Bharatiya Sampadan Shastra

Author(s): Mulraj Jain
Publisher: Jain Vidya Bhavan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/034193/1

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"aho! zrutajJAnam" graMtha jIrNoddhAra 164 bhAratiya saMpAdana zAstra : dravya sahAyaka : pUjya sAgarajI mahArAjanA samudAyanA pU. zrI saubhAgyacaMdrasAgarajI ma.sA.nI preraNAthI zeTha zrI kalyANajI sobhAgacaMdajInI peDhI, pIMDavADA (rAjasthAna) nA jJAnadravyamAMthI : saMyojaka : zAha bAbulAla somala beDAvALA zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAna bhaMDAra zA. vimaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-5 (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543 saMvata 2069 I. 2013

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zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra pRSTha ___84 ___810 010 011 saMyojaka-zAha bAbulAla saremala - (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543 - ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com zAha vImaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-05. aho zrutajJAnam graMtha jIrNoddhAra - saMvata 2065 (I. 2009) seTa naM.-1 prAyaH aprApya prAcIna pustakoM kI skena DIvIDI banAI usakI suucii| yaha pustake www.ahoshrut.org vebasAiTa se bhI DAunaloDa kara sakate haiN| kramAMka pustakanuM nAma tA-TI515Ara-saMpaES | 001 | zrI naMdIsUtra avacUrI | pU. vikramasUrijI ma.sA. 238 | 002 | zrI uttarAdhyayana sUtra cUrNI | pU. jinadAsagaNi cUrNIkAra 286 003 zrI arhadgItA-bhagavadgItA pa. meghavijayajI gaNi ma.sA. 004 | zrI arhaccUDAmaNi sArasaTIkaH pU. bhadrabAhusvAmI ma.sA. | 005 | zrI yUkti prakAzasUtraM pU. padmasAgarajI gaNi ma.sA. | 006 | zrI mAnatuGgazAstram | pU. mAnatuMgavijayajI ma.sA. | 007 | aparAjitapRcchA zrI bI. bhaTTAcArya 008 zilpa smRti vAstu vidyAyAm zrI naMdalAla cunilAla somapurA 850 | 009 | zilparatnam bhAga-1 zrIkumAra ke. sabhAtsava zAstrI 322 zilparatnam bhAga-2 zrIkumAra ke. sabhAtsava zAstrI 280 prAsAdatilaka zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI 162 | 012 | kAzyazilpam zrI vinAyaka gaNeza ApaTe 302 prAsAdamajarI zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI 156 014 | rAjavallabha yAne zilpazAstra zrI nArAyaNa bhAratI goMsAI 352 | zilpadIpaka zrI gaMgAdharajI praNIta 120 | vAstusAra zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI dIpArNava uttarArdha zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI 110 jinaprAsAda mArtaNDa zrI naMdalAla cunIlAla somapurA 498 | jaina graMthAvalI zrI jaina zvetAmbara konphransa 502 | hIrakalaza jaina jyotiSa zrI himatarAma mahAzaMkara jAnI 021 nyAyapravezaH bhAga-1 zrI AnaMdazaMkara bI. dhruva 022 | dIpArNava pUrvArdha zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI 023 anekAnta jayapatAkAkhyaM bhAga-1 pU. municaMdrasUrijI ma.sA. 452 024 | anekAnta jayapatAkAkhyaM bhAga-2 zrI eca. Ara. kApaDIA 500 025 | prAkRta vyAkaraNa bhASAMtara saha zrI becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI 454 026 | tattpopaplavasiMhaH | zrI jayarAzI bhaTTa, bI. bhaTTAcArya 188 | 027 | zaktivAdAdarzaH | zrI sudarzanAcArya zAstrI 214 | kSIrArNava zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI 414 029 | vedhavAstu prabhAkara zrI prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI ___192 013 454 226 640

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824 288 30 | zinjaratnAkara prAsAda maMDana zrI siddhahema bRhadavRtti bRhannyAsa adhyAya-1 | zrI siddhahema bRhadvRtti bRhannyAsa adhyAya-2 zrI siddhahema bRhavRtti bRhannyAsa adhyAya-3 zrI narmadAzaMkara zAstrI | paM. bhagavAnadAsa jaina pU. lAvaNyasUrijI ma.sA. pU. bhAvasUrinI ma.sA. 520 034 (). pU. bhAvasUri ma.sA. zrI siddhahema bRhavRtti bRhannyAsa adhyAya-3 (2) 324 302 196 039. 190 040 | tilaka 202 480 228 60 044 218 036. | zrI siddhahema bRhavRtti bRhannyAsa adhyAya-5 037 vAstunighaMTu 038 | tilakamannarI bhAga-1 tilakamagnarI bhAga-2 tilakamajharI bhAga-3 sakhasandhAna mahAkAvyam saptabhaphImimAMsA nyAyAvatAra vyutpattivAda guDhArthatattvaloka sAmAnya niryukti guDhArthatattvAloka 046 saptabhInayapradIpa bAlabodhinIvivRttiH vyutpattivAda zAstrArthakalA TIkA nayopadeza bhAga-1 taraSiNIkaraNI nayopadeza bhAga-2 tarakiNItaraNI nyAyasamuccaya cAdyArthaprakAzaH dina zuddhi prakaraNa 053 bRhad dhAraNA yaMtra 05 | jyotirmahodaya pU. bhAvasUrinI ma.sA. pU. bhAvasUrina ma.sA. prabhAzaMkara oghaDabhAI somapurA pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. vijayaamRtasUrizvarajI pU. paM. zivAnandavijayajI satiSacaMdra vidyAbhUSaNa zrI dharmadattasUri (bacchA jhA) zrI dharmadattasUri (bacchA jhA) pU. lAvaNyasUrijI. zrIveNImAdhava zAstrI pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. lAvaNyasUrijI pU. darzanavijayajI pU. darzanavijayajI sa. pU. akSayavijayajI 045 190 138 296 (04) 210 274 286 216 532 113 112

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zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra saMyojaka - bAbulAla saremala zAha zAha vImaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAna sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, mahAvAha - 04. (mo.) 9425585804 (kha) 22132543 ( - bhela) ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com aho zrutajJAnam graMtha bharNoddhAra saMvata 2055 (6. 2010) - seTa naM-2 prAyaH jIrNa aprApya pustakone skena karAvIne DI.vI.DI. banAvI tenI yAdI. khA pusto www.ahoshrut.org vevasAiTa parathI pe| DAunaloDa srI zaDAze. pustakanuM nAma IrttA TIDADAra-saMcA krama 055 | zrI siddhama bRhadvRtti bRhadnyAsa adhyAya-6 056 | vividha tIrtha kalpa 057 bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhanakaLA | 058 siddhAntalakSagUDhArtha tattvalokaH 059 vyApti paJcaka vivRtti TIkA jaina saMgIta rAgamALA 060 061 caturviMzatIprabandha ( prabaMdha koza) 062 | vyutpattivAda Adarza vyAkhyayA saMpUrNa 6 adhyAya 063 | candraprabhA hemakaumudI 064 | viveka vilAsa 065 | paJcazatI prabodha prabaMdha 066 | sanmatitattvasopAnam upadezamAlA doghaTTI TIkA gurjarAnuvAda 067 068 moharAjAparAjayam 069 | kriyAkoza - 070 kAlikAcAryakathAsaMgraha 071 sAmAnyanirukti caMdrakalA kalAvilAsa TIkA 072 | janmasamudrajAtaka 073 meghamahodaya varSaprabodha 074 jaina sAmudrikanAM pAMca graMtho bhASA saM .: saM saM saM gu. saM zrI mAMgaroLa jaina saMgIta maMDaLI zrI rasikalAla eca. kApaDIA zrI sudarzanAcArya pU. meghavijayajI gaNi saM/gu. zrI dAmodara goviMdAcArya saM F saM saM saM pU. lAvaNyasUrijI ma.sA. pU. jinavijayajI ma.sA. zubha. saM saM/ hiM saM. saM. saM/hiM saM/hiM zubha. pU. pUNyavijayajI ma.sA. | zrI dharma zrI dharmadatta pU. mRgendravijayajI ma.sA. pU. labdhisUrijI ma.sA. pU. hemasAgarasUrijI ma.sA. pU. caturavijayajI ma.sA. zrI mohanalAla bAMThiyA zrI aMbAlAla premacaMda zrI vAmAcaraNa bhaTTAcArya zrI bhagavAnadAsa jaina zrI bhagavAnadAsa jaina zrI himmatarAma mahAzaMkara jAnI pRSTha 296 160 164 202 48 306 322 668 516 268 456 420 638 192 428 406 308 128 532 376

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'075 374 238 194 192 254 260 | jaina citra kalpadruma bhAga-1 16 | jaina citra kalpadruma bhAga-2 77) saMgIta nATya rUpAvalI 13 bhAratanAM jaina tIrtho ane tenuM zilpa sthApatya 79 | zilpa cintAmaNi bhAga-1 080 | bRhad zilpa zAstra bhAga-1 081 bRhad zilpa zAstra bhAga-2 | bRhad zilpa zAstra bhAga-3 083. AyurvedanA anubhUta prayogo bhAga-1 kalyANa kAraka 085 | vinorana zora kathA ratna koza bhAga-1 kathA ratna koza bhAga-2 088 | hastasagnIvanama 238 260 guja. | | zrI sArAbhAI navAba guja. | zrI saYTmAruM navAva guja. | zrI vidyA saramA navIna guja. | zrI sArAmAruM navIna guja. | zrI manasubAna muvAmana guja. | zrI nannAtha maMvArama guja. | zrI nannAtha maMvArama guja. | zrI gagannAtha maMvArama guja. | . vantisAgaranI guja. | zrI vardhamAna parvanAtha zatrI saM./hiM zrI naMdalAla zarmA guja. | zrI levalAsa gIvarAna kozI guja. | zrI levalAsa navarIna lozI sa. pU. meniyanI saM. pU.vinayanI, pU. puNyavijayajI AcArya zrI vijayadarzanasUrijI 114 '084. 910 436 336 087 230 322 (089/ 114 endracaturvizatikA sammati tarka mahArNavAvatArikA 560

