahA~ pramANakI carcA gauNa thI, kumArilane zlokavArtika, prabhAkarane bahatI, zAlikanAthane bRhatIpara paMcikA aura pArthasArathine zAstradIpikAntargata tarkapAda jaise grantha likhakara tarkazAstrako mImAMsaka dRSTi se pratiSThita kiyA / zlokavArtikameM to kumArilane eka svatantra anu mAna-paricchedakI racanA karake anumAnakA viziSTa cintana kiyA hai aura vyApya ho kyoM gamaka hotA hai isakA sUkSma vicAra karate hue unhoMne vyApya evaM vyAptike sama aura viSama do rUpa batalAkara anumAnakI samRddhi kI hai| 1. paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavANiyA, dharmottara-pradIpa, prastAva0 pRSTha 41 / 2. dharmottarapradIpa, prastAvanA, pRSTha 44 / 3. athavA tasyaiva sAdhanasya yantAgaM pratijJopanayanigamanAdi -saMpAdaka rAhala sAMkRtyAyana, vAdanyA0 pRSTha 61 / 4. dharmakAti, nyAyabindu, tRtIya pari0, pRSTha 91 / (ka) tatra ca tRtIyo'pISTavidhAta kRdviruddhaH / "sa iha kasmAnnoktaH / anayorevAntarbhAvAt / (kha) viruddhAvyabhicAryapi saMzayahetu ruktaH / sa iha kasmAnnoktaH / anumAnaviSaye'-sambhavAt / (ga) trirUpo heturuktaH / tAvatavArthapratItiriti na pRthagdaSTAnto nAma sAdhanAvayavaH kazcit / -nyAyabi0 pRSTha 79-80, 86, 91 / / 6. mI0 zlo0, anumA0 pari0, zloka 4-7 tathA 8-171 / - 252 --
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________________ (Ja) vedAnta aura sAMkhyadarzanameM anumAna-vikAsa vedAntameM pramANazAstrakI dRSTise vedAntaparibhASA jaise grantha likhe gaye haiM / sAMkhya vidvAn bhI pIche nahIM rhe| IzvarakRSNane anumAnakA prAmANya svIkAra karate hue use trividha pratipAdita kiyA hai / mAThara, yuktidIpikAkAra; vijJAnabhikSu aura vAcaspati Adine apanI vyAkhyAoM dvArA use sampuSTa aura vistRta kiyA hai| jainadarzanameM anumAna-vikAsa jaina vAGmayameM anumAnakA kyA rUpa rahA hai aura usakA vikAsa kisa prakAra huA, isa sambandha vicAra kreNge| (ka) SaTkhaNDAgamameM hetuvAdakA ullekha jaina zrutakA AloDana karanepara jJAta hotA hai ki SaTakhaNDAgamameM zratake paryAya-nAmoMmeM eka 'hetavAva nAma bhI parigaNita hai, jisakA vyAkhyAna AcArya vIrasenane hetudvArA tatsambaddha anya vastukA jJAna karanA kiyA hai aura jisaparase use spaSTatayA anu mAnArthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki anumAnakA bhI hetuse sAdhyakA jJAna karanA artha hai / ataeva hetuvAdakA vyAkhyAna hetuvidyA, tarkazAstra, yuktizAstra aura anumAnazAstra kiyA jAtA hai| svAmI samantabhadra ne sambhavataH aise hI zAstrako 'yuktyanuzAsana' kahA hai aura jise unhoMne dRSTa (pratyakSa) aura Agamase aviruddha arthakA prarUpaka batalAyA hai| (kha) sthAnAMgasUtrameM hetu-nirUpaNa sthAnAMgasUtra' meM 'hetu' zabda prayukta hai aura usakA prayoga prAmANasAmAnya tathA anumAnake pramukha aMga hetu (sAdhana) donoMke arthameM huA hai / pramANasAmAnyake arthameM usakA prayoga isa prakAra hai 1. hetu cAra prakArakA hai 1. pratyakSa, 2. anumAna, 3. upamAna, 4. Agama / gautamake nyAyasUtra meM bhI ye cAra bheda abhihita haiM / para vahA~ inheM pramANake bheda kahA hai| hetuke artha meM hetu zabda nimna prakAra vyavahRta huA hai2. hetuke cAra bheda haiM1. vidhi vidhi-(sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM sadbhAvarUpa hoM) 2. vidhi-niSedha-(sAdhya vidhirUpa aura sAdhana niSedharUpa) 3, niSedha-vidhi-(sAdhya niSedharUpa aura hetu vidhirUpa ) 4. niSedha-niSedha-(sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM niSedharUpa hoM) 1. .."hetuvAdo NayavAdo paravAdo maggavAdo sudvaado| -bhUtabalI-puSpadanta, SaTakhaNDA0 5 / 5 / 51; solApura saMskaraNa 1965 / 2. dRSTAgamAbhyAmaviruddhamarthaprarUpaNaM yuktyanuzAsanaM te / -samantabhadra, yuktyanuzA0 kA0 48; vIrasevAmandira, dillI / 3. athavA heU cauvihe pannate taM jahA-paccakkhe anumAne uvame Agame / athavA heU cauvihe pannate taM jahA-atthi taM atthi so heU, asthi taM tthi so heU, Nasthi taM atyi so heU, Natthi taMtthi so heU |-sthaanaaNgsuu0 pRSTha 309-310 / 4. hinoti paricchinnattyarthamiti hetuH / -253 -
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________________ inheM hama kramazaH nimna nAmoMse vyavahata kara sakate haiM1. vidhisAdhaka vidhirUpa aviruddhopalabdhi 2. vidhisAdhaka niSedharUpa viruddhAnupalabdhi 3. niSedhasAdhaka vidhirUpa viruddhopalabdhi 4. pratiSedhasAdhaka pratiSedharUpa aviruddhAnupalabdhi inake udAharaNa nimna prakAra diye jA sakate haiM1. agni hai, kyoMki dhUma hai / 2. isa prANImeM vyAdhivizeSa hai, kyoMki nirAmaya ceSTA nahIM hai / 3. yahA~ zItasparza nahIM hai. kyoMki uSNatA hai| 4. yahA~ dhUma nahIM hai, kyoMki agnikA abhAva hai / (ga) bhagavatIsUtrameM anumAnakA nirdeza __ bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake pradhAna ziSya gautama (indrabhUti) gaNadharake saMvAdameM pramANake pUrvokta cAra bhedoMkA ullekha AyA hai, jinameM anumAna bhI sammilita hai / (gha) anuyogasUtrameM anumAna-nirUpaNa anumAnakI kucha adhika vistRta carcA anuyogasUtrameM upalabdha hotI hai / isameM anumAnake bhedoMkA nirdeza karake unakA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / 1. anumAna-bheda : isameM" anumAnake tIna bheda batAye haiM / yathA 1. puvvavaM (pUrvavat) 2. sesavaM (zeSaSat) 3. viTThasAhammavaM (dRSTasAdharmyavat) 1. pukhvavaM-jo vastu pahale dekhI gayI thI, kAlAntara meM kicita parivartana honepara bhI use pratyabhijJAdvArA pUrvaliMgadarzanase avagata karanA 'puvvavaM' anumAna hai| jaise bacapanameM dekhe gaye bacceko yuvAvasthAmeM kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha dekhanepara bhI pUrva cihnoM dvArA jJAta karanA ki 'vahI zizu' hai / yaha 'putvavaM' anumAna kSetra, varNa, lAMchana, massA aura tila prabhRti cihnoMse sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| 2. sesavaM-isake hetubhedase pAMca bheda haiM1. dharmabhUSaNa, nyAyadI0 pR0 95-99, vIrasevAmandira, dillI / 2. mANikyanandi, parIkSAmu0 3 / 57-58 / 3. tulanA kIjie 1. parvato'yamagnimAn dhUmavatvAnyathAnupapatteH-dharmabhUSaNa, nyAyadI0 pR0 95 / 2. yathA'smin prANini vyAdhivizeSo'sti nirAmayaceSTAnupalabdheH / 3. nAstyatra zItasparza auSaNyAt / 4. nAstyatra dhUmo'nagneH |-maannikynndi, parIkSAmu0 3 / 87, 76, 82 / 4: goyamA No tiNaDhe sama8 | "se ki taM pamANaM ? pamANe chaunvihe paNNatte / taM jahA-paJcakkhe aNumANe ovamme jahA aNuyogaddAre tahA NeyavvaM pamANaM / -bhagavatI0 5, 3, 191-92 / / 5,6,7. aNumANe tivihe pnnnntte| taM jahA-1. puvavaM, 2. sesavaM, 3. ditttthsaahmmvN| se kiM putvavaM ? puvavaM - 254
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________________ 1. kAryAnumAna, 2. kAraNAnumAna, 3 guNAnumAna, 4 avayavAnumAna, 5. Azrayo - anumAna 1. kAryAnumAna - kArya se kAraNako avagata karanA kAryAnumAna / jaise - zabda se zaMkhako, tADanase bherIko, DhADanese vRSabhako, kekAravase mayUrako, hinahinAne ( hraSita) se azvako, gulagulAyita ( cidhAr3ane ) se hAthIko aura ghaNAghaNAyita ( ghanaghanAne) se rathako anumita karanA / " 2. kAraNAnumAna - kAraNase kAryakA anumAna karanA kAraNAnumAba hai / jaise- tantuse paTakA, vIraNa se kaTakA, mRtpiNDase ghar3ekA anumAna karanA / tAtparya yaha ki jina kAraNoMse kAryoMkI utpatti hotI hai, unake dvArA una kAryoMkA avagama prApta karanA 'kAraNa' nAmakA 'sesavaM' anumAna hai / 2 3. guNAnumAna - guNase guNIkA anumAna karanA guNAnumAna hai / yathA gandha puSpakA, rasase lavaNakA, sparzase vastrakA aura nikaSase suvarNakA anumAna karanA 13 4. avayavAnumAna -- avayavase avayavIkA anumAna karanA avayavAnumAna hai / yathA-sIMgase mahiSakA, zikhAse kukkuTakA, zuNDAdaNDa se hAthIkA, dAr3hase varAhkA, picchase mayUrakA, lAMgUlase vAnarakA, khurAse azvakA, nakhase vyAghrakA, bAlAgra se camarIgAyakA, do pairase manuSyakA, cAra paira se gau AdikA, bahupAdase kanagojara (pAra) kA, kesara se siMhakA, kakubhase vRSabhakA, cUr3Isahita bAhuse mahilAkA, baddhaparikaratAse yoddhAkA, vastrase mahilAkA, dhAnyake eka kaNase droNa pAkakA aura eka gAthAse kavikA anumAna krnaa| 5. AzrayI anumAna - AzrayIse AzrayakA anumAna karanA AzrayI anumAna hai / yathA - ghUmase agni kA, balAkAse jalakA, viziSTa meghoMse vRSTikA aura zIla- samAcArase kulaputrakA anumAna karanA / " zeSavat ke ina pA~coM bhedoMmeM avinAbhAvI ekase zeSa (avazeSa ) kA anumAna honese zeSavat kahA hai / mAyA puttaM jahA naTTaM juvANaM puNarAgayaM / kAI paccabhijANejjA puvvaliMgeNa keNaI || taM jahA--kheteNa vA, vaNNeNa vA, laMchaNeNa vA maseNa vA tilaeNa vA / se taM puSvadaM / se kiM taM sesavaM ? sesavaM paMcavihaM paNNattaM / taM jahA - 1. kajjeNaM, 2. kAraNeNaM, 3. guNeNaM, 4. avayaveNaM, 5 AsaNaM / - muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla, anuyogadvArasUtra mUlasuttANi, pR0 539 / 1. kajjeNaM-saMkhaM saddeNaM, bheri tADieNaM, vasabhaM DhakkieNaM, moraM kiMkAieNa, hayaM hesieNaM, gayaM gulagulAieNa, rahaM ghaNaghaNAieNaM, se taM kajjeNaM / - anuyoga0 upakramAdhikAra pramANadvAra, pRSTha 539 / 2. kAraNeNaM - taMtavo paDassa kAraNaM Na paDo taMtukAraNaM, vIraNA kaDassa kAraNaM Na kaDo vIraNAkAraNaM, mippiDo ghaDasa kAraNaM Na ghaDo mippiDakAraNaM, se taM kAraNaM / -- vahI, pRSTha 540 / 3. guNeNaM - - suvaNaM nikaseNaM, pupphaM gaMdheNaM, lavaNaM raseNaM, mairaM AsAyae NaM, vatthaM phAseNaM, se taM guNeNaM / - vahI, pRSTha 540 / 4. avayaveNaM - mahisaM sigeNaM, kukkuDaM sihAeNaM, hatthi visAseNaM, varAhaM dADhAeNaM, moraM piccheNaM, AsaM khureNaM, vagghaM naheNaM, carmAra bAlaggeNaM, vANaraM laMguleNaM, dupayaM maNussAdi, cauppayaM gavamAdi, bahupayaM gomi Adi, sIhaM kesareNaM, vasahaM kakuheNaM, mahilaM valayabAhAe, gAhA - paribharabaMdheNa bhaDaM jANijjA, mahiliyaM vasseNaM, sittheNa doNapAgaM, kavi ca ekkAe gAhAe, se taM avayaveNaM / - vahI, pRSTha 540 / 5. AsaeNaM - aggiM ghUmeNaM, salilaM balAgeNaM, buTThi abbhavikAreNaM, kulaputtaM sIlasamAyAreNaM / setaM AsaeNaM / se taM sesavaM / -- anuyoga0 upakramAdhikAra pramANadvAra, pRSTha 540-41 - 255 -
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________________ 3. disAhammavaM-isa anumAnake do bheda haiN| yathA 1. sAmannadiTTha (sAmAnya-dRSTa), 2. vise sadiTTha (vishessdRsstt)| 1. kisI eka vastuko dekhakara tatsajAtIya sabhI vastuoMkA sAdharmya jJAta karanA yA bahata vastuoMko eka-sA dekhakara kisI vizeSa (eka) meM tatsAdharmyakA jJAna karanA sAmAnyadRSTa hai| yathA-jaisA eka manuSya hai. vaise bahatase manuSya haiM / jaise bahatase manuSya haiM vaisA eka manuSya hai| jaisA eka karizAvaka hai vaise bahatase karizAvAka haiM / jaise bahutase karizAvaka haiM vaise eka karizAvaka hai / jaisA eka kArSApaNa hai vaise aneka kArSApaNa haiM, jaise aneka kArSApaNa haiM, vaisA eka kArSApaNa hai| isa prakAra sAmAnyadharmadarzanadvArA jJAtase ajJAtakA jJAna karanA sAmAnyadRSTa anumAnakA prayojana hai| 2. jo aneka vastuoMmeMse kisI ekako pRthak karake usake vaiziSTyakA pratyabhijJAna karAtA hai vaha vizeSadRSTa hai / yathA-koI eka puruSa bahutase puruSoMke bIcameM pUrvadRSTa puruSakA pratyabhijJAna karatA hai ki yaha vahI puruSa hai / yA bahutase kArSApaNoMke madhya meM pUrvadRSTa kArSApaNako dekhakara pratyabhijJA karanA ki yaha vahI kArSApaNa hai / isa prakArakA jJAna vizeSadRSTa dRSTasAdharmyavat anumAna hai / 2. kAlabhedase anumAnakA traividhya' kAlakI dRSTise bhI anuyoga-dvArameM anumAnake tIna prakAroMkA pratipAdana upalabdha hai| yathA-1. atItakAlagrahaNa, 2. pratyutpannakAlagrahaNa aura 3. anAgatakAlagrahaNa / 1. atItakAlagrahaNa-uttRNavana, niSpannazasyA pRthvI, jalapUrNa kuNDa-sara-nadI-dIdhikA-taDAka Adi dekhakara anumAna karanA ki suvRSTi huI hai, yaha atItakAlagrahaNa hai / 2. pratyutpannakAlagrahaNa-bhikSAcaryA meM pracura bhikSA milatI dekha anumAna karanA ki subhikSa hai, yaha pratyutpannakAlagrahaNa hai / 3. anAgatakAlagrahaNa-bAdalakI nirmalatA, kRSNa pahAr3a, savidyut megha, meghagarjana, vAtodbhama, rakta aura prasnigdha sandhyA, vAruNa yA mAhendrasambandhI yA aura koI prazasta utpAta inako dekha kara anumAna karanA ki sUvRSTi hogI, yaha anAgatakAlagrahaNa anumAna hai / ukta lakSaNoMkA viparyaya dekhane para tInoM kAloMke grahaNameM viparyaya bhI ho jAtA hai| arthAt sUkhI jamIna, zuSka tAlAba Adi dekhane para vRSTike abhAvakA, bhikSA kama milane para vartamAna durbhikSakA aura prasanna dizAoM Adike hone para anAgata kuvRSTikA anumAna hotA hai, yaha bhI anuyogadvArameM sodAharaNa abhihita hai / ullekhanIya hai ki kAlabhedase tIna prakArake anumAnoMkA nirdeza carakasUtrasthAna (a0 11 / 21, 22) meM bhI milatA hai| nyAyasUtra, upAyahRdaya aura sAMkhyakArikA meM bhI pUrvavat Adi anumAnake tIna bhedoMkA pratipAdana hai| unameM prathamake do vahI haiM jo Upara anuyogadvArameM nirdiSTa haiM / kintu tIsare bhedakA nAma anuyogakI 1. se ki taM diTThasAhammavaM / diTThasAhammavaM duvihaM paNNattaM / jahA-sAmannadiLaM ca visesadiLaM ca / -vahI, pRSTha 541-42 2. tassa samAsao tivihaM gahaNaM bhavai / taM jahA- 1. atItakAlagahaNaM, 2. paDuppaNNakAlagahaNaM, 3. aNA gayakAlagahaNaM / -vahI, pRSTha 541-542 / 3. akSapAda, nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 5 / 4. upAyaha0 pR0 13 / 5. IzvarakRSNa, sAM0 kA0 5, 6 / -256