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zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra krama 272 240 saM. 254 282 466 342 362 134 70 316 224 612 307 saMyojaka-zAha bAbulAla saremala - (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543 - ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com zAha vImaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-05. aho zrutajJAnam graMtha jIrNoddhAra - saMvata 2067 (I. 2011) seTa naM.-3 prAyaH aprApya prAcIna pustakoM kI skena DIvIDI banAI usakI suucii| yaha pustake www.ahoshrut.org vebasAiTa se bhI DAunaloDa kara sakate haiN| | pustaka nAma kartA TIkAkAra bhASA saMpAdaka/prakAzaka 91 | syAdvAda ratnAkara bhAga-1 vAdidevasUrijI saM. motIlAla lAghAjI punA 92 | | syAdvAda ratnAkara bhAga-2 vAdidevasUrijI | motIlAla lAghAjI punA 93 | syAdvAda ratnAkara bhAga-3 bAdidevasUrijI | motIlAla lAghAjI punA 94 | | syAdvAda ratnAkara bhAga-4 bAdidevasUrijI motIlAla lAghAjI punA | syAdvAda ratnAkara bhAga-5 vAdidevasUrijI | motIlAla lAghAjI punA 96 | pavitra kalpasUtra puNyavijayajI sArAbhAI navAba 97 | samarAGgaNa sUtradhAra bhAga-1 bhojadeva | TI. gaNapati zAstrI 98 | samarAGgaNa sUtradhAra bhAga-2 bhojadeva | TI. gaNapati zAstrI 99 | bhuvanadIpaka padmaprabhasUrijI | veMkaTeza presa 100 | gAthAsahastrI samayasuMdarajI saM. | sukhalAlajI 101 | bhAratIya prAcIna lipImAlA | gaurIzaMkara ojhA hindI | munzIrAma manohararAma 102 | zabdaratnAkara sAdhusundarajI saM. haragovindadAsa becaradAsa 103 | sabodhavANI prakAza nyAyavijayajI |sN./g / hemacaMdrAcArya jaina sabhA 104 | laghu prabaMdha saMgraha jayaMta pI. ThAkara saM. orIenTa insTITyuTa baroDA 105 | jaina stotra saMcaya-1-2-3 mANikyasAgarasUrijI saM, AgamoddhAraka sabhA 106 | sanmati tarka prakaraNa bhAga-1,2,3 siddhasena divAkara sukhalAla saMghavI 107 | sanmati tarka prakaraNa bhAga-4.5 siddhasena divAkara sukhalAla saMghavI 108 | nyAyasAra - nyAyatAtparyadIpikA satiSacaMdra vidyAbhUSaNa esiyATIka sosAyaTI 109 | jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga-1 puraNacaMdra nAhara | puraNacaMdra nAhara 110 | jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga-2 puraNacaMdra nAhara saM./hi puraNacaMdra nAhara 111 | jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga-3 puraNacaMdra nAhara saM./hi / puraNacaMdra nAhara 112 | | jaina dhAtu pratimA lekha bhAga-1 kAMtivijayajI saM./hi | jinadattasUri jJAnabhaMDAra 113 | jaina pratimA lekha saMgraha daulatasiMha loDhA saM./hi | aravinda dhAmaNiyA 114 | rAdhanapura pratimA lekha saMdoha vizAlavijayajI saM./gu | yazovijayajI graMthamALA 115 | prAcina lekha saMgraha-1 vijayadharmasUrijI saM./gu | yazovijayajI graMthamALA 116 | bIkAnera jaina lekha saMgraha agaracaMda nAhaTA saM./hi nAhaTA bradharsa 117 | prAcIna jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga-1 jinavijayajI saM./hi | jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA 118 | prAcina jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga-2 jinavijayajI saM./hi | jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA 119 | gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho-1 girajAzaMkara zAstrI saM./gu | phArvasa gujarAtI sabhA 120 | gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho-2 girajAzaMkara zAstrI saM./gu | phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA 121 | gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho-3 girajAzaMkara zAstrI phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA 122 | oNparezana ina sarca oNpha saMskRta menyu. ina muMbaI sarkala-1 | pI. pITarasana raoNyala eziyATIka jarnala 123|| | oNparezana ina sarca oNpha saMskRta menyu. ina muMbaI sarkala-4 pI. pITarasana raoNyala eziyATIka jarnala 124 | oNparezana ina sarca oNpha saMskRta menyu. ina muMbaI sarkala-5 pI. pITarasana raoNyala eziyATIka jarnala 125 | kalekzana oNpha prAkRta enDa saMskRta inskrIpzansa pI. pITarasana | bhAvanagara ArcIoNlaoNjIkala DipA. 126 | vijayadeva mAhAtmyam | jinavijayajI saM. jaina satya saMzodhaka 514 454 354 saM./hi 337 354 372 142 336 364 218 656 122 764 404 404 540 274 saM./gu 414 400

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zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra saMyojaka - zAha bAbulAla saremala - (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com zAha vImaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-05. aho zrutajJAnam graMtha jIrNoddhAra saMvata 2068 (I. 2012) seTa naM.-4 - - - prAyaH aprApya prAcIna pustakoM kI skena DIvIDI banAI usakI suucii| yaha pustake www.ahoshrut.org vebasAiTa se bhI DAunaloDa kara sakate haiN| pustaka nAma bhASA prakAzaka karttA / saMpAdaka sArAbhAI navAba mahAprabhAvika navasmaraNa guja. sArAbhAI navAba guja. hIrAlAla haMsarAja guja. pI. pITarasana aMgrejI kuMvarajI AnaMdajI zIla khaMDa 133 karaNa prakAzaH brahmadeva 134 | nyAyavizArada maho. yazovijayajI svahastalikhita kRti saMgraha yazodevasUrijI 135 bhaugolika koza- 1 DAhyAbhAI pItAMvaradAsa 136 bhaugolika koza-2 DAhyAbhAI pItAMbaradAsa jinavijayajI 137 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 1 aMka - 1, 2 jinavijayajI jinavijayajI jinavijayajI jinavijayajI jinavijayajI krama 127 128 jaina citra kalpalatA 129 jaina dharmano prAcIna itihAsa bhAga - 2 130 oparezana ina sarca opha saM. menyu. bhAga-6 131 jaina gaNita vicAra 132 | daivajJa kAmadhenu ( prAcina jyotiSa graMtha) 138 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 1 aMka 3, 4 139 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 2 aMka - 1, 2 140 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 2 aMka-3, 4 4 141 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 3 aMka-1, 142 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 3 aMka-3, 143 navapadonI AnupUrvI bhAga-1 144 navapadonI AnupUrvI bhAga-2 145 navapadonI AnupUrvI bhAga-3 146 bhASavati 147 jaina siddhAMta kaumudI (ardhamAgadhI vyAkaraNa) 148 maMtrarAja guNakalpa mahodadhi 149 phakkIkA ratnamaMjUSA- 1, 2 150 | anubhUta siddha vizAyaMtra (cha kalpa saMgraha) 151 sArAvali 152 jyotiSa siddhAMta saMgraha 153 1 2 jJAna pradIpikA tathA sAmudrika zAstram nUtana saMkalana A. caMdrasAgarasUrijI jJAnabhaMDAra - ujjaina zrI gujarAtI zve. mU. jaina saMgha hastaprata bhaMDAra kalakattA somavijayajI somavijayajI somavijayajI zatAnaMda mArachatA ranacaMdra svAmI jayadayAla zarmA kanakalAla ThAkUra meghavijayajI kalyANa vardhana vizvezvaraprasAda dvivedI rAmavyAsa pAnDeya hastaprata sUcIpatra hastaprata sUcIpatra guja. saM. saM./aM. guja. guja. guja. hindI hindI hindI hindI hindI hindI guja. guja. guja. saM./hi prA./saM. hindI saM. saM./ guja saM. saM. saM. hindI hindI sArAbhAI navAba sArAbhAI navAba hIrAlAla haMsarAja eziyATIka sosAyaTI jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA vraja. bI. dAsa banArasa sudhAkara dvivedi yazobhAratI prakAzana gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka punA jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka punA jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka punA jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka punA jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka punA jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka punA zAha bAbulAla savacaMda zAha bAbulAla savacaMda zAha bAbulAla savacaMda eca. bI. guptA enDa sansa banArasa bhairodAna seThIyA jayadayAla zarmA harikRSNa nibaMdha mahAvIra graMthamALA pAMDuraMga jIvAjI bIjabhUSaNadAsa jaina siddhAMta bhavana banArasa zrI AzApuraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra zrI AzApuraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra pRSTha 754 84 194 171 90 310 276 69 100 136 266 244 274 168 282 182 384 376 387 174 320 286 272 142 260 232 160

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zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra saMyojaka - zAha bAbulAla saremala - (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com zAha vImaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-05. aho zrutajJAnam graMtha jIrNoddhAra krama viSaya saMpAdaka/prakAzaka prAyaH aprApya prAcIna pustakoM kI skena DIvIDI banAI usakI suucii| yaha pustake www.ahoshrut.org vebasAiTa se bhI DAunaloDa kara sakate haiN| pustaka nAma 154 uNAdi sUtro opha hemacaMdrAcArya 155 | uNAdi gaNa vivRtti karttA / saMpAdaka pU. hemacaMdrAcArya pU. hemacaMdrAcArya 156 prAkRta prakAza-saTIka 157 dravya parikSA aura dhAtu utpatti 158 Arambhasidhdhi saTIka 159 khaMDaharo kA vaibhava 160 bAlabhArata 161 giranAra mAhAtmya 162 | giranAra galpa 163 praznottara sArdha zataka 164 bhAratiya saMpAdana zAstra 165 vibhaktyartha nirNaya 166 vyoma vatI - 1 167 vyoma vatI - 2 168 jaina nyAyakhaMDa khAdyam 169 haritakAvyAdi nighaMTU 170 yoga ciMtAmaNi- saTIka 171 vasaMtarAja zakunam 172 mahAvidyA viDaMbanA 173 jyotirnibandha 174 meghamAlA vicAra 175 muhUrta ciMtAmaNi- saTIka 176 | mAnasollAsa saTIka - 1 177 mAnasollAsa saTIka - 2 178 jyotiSa sAra prAkRta 179 muhUrta saMgraha 180 hindu esTrolojI bhAmAha Thakkara pherU pU. udayaprabhadevasUrijI pU. kAntIsAgarajI pU. amaracaMdrasUrijI daulatacaMda paraSottamadAsa pU. lalitavijayajI pU. kSamAkalyANavijayajI mUlarAja jaina giridhara jhA zivAcArya zivAcArya saMvata 2069 (I. 2013) seTa naM. 5 - - yazovijayajI vyAkaraNa vyAkaraNa vyAkaraNa dhAtu jyotISa zIlpa prakaraNa sAhitya nyAya nyAya nyAya upA. nyAya bhAva mizra Ayurveda pU. harSakIrtisUrijI Ayurveda jyotiSa pU. bhAnucandra gaNi TIkA jyotiSa pU. bhuvanasundarasUri TIkA zivarAja jyotiSa jyotiSa pU. vijayaprabhasUrI rAmakRta pramitAkSaya TIkA jyotiSa bhulAkamalla somezvara jyotiSa bhulAkamalla somezvara jyotiSa bhagavAnadAsa jaina jyotiSa aMbAlAla zarmA jyotiSa pitAmbaradAsa trIbhovanadAsa jyotiSa kAvya tIrtha tIrtha bhASA saMskRta saMskRta prAkRta saMskRta/hindI saMskRta hindI saMskRta saMskRta / gujarAtI saMskRta/ gujarAtI hindI hindI saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta / hindI saMskRta/hindI saMskRta / hindI saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta/ gujarAtI saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta prAkRta / hindI gujarAtI gujarAtI johana kriSTe pU. manoharavijayajI jaya kRSNadAsa guptA bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA pU. jitendravijayajI bhAratIya jJAnapITha paM. zIvadatta jaina patra haMsakavijaya phrI lAyabrerI sAdhvIjI vicakSaNAzrIjI jaina vidyAbhavana, lAhora caukhambA prakAzana saMpUrNAnaMda saMskRta yunivarsiTI saMpUrNAnaMda saMskRta vidyAlaya badrInAtha zukla zIva zarmA lakSmI veMkaTeza presa khemarAja kRSNadAsa senTrala lAyabrerI AnaMda Azrama meghajI hIrajI anUpa mizra orienTa insTITyUTa orienTa insTITyUTa bhagavAnadAsa jaina zAstrI jagannAtha parazurAma dvivedI pitAmbaradAsa TI. mahetA pRSTha 304 122 208 70 310 462 512 264 144 256 75 488 226 365 190 480 352 596 250 391 114 238 166 368 88 356 168

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krama 181 182 zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra saMyojaka - zAha bAbulAla saremala - (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543. E-mail : ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com zAha vimalAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-380005. aho zrutajJAnam graMtha jIrNoddhAra saMvata 2071 (I. 2015) seTa naM.-6 192 prAyaH aprApya prAcIna pustakoM kI DijiTAijhezana dvArA DIvIDI banAI usakI suucii| yaha pustake www.ahoshrut.org vebasAiTa se bhI DAunaloDa kara sakate haiN| viSaya pustaka nAma kAvyaprakAza bhAga-1 kAvyaprakAza bhAga-2 kAvyaprakAza ullAsa-2 ane 3 183 184 nRtyaratna koza bhAga-1 185 nRtyaratna koza bhAga- 2 186 nRtyAdhyAya 187 saMgIratnAkara bhAga 1 saTIka 188 saMgIratnAkara bhAga 2 saTIka 189 saMgIratnAkara bhAga-3 saTIka 190 saMgIratnAkara bhAga-4 saTIka 191 saMgIta makaranda saMgIta nRtya ane nATya saMbaMdhI jaina graMtho 193 nyAyaviMdu saTIka 194 zIghrabodha bhAga-1 thI 5 195 zIghrabodha bhAga-6 thI 10 196 zIghrabodha bhAga- 11 thI 15 197 zIghrabodha bhAga - 16 thI 20 198 zIghrabodha bhAga- 21 thI 25 199 adhyAtmasAra saTIka 200 | chandonuzAsana 201 maggAnusAriyA karttA / TikAkAra pUjya mammaTAcArya kRta pUjya mammaTAcArya kRta upA. yazovijayajI zrI kumbhakarNa nRpati zrI nRpati zrI azokamalajI zrI sAraMgadeva zrI sAraMgadeva zrI sAraMgadeva zrI sAraMgadeva nArada - - - zrI hIrAlAla kApaDIyA pUjya dharmotarAcArya pUjya jJAnasundarajI pUjya jJAnasundarajI pUjya jJAnasundarajI pUjya jJAnasundarajI pUjya jJAnasundarajI pUjya gaMbhIravijayajI eca. DI. belanakara zrI DI. esa zAha bhASA saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta saMskRta/hindI saMskRta/aMgrejI saMskRta/aMgrejI saMskRta/aMgrejI saMskRta/aMgrejI saMskRta gujarAtI saMskRta hindI hindI hindI hindI hindI saMskRta/ gujarAtI saMskRta saMskRta/gujarAtI saMpAdaka/prakAzaka pUjya jinavijayajI pUjya jinavijayajI yazobhArati jaina prakAzana samiti zrI rasIkalAla choTAlAla zrI rasIkalAla choTAlAla zrI vAcaspati gairobhA zrI subramaNyama zAstrI zrI subramaNyama zAstrI zrI subramaNyama zAstrI zrI subramaNyama zAstrI zrI maMgeza rAmakRSNa telaMga mukti-kamala jaina mohana graMthamAlA zrI caMdrazekhara zAstrI sukhasAgara jJAna prasAraka sabhA sukhasAgara jJAna prasAraka sabhA sukhasAgara jJAna prasAraka sabhA sukhasAgara jJAna prasAraka sabhA sukhasAgara jJAna prasAraka sabhA narottamadAsa bhAnajI siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha jJAtaputra bhagavAna mahAvIra TrasTa pRSTha 364 222 330 156 248 504 448 444 616 632 84 244 220 422 304 446 414 409 476 444 146

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zrI AzApUraNa pArzvanAtha jaina jJAnabhaMDAra saMyojaka-zAha bAbulAla saremala - (mo.) 9426585904 (o.) 22132543. E-mail : ahoshrut.bs@gmail.com zAha vimaLAbena saremala javeracaMdajI beDAvALA bhavana hIrAjaina sosAyaTI, rAmanagara, sAbaramatI, amadAvAda-380005. aho zrutajJAnam graMtha jIrNoddhAra - saMvata 2072 (I. 2016) seTa naM.-7 prAyaH aprApya prAcIna pustakoM kI DijiTAijhezana dvArA DIvIDI banAI usakI suucii| pRSTha 285 280 315 307 361 301 263 395 krama pustaka nAma 202 | AcArAMga sUtra bhAga-1 niyukti+TIkA 203 | AcArAMga sUtra bhAga-2 niyukti+TIkA 204 | AcArAMga sUtra bhAga-3 niyukti+TIkA 205 | AcArAMga sUtra bhAga-4 niyukti+TIkA 206 | AcArAMga sUtra bhAga-5 niyukti+TIkA 207 | suyagaDAMga sUtra bhAga-1 saTIka 208 | suyagaDAMga sUtra bhAga-2 saTIka 209 | suyagaDAMga sUtra bhAga-3 saTIka 210 | suyagaDAMga sUtra bhAga-4 saTIka 211 | suyagaDAMga sUtra bhAga-5 saTIka 212 | rAyapaseNiya sUtra 213 | prAcIna tIrthamALA bhAga-1 214 | dhAtu pArAyaNam 215 | siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana laghuvRtti bhAga-1 216 | siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana laghuvRtti bhAga-2 217 | siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana laghuvRtti bhAga-3 218 | tArkika rakSA sAra saMgraha bAdArtha saMgraha bhAga-1 (sphoTa tattva nirUpaNa, sphoTa candrikA, 219 pratipAdika saMjJAvAda, vAkyavAda, vAkyadIpikA) vAdArtha saMgraha bhAga-2 (SaTkAraka vivecana, kAraka vAdArtha, 220 | samAsavAdArtha, vakAravAdArtha) | bAdArtha saMgraha bhAga-3 (vAdasudhAkara, laghuvibhaktyartha nirNaya, 221 __ zAbdabodhaprakAzikA) 222 | vAdArtha saMgraha bhAga-4 (AkhyAta zaktivAda chaH TIkA) kartA / TikAkAra bhASA saMpAdaka/prakAzaka | zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI | zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya gujarAtI zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI | zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | | gujarAtI | zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI | zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI | zrI mANeka muni zrI zIlaMkAcArya | gujarAtI zrI mANeka muni zrI malayagiri | gujarAtI zrI becaradAsa dozI A.zrI dharmasUri | saM./gujarAtI | zrI yazovijayajI graMthamALA zrI hemacaMdrAcArya | saMskRta A. zrI municaMdrasUri zrI hemacaMdrAcArya | saM./gujarAtI | zrI becaradAsa dozI zrI hemacaMdrAcArya | saM./gujarAtI | zrI becaradAsa dozI zrI hemacaMdrAcArya | saM./gujarAtI zrI becaradAsa dozI A. zrI varadarAja saMskRta rAjakIya saMskRta pustakAlaya vividha kartA saMskRta mahAdeva zarmA 386 351 260 272 530 648 510 560 427 88 vividha kartA / saMskRta | mahAdeva zarmA 78 mahAdeva zarmA 112 vividha kartA saMskRta raghunAtha ziromaNi | saMskRta mahAdeva zarmA 228

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bhAratIya saMpAdana-zAstra lekhakamUlarAja jaina, ema0 e0, ela ela0 bI0 prinsipala, zrI AtmAnanda jaina kAlija, ambAlA zahara (Reprinted from the November 1942 issue of the Oriental College Magazine, Lahore.) prakAzaka jaina vidyA bhavana kRSNanagara, lAhaura saM01688 Aho I Shrutgyanam