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________________ taraha dRSTasAdharmyavat na hokara sAmAnyatodRSTa hai / anuyogadvAragata pUrvavat jaisA udAharaNa upAyahRdaya (pR0 13) meM bhI AyA hai| ina anumAnabheda-prabhedoM aura unake udAharaNoMke vivecanase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki gautamake nyAyasUtrameM jina tIna anumAnabhedoMkA nirdeza hai ve usa samayakI anumAna-carcAmeM vartamAna the| anuyogadvArake anumAnoMkI vyAkhyA abhidhAmUlaka hai| pUrvavatkA zAbdika artha hai pUrvake samAna kisI vastu ko vartamAnameM dekhakara usakA jJAna prApta karanA / smaraNIya hai ki draSTavya vastu pUrvottarakAlameM mUlataH eka hI hai aura jise dekhA gayA hai usake sAmAnya dharma pUrvakAlameM bhI vidyamAna rahate haiM tathA uttarakAlameM bhI pAye jAte haiN| ataH pUrvadRSTake AdhArapara uttarakAlameM dekhI vastukI jAnakArI prApta karanA pUrvavat anumAna hai| isa prakriyAmeM pUrvAMza ajJAta hai aura uttarAMza jJAta / ataH jJAtase ajJAta (atIta) aMzako jAnakArI (pratyabhijJA) kI jAtI hai / jaisA ki anuyoga aura upAyahRdayameM diye gaye udAharaNase prakaTa hai| zeSavatmeM kArya-kAraNa, guNa-guNI, avayava-avayavI evaM Azraya-AzrayImeMse avinAbhAvI eka aMzako jJAtakara zeSa (avaziSTa) aMzako jAnA jAtA hai| zeSavat zabdakA abhidheyArtha bhI yahI hai| sAdharmyako dekhakara tattulyakA jJAna prApta karanA dRSTasAdharmyavat anumAna hai| yaha bhI vAcyArthamUlaka hai| yadyapi isake adhikAMza udAharaNa sAdRzyapratyabhijJAnake tulya haiM / para zabdArthaMke anusAra yaha anumAna sAmAnyadarzanapara Azrita hai| dUsare, prAcIna kAlameM pratyabhijJAnako anumAna hI mAnA jAtA thA / use pRthak mAnanekI paramparA dArzanikoMmeM bahuta pIche AyI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki anuyogasUtra meM ukta anumAnoMkI vivecanA pAribhASika na hokara abhidhAmUlaka hai| para nyAyasUtrake vyAkhyAkAra vAtsyAyanane ukta tInoM anumAna-bhedoMkI vyAkhyA vAcyArthake AdhArapara nahIM kii| unhoMne unakA svarUpa pAribhASika zabdAvalImeM grathita kiyA hai| isase yadi yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jAya ki pAribhASika zabdoMmeM pratipAdita svarUpakI apekSA avayavArtha dvArA vivecita svarUpa adhika maulika evaM prAcIna hotA hai to ayukta na hogA, kyoMki abhidhAke anantara hI lakSaNA yA vyaMjanA yA rUr3ha zabdAvalI dvArA svarUpa-nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| dUsare, vAtsyAyanako trividha anumAna-vyAkhyA anuyogadvArasUtrakI apekSA adhika puSTa evaM vikasita hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM jisa tathyako aneka udAharaNoM dvArA upasthita kiyA hai use vAtsyAyanane saMkSepa meM eka-do paMktiyoM meM ho nibaddha kiyA hai| ataH bhASAvijJAna aura vikAsa-siddhAntakI dRSTise anuyogadvArakA anumAna-nirUpaNa vAtsyAyanake anumAna-vyAkhyAnase prAcIna pratIta hotA hai| (Ga) avayava-carcA : anumAnake avayavoMke viSayameM AgamoMmeM to koI kathana upalabdha nahIM hotA / kintu unake AdhArase racita tattvArthasUtra meM tattvArthasUtrakArane' avazya avayavoMkA nAmollekha kiye binA pakSa (pratijJA), hetu aura dRSTAnta ina tInake dvArA mukta jIvakA Urdhvagamana siddha kiyA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki ArambhameM jaina paramparAmeM anumAnake ukta tIna avayava mAnya rahe haiN| samantabhadra, pUjyapAda aura siddhasenane bhI inhIM tIna avayavoMkA nirdeza kiyA hai / bhadra bAhune dazavakAlikaniyukti.meM anumAnavAkyake do, tIna, pA~ca, daza aura 1. ta0 sU0 1015, 6,7 / 2. AptamI0 5, 17, 18 tathA yuktyanu0 53 / 3. sa0 si0 105, 6, 7 / 4. nyAyAva0 13, 14, 17, 18, 19 / 5. dazavai0 ni0 gA0 49-137 / -257
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________________ daza isa prakAra pA~ca tarahase avayavoMkI carcA kI hai / pratIta hotA hai ki avayavoMkI yaha vibhinna saMkhyA vibhinna pratipAdyoMkI' apekSA batalAyI hai / dhyAtavya hai ki vAtsyAyana dvArA samAlocita tathA yuktidIpikAkAra dvArA vivecita jijJAsAdi dazAvayava bhadrabAhu dazAvayavoMse bhinna haiM / ullekhanIya hai ki bhadrabAhune mAtra udAharaNa se bhI sAdhya - siddhi hone kI bAta kahI hai jo kisI prAcIna paramparAkI pradarzaka hai / isa prakAra jainAgamoMmeM hameM anumAna - mI sAMsA ke puSkala bIja upalabdha hote haiM / yaha sahI hai ki unakA pratipAdana kevala niHzreyasAdhigama aura usameM upayogI tattvoMke jJAna evaM vyavasthAke lie hI kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unameM nyAyadarzanakI taraha vAda, jalpa aura vitaNDApUrvaka pravRtta kathAoM, jAtiyoM, nigrahasthAnoM, chaloM tathA hetvAbhAsoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / (ca) anumAnakA mUla rUpa Agamottara kAla meM jaba jJAnamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsAkA vikAsa Arambha huA to unake vikAsake sAtha anumAnakA bhI vikAsa hotA gayA / Agama varNita mati, zruta Adi pA~ca jJAnoMko pramANa kahane aura unheM pratyakSa tathA parokSa do bhedoMmeM vibhakta karane vAle sarvaprathama AcArya gRddhapiccha haiM / unhoMne zAstra aura loka meM vyavahRta smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ina cAra jJAnoMko bhI eka sUtra dvArA parokSa-pramANake antargata samAviSTa karake pramANazAstra ke vikAsakA sUtrapAta kiyA tathA unheM parokSa pramANake Adya prakAra matijJAnakA paryAya pratipAdana kiyA / ina paryAyoMmeM abhinibodhakA jisa kramase aura jisa sthAnapara nirdeza huA hai usase jJAta hotA hai ki sUtrakArane " use anumAna ke artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| spaSTa hai ki pUrva - pUrvako pramANa aura uttara- uttarako pramANa- phala batalAnA unheM abhISTa hai / mati ( anubhava - dhAraNA ) pUrvaka smRti, smRtipUrvaka saMjJA, saMjJA - pUrvaka cintA aura cintApUrvaka abhinibodha jJAna hotA hai, aisA sUtrase dhvanita hai / yaha cintApUrvaka honevAlA abhinibodha anumAnake atirikta anya nahIM hai / ataeva jaina paramparAmeM anumAnakA mUlarUpa 'abhinibodha' aura 'pUrvokta 'hetuvAda' meM usI prakAra samAhita hai jisa prakAra vaha vaidika paramparA meM 'vAkovAkyam' aura 'AnvIkSikI' meM niviSTa hai / uparyukta mImAMsAse do tathya prakaTa hote haiM / eka to yaha ki jaina paramparAmeM IsvI pUrva zatAbdiyoMse hI anumAna ke prayoga, svarUpa aura bheda-prabhedoMkI samIkSA kI jAne lagI thI tathA usakA vyavahAra hetujanya jJAnake artha meM hone lagA thaa| dUsarA yaha ki anumAnakA kSetra bahuta vistRta aura vyApaka thA / smRti, saMjJA aura cintA, jinheM paravartI jaina tArkikoMne parokSa pramANake antargata svatantra pramANoM kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai, 1. prayogaparipATI tu pratipAdyAnurodhataH / - pra0 parI0 pR0 49 meM uddhRta kumAranandikA vAkya | 2. zrIdalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, AgamayugakA jaina darzana, pramANakhaNDa, pR0 157 / 3. matizrutAvadhimanaH paryaya kevalAni jJAnam / tatpramANe / Aye parokSam / pratyakSamanyat / - tattvA0 sU0 19, 10, 11, 12 / 4. matiH smRti: saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha ityanarthAntaram |--vhii, 1 / 13 / 5. gRddhapiccha, ta0 sU0 1 / 13 | * 258 - -
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________________ anumAna (abhinibodha) meM hI sammilita the / vAdirAjane' pramANanirNayameM sambhavataH aisI hI paramparAkA nirdeza kiyA hai jo unheM anumAnake antargata svIkAra karatI thii| arthApatti, sambhava, abhAva jaise parokSa jJAnoMkA bhI isImeM samAveza kiyA gayA hai / 2 (cha) anumAnakA tArkika vikAsa anumAnakA tArkika vikAsa svAmI samantabhadrase Arambha hotA hai / AptamImAMsA, yuktyanuzAsana aura svayambhastotrameM unhoMne anumAnake anekoM prayoga prastuta kiye haiM, jinameM usake upAdAnoM-sAdhya, sAdhana, pakSa, udAharaNa, avinAbhAva AdikA nirdeza hai| siddhasenakA nyAyAvatAra nyAya (anumAna) kA avatAra hI hai| isameM anumAnakA svarUpa, usake svArtha-parArtha dvividha bheda, unake lakSaNa, pakSakA svarUpa, pakSaprayogapara bala, hetuke tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti dvividha prayogoMkA nirdeza, sAdharmya-vaidharmya dRSTAntadvaya, antarvyAptike dvArA hI sAdhyasiddhi hone para bhAra, hetu kA anyathAnupannatvalakSaNa. hetvAbhAsa aura dRSTAntAbhAsa jaise anumAnopakaraNoMkA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| akalaMkake nyAya-vivecanane to unheM 'akalaMka nyAya' kA saMsthApaka evaM pravartaka hI banA diyA hai / unake vizAla nyAya-prakaraNoMmeM nyAyavinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha, laghIyastraya aura siddhivinizcaya jaina pramANazAstra ke mUrdhanya granthoMmeM parigaNita haiN| haribhadrake zAstravArtAsamuccaya, anekAntajayapatAkA Adi granthoMmeM anumAna-carcA nihita hai| vidyAnandane aSTasahasrI, tattvArthazlokavArtika, pramANaparIkSA, patraparIkSA jaise darzana evaM nyAya-prabandhoMko racakara jaina nyAyavAGmayako samRddha kiyA hai / mANikyanandikA parIkSAmukha, prabhAcandrakA prameyakamalamArtaNDa-nyAyakumudacandra -yugala, abhayadevakI sanmatitarkaTIkA, devasUrikA pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra, anantavIryakI siddhivinizcayaTIkA, vAdirAjakA nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, laghu anantavIryako prameyaratnamAlA, hemacandra kI pramANa-mImAMsA, dharmabhUSaNakI nyAyadIpikA aura yazovijayakI jaina tarkabhASA jaina anumAnake vivecaka pramANagrantha haiN| anumAnakA svarUpa vyAkaraNake anusAra 'anumAna' zabdakI niSpatti anu + mA + lyuTse hotI hai / anukA artha hai pazcAt aura mAnakA artha hai jJAna / ataH anumAnakA zAbdika artha hai pazcAdvartI jJAna / arthAt eka jJAnake bAda honevAlA uttaravartI jJAna anumAna hai| yahA~ 'eka jJAna' se kyA tAtparya hai ? manISiyoMkA abhimata hai ki pratyakSa jJAna hI eka jJAna hai jisake anantara anumAnakI utpatti yA pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai / gautamane isI kAraNa anumAnako 'tatpUrvakam-pratyakSapUrvakam' kahA hai / vAtsyAyanakA bhI abhimata hai ki pratyakSake binA koI anumAna sambhava nhiiN| ataH anumAnake svarUpa-lAbhameM pratyakSakA sahakAra pUrvakAraNake rUpameM apekSita hotA hai| ataeva takazAstrI jJAta-pratyakSapratipanna arthase ajJAta-parokSa vastUkI jAnakArI anumAna dvArA karate haiN| 1. anumAnamapi dvividhaM gauNamukhyavikalpAt / tatra gauNamanumAnaM trividhaM smaraNaM pratyabhijJA tarkazceti / -1 -vAdirAja, pra0ni0, pRSTha 33; mANikacandra granthamAlA bambaI / 2. akalaMkadeva, ta0 vA0 1120, pRSTha 78; bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzo / 3. atha tatpUrvakaM trividhamanumAnam / -nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 5 / 4. athavA pUrvavaditi- yatra yathApUrvaM pratyakSabhUtayoranyataradarzanenAnyatarasyApratyakSasyAnumAnam / yathA dhUme nAgniriti |-nyaaybhaa0 1 / 115, pRSTha 22 / 5. yathA dhUmena pratyakSeNApratyakSasya vahnargrahaNamanumAnam |-vhii, 2 / 1 / 47, pRSTha 120 / -259 -