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prastAvanA isa varSa ke janavarI mAsa meM jaba paMjAba yUnivarsiTI ne mujhe " meyo paTiyAlA risarca skAlarazipa" pradAna kiyA, to mujhe sAMkRtavibhAga ke adhyakSa ( tathA aba oriyaMTala kAlija ke prinsipala) DA. lakSmaNa svarUpa ke nirIkSaNa meM kAma karane kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| unhoMne mujhe 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI upalabdha sAmagrI ke avalokana karane para niyukta kiyA tAki isase rAso ke prAcIna pATha kA nirmANa kiyA jA sake, prAcIna granthoM kA saMpAdana bhI aba eka sAyaMsa bana gayA hai| isa ke apane siddhAnta haiM jina ko bhalI prakAra samajhe binA sampAdana meM saphalatA nahIM mila sktii| DA0 svarUpa mahodaya bhAratIya granthoM ke sampAdana meM apAra anubhava rakhate haiN| una kI kRpA se jaba mujhe bhI isa meM kucha gati hone lagI, taba DAkTara mahodaya ne mujhe AjJA kI ki rAso kI sAmagrI ke avalokana se jo kucha anubhava prApta huA hai use hiMdI meM lekhabaddha kara do tAki isa se saMskRta aura hiMdI ke jAnane vAloM ko bhI sampAdana kArya meM sahAyatA mile| isa AjJA ke phalasvarUpa yaha lekha tayyAra kiyA gayA hai / isa ke likhane meM nimnalikhita granthoM se sahAyatA lI gaI hai, jisa ke lie maiM una ke lekhakoM tathA prakAzakoM kA RNI huuN| ___I.S. M. Katre : Introduction to Indian Textual Criticism. Bombay. 1941. yaha saMskRta granthoM ke sampAdana se sambandha rakhane vAlI aMgarez2I kI pahalI pustaka hai| 2. F. W. Hall : Companion to Classical Texts. Oxford, 1913. isa meM prIka aura laiTina granthoM ke sampAdana karane kI vidhi varNana kI gaI hai, sAtha hI sampAdana ke sAmAnya niyama bhI bar3I vizada rIti se samajhAe gae haiN| 3. V. S. Sukthankar : Prolegomena to the critical edition of the Adiparvan of the Mahabharata, Poona, 1933. ise bhAratIya sampAdana-zAstra kI nIMva samajhanA cAhie / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke sampAdana-zAstrIya anubhava kA mahAbhArata de, sampAdana meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 4. F. Edgerton : Pancatantra Reconstructed. 1924. 5. L. Sarup : The Nighantu and the Nirukta. Oxford, 1920 6. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA-bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA / / anta meM maiM DA0 lakSmaNa svarUpa kA hArdika dhanyavAda karatA hUM jinhoMne mujhe isa zAstra meM praveza karAyA aura ise hiMdI meM lekha-baddha karane para utsAhita kiyaa| yaha lekha presa meM bhejA hI thA ki maiM zrI AtmAnanda jaina kAlija,ambAlA zahara kA prinsipala niyukta kiyA gayA / ataH mujhe lAhaura chor3a kara ambAle jAnA pdd'aa| merI anupasthiti meM prUpha-saMzodhana kA kaSTa mere pUjya pitA DA0 banArasIdAsa ko uThAnA pdd'aa| isa kA mujhe bar3A kheda hai| mUlarAja jaina Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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adhyAya 3 viSaya-sUcI viSaya pRSTha bhUmikA... ... ... ... ... 1-8 sampAdana zAstra kI paribhASA-prAcIna racanAeM-hastalikhita pratiyAM-bhArata meM lekhana-kalA kI prAcInatA-prAcIna pratiyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa -sAhitya kA lekhana-sAhitya kI do zreNiyAM, samaSTi aura vyakti-racita sAhityapustaka pracAra aura isa ke kAraNa-pustaka rakSAsAmagrI... ... ... 8-22 mUla sAmagrI-mUla prati-prathama prati-pratilipi-pratiyoM kI vizeSatAeM, sAmagrI, paMktiyAM, zabda vigraha, virAma-cihna, saMketa, patra-gaNanA--lipikAra pratiyoM kA zodhana-sahAyaka-sAmagrI-uddharaNa-subhASita-saMgraha-bhASAMtaraTIkA, TippaNI, bhASya, vRtti Adi-sAra graMtha -anukaraNa-graMtha -samAna pATha graMthakAra ke anyagraMthapratiyoM kA milAna ... 22-33 vizvasanIyatA-lipikAla-lipikAla-nirdhAraNa-zuddha sambandha-saMkIrNa sambandha-paMcatatra kI saMkIrNa dhArAeM-pratiyoM kI saMkhyA Adi pratiyoM meM doSa aura unake kAraNa... ... 33-44 doSa, bAhya aura prAMtarika-lipibhrama -zabda-bhrama-lopa-Agama-abhyAsavyatyaya-samAnArtha zabdAMtaranyAsa--hAzie ke zabdoM Adi kA mUla pATha meM samAveza-vAkya ke zabdoM ke prabhAva se vicAra-vibhrama--dhvani-bhASA kI aniyamitatA-bhASAvyatyaya--pralepa, parivartana, AdhikyapunarnirmANa... ... 44-51 punarnirmANa--isa kI vidhi--kAlpanika AdarzoM aura mUlAdarza kA punarnirmANa isa ke kucha niyama-viSayAnusaMgati-lekhAnusaMgati-svIkRti --saMdeha-tyAga-sudhAra 6 pATha-sudhAra... ... ... ... 51-56 sudhAra kI AvazyakatA--vidhi-prAcIna aura navIna paddhatiyAM-saMdigdha pATha-liSTa-kalpanA aura sudhAra mahAbhArata meM sudhAra-vyakti racita sAhitya meM sudhAra-bIca kA mArgapariziSTa 1-pratiyoM ke milAna kI rINi 2-prAcIna lekhana-sAmagrI 3-sUcI-sAhitya 67-70 Aho I Shrutgyanam

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bhAratIya saMpAdana- zAstra ( lekhaka - mUlarAja jaina, ema0 e0, ela ela0 bI0, meyo - paTiyAlA risarca skAlara, paMjAba yUnivarsiTI ) pahilA adhyAya bhUmikA saMpAdana - zAstra vaha zAstra haiM jisake dvArA kisI prAcIna racanA kI upalabdha hastalikhita pratilipiyoM Adi ke AdhAra para hama usa racanA ko isa prakAra saMzodhana kara sakeM ki jahAM taka saMbhava ho svayaM racayitA kI maulika racanA yA usakI prAcIna se prAcIna avasthA kA jJAna ho ske| isameM pratiyoM kA parampara saMbaMdha kyA hai, unakA mUlasrota kaunasA hai, una meM kramaza: kauna kaunase parivartana hue aura kyoM hue, una se prAcInatama pATha kaise nizcita kiyA jAe, una kI azuddhiyoM kA sudhAra kaise karanA cAhie, yadi bAtoM para vivecana kiyA jAtA hai / saMkSepataH isa zAstra kI sahAyatA se kisI racanA ko upalabdha pratiyoM Adi ke milAna se jahAM taka ho sake usa ke maulika athavA prAcInatama rUpa kA nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai / maulika rUpa se hamArA tAtparya kisI racanA ke usa rUpa se hai jo usake racayitA ko abhISTa thA / isa zAstra kA saMbaMdha prAya: prAcIna racanAoM se hai / 'racanA' kI aura bhI aneka saMjJAeM haiM jaise pusta, pustaka, pothI, sUtra, graMtha, kRti Adi / 'pusta' aura 'pustaka'' saMskRta dhAtu 'pusta' ( bAMdhanA ) se nikale haiN| cUMki prAcIna kAla meM jina patrAdi para racanA likhA jAtI thI una ko dhAge se bAMdhate the, isalie racanA ko 'pusta' yA 'pustaka' kahate the / 'pustaka' zabda se hI prAkRta tathA Adhunika bhAratIya 'Arya bhASAoM kA pothI' zabda nikalA hai / 'sUtra' usa sUtra yA DorI kI smRti dilAtA hai jisa se patrAdi bAMdhe jAte the / 'graMtha' ' prath' (bAMdhanA, gAMTha denA) dhAtu se nikalA hai aura patrAdi ko bAMdhane ke lie sUtra meM dI huI gAMTha kA sUcaka hai / yaha racanAeM prAyaH vanaspati se prApta sAmagrI (tADapatra, bhojapatra, kAgaz2a, lakar3I, vastrAdi 2) para likhI jAtI thIM ataH ina ke vibhAgoM ko skaMdha, kAMDa, zAkhA, vallI Adi nAma 1. saMbhava hai ki 'pusta', 'pustaka' zabda fArasI se lie gae hoM kyoMki usa bhASA meM 'puzna', 'posta' ( = saM0 pRSTha ) kA artha 'pITha, carma hotA hai, aura fArasa ke loga dharma para likhate the / 2. lekha dhAtu, carma, pASANa, IMTa, miTTI kI mudrA Adi para bhI milate haiM / Aho! Shrutgyanam

Page #15
( 2 ) die ge| yaha nAma vanaspati se saMbaMdha rakhate haiM / patra aura pannA ( = saM0 parNa ) bhI vRkSoM ke pattoM ke hI smAraka haiM / Aja yaha racanAeM hameM hastalikhita pratilipiyoM ke rUpa meM prApta hotI haiM / hameM kheda se kahanA par3atA hai ki bhArata meM ati prAcIna pratiyoM kA prAyaH zrabhAva hai / siMdhu sabhyatA ke jJAna se pahale ajamera jile ke 'var3alI' grAma se prApta jaina zilAlekha, 'piprAvA' se upalabdha bauddha lekha', aura aneka sthAnoM para vidyamAna, mahArAja azoka kI zilotkIrNa dharma lipiyAM hI prAcInatama lekha mAne jAte the / aura koI bhI pustaka vikrama se pUrva lipikRta prApta nahIM huii| prAcIna lekhoM ke abhAva kA kAraNa byUlara Adi kaI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke kathanAnusAra yaha thA ki usa kAla meM bhAratIya lekhanakalA se anabhijJa the / una kA mata hai ki bhArata kI purAnI lipiyAM - brAhmo aura kharoSThI - prAcIna pAzcAtya lipiyoM se nikalI haiM / paraMtu har3appA, mahiMjodar3o Adi sthAnoM para khudAI hone se nizcita rUpa se jJAta ho gayA hai ki bhAratIya usa sabhyatA ke samaya lipi kA AviSkAra kara cuke the aura una meM likhane kA pracAra kAfI thA / yaha lipi citrAtmaka hai aura prAcIna kAla kI pAzcAtya lipiyoM se bahuta milatI hai / saMbhava hai ki isa sabhyatA kA mizra Adi dezoM kI tAtkAlika sabhyatA se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha aura saMparka ho / ataH yaha nizcita hai ki jisa samaya pAzcAtya loga lipi kA prayoga karate the (yadi usa se pUrva kAla meM nahIM to) usa samaya bhArata meM lipi kA prayoga avazya hotA thA / hijodar3o aura har3appA se abhI taka koI lambA lekha nahIM milA paraMtu kucha lekhAnvita mudrAeM aura miTTI ke bartana prApta hue haiN| khudAI meM thor3e tAmrapatra aura miTTI ke kar3e bhI hAtha lage haiM, jina para akSara utkIrNa kie hue haiM / ina lekhoM kI lipi ko par3hane meM abhI pUrI saphalatA nahIM huii| aba taka yahAM se kula 366 citracihna mile haiN| kucha cihna samasta rUpa meM haiM aura kaI cihnoM kA rUpa mAtrAoM ke lagane se parivartita ho gayA hai / 12 mAtrAoM taka ke samUha bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM / saMbhavata: yaha uccAraNa-zAstra ke anusAra haiN| yaha cihna dAeM se bAeM hAtha ko likhe jAte the / ina cihnoM kI itanI bar3I saMkhyA se yaha sUcita hotA hai ki vaha lipi varNAtmaka na thI, apitu akSarAtmaka yA bhAvAtmaka thI / kama lekhoM ke milane se yaha anumAna ho sakatA hai ki usa samaya kI lekhana sAmagrI cirasthAyI na thI / 1. ojhA - bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAtA ( dUsarA saM0 ), pR0 2-3 |... rAdhAkumuda mukarajI - hiMdU sivilAiz2ezana, pR0 18-16 / Aho! Shrutgyanam

Page #16
( 3 ) saMbhavata: vaha loga vRkSoM ke patra, chAla yA lakar3I, vastra, carma Adi para likhate hoMge / ata: samaya ke sAtha sAtha lekha bhI naSTa hote gae' / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM kaI aise sthala haiM jina meM lekhana - kalA kA spaSTa ullekha hai, aura bahuta se aise haiM jinake AdhAra para tattatkAla meM isa kalA ke astitva kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / pAzcAtya lekhaka bhI likhate haiM ki strISTa se 400 varSa pUrva bhAratIyoM ko lekhana kalA kA jJAna thA aura vaha apanI dinacaryA meM isakA prayoga karate the / caMdragupta maurya ke samakAlIna yavana lekhaka niarkasa ne to yahAM taka likhA hai ki hiMdustAna ke loga rUI ko kUTakara likhane ke lie kArAz2a banAte haiM / isalie hama nizcaya se kaha sakate haiM ki pAzcAtya dezoM ke samAna bhArata meM bhI lekhana kalA kA jJAna aura prayoga bahuta prAcIna hai / phira bhI bhArata meM bahuta purAnI hastalikhita pustakoM kA abhAva hai / isa ke kAraNa nimnalikhita haiN| (1) smaraNa zakti kA prayoga aura likhita pustakoM kA anAdarahamAre pUrvaja paThana-pAThana meM smaraNa zakti kA prayoga bahuta karate the / yajJa meM vedamaMtroM kA zuddha prayoga Avazyaka thaa| ina meM svara aura vaNaM kI azuddhi yajamAna kA nAza kara sakatI thI / ataH ina kA zuddha uccAraNa guru-mukha se hI sIkhA jAtA thA / isalie vaidika loga na kevala maMtroM ko, varan una ke padapATha ko, do do pada milAkara krama pATha ko aura isI taraha padoM ke ulaTa-phera se ghana, jaTA Adi pAThoM ko bhI svarasahita kaMThastha karate the / guru apane ziSyoM ko maMtra kA eka eka aMza sunAtA aura vaha unheM jyoM kA tyoM raTa lete the / svara Adi kI maryAdA naSTa na hone pAe, 'isalie likhita pustakoM se veda pATha kA niSedha kiyA gayA / paraMtu veda lipikRta avazya kie jAte the / veda ke paThana-pAThana meM likhita pustaka kA anAdara eka 1. mArzala - mahiMjodar3o, pR0 35 / 2. lipimAlA, 104-15 / : 3. lipimAlA, pR0 144 / 4. yathaivAnyAya vijJAtA dvedAllekhyAdipUrvakam / zUdreNAdhigatAdvApi dharmajJAnaM na saMmatam // (kumArila kA taMtravArttika, jaimini-mImAMsA darzana ke a0 1, pAda: 3, adhikaraNa 3, sUtra 7 para, pR0 203) 5. vedavikrayiNazcaiva vedAnAM caiva dUSakAH / vedAnAM lekhakAzcaiva te vai nirayagAminaH // 1 ( mahAbhArata, anuzAsana parva, 63 / 28) Aho! Shrutgyanam

Page #17
prAcIna rIti ho gaI aura unI kI dekhA-dekhI aura zAstra bhI hAM taka ho sake kaMThastha kie jAne lge| yahAM taka ki Aja bhI veda logoM ko kaMThastha haiN| aura bhAratIya loga kaMThasthA vidyA ko hI vidyA mAnane lage / gItA meM AtmA ke viSaya meM likhA hai nainaM chindanti zastrANi nainaM dahati pAvakaH / na cainaM kledayantyApo na zoSayati mArutaH // ( 2, 23) yaha ukti isa kaMThasthA vidyA ke lie pUrI taraha lAgU hotI hai / hiMduoM kI paripATI zatAbdiyoM taka yahI rahI hai ki mastiSka aura smRti hI pustakAlaya kA kAma deN| vaha kahate haiM ki pustakoM se vidyA lene vAlA puruSa kabhI vidvatsabhA meM camaka nahIM sktaa| isI lie sUtra graMthoM kI saMkSepa zailI se racanA huI / ipI lie jyotiSa, vaidyaka, aMkagaNita, bIjagaNita Adi vaijJAnika viSayoM ke graMtha bhI bahudhA zlokabaddha likhe jAne lge| aura to aura koza naise graMtha bhI chaMdobaddha likhe gae tAki zIva kaMThastha ho skeN| 2-lekhana-sAmagrI kI nazvaratA-prAcIna kAla meM jisa sAmagrI para pustakeM likhate the, vaha saba cirasthAyI na hogI, aura samaya ke vyatIta hone ke sAtha sAtha lipibaddha pustakeM bhI naSTa bhraSTa hotI gii| 3-bhArata meM yaha paripATI hai ki likhita pustakeM jaba kAma kI na raheM taba vaha gaMgA Adi pavitra nadiyoM kI bheMTa kara dI jAtI haiN| 4-rAja-visava Adi ke kAraNa bhI bahuta sI likhita pustakoM kA nAza huA hai| sAhityakSetra meM lekhana ne smaraNa zakti kA sthAna zanaiH zanaiH liyA hogaa| paraMtu kaba liyA-isa bApta kA nirNaya kaThina hai / jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM nizcayapUrvaka batalAyA gayA hai ki kisa kisa samaya unakA dhArmika sAhitya lipivaddha kiyA gayA / jainoM ne jaba dekhA ki hamArA Agamika sAhitya naSTa naSTa hotA jA rahA hai to unhoMne samaya samaya para kaI vidvatpariSadeM pATaliputra (vikrama se pUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM ) mathurA, valabhI Adi sthAnoM meM kI / valabhI ko pariSad vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI meM huI aura isa meM saba AgamoM ko lipibaddha kiyA gayA / bauddha sAhitya kI saMbhAla ke lie bhI kaI sabhAeM huI-azoke ke samaya 1. pustakapratyayAdhItaM nAdhItaM gurusaMnidhau / bhrAnane na sabhAmadhye jAragarbha iva striyAH // kI mAdhavIya TIkA ( parAzara dharma saMhitA ( 1, 38) bhAga 1, pR0 154 ) meM uddhRta nArada kA vacana / 2. kANe smAraka graMtha ( aMgrejI ) pR0 75 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

Page #18
meM pATaliputra meM, kaniSka ke samaya meM kAzmIra meM kuMDalavana meN| kAzmIra vAlI sabhA ke varNana meM yaha AtA hai ki saphala siddhAMta ko tAmrapatroM para utkIrNa karake eka stUpa meM rakha diyA tAki naSTa na hone paae| paraMtu hama nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kaha sakate ki yaha siddhAMta lipibaddha the yA smRti dvArA hI una taka pahuMce the / brAhmaNa sAhitya meM koI aisA ullekha nahIM milatA jisake AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakeM ki brAhmaNoM ne apane dhArmika sAhitya ko lipibaddha karanA kaba AraMbha kiyaa| eka yA aneka kartA kI apekSA se bhAratIya sAhitya do zreNiyoM meM vibhakta ho sakatA hai| 1-samaSTi-racita sAhitya-bhArata kA kucha prAcIna sAhitya aisA hai jisake sarjana meM kisI vyakti vizeSa kA hAtha na hokara kisI saMpradAya kA hAtha hotA thaa| sArA Rgveda kisI eka RSi ko dikhalAI nahIM diyA (yA kisI eka kavi kI kRti nahIM), kiMtu kaI RSiyoM ko dikhAI diyaa| veda meM jitane maMtra kisI eka RSi ke nAma ke sAtha Ate haiM vaha saba usI eka RSi dvArA nahIM apitu usa RSi tathA usakI ziSya paramparA dvArA dekhe yA banAe hote haiN| vedAdi dhArmika sAhitya meM zuddhatA vAMchita thI isalie isa kI rakSA ke lie pada, krama, ghana, jaTA Adi pAThoM ko prayoga meM lAyA gayA / isa ke pariNAma-svarUpa smRtipaTa se lipipaTa para Ate samaya vaidika sAhitya meM azuddhiyAM kama huI aura pATha zuddha rUpa se calA AyA hai| paraMtu nina racanAoM ke sAtha dhArmikatA evaM pavitratA kA itanA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha nahIM, una meM zuddhatA pUrNa rUpa se nahIM milatI, jaise mahAbhArata, purANa Adi / bhinna bhinna vidyA keMdroM para ina kI sthAnIya dhAgaeM bana gaI / prAya: dekhA jAtA hai ki aisA sAhitya pahale smaraNasakti dvArA hI pracalita hotA thA aura kucha kAla pIche lipibaddha kiyA jAtA thaa| isa aMtara meM isa meM kucha na kucha parivartana A jAtA thA kyoMki kaI vAcakoM aura paMDitoM ne apanI buddhi kA prabhAva isa para DAlA hogaa| isa sAhitya ke viSaya meM yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki amuka prati meM mUlapATha milatA hai yA milatA thA / hama kevala itanA kaha sakate haiM ki vaha racanA amuka prati meM prathama bAra lipibaddha kI gii| 2-vyakti-racita sAhitya-isa sAhitya ke viSaya meM yaha saMbhAvanA prabala hotI hai ki racayitA ne apanI kRti ko yA to svayaM lipibaddha kiyA ho yA apane nirIkSaNa meM kisI se likhavA kara svayaM zuddha kara liyA ho / graMthakAra kI svayaM likhI huI yA likhAI huI isa prati ko mUla prati kahate haiM / isa sAhitya meM mUla racanA Aho ! Shrutgyanam