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________________ kabhI-kabhI anumAnakA AdhAra pratyakSa na rahane para Agama bhI hotA hai| udAharaNArtha zAstroM dvAra AtmAkI sattAkA jJAna honepara hama yaha anumAna karate haiM ki 'AtmA zAzvata hai, kyoMki vaha sat hai|' isI kAraNa vAtsyAyanane 'pratyakSAgamAzritamanumAnam' anumAnako pratyakSa yA Agamapara Azrita kahA hai / anumAnakA paryAyazabda anvIkSA bhI hai, jisakA zAbdika artha eka vastujJAnakI prAptike pazcAt dUsarI vastukA jJAna prApta karanA hai / yathA-dhamakA jJAna prApta karane ke bAda agnikA jJAna krnaa| uparyukta udAharaNameM dhUmadvArA vahnikA jJAna isI kAraNa hotA hai ki dhUma vahnikA sAdhana hai / dhUmako agnikA sAdhana-hetu mAnanekA bhI kAraNa yaha hai ki dhUmakA agnike sAtha niyata sAhacarya sambandhaavinAbhAva hai| jahA~ dhUma rahatA hai vahA~ agni avazya rahatI hai| isakA koI apavAda nahIM pAyA jAtA / tAtparya yaha hai ki eka avinAbhAvI vastu ke jJAna dvArA tatsambaddha itara vastukA nizcaya karanA anumAna hai / anumAnake aMga ___anumAnake uparyukta svarUpakA vizleSaNa karane para jJAta hotA hai ki dhUmase agnikA jJAna karaneke lie do tattva Avazyaka haiM-1. parvatameM dhUmakA rahanA aura 2. dhUmakA agnike sAtha niyata sAhacarya sambandha honaa| prathamako pakSadharmatA aura dvitIyako vyApti kahA gayA hai / yahI do anumAnake AdhAra athavA aMga hai|5 jisa vastuse jahA~ siddhi karanA hai usakA vahA~ anivArya rUpase pAyA jAnA pakSadharmatA hai / jaise dhUmase parvata meM agnikI siddhi karanA hai to dhUmakA parvatameM anivArya rUpase pAyA jAnA Avazyaka hai / arthAt vyApyakA pakSameM rahanA pakSadharmatA hai| tathA sAdhanarUpa vastukA sAdhyarUpa vastuke sAtha hI sarvadA pAyA jAnA vyApti hai| jaise dhUma agnike honepara hI pAyA jAtA hai-usake abhAvameM nahIM, ataH dhUmakI vahnike sAtha vyApti hai| pakSadharmatA aura vyApti donoM anumAnake AdhAra hai / pakSadharmatAkA jJAna hue binA anumAnakA udbhava sambhava nahIM hai / udAharaNArtha-parvatameM dhUmakI vRttitAkA jJAna na hone para vahA~ usase agnikA anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ataH pakSadharmatAkA jJAna Avazyaka hai / isI prakAra vyAptikA jJAna bhI anumAnake lie paramAvazyaka hai| yataH parvatameM dhUmadarzanake anantara bhI taba taka anumAnakI pravRtti nahIM ho sakatI, jaba taka dhUmakA agnike sAtha anivArya sambandha sthApita na ho jaae| isa anivArya sambandhakA nAma hI niyata sAhacarya sambandha yA vyApti hai| isake abhAvameM anumAnakI utpattimeM dhUmajJAnakA kucha bhI mahattva nahIM hai / kintu vyAptijJAnake honepara anumAnake lie ukta ghUmajJAna mahattvapUrNa bana jAtA hai aura vaha agni 1. vahI, 111 / 1 / pRSTha 7 / 2. vahI, 11111, pRSTha 7 / 3. sAdhyAvinAbhAvitvena nizcito hetuH |-maannikynndi, parIkSAma0 3 / 15 / 4. vyApyasya jJAnena vyApakasya nizcayaH, yathA vahni--masya vyApaka iti ghUmastasya vyApta ityevaM tayorbhUyaH sahacAraM pAkasthAnAdau dRSTvA pazcAtparvatAdau uddhUyamAnazikhasya dhUmasya darzane tatra vahnirastIti nizcIyate |-vaacsptym, anumAnazabda, prathama jilda pRSTha 181, caukhambA, vArANasI, san 1962 ii0| 5. anumAnasya dve aMge vyAptiH pakSadharmatA ca / -ke zava mizra, tarkabhASA, anu 0 nirU0, pRSTha 88, 89 / 6. vyApyasya parvatAdivRttitvaM pakSadharmatA / - annabhaTTa, tarkasaM 0 anu0 ni0, pRSTha 57 / 7. yatra yatra ghamastatra tatrAgniriti sAhacaryaniyamo vyAptiH |--trksN0, pRSTha 54 / tathA kezavamizra, tarkabhA0 pRSTha 72 / - 260 - |
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________________ jJAnako utpanna kara detA hai / ataH anumAnake lie pacadharmatA aura vyApti ina donoMke saMyukta jJAnakI AvazyakatA hai / smaraNa rahe ki jaina tArkikoMne' vyAptijJAnako hI anumAnake lie Avazyaka mAnA hai, pakSadharmatA ke jJAnako nahIM; kyoMki apakSadharma kRttikodaya Adi hetuoMse bhI anumAna hotA hai / pakSadharmatA : jisa pakSadharmatA kA anumAnake Avazyaka aMgake rUpameM Upara nirdeza kiyA gayA hai usarA vyavahAra nyAyazAstra meM kabase Arambha huA, isakA yahAM aitihAsika vimarza kiyA jAtA hai / arras vaizeSikasUtra aura akSapAdake nyAyasUtrameM na pakSa zabda milatA hai aura na pakSadharmatA zabda | nyAyasUtra meM sAdhya aura pratijJA zabdoM kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, jinakA nyAyabhASyakAra ne prajJApanIya dharmase viziSTa gharmI artha prastuta kiyA hai aura jise pakSakA pratinidhi kahA jA sakatA hai, para pakSazabda prayukta nahIM hai / prazastapAdabhASya meM yadyapi nyAyabhASyakAra kI taraha dharmI aura nyAyasUtrakI taraha pratijJA donoM zabda ekatra upalabdha haiM / tathA liMgako trirUpa batalAkara una tInoM rUpoMkA pratipAdana kAzyapake nAmase do kArikAe~ uddhRta karake kiyA hai / " kintu una tIna rUpoM meM bhI pakSa aura dharmapakSatA zabdoMkA prayoga nahIM hai / hA~, 'anumeya sambaddhaliMga' zabda avazya pakSadharmakA bodhaka hai / para 'pakSadharma' zabda svayaM upalabdha nahIM hai / pakSa aura pakSadharmatA zabdoMkA spaSTa prayoga, sarvaprathama sambhavataH bauddha tArkika zaMkarasvAmIke nyAyapraveza meM huA hai / isameM pakSa, sapakSa, vipakSa, pakSavacana, pakSadharma, pakSadharmavacana aura pakSadharmatva ye sabhI zabda prayukta hue haiM / sAthameM unakA svarUpa vivecana bhI kiyA hai| jo dharmIke rUpameM prasiddha hai vaha pakSa hai / 'zabda anitya hai' aisA prayoga pakSavacana hai / 'kyoMki vaha kRtaka hai' aisA vacana pakSadharma ( hetu ) vacana hai / 'jo kRtaka hotA hai vaha anitya hotA hai, yathA ghaTAdi' isa prakArakA vacana sapakSAnugama ( sapakSasattva) vacana hai / 'jo nitya hotA hai vaha akRtaka dekhA gayA hai, yathA AkAza' yaha vyatireka ( vipakSAsava ) vacana hai / isa prakAra hetuko trirUpa pratipAdana karake usake tInoM rUpoMkA bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / ve tIna rUpa haiM - 1 pakSadharmatva, 1. pakSadharmatvahIno'pi gamaka : kRttikodayaH / antarvyAptirataH saiva gamakatvaprasAdhanI / / -- vAdIbhasiMha, syA0 si0 4 / 83-84 / 2. sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA / - akSapAda, nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 33 | 3. prajJApanIyena dharmeNa dharmiNo viziSTasya parigrahavacanaM pratijJA sAdhyanirdeza: anityaH zabda iti / -- vAtsyAyana, nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 33 tathA 1 / 1 / 34 / 4. anumeyoddezo'virodhI pratijJA / pratipipAdayiSitadharmaviziSTasya dharmiNo'padeza - viSayamApAdayitumuddezamAtraM pratijJA / '''' / -- prazastapAda, vaizi0 bhASya pRSTha 114 / 5. yadanumeyena sambaddhaM prasiddha ca tadanvite / tadabhAve ca nAstyeva talligamanumApakam // -- vahI, pRSTha 100 // 6. praza0 bhA0, pR0 100 / 7. pakSa: prasiddho dharmI .... / hetustrirUpaH / kiM punastrairUpyam ? pakSadharmatvaM sapakSe sattvaM vipakSe cAsattvamiti / .... tadyathA / anityaH zabda iti pakSavacanam / kRtakatvAditi pakSadharmavacanam / yatkRtakaM tadanityaM dRSTaM tathA ghaTAdiriti sapakSAnugamavacanam / yannityaM tadakRtakaM dRSTaM tathA''kAzamiti vyatirekavacanam / - zaMkarasvAmI, nyAyapra0 pRSTha 1-2 / 261
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________________ 3 2 sapakSasatva, aura 3 vipakSAsattva / dhyAna rahe, yahA~ 'pakSadharmatva' pakSadharmatAke lie hI AyA hai / prazastapAdane jisa tathyako 'anumeyasambaddhatva' zabda se prakaTa kiyA hai use nyAyapravezakArane 'pakSadharmatva' zabda dvArA batalAyA hai / tAtparya yaha ki prazastapAdake matase hetuke tIna rUpoMmeM parigaNita prathama rUpa 'anameyasambaddhatva' hai aura nyAyapravezake anusAra 'pakSadharmatva' / donoMmeM kevala zabdabheda hai, arthabheda nahIM / uttarakAlameM to prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya tArkikoMke dvArA tIna rUpoM athavA pA~ca rUpoMke antargata pakSadharmatvakA bodhaka pakSadharmatva yA pakSadharmatA pada hI abhipreta huA hai / udyotakara', vAcaspati, udayana, gaMgeza, kezava " prabhRti vaidika naiyAyikoM tathA dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa ' Adi bauddha tArkikoMne apane granthoMmeM usakA pratipAdana kiyA hai | para jaina naiyAyikoMne pakSadharmatApara utanA bala nahIM diyA, jitanA vyAptipara diyA hai / siddhasena, akalaMke', vidyAnande re, vAdIrbhAsaha Adine to use anAvazyaka evaM vyartha bhI batalAyA hai| unakA mantavya 14 hai ki 'kala sUryakA udaya hogA, kyoMki vaha Aja udaya ho rahA hai, 'kala zanivAra hogA, kyoMki Aja zukravAra hai', 'Upara dezameM vRSTi huI hai, kyoMki adhodezameM pravAha dRSTigocara ho rahA hai', 'advaitavAdIko bhI pramANa iSTa haiM, kyoMki iSTakA sAdhana aura aniSTakA dUSaNa anyathA nahIM ho sakatA' jaise pracura hetu pakSadharmatA ke abhAva meM bhI mAtra antarvyAptike balapara sAdhya ke anumApaka haiM / (kha) vyApti : anumAna kA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa aura anivArya aMga vyApti hai| isake honepara hI sAdhana sAdhyakA gamaka hotA hai, usake abhAva meM nahIM / ataeva isakA dUsarA nAma 'avinAbhAva' bhI hai / dekhanA hai ki ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga kabase Arambha huA hai / akSapAdake" nyAyasUtra aura vAtsyAyana ke avinAbhAva / nyAyabhASya meM " mAtra itanA milatA hai 1. udyotakara, nyAyavA0 1 / 1 / 35, pRSTha 129, 131 / 2. vAcaspati, nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 1 / 1 / 15, pRSTha 171 / 3. udayana, kiraNA0, pRSTha 290, 294 // 4. ta0 ci0 jAgadI0 TI0 pR0 13, 71 / 5. kezava mizra, tarkabhA0, anu0 nirU0 pRSTha 88, 89 / 6-7. dharmakIrti, nyAyabi0, dvi0 pari0 pRSTha 22 / 8. arcaMTa, hetubi0 TI0, pRSTha 24 / 9. nyAyavi0 1 / 176 / 10. siddhasena, nyAyAva0 kA0 20 / 11. nyAyavi0 2 / 221 / 12. pramANaparI0 pRSTha 49 / 13. vAdIbhasiMha, syA0 si0 4 / 87 / 14. akalaMka, laghIya0 1 3 | 14 | nyAyabhASya meM na vyApti zabda upalabdha hotA hai aura na ki liMga aura liMgImeM sambandha hotA hai athavA ve sambaddha 15. nyAyasU0 1 115, 34, 35 / 16. nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 5, 34, 35 / 17. liMgaliMginoH sambandhadarzanaM liMgadarzanaM cAbhisambadhyate / liMgaliMginoH sambaddhayordarzanena ligasmRtirabhi sambadhyate / nyAyabhA0 1 / 1 / 5 / - 262 -
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________________ hote haiN| para vaha sambandha vyApti athavA avinAbhAva hai, isakA vahA~ koI nirdeza nahIM hai / gautamake hetulakSaNapradarzaka sUtroMse' bhI kevala yahI jJAta hotA hai ki hetu vaha hai jo udAharaNake sAdharmya athavA vaidhaya'se sAdhyakA sAdhana kre| tAtparya yaha ki hetuko pakSameM rahaneke atirikta sapakSa meM vidyamAna aura vipakSase vyAvRtta honA cAhie, itanA hI artha hetulakSaNasUtrase dhvanita hotA hai, hetuko vyApta (vyAptiviziSTa yA avinAbhAvI) bhI honA cAhie, isakA unase koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| udyotakarake 2 nyAyavArtikameM avinAbhAva aura vyApti donoM zabda prApta haiM / para udyotakarane unheM paramatake rUpameM prastuta kiyA hai tathA unakI AlocanA bhI kI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki nyAyavArtikakArako bhI nyAyasUtrakAra aura nyAyabhASyakArakI taraha avinAbhAva aura vyApti donoM amAnya haiM / ullekhya hai ki udyotakara avinAbhAva aura vyAptikI AlocanA (nyAyavA0 1 / 1 / 5, pRSTha 54, 55) kara to gaye / para svakIya siddhAntakI vyavasthAmeM unakA upayoga unhoMne asandigdha rUpameM kiyA hai| unake paravartI vAcaspati mizrane avinAbhAvako hetuke pA~ca rUpoMmeM samApta kahakara usake dvArA hI samasta heturUpoMkA saMgraha kiyA hai| kintu unhoMne bhI apane kathanako paramparA-virodhI samajhakara avinAbhAvakA parityAga kara diyA hai aura udyotakarake abhiprAyAnusAra pakSadharmatvAdi pA~ca heturUpoMko hI mahattva diyA hai, avinAbhAvako nhiiN| jayanta bhaTTane" avinAbhAvako svIkAra karate hue bhI use pakSadharmatvAdi pA~ca rUpoMmeM samApta batalAyA hai| isa prakAra vAcaspati aura jayanta bhaTake dvArA spaSTatayA avinAbhAva aura vyAptikA praveza nyAyaparamparAmeM ho gayA to uttaravartI nyAyagranthakAroMne unheM apanA liyA aura unakI vyAkhyAe~ Arambha kara dIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha tAkikoM dvArA mukhyatayA prayukta anantarIyaka (yA nAntarIyaka) tathA pratibandha aura jaina tarkagranthakAroM dvArA pradhAnatayA prayogameM Ane vAle avinAbhAva evaM vyApti jaise zabda udyotakarake 1. udAharaNasAdharmyAt sAdhyasAdhanaM hetuH / tathA vaidhAt / --nyAyasU0 1 / 1134, 35 / 2. (ka) avinAbhAvena pratipAdayatIti cet / athApIdaM syAt avinAbhAvo'gnidhUmayorato dhUmadarzanAdagni prati padyata iti / tanna / vikalpAnupapatteH / agnidhamayoravinAbhAva iti ko'rthaH ? ki kAryakAraNabhAva: utaikArthasamavAyaH tatsambandhamAtraM vA |.....-udyotkr, nyAyavA0 1 / 1 / 5, pRSTha 50, caukhambhA, kAzI, 1916 I0 / (kha) athottaramavadhAraNamavagamyate tasya vyAptirarthaH tathApyanumeyamavadhAritaM vyAptyA na dharmo, yata eva karaNaM tato'nyatrAvadhAraNamiti / sambhavavyAptyA cAnumeyaM niyataM....-vahI, 11115, pRSTha 55, 56 / 3. (ka) sAmAnyatodRSTaM nAma akAryAkAraNIbhUtena yatrAvinAbhAvinA vizeSaNena vizeSyamANo dharmI gamyate tat sAmAnyatodRSTaM yathA balAkayA salilAnumAnam |-nyaayvaa0 111 / 5, pR0 47 / (kha) prasiddhamiti pakSe vyApakaM, saditi sajAtIye'sti, asandigdhamiti sajAtIyAvinAbhAvi / -vahI, 1 / 1 / 15, pRSTha 49 / 4. yadyapyavinAbhAvaH paMcasu caturpu vA rUpeSu liMgasya samApyate ityavinAbhAvenaiva sarvANi liMgarUpANi saMgRhyante, tathApIha prasiddhasacchabdAbhyAM dvayoH saMgrahe govalIbardanyAyena tatparityajya vipakSavyatirekAsatpratipakSatvA bAghitaviSayatvAni saMgRhNAti |-nyaayvaa0 tA0 TI0 1 / 115, pRSTha 178, caukhambhA. 1925 I0 / 5. eteSu paMcalakSaNeSu avinAbhAvaH samApyate / --nyAyakalikA pRSTha 2 / -263
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________________ bAda nyAyadarzanameM samAviSTa ho gaye evaM unheM eka-dUsarekA paryAya mAnA jAne lagA / jayanta bhaTTane avinAbhAvakA spaSTIkaraNa karaneke lie vyApti, niyama, pratibandha aura sAdhyAvinAbhAvitvako usIkA paryAya batalAyA hai / vAcaspati mizra kahate haiM ki hetukA koI bhI sambandha ho use svAbhAvika evaM niyata honA cAhiye aura svAbhAvikakA artha ve upAdhirahita batalAte haiN| isa prakArakA hetu hI gamaka hotA hai aura dUsarA sambandhI (sAdhya) gamya / tAtparya yaha ki unakA avinAbhAva yA vyAptizabdoMpara jora nahIM hai / para udayana, kezava mizra, annambhaTTa', vizvanAtha paMcAnana prabhRti naiyAyikoMne vyApti zabdako apanAkara usIkA vizeSa vyAkhyAna kiyA hai tathA pakSadharmatAke sAtha use anumAnakA pramukha aMga batalAyA hai| gaMgeza aura unake anuvartI vartamAna upAdhyAya, pakSadharamizra, vAsudeva mizra, raghunAtha ziromaNi, mathurAnAtha tarkavAgIza, jagadIza tarkAlaMkAra, gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya Adi navya naiyAyikoMne vyAptipara sarvAdhika cintana aura nibandhana kiyA hai / gaGgezane tatvacintAmaNimeM anumAnalakSaNa prastuta karake usake vyApti aura pakSadharmatA donoM aMgoMkA navyapaddhatise vivecana kiyA hai| prazastapAda-bhASyameM bhI avinAbhAvakA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| unhoMne avinAbhUta liMgako liMgIkA gamaka batalAyA hai / para vaha unheM trilakSaNarUpa hI abhipreta hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki TippaNakArane 3 avinAbhAvakA artha 'vyApti' evaM 'avyabhicarita sambandha' de karake bhI zaMkaramizra dvArA kiye gaye avinAbhAvake khaNDanase sahamati prakaTa kI hai aura 'vastutastvanopASikasambandha eva vyAptiH'14 isa udayanokta5 vyAptilakSaNako hI mAnya kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki avinAbhAvakI mAnyatA vaizeSikadarzanako bhI svopajJa evaM maulika nahIM hai| 1. avinAbhAvo vyAptiniyamaH pratibandhaH sAdhyAvinAbhAvitvamityarthaH |-nyaaykli0 102 / 2. tasmAdyo vA sa vA'stu, sambandhaH, kevalaM yasyAsau svAbhAviko niyataH sa eva gamako gamyazcetaraH samba ndhoti yujyate / tathA hi dhUmAdonAM vahnayAdisambandhaH svAbhAvikaH na tu vahnayAdInAM dhUmAdibhiH / ... tasmAdupAdhi prayatnenAnviSyanto'nupalabhamAnA nAstItyavagamya svAbhAvikatvaM sambandhasya nizcinamaH / -nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 11115, pR0 165 / 3. kiraNA0pa0 290,294, 295-302 / 4. tarkabhA0 pR0 72, 78, 82, 83, 88 / 5. tarkasaM0 pR0 52-57 / 6. si0 mu0 kA0 68, pR0 51-55 / 7. inake anyoddharaNa vistArabhayase yahA~ aprastuta haiM / 8. ta0 ci0 anu0 khaNDa, pR0 13 / 9. vahI, pR0 77-82, 86-89, 171-208, 209-432 / 10. vahI, anu0 kha0 pR0 623-631 / 11-12. pra0 bhA0, pR0 103 tathA 100 / 13. vahI, DhuNDirAja zAstrI, Tippa0 pR0 103 / 14. pra0 bhA0 Tippa0 10 103 / 15. kiraNA0 pR0 297 / --264 -
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________________ kumArilake mImAMsAzlokavAtikameM' vyApti aura avinAbhAva donoM zabda milate haiN| para unake pUrva na jaiminisUtrameM ve haiM aura na zAbara-bhASyameM / bauddha tArkika zaMkarasvAmIke nyAyapraveza meM bhI avinAbhAva aura vyApti zabda nahIM haiN| para unake arthakA bodhaka nAntarIyaka (anantarIyaka) zabda pAyA jAtA hai| dharmakIti3, dharmottara, arcaTa' Adi bauddha naiyAyikoMne avazya pratibandha aura nAntarIyaka zabdoMke sAtha ina donoMkA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| inake pazcAt to ukta zabda bauddha tarkagranthoMmeM bahalatayA upalabdha haiN| taba prazna hai ki avinAbhAva aura vyAptikA mUla sthAna kyA hai ? anusandhAna karanepara jJAta hotA hai ki prazastapAda aura kumArilase pUrva jaina tArkika samantabhadane, jinakA samaya vikramakI 2rI, 3rI zatI mAnA jAtA hai, astitvako nAstitvakA aura nAstitvako astitvakA avinAbhAvI batalAte hue avinAbhAvakA vyavahAra kiyA hai| eka-dUsare sthalapara bhI unhoMne use spaSTa svIkAra kiyA hai / aura isa prakAra avinAbhAvakA nirdeza mAnyatAke rUpameM sarvaprathama samantabhadrane kiyA jAna par3atA hai| prazastapAdakI taraha unhoMne use trilakSaNarUpa svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unake pazcAt to vaha jaina paramparAmeM hetulakSaNarUpameM hI pratiSThita ho gyaa| pUjyapAdane, jinakA astitva-samaya IsAkI pAMcavIM zatAbdI hai, avinAbhAva aura vyApti donoM zabdoMkA prayoga kiyA hai / siddhasena', pAtrasvAmI", kumAranandi12, akalaMka 3, mANikyanandi Adi jaina tarkagraMthakAroMne avinAbhAva, vyApti aura anyathAnupapatti yA anyathAnupapannatva tInoMkA vyavahAra paryAya-zabdoMke rUpameM kiyA hai| jo (sAdhana) jisa (sAdhya)ke binA upapanna na ho use anyathAnupapanna kahA gayA hai / " asambhava nahIM ki zAbarabhASyagata16 arthApattyuttthApaka anyathAnupapadyamAna aura prabhAkarako bRhatImeM" usake lie prayukta anyathAnupapatti zabda arthApatti aura anumAnako abhinna mAnane vAle jaina tAkikoMse apa1. mI0 zloka anu0 khaM0 zlo0 4, 12, 43 tathA 161 / 2. nyA0 pra050 4, 5 / 3. pramANavA0 13, 1132 tathA nyAyabi0 10 30,93 / hetubi0 pR0 54 / 4. nyAyabi0 TI0 pR0 30 / 5. hetubi0 TI0 10 7, 8, 10, 11 Adi / 6. zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra, svAmI samantabhadra pR0 166 / 7. astitvaM pratiSedhyenAvinAbhAvyakarmiNi / nAstitvaM pratiSedhyenAvinAbhAvyakarmiNi / -AptamI0 kA017, 18 / 8. dharmadharmyavinAbhAva: siddhayatyanyonyavIkSayA |-vhii, kA0 75 / 9. sa0 si0 5 / 18, 1014 / 10. nyAyAva0 13, 18, 20, 22 / 11. tattvasaM0 pa0 406 para uddha ta 'anyathAnupapannatvaM' Adi kAri0 / 12. pra0 pa0 pR0 49 meM uddha ta 'anyathAnupapatyeka kSaNaM' Adi kAri0 / 13. nyA0 vi0 2 / 187, 323, 327, 329 / 14 parI0 mu0 3 / 11, 15, 16, 94, 95, 96 / 15. sAdhanaM prakRtAbhAve'nupapannaM-1-nyAyavi0 2 / 69, tathA pramANasaM0 21 / 16. arthApattirapi daSTaH zrato bArtho'nyathA nopapadyate ityarthakalpanA |-shaabrbhaa0 111 / 5. bahatI pa0 110 / 17. keyamanyathAnupapattirnAma ? "na hi anyathAnupapattiH pratyakSa samadhigamyA / bRhatI pR0 110, 111 /
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________________ nAye gaye hoM, kyoMki ye zabda jaina nyAyagraMthoMmeM adhika pracalita evaM prayukta milate haiM aura zAntarakSita' Adi prAcIna tArkikoMne unheM pAtrasvAmIkA mata kaha kara uddhRta tathA samAlocita kiyA hai / ataH unakA udgama jaina tarkagranthoMse bahuta kucha sambhava hai| prastuta anuzIlanase hama isa niSkarSapara pahuMcate haiM ki nyAya, vaizeSika aura bauddha darzanoMmeM Arambha meM pakSadharmatA (sapakSasattva aura vipakSavyAvRtti sahita) ko tathA madhyakAla aura navyayugameM pakSadharmatA aura vyApti donoMko anamAnakA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| para jaina tAkikoMne Arambhase anta taka pakSadharmatA (anya donoM rUpoM sahita) ko anAvazyaka tathA ekamAtra vyApti (avinAbhAva, anyathAnupapannatva) ko anumAnakA aparihArya aMga batalAyA hai / anumAna-bheda prazna hai ki yaha anumAna kitane prakArakA mAnA gayA hai ? adhyayana karane para pratIta hotA hai ki sarva prathama kaNAdane anumAnake prakAroMkA nirdeza kiyA hai| unhoMne usako kaNThataH saMkhyAkA to ullekha nahIM kiyA, kintu usake prakAroMko ginAyA hai / unake parigaNita prakAra nimna hai-(1) kArya, (2) kAraNa, (3) saMyogI, (4) virodhi aura (5) samavAyi / yataH hetuke pA~ca bheda haiM, ataH unase utpanna anumAna bhI pAMca haiN| __ nyAyasUtra, upAyahRdaya, caraka' 'sAMkhyakArikA aura anuyogadvArasUtrameM anumAnake pUrvollikhita pUrvavat Adi tIna bheda batAye haiN| vizeSa yaha ki carakameM tritvasaMkhyAkA ullekha hai, unake nAma nahIM diye / sAMkhyakArikAmeM bhI trividhatvakA nirdeza hai aura kevala tIsare sAmAnyatodRSTakA nAma hai| kintu mAThara tathA yuktidIpikAkAra ne tInoMke nAma diye haiM aura ve uparyukta hI haiN| anuyogadvArameM prathama do bheda to vahI hai, para tIsarekA nAma sAmAnyatodRSTa na hokara dRSTasAdharmyavat nAma hai| isa vivecanase jJAta hotA hai ki tAkikoMne usa prAcIna kAla meM kaNAdakI paMcavidha anumAna-paramparAko nahIM apanAyA, kintu pUrvavadAdi trividha anumAnakI paramparAko svIkAra kiyA hai / isa paramparAkA mUla kyA hai ? nyAyasUtra hai yA anuyogasUtra AdimeMse koI eka ? isa sambandhameM nirNayapUrvaka kahanA kaThina hai / para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya pUrvAgata trividha anumAnakI koI sAmAnya paramparA rahI hai jo anumAna-carcA meM vartamAna thI aura jisake svIkArameM kisIko sambhavataH vivAda nahIM thaa| para uttarakAlameM yaha trividha anamAna-paramparA bhI sarvamAnya nahIM raha skii| prazastapAdane" do tarahase 1. tattvasaM0 pR0 405-408 / 2. vaize0 sa0 9 / 2 / 1 / 3. nyAyasU0 1 / 115 / 4. upAyahR0 pR0 13 / 5. carakasUtrasthAna 11 / 21, 22 / 6. sAM0 kA0, kA0 5 / 7. muni kanhaiyAlAla, anuyo0 sU0 pR0 539 / 8. sAM0 kA0, kA06 / 9. mATharavR0, kA0 5 / 10. yuktidI0, kA0 5, pR0 43, 44 / 11. praza0 bhA0, pR0 104, 106, 113 / -266 -