Page #19
aura mUla prati ke lipikAla meM itanA aMtara nahIM par3atA aura na hI sthAnIya dhArAoM kI itanI saMbhAvanA hotI hai jitanI samaSTi racita sAhitya meN|| isa prakAra racanAoM ke do bheda ho gae- eka to vaha racanAeM mina kI mUla pratiyAM thIM, cAhe vaha aba upalabdha hoM yA na hoM / dUsarI vaha racanAeM jina kI mUla pratiyAM thIM hI nahIM / yaha prAyaH smaraNa-zakti dvArA pracalita hotI rahIM, aura samaya pAkara lipibaddha ho gii| madhyakAlIna bhArata meM likhita pustakoM kA bahuta pracAra thA yahAM taka ki cInI yAtrI ghanasAMga yahAM se cIna lauTate samaya bIsa ghor3oM para pustakeM lAda kara apane sAtha le gayA jina meM 657 bhinna bhinna pustakeM thIM' / madhya bhArata kA zramaNa puNyopAyaH vi0 saM0 712 meM 1500 se adhika pustakeM lekara cIna ko gayA thaa| pustakeM itanI bar3I saMkhyA meM milatI thIM, isa ke bhI kAraNa the / apanI racanA ko varSA agni Adi ke kAraNa naSTa hone se bacAne ke lie aura use anya icchuka vidvAnoM taka pahuMcAne ke lie racayitA svayaM apanI mUna prati ke AdhAra para aneka pratilipiyAM karatA yA dUsaroM se karavAtA thA / rAjazekhara ne kAvyamImAMtA' meM likhA hai ki kavi apanI kRti kI kaI pratiyAM kare yA karAe jisa se vaha kRti surakSita raha sake aura naSTa bhraSTa na hone paae| - yadi vaha racanA zIghra prasiddha ho jAtI to usa kI mAMga hone lagatI aura vidyApremI rAjA aura vidvAna apanI apanI pratiyAM banAte yA banavAte the| 1. vI0 e0 smitha -aralI hisTarI Apha iMDiyA (cauthA saMskaraNa ), pR0 365 / 2. lipimAlA, pR0 16 / / 3. (gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a, prathama saM0) pR053 - .. siddhaM ca prabandhamanekAdarzagataM kuryAt / yaditthaM kathayanti "nikSepo vikrayo dAnaM deshtyaago'lpjiivitaa| traTiko vahnirambhazca prabandhocchedahetavaH // dAridraya vyasanAsaktiravajJA mandabhAgyatA / duSTe dviSTe ca vizvAsaH paJca kaavymhaapdH||", punaH samApayiSyAmi, puna: saMskariSyAmi, suhRdbhiH saha vivecayiSyAmIti karturAkulatA rASTropasavazva prabandhavinAzakAraNAni / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

Page #20
madhya kAla meM loga pustaka-dAna kA kAphI mAhAtmya mAnate the / dAna dene ke jira bhI pustakeM lipibadva hotI thIM prAcIna yAtriyoM kA itanI bar3I saMkhyA meM pratiyoM ko videza le jAnA bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki usa samaya dAna meM pustakeM bahuta dI jAtI thI, kyoMki bauddha bhikSu koI yorupa yA amerikA ke dhanADhya TUrisTa to the nahIM ki yahA~ tor3e kholakara pustakeM mola le lete / unheM jitanI pustakeM milIM vaha gRhasthoM, bhituoM, maThoM yA rAjAoM se dAna meM milI hoNgii| yaha pustakeM prAyaH rAjadarabAra, maMdira, pAThazAlA, vihAra, maTha, upAzraya Adi se saMbaddha pustakAlayoM meM yA vyaktigata rUpa se nirmita pustaka-saMgrahA~ meM rakhI jAtI thiiN| saMskRta bhASA meM ina pustakAlayoM ko 'bhAratI bhAMDAgAra' yA 'sarasvatI bhAMDAgAra' kahate haiN| isI 'bhAMDAgAra' zabda se Adhunika 'bhaMDAra' zabda kI utpatti huI hai| bANa' svayaM likhatA hai ki usa ke pAsa eka pustaka-vAcaka thA, jisa kA kartavya use pustakeM par3ha kara sunAnA thA / isa se anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bANa viprAya pustakaM dattvA dharmazAstrasya ca dvija / purANasya ca yo dadyAt sa devatvamavApnuyAt // zAkhadRSTayA jagat savai suzrutazca zubhAzubham / tasmAta zAstraM prayatnena dadyAd viprAya kArtike // vedavidyAM ca yo dadyAta "svarge kalpatrayaM vaset / AtmavidyAzca yo dadyAt tasya saMkhyA na vidyate // trINi tulyapradAnAni trINi tulyaphalAni ca / zAstraM kAmadughA dhenuH pRthivI caiva zAzvatI // padma purANa, uttara khaMDa, adhyAya 117 (?) vedArthayajJazAstrANi dharmazAstrANi caiva hi / mUlyena lekhayitvA yo dadyAd yAti sa vaidikam // itihAsa-purANAni likhitvA yaH prayacchati / brahmAdAnasamaM puNyaM prApnoti dviguNIkRtam // garuDa purANa, adhyAya 215 (?) (zabdakalpadruma meM 'pustaka' zabda ke vivaraNa se udhRta) 2. lipimAlA pR0 16 / 3. harSacarita. tRtIya ucchavAsa, jIvAnaMda kA dUsarA saMskaraNa pR0 200-202 athavA kA~vala kA anuvAda pR0 72-73 / Aho I Shrutgyanam

Page #21
ke pAsa eka acchA khAsA pustaka bhaMDAra hogA / vikrama kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM dhArA ke rAjA bhoja ke mahala meM bhArI pustaka-saMgraha thA / vi0 saM0 1200 ke lagabhaga siddharAja mayasiMha ise apane pustakAlaya meM milAne ke lie aNahilavAr3a pATaNa meM le pAyA thA / isI prakAra rAja-bhaMDAroM meM bahuta sI pustakeM saMgRhIta ho jAtI thiiN| khambhAta ke do jaina bhaMDAroM meM 30000 se bhI adhika pustakeM haiN| taMjora kI rAjalAibrerI meM 12000 se Upara pustakeM haiN| isI prakAra pATaNa ke jaina bhaMDAroM meM 12020 se adhika kAgana kI hastalikhita pustakeM haiM aura 658 tADapatrIya pustakeM haiN| caulukya vIsaladeva (vi0 saM0 1264-1316) ke pustakAlaya meM naiSadha' kI vaha prati thI jisa ke AdhAra para vidyAdhara ne isa kAvya para pahalI TIkA likhii| isI pustakAlaya meM surakSita 'kAmasUtra' kI eka prati ke AdhAra para yazodhara ne 'mayamaMgalA' TIkA rcii| bA~na (jarmanI) ke vizvavidyA taya ke pustakAlaya meM rAmAyaNa kI eka prati hai jo vIsaladeva ke saMgraha ke Adarza kI pratilipi hai / isa se hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhArata meM sAtavIM zatAbdI meM pustakAlayoM kA astitva thA aura bhArata ke bAhara se to isa kAla se bhI bahuta pahale kI pustakeM prApta huI haiN| dUsarA adhyAya sAmagrI kisI prAcIna graMtha ke saMpAdana karane ke lie saMpAdaka ko cAhie ki vaha usa graMtha kI saba sAmagrI kI pUrI pUrI khoja kre| yaha sAmagrI do prakAra ko hai-mUla aura sahAyaka / mUla sAmagrI mUla sAmagrI vaha hai jisa ke AdhAra para kisI racanA kA saMpAdana kiyA jAtA hai| yaha prAyaH hastalikhita pratiyoM ke rUpa meM hotI hai / hastalikhita pratiyoM se hamArA tAtparya kisI graMtha kI una pratiyoM se hai jo usa graMtha kI chagaI se pahale hAtha dvArA 1. kAtre-iMDiyana Taikscu ala kriTisiz2ama, pR0 13 / ... 2. DiskripTiva kaiTaeNlaeNoNga oNfa mainuskripTasa ina di jaina bhaMDAraz2a eTa pATaNa, bhUmikA, pR041| 3. . kAtre, pR0 13 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

Page #22
likhI gaI hoM / ina pratiyoM kA paricaya prApta karane ke lie sUciyoM kA prayoga karanA par3atA hai / sUcI-sAhitya bRhatkAya ho gayA hai| kaI vivaraNAtmaka sUciyAM chapa cukI haiM aura aba bhI chapa rahI haiN| saba se prAcIna sUcI kAzI ke paMDita kavIMdrAcArya (vi0 saM0 1713) kI hai| paraMparA kI apekSA pratieM kaI prakAra kI haiM mUlapati-jaisA ki pahale bata nAyA gayA hai mUlaprati usa prati ko kahate haiM jisa ko graMthakAra ne svayaM lipibaddha kiyA ho yA apane nirIkSaNa meM kisI se lipibaddha karavA kara svayaM zuddha kara liyA ho / prAcIna mUlapratiyoM meM pATha kI azuddhiyAM ho jAtI hoMgI kyoMki hama dekhate haiM ki Adhunika lekhoM kI mUlapratiyoM meM bhI choTI moTI azuddhiyAM ho jAtI haiN| prAcIna athavA arvAcIna mUla pratiyoM kA saMpAdaka inhIM ko zodhatA hai| prathama prati-prathama prati vaha prati hotI hai jo kisI kRti kI mUlaprati se tayyAra kI jAe, jaise zilAlekha, tAmrapatra Adi / yadi kisI mUla prati se kaI pratiyAM kI jAveM to vaha sabhI prathama pratiyAM hI kahalAveMgI / pustakoM kI bhI prathama pratiyAM milatI haiM / utkIrNa lekhoM aura pASANa Adi para khude hue kAdhya Adi kI rakSA kA yadi ucita prabaMdha na ho to vaha TUTa phUTa jAte haiM / RtuoM ke virodhI AghAtoM ko sahate sahate vaha ghisa kara maddhama par3a jAte haiN| aura una ko khodate samaya karaNaka bhI thor3I bahuta azuddhiyAM kara hI jAtA hai / ina truTita aMzoM ko pUrA karanA aura azuddhiyoM ko sudhAranA saMpAdaka kA kAryakSetra hai| pratilipi-bhArata meM mUla aura prathama pratieM bahuta hI kama saMkhyA meM upalabdha hotI haiM / saMpAdakoM ko prAyaH mUla athavA prathama prati ko pratilipiyAM yA ina pratilipiyoM kI pratilipiyAM hI milatI haiM jina ke AdhAra para inheM racanA kA maulika yA prAcInatama rUpa prApta karanA par3atA hai| / pratiyAM Adhunika kAla kI taraha mudraNa-yaMtroM se nahIM banatI thIM / ina ko manuSya apane hAthoM se tayyAra karate the| jisa prati ko dekha kara koI pratilipi kI jAtI hai, use usa pratilipi kA 'Adarza' kahate haiM / pratilipi kabhI bhI apane Adarza ke bilakula samAna nahIM ho sakatI, isa meM avazya kucha na kucha aMtara par3a jAtA thaa| isa meM thor3I bahuta azuddhiyAM A hI jAtI thIM / isalie pratilipi apane Adarza se sadA kama vizvasanIya hotI hai / eka prati se aneka pratiyAM aura ina se phira aura pratiyAM tayyAra hotI rahatI thiiN| isa prakAra jyoM jyoM pratilipi mUla yA prathama prati se dUra Aho ! Shrutgyanam