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________________ anumAna-bheda batalAye haiM-1 dRSTa aura 2 sAmAnyatodaSTa / athavA 1. svanizcitArthAnumAna aura parArthAnumAna / mImAMsAdarzanameM zabarane' prazastapAdake prathamokta anumAnadvaividhyako hI kucha parivartanake sAtha svIkAra kiyA hai-1 pratyakSatodRSTasambandha aura 2 sAmAnyatodRSTasambandha / sAMkhyadarzanameM vAcaspatike anusAra vIta aura avIta ye do bheda bhI mAna liye haiM / vItAnumAnako unhoMne pUrvavat aura sAmAnyatodRSTa dvividharUpa aura avItAnumAnako zeSavarUpa mAnakara ukta anumAnatraividhyake sAtha samanvaya bhI kiyA hai / dhyAtavya hai ki sAMkhyoMkI saptavidha anumAna-mAnyatAkA bhI ullekha udyotakara, vAcaspati aura prabhAcandra ne kiyA hai| para vaha hameM sAMkhyadarzanake upalabdha granthoMmeM prApta nahIM ho skii| prabhAcandrane to pratyekakA svarUpa aura udAharaNa dekara unheM spaSTa bhI kiyA hai / Age calakara jo sarvAdhika anumAnabheda-paramparA pratiSThita huI vaha hai prazastapAdakI ukta-1 svArtha aura 2 parArthabhedavAlI paramparA / udyota karane pUrvavadAdi anumAvatraviSyakI taraha kevalAnvayI, kevalavyatirekI aura anvayavyatirekI ina tIna naye anumAnabhedoMkA bho pradarzana kiyA hai| kintu unhoMne aura unake uttaravartI vAcaspati takake naiyAyikoMne prazastapAdanirdiSTa ukta svArtha-parArthake anumAnadvaividhyako aMgIkAra nahIM kiyA / para jayantabhaTTa aura unake pazcAtvartI kezava mizra Adine ukta anumAnaviSyako mAna liyA hai| bauddha darzanameM diDnAgase pUrva ukta dvaividhyako paramparA nahIM dekhI jaatii| parantu diDnAgane usakA pratipAdana kiyA hai / unake pazcAt to dharmakIrti Adine isIkA nirUpaNa evaM vizeSa vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| jaina tAkikoMne" isI svArtha-parArtha anumAnadvaividhyako aMgIkAra kiyA hai aura anuyogadvArAdipatipAdita anumAnatraividhyako sthAna nahIM diyA, pratyuta usakI samIkSA kI hai / 12 isa prakAra anumAna-bhedoMke viSayameM bhAratIya tAkikoMkI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ tarkagranthoMmeM upalabdha hotI haiN| tathya yaha ki kaNAda jahA~ sAdhanabhedase anumAnabhedakA nirUpaNa karate haiM vahA~ nyAyasUtra AdimeM 1. zAbarabhA0 1 / 1 / 5, pRSTha 36 / 2. sAM0 ta0 kau0 kA0 5, pR0 30-32 / 3. nyAyavA0 11115, pRSTha 57 / 4. nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 12115, pRSTha 165 / 5. nyAyaku0 ca0 3 / 14, pRSTha 462 / 6. nyAyavA0 11115, pRSTha 46 / 7. nyAyamaM pRSTha 130, 131 / 8. tarkabhA0 pR0 79 / 9. pramANasamu0 2 / 1 / 10. nyAyabi0 pR0 21, dvi0 pari0 / 11. siddhasena, nyAyAva0 kA0 10 / akalaMka, si0 vi0 6 / 2, pRSTha 373, / vidyAnanda, pra0pa0 pR0 58 / mANikyanandi, parI0 mu0 3 / 52, 53 / devasUri, pra0 na0 ta0 3 / 9, 10, / hemacandra, pramA NamI0 112 / 8, pRSTha 39 Adi / 12. akalaMka, nyAyavini0 341, 342, / syAdvAdara0 pRSTha 527 / Adi / -267
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________________ viSayabheda tathA prazastapAdabhASya AdimeM pratipattAbhedase anumAna-bhedakA pratipAdana jJAta hotA hai / sAdhana aneka ho sakate haiM, jaisA ki prazastapAdane' kahA hai, ataH anamAnake bhedoMkI saMkhyA pA~case adhika bhI ho sakatI hai| nyAyasUtrakAra AdikI dRSTi meM cU~ki anumeya yA to kArya hogA, yA kAraNa yA akAryakAraNa / ataH anumeyake vaividhyase anumAna trividha hai / prazastapAda dvividha pratipattAoMkI dvividha pratipattiyoMkI dRSTise anumAnake svArtha aura parArtha do hI bheda mAnate haiM jo buddhiko lagatA hai, kyoMki anumAna eka prakArakI pratipatti hai aura baha sva tathA para doke dvArA kI jAtI hai / sambhavataH isIse uttarakAlameM anumAnakA svArthaparArthadvaividhya sarvAdhika pratiSThita aura lokapriya huaa| anumAnAvayava : anumAnake tIna upAdAna haiM, jinase vaha niSpanna hotA hai-1, sAdhana, 2. sAdhya aura 3. dhrmii| athavA 1. pakSa aura 2. hetu ye do usake aMga haiM, kyoMki sAdhyadharma viziSTa dharmoko pakSa kahA gayA hai / ataH pakSako kahanese dharma aura dharmI donoMkA grahaNa ho jAtA hai / sAdhana gamakarUpase upAdAna hai, sAdhya gamyarUpase aura dharmI sAdhyadharmake AdhArarUpase, kyoMki kisI AdhAra-vizeSa meM sAdhyakI siddhi karanA anumAnakA prayojana hai| saca yaha hai ki kevala dharmako siddhi karanA anumAnakA dhyeya nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha vyApti-nizvayakAlama hI avagata ho jAtA hai aura na kevala dharmIkI siddhi anamAnake liye apekSita hai, kyoMki vaha siddha rahatA hai / kintu 'parvata agnivAlA hai' isa prakAra parvatameM rahane vAlI agnikA jJAna karanA anumAnakA lakSya hai| ataH dharmI bhI sAdhyadharmake AdhArarUpase anumAnakA aMga hai| isa taraha sAdhana, sAdhya aura dharmI ye tIna athavA pakSa aura hetu ye do svArthAnumAna tathA parArthAnumAna donoMke aMga hai / kucha anumAna aise bhI hote haiM jahA~ dharmI nahIM hotA / jaise-somavArase maMgalavArakA anumAna Adi / aise anumAnoMmeM sAdhana aura sAdhya do hI aMga hai| uparyukta aMga svArthAnumAna aura jJAnAtmaka parArthAnamAnake kahe gaye haiN| kintu vacanaprayoga dvArA prativAdiyoM yA pratipAdyoMko abhidheya-pratipatti karAnA jaba abhipreta hotA hai taba vaha vacana prayoga parArthAnamAna-vAkyake nAmase abhihita hotA hai aura usake niSpAdaka aMgoMvo avayava kahA gayA hai / parArthAnumAnavAkyake kitane avayava hone cAhie, isa sambandhameM tAkikoMke vibhinna mata hai / nyAyasUtrakAra kA mata hai ki parArthAnumAna vAkyake pA~ca avayava hai-1. pratijJA 2. hetu, 3. udAharaNa, 4. upanaya aura 5. nigamana / bhASyakArane" sUtrakArake isa matakA na kevala samarthana hI kiyA hai, apitu apane kAlameM pracalita dazAvayavamAnyatAkA nirAsa bhI kiyA hai| ve dazAvayava haiM-ukta 5 tathA 6. jijJAsA, 7. saMzaya, 8. zakyaprApti, 9. prayojana aura 10. saMzayavyudAsa / yahA~ prazna hai ki ye daza avayava kinake dvArA mAne gaye haiM ? bhApyakArane unheM 'dazAvayavAneke nayAyikA vAkye saMcakSate' zabdoM dvArA 'kinhIM naiyAyikoM' kI mAnyatA batalAI hai / para mUla prazna asamAdheya hI rahatA hai| hamArA anumAna hai ki bhASyakArako 'eke naiyAyikAH' padase prAcIna sAMkhyavidvAn yuktidIpikAkAra 1. praza0 bhA0 pR0 104 / 2. dharmabhUSaNa, nyAyadI0 tR0 prakAza pR0 72 / 3. vahI, pRSTha 72-73 / 4. nyAyasU0 1 / 1 / 32 / 5-6. nyAbhA0 111 / 32, pRSTha 47 / - 268
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________________ abhipreta haiM, kyoMki yuktidIpikA' ukta dazAvayavoMkA na kevala nirdeza hai kintu svamatarUpameM unakA vizada evaM vistRta vyAkhyAna bhI hai / yuktidIpikAkAra una avayavoMko batalAte hue patipAdana karate haiM ki ' jijJAsA, saMzaya, prayojana, zakyaprApti aura saMzayavyudAsa ye pA~ca avayava vyAkhyAMga haiM tathA pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAnta, upasaMhAra aura nigamana ye pA~ca parapratipAdanAMga / tAtparya yaha ki abhidheyakA pratipAdana dUsaroMke lie pratijJAdi dvArA hotA hai aura vyAkhyA jijJAsAdi dvArA / punarukti, vaiyarthya Adi doSoMkA nirAsa karate hue yuktidIpikA meM kahA gayA hai ki vidvAn sabake anugrahake lie jijJAsAdikA abhidhAna karate haiM / yataH vyutpAdya aneka tarahake hote haiM- sandigdha, viparyasta aura avyutpanna / ataH ina sabhI ke lie santakA prayAsa hotA hai / dUsare, yadi prativAdI prazna kare ki kyA jAnanA cAhate ho ? to usake lie jijJAsAdi avayavoMkA vacana Avazyaka hai / kintu prazna na kare to usake lie ve nahIM bhI kahe jAeM / antameM niSkarSa nikAlate hue yuktidIpikAkA kahate haiM ki isIse hamane jo vItAnumAna ke dazAvayava kahe ve sarvathA ucita haiM | AcArya 5 ( IzvarakRSNa) unake prayogako nyAya saMgata mAnate haiN|' isase avagata hotA hai ki dazAvayavakI mAnyatA yuktidIpikAkAkI rahI hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki IzvarakRSNa yA unase pUrva kisI sAMkhya vidvAnne dazAvayavoMko mAnA ho aura yuktidIpikAkArane unakA samarthana kiyA ho / jaina vidvAn bhadrabAhune' bhI dazAvayavoMkA ullekha kiyA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM likhA gayA hai / kintu unake ve dazAvayava uparyukta dazAvayavoMse kucha bhinna haiM / prazastapAdane pA~ca avayava mAne haiN| para unake avayavanAmoM aura nyAyasUtrakArake avayavanAmoM meM kucha antara hai / pratijJAke sthAna meM to pratijJA nAma hai / kintu hetu ke lie apadeza, dRSTAnta ke lie nidarzana, upanayake sthAna meM anusandhAna aura nigamanakI jagaha pratyAmnAya nAma diye haiM / yahA~ prazastapAdakI' eka vizeSatA ullekhanIya hai / nyAyasUtrakArane jahA~ pratijJAkA lakSaNa 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA' yaha kiyA hai ki vahA~ prazastapAdane 'anumeyoddazo'virodhI pratijJA' yaha kahakara usameM 'avirodhI' padake dvArA pratyakSa - viruddha Adi 1-2 tasya punaravayavAH - jijJAsA - saMzaya - prayojana - zakya prApti-saMzayavyudAsa lakSaNAzca vyAkhyAMgam pratijJAhetu dRSTAntopasaMhAra-nigamanAni parapratipAdanAMgamiti / - yuktidI0 kA0 6, pRSTha 47 / 3. atra brUmaH -- na, uktatvAt / uktametat purastAt vyAkhyAMgaM jijJAsAdayaH / sarvasya cAnugrahaH karttavya ityevamarthaM ca zAstravyAkhyAMnaM vipazcidbhiH pratyAyyate, na svArthaM zazvadajJabuddhayarthaM vA 6, pRSTha 49 / vahI, kA0 4. ' tasmAt sUktaM dazAvayavo vItaH / tasya purastAt prayogaM nyAyyamAcAryA manyante / ' yu0 dI0 kA0 6, pRSTha 51 / avayavAH punajijJAsAdayaH pratijJAdayazca / tatra jijJAsAdayo vyAkhyAMgam pratijJAdayaH parapratyAyanAMgam / tAnuttaratra vakSyAmaH / - vahI0 kA0 1 ko bhUmikA pRSTha 3 / 5. yuktidIpikAkArane isI bAtako AcArya ( IzvarakRSNa) kI kArikAoM - 1,15, 16, 35 aura 57 ke pratIkoM dvArA samarthita kiyA hai / yu. dI. kA0 1 kI bhUmikA pRSTha 3 / 6. dazavai0 ni0 gA0 49-137 / 7. avayavAH punaH pratijJApadeza nidarzanAnusandhAnapratyAmnAyAH / - praza0 bhA0 pR0 114 / 8. vahI, pR0 114, 115 / 269 -
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________________ pAMca viruddhasAdhyoM (sAMdhyAbhAsoM) kA bhI nirAsa kiyA hai| nyAyapravezakArane' bhI prazastapAdakA anusaraNa karate hue svakIya pakSalakSaNameM 'avirodhI' jaisA hI 'pratyakSAviruddha' vizeSaNa diyA hai aura usake dvArA pratyakSaviruddhAdi sAdhyAbhAsoMkA parihAra kiyA hai| ___ nyAyapraveza aura mATharavRttioM pakSa, hetu aura dRSTAnta ye tIna avayava svIkAra kiye haiN| dharmakIrtine ukta tIna avayavoMmeMse pakSako nikAla diyA hai aura hetu tathA dRSTAnta ye do avayava mAne haiN| nyAyabindu aura pramANavAtikameM unhoMne kevala hetuko hI anumAnAvayava mAnA hai|' ___mImAMsaka vidvAn zAlikAnAthane prakaraNapaMcikAmeM, nArAyaNa bhaTTanai mAnameyodayameM aura pArthasArathine nyAyaratnAkarameM pratijJA, hetu aura dRSTAnta ina tIna avayavoMke prayogako pratipAdita kiyA hai / jaina tArkika samantabhadrakA saMketa tattvArthasUtrakArake abhiprAyAnusAra pakSa, hetu aura dRSTAnta ina tIna avayavoMko mAnanekA ora pratIta hotA hai| unhoMne AptamImAMsA ( kA0 6, 17, 18, 27 Adi ) meM ukta tIna avayavoMse sAdhya-siddhi prastuta kI hai| siddhasenane bhI ukta tIna avayavoMkA pratipAdana kiyA hai / para akalaMka aura unake anuvartI vidyAnanda", mANikyanandi', devasUri' 3, hemacandra, dharmabhUSaNa, yazovijaya 6 Adine pakSa aura hetu ye do hI avayava svIkAra kiye haiM aura dRSTAntAdi anya avayavoMkA nirAsa kiyA hai / devasUrine atyanta vyutpannakI apekSA mAtra hetuke prayogako bhI mAnya kiyA hai / para sAtha hI ve yaha bhI batalAte haiM ki bahulatAse ekamAtra hetukA prayoga na honese use sUtrameM grathita nahIM kiyaa| smaraNa rahe ki jaina nyAyameM ukta do avayavoMkA prayoga vyatpanna pratipAdyakI dRSTise abhihita hai| kintu avyatpanna pratipAdyoMkI 1. nyAyapra0 pR0 1 / 2. vahI, pR0 1, 2 / 3. mATharavR0 kA0 5 / 4. vAdanyA0 pR0 61 / pramANavA0 1 / 128 / nyAyabi0 pR0 91 / 5. pramANavA0 1,128 / nyAyabi0 pRSTha 91 / 6. pra. paM0 pR0 220 / 7. mA0 me0 pR0 64 / 8. nyAyaratnA0 pRSTha 361 (mI0 zloka0 anu0 pari0 zloka 53) 9. nyaayaav013-19|| 10. nyA0vi0, kA0 381 / 11. patraparI0, pR0 18 / 12. parIkSAmu0 3 / 37 / 13. pra0 na0 ta0 3 / 28, 23 / 14. pra0 mI0 2 / 119 / 15. nyAya0 dI0 pRSTha 76 / 16. janata0 pR0 16 / 17. pra0 na0 ta0 3 / 23, pR0 548 / -270
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________________ apekSAse to dRSTAntAdi anya avayavoMkA bhI prayoga svIkRta hai|' devasUri', hemacandra aura yazovijayane bhadrabAhukathita pakSAdi pA~ca zuddhiyoMke bhI vAkyameM samAvezakA kathana kiyA aura bhadrabAhuke dazAvayavoMkA samarthana kiyA hai| anumAna-doSa : ___anumAna-nirUpaNake sandarbha meM bhAratIya tArkikoMne anumAnake sambhava doSoMpara bhI vicAra kiyA hai| yaha vicAra isalie Avazyaka rahA hai ki usase yaha jAnanA zakya hai ki prayukta anumAna sadoSa hai yA nirdoSa? kyoMki jaba taka kisI jJAnake prAmANya yA aprAmANyakA nizcaya nahIM hotA taba taka vaha jJAna abhipreta arthakI siddhi yA asiddhi nahIM kara sakatA / isIse yaha kahA gayA hai ki pramANase arthasaMsiddhi hotI hai aura pramANAbhAsase nhiiN| aura yaha prakaTa hai ki prAmANyakA kAraNa guNa haiM aura aprAmANyakA kAraNa doSa / ataeva anumAnaprAmANyake hetu usakI nirdoSatAkA patA lagAnA bahuta Avazyaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki tarkagranthoMmeM pramANa-nirUpaNake pariprekSya meM pramANAbhAsa-nirUpaNa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| nyAyasUtra meM pramANaparIkSA prakaraNameM anumAnakI parIkSA karate hue usameM doSAzaMkA aura usakA nirAsa kiyA gayA hai| vAtsyAyanane ananamAna (anumAnAbhAsa) ko anumAna samajhanekI carcA dvArA spaSTa batalAyA hai ki dUSitAnumAna bhI sambhava hai| aba dekhanA hai ki anumAnameM kyA doSa ho sakate haiM aura ve kitane prakArake sambhava haiM ? spaSTa hai ki anumAnakA gaThana mukhyatayA do aGgoM para nirbhara hai-1 sAdhana aura 2 sAdhya (pkss)| ataeva doSa bhI sAdhanagata aura sAdhyagata do hI prakArake ho sakate haiM aura unheM kramazaH sAdhanAbhAsa tathA sAdhyAbhAsa (pakSAbhAsa) nAma diyA jA sakatA hai| sAdhana anumAna-prAsAdakA vaha pradhAna evaM mahattvapUrNa stambha hai jisapara usakA bhavya bhavana nirmita hotA hai| yadi pradhAna stambha nirbala ho to prAsAda kisI bhI kSaNa kSatigrasta evaM dharAzAyI ho sakatA hai| sambhavataH isIse gautamane sAdhyagata doSoMkA vicAra na kara mAtra doSoMkA vicAra kiyA aura unheM avayavoMkI taraha solaha padArthoke antargata svatantra padArthakA sthAna pradAna kiyA hai| isase gautamakI dRSTimeM unakI anumAnameM pramukha pratibandhakatA prakaTa hotI hai / unhoMne una sAdhanagata doSoMko, jinheM hetvAbhAsake nAmase ullikhita kiyA gayA hai, pA~ca batalAyA hai| ve haiM-1. savyabhicAra, 2. viruddha, 3. prakaraNasama, 4. sAdhyasama aura 5. kAlAtIta / hetvAbhAsoMkI pA~ca saMkhyA sambhavataH hetuke pAMca rUpoMke abhAvapara AdhArita jAna par3atI hai| yadyapi hetuke pA~ca rUpoMkA nirdeza nyAyasatrameM upalabdha nahIM hai| para usake vyAkhyAkAra udyotakara prabhRtine unakA ullekha kiyA hai / udyotakarane 1. parI0 mu0 3 // 46 // pra0 na0 ta0 3 / 42 / pra0 mI0 2 / 1 / 10 / 2. pra0 na0 ta0 3 / 42, pR0 565 / 3. pra0 mI0 2 / 1 / 10, pRSTha 52 / 4. jainata0 bhA0 pRSTha 16 / 5. pramANAdarthasaMsiddhistadAbhAsAdviparyayaH |-maannikynndi, parI0 mu0, pratijJAzlo0 1 / 6. nyAyasU0 2 / 1 / 38, 39 / 7. nyAyabhA0 2 / 1 / 39 / 8. nyAyasU0 1 / 2 / 4-9 / 9. savyabhicAraviruddhaprakaraNasamasAdhyasamakAlAtItA hetvAbhAsAH / -nyAyasU0 112 / 4 / 10. samastalakSaNopapattirasamastalakSaNopapattizca / -nyAyavA0 1 / 2 / 4, pRSTha 163 / -271 -
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________________ hetukA prayojaka samastarUpasampattiko aura hetvAbhAsakA prayojaka asamastarUpasampattiko batalAkara una rUpoMkA saMketa kiyA hai| vAcaspatine' unakI spaSTa parigaNanA bhI kara dI hai / ve pA~ca rUpa haiM-pakSadharmatva, sapakSasattva, vipakSAsattva, abAdhitaviSayatva aura asatpratipakSatva / inake abhAvase hetvAbhAsa pA~ca hI sambhava haiM / jayantabhaTTane to spaSTa likhA hai ki eka-eka rUpake abhAvameM pAMca hetvAbhAsa hote haiM / nyAyasUtra kArane ekaeka pRthak sUtra dvArA unakA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| vAtsyAyanane hetvAbhAsakA svarUpa dete hue likhA hai ki jo hetulakSaNa (paMcarUpa) rahita haiM parantu katipaya rUpoMke rahane ke kAraNa hetu-sAdRzyase hetukI taraha AbhAsita hote haiM unheM ahetu arthAt hetvAbhAsa kahA gayA hai / sarvadevane bhI hetvAbhAsakA yahI lakSaNa diyA hai / kaNAdane" aprasiddha, viruddha aura sandigdha ye tIna hetvAbhAsa pratipAdita kiye haiN| unake bhASyakAra prazastapAdane unakA samarthana kiyA hai| vizeSa yaha hai ki unhoMne kAzyapakI do kArikAe~ uddhRta karake pahalI dvArA hetuko trirUpa aura dUsarI dvArA una tIna rUpoMke abhAvase niSpanna honevAle ukta viruddha, asiddha aura sandigdha tIna hetvAbhAsoMko batAyA hai| prazastapAdakA' eka vaiziSTya aura ullekhya hai / unhoMne nidarzanake nirUpaNa-sandarbhameM bAraha nidarzanAbhAsoMkA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai, jabaki nyAyasUtra aura nyAyabhASyameM unakA koI nirdeza prApta nahIM hai / pA~ca pratijJAbhAsoM (pakSAbhAsoM) kA bhI kathana prazastapAdane kiyA hai, jo bilkula nayA hai| sambhava hai nyAyasUtrameM hetvAbhAsoMke antargata jisa kAlAtIta (bAdhitaviSayakAlAtyayApadiSTa) kA nirdeza hai usake dvArA ina pratijJAbhAsoMkA saMgraha nyAyasUtrakArako abhISTa ho / sarvadevane chaha hetvAbhAsa batAye haiM / upAyahRdayameM' ATha hetvAbhAsoMkA nirUpaNa hai| inameM cAra (kAlAtIta, prakaraNasama, savyabhicAra aura viruddha) hetvAbhAsa nyAyasUtra jaise hI haiM tathA zeSa cAra (vAkchala, sAmAnyachala, saMzayasama aura vayaMsama) naye haiN| inake atirikta isameM anya doSoMkA pratipAdana nahIM hai| para nyAyapravezameM2 pakSAbhAsa, hetvAbhAsa aura dRSTAntAbhAsa ina tIna prakArake anumAna-doSoMkA kathana hai| pakSAbhAsake nau3, hetvAbhAsake 14 tIna, dRSTAntAbhAsake15 daza bhedoMkA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa hai / vizeSa yaha ki anaikAntika hetvAbhAsake chaha bhedoMmeM 1. nyAyavA0 tA0 TI0 1 / 214, pRSTha 330 / 2. hetoH paMcalakSaNAni pakSadharmatvAdIni uktAni / teSAmekaikApAye paMca hetvAbhAsA bhavanti asiddha-viruddha anaikAntika-kAlAtyayApadiSTa-prakaraNasamAH / -nyAyakalikA pa014 / nyAyamaM0 10 101 / / 3. hetulakSaNAbhAvAdahetavo hetu sAmAnyAddha tuvadAbhAsamAnAH |-nyaaybhaa0 1 / 2 / 4 kI utthAnikA, pa0 63 / 4. pramANamaM0 pRSTha 9 / 5. vai0 sU0 3 / 1 / 15 / 6. praza0 bhA0 pR0 100-101 / 7. praza0 bhA0 pR0 100 / 8. pra0 bhA0, pR0 122,123 / 9. vahI, pR0 115 / 10. pramANamaM0 pRSTha 9 / 11. u0 hu0 pR0 14 / 12. eSAM pakSahetu dRSTAntAbhAsAnAM vacanAni sAdhanAbhAsam |--nyaa0 pra0, pu0 2-7 / 13, 14, 15. vahI, 2,3-7 / -272
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________________ eka viruddhAvyabhicArIkA' bhI kathana upalabdha hotA hai, jo tAkikoM dvArA adhika cacita evaM samAlocita huA hai| nyAyapravezakArane daza dRSTAntAbhAsoMke antargata ubhayAsiddha dRSTAntAbhAsako dvividha vaNita kiyA hai aura jisase prazastapAda jaisI hI unake dRSTAntAbhAsoMkI saMkhyA dvAdaza ho jAtI hai| para prazastapAdokta dvividha AzrayAsiddha unheM abhISTa nahIM hai| ___ kumArila aura unake vyAkhyAkAra pArthasArathine mImAMsaka dRSTise chaha pratijJAbhAsoM, tIna hetvAbhAsoM aura dRSTAntadoSoMkA pratipAdana kiyA hai| pratijJAbhAsoMmeM pratyakSavirodha, anumAnavirodha aura zabdavirodha ye tIna prAyaH prazastapAda tathA nyAyapravezakArakI taraha hI haiN| hA~, zabdavirodhake pratijJAtavirodha, loka-prasiddhivirodha aura pUrvasaMjalpavirodha ye tIna bheda kiye haiN| tathA arthApattivirodha, upamAnavirodha aura abhAvavirodha ye tIna bhada sarvathA naye haiM, jo unake matAnurUpa hai| vizeSa" yaha ki ina virodhoMko dharma, dharmI aura ubhayake sAmAnya tathA vizeSa svarUpagata batalAyA gayA hai| trividha hetvAbhAsoMke avAntara bhedoMkA bhI pradarzana kiyA hai aura nyAyapravezakI bhA~ti kumArilane viruddhAvyabhicArI bhI mAnA hai| sAMkhyadarzanameM yuktidIpikA AdimeM to anumAnadoSoMkA pratipAdana nahIM miltaa| kintu mATharane asiddhAdi caudaha hetvAbhAsoM tathA sAdhyavikalAdi daza sAdharmya-vaidhayaM nidarzanAbhAsoMkA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| nidarzanAbhAsoMkA pratipAdana unhoMne prazastapAdake anasAra kiyA hai| antara itanA hI hai ki mATharane prazastapAdake bAraha nidarzanAbhAsoMmeM dazako svIkAra kiyA hai aura AzrayAsiddha nAmaka do sAdharmya-vaidharmya nidarzanAbhAsoMko chor3a diyA hai / pakSAbhAsa bhI unhoMne nau nirdiSTa kiye haiN| jaina paramparAke upalabdha nyAyagranthoMmeM sarvaprathama nyAyAvatArameM anumAna-doSoMkA spaSTa kathana prApta hotA hai| isameM pakSAdi tInake vacanako parArthAnumAna kahakara usake doSa bhI tIna prakArake batalAe haiM -- 1. pakSAbhAsa, 2. hetvAbhAsa aura 3. dRSTAntAbhAsa / pakSAbhAsake siddha aura bAdhita ye do bheda dikhAkara bAdhitake pratyakSabAdhita, anamAnabAdhita, lokabAdhita aura svavacanabAdhita--ye cAra bheda ginAye haiN| asiddha, viruddha aura anekAntika tIna hetvAbhAsoM tathA chaha mAdharmya aura chaha12 vaidharmya kula bAraha dRSTAntAbhAsoMkA bhI kathana kiyA hai / dhyAtavya hai ki sAdhyavikala, sAdhanavikala aura ubhayavikala ye tIna sAdharmyadRSTAntAbhAsa tathA sAdhyAvyAvRtta sAdhanAvyAvRtta aura ubhayAvyAvRtta ye tIna vaidhaHdRSTAntAbhAsa to prazasta 1. vahI, pR0 4 / 2. nyAyapra0, 10 7 / 3. mI0 zloka, anu0, zloka0 58-69, 1.8 / 4. nyAyaratnA0, mI0 zloka0, anu0, 58-69, 108 / 5. mI0 zlo0, anu0 pari0, zloka 70, tathA vyAkhyA / 6. vahI, anu0 pari0, zloka 92 tathA vyAkhyA / 7. mATharavR0 kA0 5 / 8. nyAyAva0 kA0 13, 21-25 / 9-10. vahI, kA0 21 / 11. vahI, kA0 22, 23 / 12. vahI, kA0 24, 25 / 35