Page #23
( 10 ) haTatI jAtI hai, tyoM tyoM usa meM azuddhiyoM kI saMkhyA bhI bar3hatI jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha kalpanA kIjie ki kisI kRti kI prati 'ka' pUrNa rUpa se zuddha hai arthAt zata pratizata zuddha hai / isa prati 'ka' se eka pratilipi 'kha' tayyAra kI gaI aura isa pratilipi 'kha' se eka aura pratilipi 'ga' banAI gaI / pratyeka lipikAra kucha na kucha azuddhiyAM avazya karatA hai - mAna lIjiye ki prathama lipikAra ne 5 pratizata azuddhiyAM kIM aura dUsare ne bhI itanI hii| to 'kha' aura 'ga' kI zuddhatA 65 aura 6025 pratizata raha jAvegI / isI prakAra yadi 'ga' se 'gha' pratilipi kI jAe to isa 'gha' ko zuddhatA kevala 85'74 pratizata raha jAvegI / isalie kisI prati kI pUrvapUrvatA kAfI hada taka usa kI zuddhatA kA dyotaka hotI hai| pratiyoM kI vizeSatAeM pratiyoM kI sAmagrI - prAcIna pratiyAM prAyaH tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, kArAja, aura kabhI kabhI vastra, lakar3I, dhAtu, camar3A, pASANa, IMTa, Adi para bhI milatI hai / paMktiyAM - prAcIna zilAlekhoM kA kharar3A banAne vAle paMktiyoM ko saMdhA para rakhane kA prayatna karate the / azoka kI dharmalipiyoM meM yaha prayatna pUrNatayA saphala nahIM huA, paraMtu usI kAla ke anya lekhoM meM saphala rahA hai / kevala unmAtrAeM (F, 7, ) hI rekhA se Upara uThanI haiN| prAcIna se prAcIna pustakoM meM paMktiyAM prAyaH sIdhI hotI haiN| prAcIna tAr3apatra aura kAg2az2a kI pustakoM meM pRSTha ke dAI aura bAI ora khar3I rekhAeM hotI haiM jo hAzie kA kAma detI haiM / 9 3 " 3 eka caur3I pATI para nizcita aMtaroM para sUta kA DorA kama dete the, isa para patrAdi rakha kara dabA die jAte the jisa se una para sIdhI rekhAoM ke nizAna par3a jAte the / ina para likhA jAtA thA / zabda-vigraha- paMkti, loka yA pAda ke aMta taka zabda sAdhAraNatayA eka dUsare ke sAtha jor3a kara likhe hote haiM / paraMtu kucha prAcIna lekhoM meM zabda judA judA haiN| kaI pratiyoM meM samasta pada ke zabdoM ko judA karane ke lie choTI sI khar3I rekhA zabda ke aMta meM zIrSa rekhA ke Upara lagA dI jAtI thI / virAma cihna - kharoSTI zilAlekhoM meM virAma-cihna nahIM milate, paraMtu dhammapad meM pratyeka padya ke aMta meM biMdu se milatA julatA cihna pAyA jAtA hai aura vargoM ke aMta meM baisA hI cihna milatA hai jaisA kaI zilAlekhoM ke aMta meM hotA hai jo zAyada kamala kA sUcaka hai / brAhmI lipi ke lekhoM meM kaI prakAra ke virAma-cihna haiM / - - Aho! Shrutgyanam

Page #24
vikrama saMvata se pahale zilAlekhoM meM yaha cihna bahuta kama dikhAI dete haiM unameM kahIM kahIM sIdhe aura Ter3he daMDa hote haiM / vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI se yaha cihna niyamita rUpa se Ate haiM-pAda ke aMta para eka daMDa aura zloka ke aMta para do daMDa / dakSiNa meM AThavIM zatAbdI taka ke kaI lekha aura zAsana ina ke binA milate haiN| saMketa-jisa zabda ko duharAnA hotA hai, usako likhakara '2' kA aMka lagA diyA jAtA hai| hAzie meM graMtha kA nAma saMkSipta rUpa se diyA hotA hai| kahIM kahIM adhyAya Adi kA nAma bhI saMkSepa se milatA hai| jaina tathA bauddha sUtroM meM eka sthAna para nagara, udyAna Adi kA varNana kara diyA hotA hai| phira jahAM ina kA varNana denA ho vahAM ise na dekara kevala 'vaeNao' (varNanam ) zabda likha diyA jAtA hai / isa se pAThaka ko vahAM para ucita pATha samajha lenA par3atA hai| patra-gaNanA pratiyoM meM patroM kI saMkhyA dI hotI hai, pRSThoM kI nahIM / dakSiNa meM patre ke prathama pRSTha para aura anyatra dUsare para saMkhyA dI hotI hai / yaha patre ke hAzie meM hotI hai-bAI ora vAle meM Upara aura dAI ora vAle meM niice| kaI pratiyoM meM saMkhyA kevala eka hI sthAna para hotI hai| kucha prAcIna pratiyoM meM patra-saMkhyA aMkoM meM nahIM dI hotI / apitu akSaroM dvArA saMketita hotI hai| patra-gaNanA meM aMkoM ko akSaroM dvArA saMketita karane kI kaI rItiyAM haiM / udAharaNa-RgarthadIpikA, bhAga 1, bhUmikA pRSTha 36 se uddhRt| 1 ke lie 8 ke lie dre 10 , ma 3 , nya 11 , mana 12 , manna 13 , manya 14 , maSka n 6m x com ___" majha mahA - 1. DA0 lakSmaNa svarUpa saMpAdita RgarthadIpikA, bhAga 1, bhUmikA pRSTa 38-36; DiskripTiva kaiTaoNlaoNga zrApha di gavarmeMTa kolekSanaz2A Afa mainuskripTasa Dipoz2iTeDa eTa di bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca insTicyUTa, bhAga 17,2, pariziSTa 3 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

Page #25
17 18 16 20 30 40 50 ke lie mama mapra madre tha " "" "" "" " 19 la ta va ( 12 ) 60 Aho! Shrutgyanam 70 80 60 100 200 ke lie tra tru " 36 3:5 " "" ga na naJa lipikAra 1 pratilipiyAM karane vAle vizeSa vyakti huA karate the / pustakeM likhanA hI inakI AjIvikA thI / vikrama ke pUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM inako 'lipikara', 'lipikAra' yA, 'livikara' kahate the / vikrama kI sAtavIM aura AThavIM zatAbdiyoM meM ina ko 'divirapati' ( fArasI ' dabIra ' ) kahate the / gyArahavIM zatAbdI se lipikAroM ko ' kAyastha bhI kahane lage jo Aja bhArata meM eka jAti vizeSa kA nAma hai| zilAlekhoM aura tAmra-patroM ko utkIrNa karane vAloM ko karaNa (ka), karaNina, zAsanika, dharma lekhina kahate the / jaina bhikSuoM aura yatiyoM ne jaina tathA jainetara sAhitya ko lipibaddha karane meM bahuta parizrama kiyaa| bhAratIya laukika sAhitya kA bRhat bhAga jaina lipikAroM dvArA lipikRta milatA hai| isa lie bhAratIya sAhitya ke sarjana, rakSaNa aura pracAra meM jainoM kA sthAna bahuta UMcA hai / vidyArthI apanI apanI pratiyAM bhI banAyA karate the, jinakA Adarza prAyaH guru kI prati hotI thI / I lipikAra prAyaH do prakAra ke hote the, eka to vaha jo svayaM racayitA kI, yA usake kisI vidvAna pratinidhi kI, yA kisI vidyA-premI rAjA Adi dvArA niyukta vidvAnoM kI dekha rekha meM kAma karate the / ina lipikAroM dvArA kI huI pratiyoM meM pATha kI paryApta zuddhi hotI hai / racayitA kI apekSA anya vidvAnoM ke nirIkSaNa meM kI gaI pratiyoM meM doSa hone kI saMbhAvanA adhika hotI hai| dUsare lipikAra vaha hote the jo kisI vidvAn ke nirIkSaNa meM to pustakoM ko lipi nahIM karate the para apanI AjIvikA kamAne ke lie dUsaroM ke nimitta pratiyAM banAte rahate the / jaise jaise kisI manuSya ko kisI racanA kI AvazyakatA par3I, usane kisI lipikAra ko kahA aura usane prastuta racanA kI lipi kara dI / yaha lipikAra prAyaH kama par3he hote the / ataH inakI likhI huI pratiyoM meM doSa adhika hote haiN| kucha manuSya apanI manaH saMtuSTi aura nijI prayoga ke lie bhI pustakoM kI lipiyAM banAte the / "

Page #26
( 13 ) ast lipikAra Adarza hai jo apanI Adarza prati para aMdha vizvAsa rakhatA hai, usakA yathAsaMbhava ThIka ThIka anusaraNa karatA hai, makkhI para makkhI mAratA hai / paraMtu aise lipikAra prAyaH kama milate haiM / vaha zabda likhate haiM, akSara nahIM, arthAt vaha apanI Adarza prati se thor3A sA pATha par3ha lete haiM aura use apanI prati meM likha lete haiM, phira thor3A sA par3ha lete haiM aura likha lete haiM, aura isI taraha likhate jAte haiM / isa se kahIM na kahIM prastuta pATha meM aMtara A jAtA hai / mUr3ha puruSa acchI pratilipi utAra sakatA hai kyoMki lipi karate samaya vaha apanI buddhi ko pIche haTAe rakhatA hai aura kevala apanI Adarza prati se hI kAma letA hai / jo lipikAra apane Adarza ke chUTe hue athavA truTita pAThoM ko jyoM kA tyoM chor3a detA hai, unako pUrA karane kA prayatna nahIM karatA, jo apanI prati meM Adarza kI mAmUlI se mAmUlI azuddhi ko bhI rakha detA hai, vaha prAya: vizvasanIya hotA hai / lipi karane kA kAma itanA sahaja nahIM jitanA pratIta hotA hai / likhate likhate lipikAroM kI kamara, pITha aura prIvA dukhane lagate haiM / isa kaThinAI kA ullekha vaha svayaM apanI prazastiyoM meM karate haiM, jaise matsya purANa adhyAya 186 meM lekhaka (lipikAra) kA lakSaNa isa prakAra batalAyA hai ------ sarvadezAkSarAbhijJaH sarvazAstravizAradaH / lekhakaH kathito rAjJaH sarvAdhikaraNeSu vai // zIrSopetAna susaMpUrNAna samazreNigatAna samAn | akSarAn vai likhedyastu lekhakaH sa varaH smRtaH // upAyavAkyakuzalaH sarvazAstravizAradaH / bahvarthavaktA cAlpena lekhakaH syAd bhRgUttama // vAkyAbhiprAyatattvajJo dezakAlavibhAgavit / nAhAyya nRpe bhakto lekhakaH syAd bhRgUttama // cANakyanIti meM isa kA lakSaNa aise kiyA hai sakRdukta gRhItArtho laghuhasto jitAkSaraH / sarvazAstrasamAlokI prakRSTo nAma lekhakaH // ( zabda - kalpa- druma ke 'lekhaka' ke vivaraNa se udhRta ) kAvya mImAMsA pRSTha 50 sadaHsaMskAravizuddhayarthaM sarvabhASAkuzalaH zIghravAkU cArvakSara iGgitAkAravedI nAnAlipijJaH kaviH lAkSaNikazca lekhakaH syAt / - Aho! Shrutgyanam