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________________ pAdabhASya aura nyAyapraveza jaise hI haiM kintu sandigdhasAdhya, sandigbasAdhana aura sandigdhobhaya ye tIna sAdharmyadRSTAntAbhAsa tathA sandigdhasAdhyavyAvRtti, sandigdhasAdhanavyAvRtti aura sandigdhobha yavyAvRtti ye tIna vaidharmyadRSTAntAbhAsa na prazastapAdabhASyameM hai aura na nyAyapravezameM / prazastapAdabhASyameM AzrayAsiddha, ananugata aura viparItAnugata ye tIna sAdharmya tathA Azrasiddha, avyAvRtta aura viparItavyAvRtta ye tIna vaidharmyanidarzanAbhAsa haiN| aura nyAyapravezameM ananvaya tathA viparItAnvaya ye do sAdharmya aura avyatireka tathA viparItavyatireka ye do vadharmya dRSTAntAbhAsa upalabdha haiM / para hA~, dharmakIrtike nyAyabindumeM unakA pratipAdana milatA hai / dharmakIrtine sandigdhasAdhyAdi ukta tIna sAdharmyadRSTAntAbhAsoM aura sandigdhavyatirekAdi tIna vaidharmyadRSTAntAbhAsoMkA spaSTa nirUpaNa kiyA hai / isake atirikta dharmakItine nyAyapravezagata ananvaya, viparItAnvaya, avyatireka aura viparItavyatireka ina cAra sAdharmya-vaidhayaM dRSTAntAbhAsoMko apanAte hue apradarzitAnvaya aura apradarzitavyatireka ina do naye dRSTAntAbhAsoMko aura sammilita karake nava-nava sAdharmyavaidhayaM dRSTAntAbhAsa pratipAdita kiye haiN| _akalaMkane pakSAbhAsake ukta siddha aura bAdhita do bhedoMke atirikta aniSTa nAmaka tIsarA pakSAbhAsa bhI varNita kiyA hai| jaba sAdhya zakya (abAdhita), abhipreta (iSTa) aura asiddha hotA hai to usake doSa bhI bAdhita, aniSTa aura siddha ye tIna kahe jAe~ge / hetvAbhAsoMke sambandhameM unakA mata hai ki jaina nyAyameM hetu na trirUpa hai aura na pA~ca-rUpa, kintu ekamAtra anyathAnupapannatva (avinAbhAva) rUpa hai| ataH usake abhAvameM hetvAbhAsa eka hI hai aura vaha hai akiMcitkara / asiddha, viruddha aura anaikAntika ye usIkA vistAra haiM / dRSTAntake viSayameM unakI mAnyatA hai ki vaha sarvatra Avazyaka nahIM hai| jahA~ vaha Avazyaka hai vahA~ usakA aura usake sAdhyavikalAdi doSoMkA kathana kiyA jAnA yogya hai| mANikyanandi', devasUri', hemacandra Adi jaina tArkikoMne prAyaH siddhasena aura akalaMkakA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya tarkagranthoMke sAtha jaina tarkagranthoM meM bhI anumAnasvarUpa, anumAnabhedoM, anumAnAMgoM, anumAnAvayavoM aura anumAnadoSoMpara paryApta cintana upalabdha hai| jaina anumAnakI upalabdhiyAM yahA~ jaina anumAnakI upalabdhiyoMkA nirdeza kiyA jAyegA, jisase bhAratIya anumAnako jaina tAkikoM kI kyA dena hai, unhoMne usameM kyA abhivRddhi yA saMzodhana kiyA hai, yaha samajhane meM sahAyatA milegii| ___ adhyayanase avagata hotA hai ki upaniSad kAlameM anumAnakI AvazyakatA evaM prayojanapara bhAra diyA jAne lagA thA, upaniSadoMmeM 'AtmA bAure draSTavyaH zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyaH'8 Adi vAkyoM dvArA AtmAke zravaNake sAtha mananapara bhI bala diyA gayA hai, jo upapattiyoM 1. praza0 bhA0. pR0 123 / 2. nyAyapra0, pR0 5-7 / 3. nyAya0 bi0, tR0 pari0 pRSTha 94-102 / 4. nyAyavini0, kA0 172, 299, 365, 366, 370, 381 / 5. parIkSAmu0 6 / 12-50 / 6. pramANana0, 6 / 38-82 / 7. pramANamI0, 112 / 14, 2 / 1316-27 / 8. bRhadAraNya0 2 / 4 / 5 /
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________________ (yuktiyoM) ke dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa|' isase spaSTa hai ki usa kAlameM anumAnako bhI zrutikI taraha jJAnakA eka sAdhana mAnA jAtA thA-usake binA darzana apUrNa rahatA thaa| yaha saca hai ki anumAnakA 'anumAna' zabdase vyavahAra honekI apekSA 'vAkovAkyam' 'AnvIkSiko', 'tarkavidyA', hetuvidyA' jaise zabdoM dvArA adhika hotA thaa| prAcIna jaina vAGmayameM jJAnamImAMsA (jJAnamArgaNA) ke antargata anumAnakA 'hetuvAda' zabdase nirdeza kiyA gayA hai aura use zratakA eka paryAya (nAmAntara) batalAyA gayA hai| tattvArthasatrakArane use abhinibodha nAmase ullekhita kiyA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina darzanameM bhI anumAna abhimata hai tathA pratyakSa (sAMvyavahArika aura pAramAthika jJAnoM) kI taraha use bhI pramANa evaM arthanizcAyaka mAnA gayA hai / antara kevala unameM vaizadya aura avaizadya kA hai / pratyakSa vizada hai aura anumAna avizada (prokss)| anumAnake lie kina ghaTakoMkI AvazyakatA hai, isakA Arambhika pratipAdana kaNAdane kiyA pratIta hotA hai / unhoMne anumAna kA 'anumAna' zabdase nirdeza na kara 'laiGgika' zabdase kiyA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki anumAnakA mukhya ghaTaka liGga hai / sambhavataH isI kAraNa unhoMne mAtra liGgoM, liGgarUpoM aura liGgAbhASoMkA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, usake aura bhI koI ghaTaka hai isakA kaNAdane koI ullekha nahIM kiyaa| unake bhASyakAra prazastapAdane avazya pratijJAdi pAMca avayavoMkoM usakA ghaTaka pratipAdita kiyA hai / ___ tarkazAstrakA nibaddharUpameM spaSTa vikAsa akSapAdake nyAyasUtrameM upalabdha hotA hai / akSapAdane anumAnako 'anumAna' zabdase hI ullekhita kiyA tathA usakI kAraNasAmagrI, bhedoM, avayavoM aura hetvAbhAsoMkA spaSTa vivecana kiyA hai / sAtha hI anumAnaparIkSA, vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, chala, jAti, nigrahasthAna jaise anumAnasahAyaka tattvoMkA pratipAdana karake anumAnako zAstrArthopayogI aura eka stara taka pahu~cA diyA hai / vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, vAcaspati, udayana aura gaGgezane use vizeSa pariSkRta kiyA tathA byApti, pakSadharmatA, parAmarza jaise tadupayogI abhinava tattvoMko vivikta karake unakA bistata evaM sUkSma nirUpaNa kiyA hai / vastutaH akSapAda aura unake anuvartI tAkikoMne anumAnako itanA pariSkRta kiyA ki unakA darzana nyAya (tarkaanumAna) darzanake nAmase hI vizruta ho gyaa| asaMga, basubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti prabhRti bauddha tAkikoMne nyAyadarzanakI samAlocanApUrvaka apanI viziSTa aura nayI mAnyatAoMke AdhArapara anumAnakA sUkSma aura pracura cintana prastuta kiyA hai| inake cintanakA avazyambhAvI pariNAma yaha huA ki uttarakAlIna samagra bhAratIya tarkazAstra usase prabhAvita huA aura anumAnakI vicAradhArA paryApta Age bar3hane ke sAtha sUkSma-se-sUkSma evaM jaTila hotI gyii| vAsta meM bauddha tAkikoMke cintanane tarkameM AyI kuNThAko haTAkara aura sabhI prakArake parivezoMko dUra kara unmuktabhAvase tattvacintanakI kSamatA pradAna kii| phalataH sabhI darzanoMmeM svIkRta anamAnapara adhika vicAra haA aura use mahattva milaa| IzvarakRSNa, yuktidIpikAkAra, mAThara, vijJAnabhikSu Adi sAMkhyavidvAnoM, prabhAkara, kumArila, pArthasArathiM prabhRti mImAMsakacintakoMne bhI apane-apane DhaMgase anumAnakA cintana kiyA hai| hamArA vicAra hai ki ina cintakoMkA cintana-viSaya prakRti-puruSa aura kriyAkANDa hote hue bhI ve anumAna-cintanase achUte nahIM rahe / zra tike alAvA anamAnako bhI inheM svIkAra karanA par3A aura usakA kama-bar3ha vivecana kiyA hai| 1. zrotavyaH zrutivAkyebhyo mantavyazcopapattibhiH / matvA ca satataM dhyeya ete darzanahetavaH / / -275 -
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________________ jaina vicAraka tI Arambhase hI anumAnako mAnate Aye haiN| bhale hI use 'anumAna' nAma na dekara 'hetuvAda' yA 'abhinibodha' saMjJAse unhoMne usakA vyavahAra kiyA ho / tattvajJAna, svatattvasiddhi, parapakSadUSaNodbhAvanake lie use svIkAra karake unhoMne usakA paryApta vivecana kiyA hai| unake cintanameM jo vizeSatAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM unameM kuchakA ullekha yahA~ kiyA jAtA hai :anumAnakA parokSapramANameM antarbhAva : anumAnapramANavAdI sabhI bhAratIya tAkikoMne anumAnako svatantra pramANa svIkAra kiyA hai| para jaina tAkikoMne use svatantra pramANa nahIM mAnA / pramANake unhoMne mUla taH do bheda mAne hai-(1) pratyakSa aura (2) parokSa / hama pIche ina donoMkI paribhASAe~ aGkita kara Aye haiN| unake anusAra anumAna parokSa pramANameM antarbhUta hai, kyoMki vaha avizada jJAna hai aura usake dvArA apratyakSa arthakI pratipatti hotI hai| parokSa pramANakA kSetra itanA vyApaka aura vizAla hai ki smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, arthApatti, sambhava, abhAva aura zabda jaise apratyakSa arthake paricchedaka avizada jJAnakA isImeM samAveza hai| tathA vaizadya evaM avaizadyake AdhArapara svIkRta pratyakSa aura parokSake atirikta anya pramANa mAnya nahIM hai| arthApatti anumAnase pRthak nahIM : prAbhAkara aura bhATTa mImAMsaka anumAnase pRthak arthApatti nAmakA svatantra pramANa mAnate haiN| unakA mantavya hai ki jahA~ amuka artha amuka arthake binA na hotA haA usakA parikalpaka hotA hai vahA~ aApatti pramANa mAnA jAtA hai|-jaise pIno'yaM devadatto vivA na bhukte' isa vAkyameM, ukta 'pInatva' artha 'bhojana' ke binA na hotA huA 'rAtribhojana' kI kalpanA karatA hai, kyoMki divA bhojanakA niSedha vAkyameM svayaM ghoSita hai / isa prakArake arthakA bodha anumAnase na hokara arthApattise hotA hai / kintu jaina vicAraka use anumAnase bhinna svIkAra nahIM karate / unakA kahanA hai ki anumAna anyathAnupanna (avinAbhAvI) hetuse utpanna hotA hai aura arthApatti anyathAnupapadyamAna arthase / anyathAnupapanna hetu aura anyathAnupapadyamAna artha donoM eka haiM-unameM koI antara nahIM hai / arthAt donoM hI vyAptiviziSTa honese abhinna hai| DA0 devarAja bhI yahI bAta prakaTa karate hue kahate haiM ki 'eka vastu dvArA dUsarI vastukA AkSepa tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba donoM meM vyApyavyApakabhAva yA vyAptisambandha ho| devadatta moTA hai aura dinameM khAtA nahIM hai, yahA~ arthApatti dvArA rAtribhojanakI kalpanA kI jAtI hai / para vAstavameM moTApana bhojanakA avinAbhAvI hone tathA dinameM bhojanakA niSedha karanese vaha devadatta ke rAtribhojanakA anumApaka hai / vaha anumAna isa prakAra hai-'devadattaH rAtrau bhukte, divAbhojitve sati pInatvAnyathAnupapatteH / ' yahA~ anyathAnupattise antarvyApti vivakSita hai, bahirvyApti yA sakalavyApti nahIM, kyoMki ye donoM vyAptiyA~ avyabhicarita nahIM hai| ataH arthApatti aura anumAna donoM vyAptipUrvaka honese eka hI haiM-pRthak-pRthak pramANa nahIM / anumAnakA viziSTa svarUpa : __ nyAyasUtrakAra akSapAdakI 'tatpUrvakamanumAnam', prazastapAdakI 'liGgadarzanAtsaMjAyamAna laiGgikam' aura udyotakarakI liMgaparAmarzo'numAnam' paribhASAoMmeM kevala kAraNakA nirdeza hai, anumAnake svarUpakA nhiiN| udyotakarakI eka anya paribhASA 'laiGgikI pratipattiranumAnam' meM bhI liMgarUpa kAraNakA ullekha svarUpa 1. pUrvI aura pazcimI darzana, pR0 71 / -276 -
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________________ kA nhiiN| diGnAgaziSya zaGkarasvAmIkI 'anumAna liGgAdarthadarzanam' paribhASAmeM yadyapi kAraNa aura svarUpa donoMkI abhivyakti hai, para usameM kAraNake rUpameM liMgako sUcita kiyA hai, liMgake jJAnako nahIM / tathya yaha hai ki ajJAyamAna dhamAdi liMga agni Adike anumApaka nahIM haiN| anyathA jo puruSa soyA huA hai, mUcchita hai, agRhItavyAptika hai use bhI parvatameM dhUmake sadabhAva mAtrase agnikA anumAna ho jAnA cAhie, kintu aisA nahIM hai / ataH zaMkarasvAmIke ukta anamAnalakSaNameM ' linAta' ke sthAnameM 'liGgadarzanAt' pada honepara hI vaha pUrNa anumAnalakSaNa ho sakatA hai| jaina tArkika akalaMkadevane jo anumAnakA svarUpa prastuta kiyA hai vaha ukta nyUnatAoMse mukta hai / unakA lakSaNa haiM liGgAtsAdhyAvinAbhAvAbhinibodhaikalakSaNAt / liGgidhIranumAnaM tatphalaM hAnAdibuddhayaH / / isameM anumAnake sAkSAtkAraNa-liGgajJAnakA bhI pratipAdana hai aura usakA svarUpa bhI 'liGgidhIH' zabdake dvArA nirdiSTa hai / akalaMkane svarUpanirdezameM kevala 'dho.' yA 'pratipatti nahIM kahA, kintu ligidhoH' kahA hai, jisakA artha hai sAdhyakA jJAna; aura sAdhyakA jJAna honA hI anumAna hai| nyAyapravezakAra zaMkarasvAmIne sAdhyakA sthAnApanna 'artha' kA avazya nirdeza kiyA hai| para unhoMne kAraNakA nirdeza apUrNa kiyA hai, jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai| akalaMkake isa lakSaNako eka vizeSatA aura bhI hai| vaha yaha ki unhoMne tatphalaM hAnAdibuddhayaH' zabdoM dvArA anumAnakA phala bhI nirdiSTa kiyA hai / sambhavataH inhIM saba bAtoMse uttaravartI sabhI jaina tAkikoMne akalaMkakI isa pratiSThita aura pUrNa anumAna-paribhASAko hI apanAyA / isa anumAnalakSaNase spaSTa hai ki vahI sAdhana athavA liGga ligi (sAdhya-anumeya) kA gamaka ho sakatA hai jisake avinAbhAvakA nizcaya hai / yadi usameM avinAbhAvakA nizcaya nahIM hai to vaha sAdhana nahIM hai, bhale hI usameM tIna yA pA~ca rUpa bhI vidyamAna hoN| jaise 'vajralohalekhya haiM, kyoki pArthiva hai, kASThakI taraha' ityAdi hetu tIna rUpoM aura pAMca rUpoMse sampanna honepara bhI avinAbhAvake abhAvase saddhetu nahIM haiM, apitu hetvAbhAsa haiM aura isIse ve apane sAdhyoMke anumApaka nahIM mAne jAte / isI prakAra eka muhUrta bAda zakaTakA udaya hogA, kyoMki kRttikAkA udaya ho rahA hai', 'samudrameM vRddhi honA cAhie athavA kumudoMkA vikAsa honA cAhie, kyoMki candrakA udaya hai' Adi hetu oMmeM pakSadharmatva na honese na trirUpatA hai aura na pNcruuptaa| phira bhI avinAbhAvake honese kRttikAkA udaya zakaTodayakA aura candrakA udaya samudra vRddhi evaM kumudavikAsakA gamaka hai| hetukA ekalakSaNa (anyathAnupapannatva) svarUpa : hetukA svarUpakA pratipAdana akSapAdase Arambha hotA hai, aisA anusandhAnase pratIta hotA hai| unakA vaha lakSaNa sAdharmya aura vaidharmya donoM dRSTAntoMpara AdhArita hai| ata eva naiyAyika cintakoMne use dvilakSaNa, trilakSaNa, caturlakSaNa aura paMcalakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA tathA usakI vyAkhyAe~ kI hai / vaizeSika, bauddha, sAMkhya Adi vicArakoMne use mAtra trilakSaNa batalAyA hai| kucha tAkikoMne SaDlakSaNa aura saptalakSaNa bhI use kahA hai, jaisA ki hama hetulakSaNa prakaraNameM pIche dekha Aye haiN| para jaina lekhakoMne avinAbhAvako hI hetukA pradhAna aura ekalakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai tathA trairUpya, pAMcarUpya Adiko avyApta aura ativyApta batalAyA hai, jaisA ki Upara anumAnake svarUpameM pradarzita udAharaNoMse spaSTa hai / isa avinAbhAvako hI anyathAnupapannatva athavA anyathAnupapatti yA antApti kahA hai / smaraNa rahe ki yaha avinAbhAva yA anyathAnupapannatva jaina lekhakoMkI hI upalabdhi hai, jisake udbhAvaka AcArya samantabhadra hai, yaha hama pIche vistArake sAtha kaha Aye haiN|
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________________ anumAnakA aGga ekamAtra vyApti : nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsaka aura bauddha sabhIne pakSadharmatA aura vyApti donoMko anumAnakA aMga mAnA hai / parantu jaina tArkikoMne kevala byAptiko usakA aMga batalAyA hai / unakA mata hai ki anumAnameM pakSadharmatA anAvazyaka hai / 'upari vRSTirabhUt adhopUrAnyathAnupapatteH' Adi anumAnoMmeM hetu pakSadharma nahIM hai phira bhI vyAptike balase vaha gamaka hai / 'sa zyAmastanputratvAditaratatputravat' ityAdi asad anumAnoMmeM hetu pakSadharma haiM kintu avinAbhAva na honese ve anumApaka nahIM hai| ataH jaina cintaka anumAnakA aMga ekamAtra vyApti (avinAbhAva ) ko hI svIkAra karate haiM, pakSadharmatAko nahIM / parvacara, uttaracara aura sahacara hetuoMkI parikalpanA : ___ akalaGkadevane kucha aise hetuoMkI parikalpanA kI hai jo unase pUrva nahIM mAne gaye the / unameM mukhyatayA pUrvacara, uttaracara aura sahacara ye tIna hetu haiN| inheM kisI anya tArkikane svIkAra kiyA ho, yaha jJAta nahIM / kintu akalaGkane inakI AbazyakatA evaM atiriktatAkA spaSTa nirdeza karate hue svarUpa pratipAdana kiyA hai| ataH yaha unakI dena kahI jA sakatI hai / pratipAdyoMkI apekSA anumAna-prayoga anumAnaprayogake sambandhameM jahA~ anya bhAratIya darzanoMmeM byutpanna aura avyutpanna pratipAdyoMkI vivakSA kiye binA avayavoMkA sAmAnya kathana milatA hai vahA~ jaina vicArakoMne ukta pratipAdyoMkI apekSA unakA vizeSa pratipAdana bhI kiyA hai| vyatpannoMke lie unhoMne pakSa aura hetu ye do avayava Avazyaka batalAye haiN| unheM dRSTAnta Avazyaka nahIM hai| 'sarva kSaNika sattvAt' jaise sthaloMmeM bauddhoMne aura 'sarvamabhidheyaM prameyasvAt' jaise kevalAnvayihetuka anumAnoMmeM naiyAyikoMne bhI dRSTAntako svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| abyutpannoMke lie ukta donoM avayavoMke sAtha dRSTAnta, upanaya aura nigamana ina tIna avayavoMkI bhI jaina cintakoMne yathAyogya AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI hai| ise aura spaSTa yoM samajhie gRddhapiccha, samantabhadra, pUjyapAda aura siddhasenake pratipAdanoMse avagata hotA hai ki ArambhameM pratipAdyasAmAnyakI apekSAse pakSa, hetu aura dRSTAnta ina tIna avayavoMse abhipretArtha (sAdhya) kI siddhi kI jAtI thii| para uttarakAlameM akalaGkakA saMketa pAkara kumAranandi aura vidyAnandane pratipAdyoMko vyutpanna aura avyutpanna do vargoM meM vibhakta karake unakI apekSAse pRthak-pRthak avayavoMkA kathana kiyaa| unake bAda mANikyanandi, devasUri Adi paravartI jaina granthakAroMne unakA samarthana kiyA aura spaSTatayA vyutpannoMke lie pakSa aura hetu ye do tathA avyutpannoMke bodhArtha ukta doke atirikta dRSTAnta, upanaya aura nigamana ye tIna saba milAkara pA~ca avayava nirUpita kiye / bhadrabAhune pratijJA, pratijJAzuddhi Adi daza avayavoMkA bhI upadeza diyA, jisakA anusaraNa devasUri, hemacandra aura yazovijayane kiyA hai / vyAptikA grAhaka ekamAtra tarka : anya bhAratIya darzanoMmeM bhUyodarzana, sahacAradarzana aura vyabhicArAgrahako vyAptigrAhaka mAnA gayA hai / nyAyadarzanameM vAcaspati aura sAMkhyadarzanameM vijJAnabhikSu ina do tArkikoMne vyAptigrahakI uparyukta sAmagrImeM tarkako bhI sammilita kara liyaa| unake bAda udayana, gaMgeza, varddhamAna prabhRti tArkikoMne bhI use vyAptigrAhaka mAna liyaa| para smaraNa rahe, jaina paramparAmeM Arambhase tarkako, jise cintA, UhA Adi zabdoMse vyavahRta kiyA gayA hai, anumAnakI ekamAtra sAmagrIke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| akalaGka aise jaina -278
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________________ tArkika hai jinhoMne vAcaspati aura vijJAnabhikSuse pUrva sarva prathama tarkako vyAptigrAhaka samarthita evaM sampuSTa kiyA tathA sabalatAse usakA prAmANya sthApita kiyaa| unake pazcAt sabhIne use vyAptigrAhaka svIkAra kara liyA / tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti : yadyapi bahirvyApti, sakalavyApti aura antarvyAptike bhedase vyAptike tIna bhedoM, samavyApti aura viSamavyApti ke bheda se usake do prakAroM tathA anvayavyApti aura vyatirekavyApti ina do bhedoMkA varNana tarkagranthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai kintu tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti ina do vyAptiprakAroM (vyAptiprayogoM) kA kathana kevala jaina tarkagraMthoMmeM pAyA jAtA hai| inapara dhyAna denepara jo vizeSatA jJAta hotI hai vaha yaha hai ki anumAna eka jJAna hai usakA upAdAna kAraNa jJAna hI honA cAhie / tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapatti ye donoM jJAnAtmaka haiM, jaba ki uparyukta vyAptiyA~ jJeyAtmaka ( viSayAtmaka ) haiM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki ukta vyAptiyoMmeM eka antarvyApti hI aisI vyApti hai, jo hetukI gamakatAmeM prayojaka hai, anya vyAptiyA~ anta pti ke binA avyApta aura ativyApta haiM, ataeva ve sAdhaka nahIM haiM / tathA yaha antarvyApti hI tathopapatti aura anyathAnupapattirUpa hai athavA unakA viSaya hai| ina donoMmeMse kisI ekakA hI prayoga paryApta hai / inakA vizeSa vivecana anyatra kiyA gayA hai / sAdhyAbhAsa : akalaGkane anumAnAbhAsoMke vivecana meM pakSAbhAsa yA pratijJAbhAsa ke sthAna meM sAdhyAbhAsa zabdakA prayoga kiyA hai | akalaGkake isa parivartana ke kAraNapara sUkSma dhyAna denepara avagata hotA hai ki cU~ki sAdhanakA viSaya ( gamya ) sAdhya hotA hai aura sAdhanakA avinAbhAva ( vyAptisambandha ) sAdhyake hI sAtha hotA hai, pakSa yA pratijJAke sAtha nahIM, ataH sAdhanAbhAsa ( hetvAbhAsa) kA viSaya sAdhyAbhAsa honese use hI sAdhanAbhAsoM kI taraha svIkAra karanA yukta hai / vidyAnandane akalaGkakI isa sUkSma dRSTiko parakhA aura unakA sayuktika samarthana kiyA / yathArthameM anumAnake mukhya prayojaka sAdhana aura sAdhya honese tathA sAdhanakA sIdhA sambandha sAdhyake sAtha hI honese sAdhanAbhAsa kI bhA~ti sAdhyAbhAsa hI vivecanIya hai / akalaGkane zakya abhipreta aura asiddhako sAdhya tathA azakya, anabhipreta aura siddhako sAdhyAbhAsa pratipAdita kiyA hai - ( sAdhyaM zakyamabhipretamaprasiddhaM tato'param / sAdhyAbhAsaM viruddhAdi sAdhanAviSayatvataH // ) akiJcitkara hetvAbhAsa: hetvAbhAsoMke vivecana-sandarbha meM siddhasenane kaNAda aura nyAyapravezakArakI taraha tIna hetvAbhAsoMkA kathana kiyA hai, akSapAdakI bhA~ti unhoMne pA~ca hetvAbhAsa svIkAra nahIM kiye| prazna ho sakatA hai ki jaina tArkika hetukA eka (avinAbhAva - anyathAnupapannatva) rUpa mAnate haiM, ataH usake abhAva meM unakA hetvAbhAsa eka hI honA cAhie / vaizeSika, bauddha aura sAMkhya to hetuko trirUpa tathA naiyAyika paMcarUpa svIkAra karate haiM, ataH unake abhAva meM unake anusAra tIna aura pA~ca hetvAbhAsa to yukta haiM / para siddhasenakA hetvAbhAsa - traividhya pratipAdana kaise yukta hai ? isakA samAdhAna siddhasena svayaM karate hue kahate haiM ki cU~ki anyathAnupapannatvakA abhAva tIna tarahase hotA hai-- kahIM usakI pratIti na hone, kahIM usameM sandeha hone aura kahIM usakA viparyAsa honese; pratIti na honepara asiddha, sandeha honepara anaikAntika aura viparyAsa honepara viruddha ye tIna hetvAbhAsa hote haiM / - 279 -
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________________ akalaGka kahate haiM ki yathArthameM hetvAbhAsa eka hI hai aura vaha hai akiJcitkara, jo anyathAnupapannatvake abhAvameM hotA hai / vAstavameM anumAnakA uttyApaka avinAbhAvI hetu hI hai, ataH avinAbhAva (anyathAnupapannatva) ke abhAvameM hetvAbhAsako sRSTi hotI hai / yataH hetu eka anyathAnupapannarUpa hI hai, ataH usake abhAvameM mUlataH eka hI hetvAbhAsa mAnya hai aura vaha hai anyathA upapannatva arthAt akiJcitkara / asiddhAdi usokA vistAra haiM / isa prakAra akalaGkake dvArA 'akiJcitkara' nAmake naye hetvAbhAsakI parikalpanA unakI anyatama upalabdhi hai| bAlaprayogAbhAsa : mANikyanandine AbhAsoMkA bicAra karate hue anumAnAbhAsasandarbha meM eka 'bAlaprayogAbhAsa' nAmake naye anumAnAbhAsakI carcA prastuta kI hai| isa prayogAbhAsakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa mandaprajJako samajhAneke lie tIna avayavoMkI AvazyakatA hai usake lie do hI avayavoMkA prayoga karanA, jise cArakI AvazyakatA hai use tIna aura jise pA~cakI jarUrata hai use cArakA hI prayoga karanA athavA viparIta kramase avayavoMkA kathana karanA bAlaprayogAbhAsa hai aura isa taraha ve cAra (dvi-avayavaprayogAbhAsa, tri-avayavaprayogAbhAsa, caturavayavaprayogAbhAsa aura viparItAvayavaprayogAbhAsa) sambhava haiM / mANikyanandise pUrva inakA kathana dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / ataH inake puraskartA mANikyanandi pratIta hote haiM / anumAnameM abhinibodha-matijJAnarUpatA aura zrutarUpatA : jaina vAGmayameM anumAnako abhinibodhamatijJAna aura zruta donoM nirUpita kiyA hai / tattvArthasUtrakArane use abhinibodha kahA hai jo matijJAnake paryAyoMmeM paThita hai / SaTkhaNDAgamakAra bhUtabali-puSpadantane use 'hetuvAda' nAmase vyavahRta kiyA hai aura zrutake paryAyanAmoMmeM ginAyA hai / yadyapi ina donoM kathanoMmeM kucha virodha-sA pratIta hogaa| para vidyAnandane ise spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki tattvArthasUtrakArane svArthAnumAnako abhinibodha kahA hai, jo vacanAtmaka nahIM hai aura SaTkhaNDAgamakAra tathA unake vyAkhyAkAra vIrasenane parArthAnumAnako zratarUpa pratipAdita kiyA hai, jo vacanAtmaka hotA hai| vidyAnandakA yaha samanvayAtmaka sUkSma cintana jaina tarkazAstra meM eka nayA vicAra hai jo vizeSa ullekhya hai| isa upalabdhikA sambandha vizeSatayA jaina jJAnamImAMsAke sAtha hai| isa taraha jaina cintakoMkI anumAnaviSayameM aneka upalabdhiyA~ haiN| unakA anumAna-sambandhI cintana bhAratIya tarkazAstrake lie kaI naye tattva detA hai / -280