Page #27
( 14 ) pRSThagrIvaH stabdhadRSTiradhomukham / kaSTena likhitaM granthaM yatnena pratipAlayet // vaha yaha bhI jAnate the ki hama apane Adarza kI pratilipi pUrI taraha nahIM kara pAe, hamArI prati meM kucha na kucha doSa avazya ho gae haiN| jaise adRzyabhAvAnmativibhramAdvA padArthahInaM likhitaM mayAtra / tatsarvamAryaiH parizodhanIyaM kopaM na kuryuH khalu lekhakeSu // munerapi matibhraMzo bhImasyApi parAjayaH / yadi zuddhamazuddhaM vA mahyaM doSo na dIyatAm' // paraMtu kaI prazastiyoM meM vaha apane Apa ko nirdoSa batalAte haiM aura satra azuddhiyAM Adarza ke sira mar3ha dete haiM, jaise yAdRzaM pustakaM dRSTvA tAdRzaM likhitaM mayA / yadi zuddhamazuddhaM vA mama doSo na vidyate // isa se spaSTa hai ki pratiyoM meM lipikAra azuddhiyAM kara hI jAte the / azuddhiyAM do prakAra kI haiM - (1) dRSTivibhrama aura (2) mati - vibhrama se utpanna huI azuddhiyAM / akSaroM Adi kA vyatyaya, Agama athavA lopa dRSTidoSa ke udAharaNa haiM jo lipikAra ke netra apane daurbalya se aura ekAgracittatA ke abhAva se karate haiM / vaha apane Adarza zuddhiyoM ko bhI sArtha samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai jisa se vicAradoSa paidA ho jAte haiM / kaI bAra aisA hotA hai ki lipikAra kI azuddhiyAM usa ke Adarza athavA mUla yA prathama prati se hI AI hotI haiM / yadi Adarza kahIM se TUTa phUTa gayA ho, to lipikAra una truTita aMzoM ko apanI mati ke anusAra pUrA karane kA prayatna karatA hai isase pratilipi meM kucha azuddhiyAM AjAtI haiM / pratiyoM kA zodhana - lipikAra ko apanI kucha azuddhiyoM kA jJAna hotA hai / vaha svayaM inako dUra kara detA hai / para kabhI kabhI apane lekha meM kAMTa chAMTa na karane ko icchA se una kA sudhAra nahIM karatA / yadi usa ke akSara suMdara hue- jaisA ki prAcIna kAla meM prAyaH hotA thA- - to yaha pralobhana aura bhI z2ora pakar3atA hai / kahIM para vaha ina kA sudhAra isa liye bhI nahIM karatA thA ki ina se artha meM koI viparyaya nahIM hotA thA / 1. maiksamyUlara saMpAdita Rgveda (dUsarA saMskaraNa ) bhAga 1, bhUmikA pR013, TippaNa | Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 15 ) azoka kI dharmalipiyoM aura anya prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM. azuddha athavA fAlatU akSara, zabda Adi ko kATA hotA hai / prAcIna pustakoM meM aise akSaroM ke Upara yA nIce biMdu athavA choTI choTI khar3I rekhAeM banAI milatI haiM / kucha zatAbdiyoM se isI nimitta har3atAla ( haritAla ) kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / kabhI kabhI har3atAla se kaTe hue bhAga para bhI likhA hotA hai / prAcIna lekhoM meM chuTe hue akSara, zabda Adi paMktiyoM ke Upara, nIce yA bIca meM, yA akSaroM ke bIca meM likhe milate haiM / paraMtu yaha batalAne ke lie koI saMketa nahIM hotA ki yaha pATha kahAM para AnA hai / arvAcIna lekhoM aura pustakoM meM isa sthAna kA saMketa kAkapAda yA haMsapAda (+, x, AVV) yA svastika se kiyA hotA hai / pATha prAya: panne ke cAroM ora ke hAzie meM diyA hotA hai| kisI kisI prati meM jisa paMkti se varNa chUTe hoM, usa kI saMkhyA bhI pATha ke sAtha milatI hai / jAna bUjha kara chor3e hue pATha ko, yA Adarza ke prati aMza ko sUcita karane ke lie usa kA sthAna rikta chor3a diyA jAtA hai / kahIM kahIM isa sthAna para biMduoM kA yA choTI khar3I rekhAoM kA prayoga milatA / kuMDala yA svastika pAThya pATha ke sUcaka haiM I kaI pratiyAM svayaM racayitA dvArA saMzodhita bhI milatI haiN| zodhana karake vaha sArI pustaka phira se likhatA thA, yA mUlaprati ko hI zuddha kara letA thA / racayitA dvArA zodhita yaha mUlaprati lipikAroM kI Adarza prati bana jAtI thI / isa se pAThAMtaroM kI utpatti ho sakatI hai-- kahIM para Adarza meM do pATha hue, eka to pahalA pATha aura dUsarA usa kA zuddha rUpa / cUMki ina meM se zuddha pATha ko sUcita karane kA koI saMketa na hotA thA isalie ina meM se lipikAra eka ko grahaNa karatA thA aura dUsare ko chor3a detA thA yA hAzie Adi meM likha letA thA / isa pratilipi ke AdhAra para likhI huI kucha pratiyoM meM dUsare pATha bilakula chUTa sakate haiM / mAlatImAdhava kI pratiyoM ke nirIkSaNa se vRddha bhAMDArakara'ne nirNaya kiyA ki bhavabhUti ne svayaM apanI mUlaprati kA zodhana kiyA hogA / isI prakAra ToDara mala ne mahAvIracarita ke saMbaMdha meM kahA hai | zodhana kArya tIrthasthAnoM para bar3I sugamatA se ho sakatA thA / kaI dhanika apane vidvAn mitroM ke sAtha apanI pratiyoM ko bhI tIrthoM para jAte the / vahAM 1. bhAMDArakara saMpAdita mAlatImAdhava, bhUmikA pR0 6 / 2. ToDara mala saMpAdita mahAvIracarita, bhUmikA pR0 8-6 / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 16 ) ina ko apanI pustakeM zodhane kA avasara milatA thA kyoMki ina sthAnoM para vidvAnoM kA samAgama hotA thA / vidyA-premI rAjAoM dvArA niyukta vidvAn bhI zodhana kiyA karate the / sahAyaka sAmagrI kisI racayitA kI kRtiyAM pUrNa rUpa se apanI nahIM hotIM / isa meM saMdeha nahIM ki vaha usa racayitA ke vyaktitva kI chApa lie rahatI haiM, paraMtu una kI bhASA, bhAva, zailI Adi usa ke pUrvavartI graMthakAroM se prabhAvAnvita hote haiN| una para tatkAlIna Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika Adi paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva bhI yathocita rUpa meM hotA hai / isI prakAra usa racayitA kA prabhAva usa ke paravarttI graMthakAroM para bhI par3atA hai / ata: isa saMsAra meM koI racayitA ekAkI nahIM hotA / isalie usa racayitA kI kRtiyoM kI apanI pratilipiyoM ke atirikta kucha sAmagrI aisI bhI prApta ho jAtI hai jo usa racanA vizeSa ke avataraNa, bhASAMtara, TIkA-TippaNa ityAdi ke rUpa meM ho sakatI hai| isako hama sahAyaka sAmagrI kahate haiM kyoMki yaha mUla graMtha ke saMpAdana meM sahAyatA mAtra hotI hai / isa ke AdhAra para saMpAdana nahIM kiyA jAtA / yadi koI racayitA aisA ho jisa kA dUsaroM se saMbaMdha sthApita na ho sake, aura usa kI kRti kevala pratiyoM ke AdhAra para hI hameM upalabdha ho, to koI nahIM jAna sakatA ki usakI prAcInatama prati ke lipikAla ke pUrva usa racanA kI kyA avasthA thI / usa kI pratiyoM kA nirIkSaka kevala itanA batalA sakatA hai ki amuka racanA kI upalabdha pratiyAM kisI kAla, deza aura lipi vizeSa ke prathamAdarza ke AdhAra para likhita haiN| vaha nahIM kaha sakatA ki upalabdha prAcInatama prati ke lipikAla se bahuta pahale una kRti kI kyA dazA thI, vaha kauna kauna se deza meM pracalita thI, Adi / saMpAdaka sahAyaka sAmagrI ke AdhAra para usa racanA ke itihAsa kA anumAna kara sakatA hai / yaha sahAyaka sAmagrI nimnalikhita rUpoM meM prApta ho sakatI haiuddharaNa pustaka likhate samaya, graMthakAra apane siddhAMta kI puSTi ke lie anya pustakoM se samAna paMktiyAM jyoM kI tyoM grahaNa kara letA hai; ina ko uddharaNa yA avataraNa kahate haiM / uddharaNa prAyaH sAre sAhitya meM milate haiM aura kAvya, vyAkaraNa. chaMdas Adi Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 17 ) pAribhASika sAhitya meM prAcurya se milate haiM / pAribhASika graMthoM ke racayitA prAcIna siddhAMtoM ke vizada vivecana tathA Alocana ke lie aura apane niyamoM ko samajhAne ke lie udAharaNa rUpa meM pUrvavartI maulika graMthoM se pATha uddhRta karate haiM / paraMtu yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki jisa lekhaka yA graMtha se pATha uddhRta kiyA ho usa kA nAma diyA ho- - prAyaH binA nAma hI uddhara milate haiM / 1 udAharaNa- bRhaddevatA kA lagabhaga pAMcavAM bhAga SaDaguruziSya ne sarvAnukramaNI kI TIkA meM, sAyaNa ne apane bhASyoM meM aura nItimaJjarI meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / inakI sahAyatA se maeNkDaoNnala ne bRhaddevatA ke kaI pAThoM kA nizcaya kiyA jo ki vaise saMdigdha raha jAte; kahIM kahIM pATha sudhAra bhI kiyA hai, jaise - ( adhyAya 5, zloka 34 ) " dadau ca rauzamaH" ke sthAna para fk pratiyoM meM " dadau na rauzano ", 6 meM " dadai go rauzanau ", " meM " dadau tadau zanau ", aura m2 meM " dadau tadAzanau pATha the aura nItimaMjarI (5, 30, 55 ) ke AdhAra para uparyukta pATha nizcita kiyA gayA / (R0 7, zlo0 68) 'ayamanta: paridhyasuH ' ke sthAna para pratiyoM meM bhinna bhinna apapATha the jina ko sAyaNa (Rg0 10, 60, 7) ke anusAra sudhArA hai / inhIM ke AdhAra para bRhaddevatA kI bRhaddhArA B ke kaI sthaloM ko maeNkDaoNnala ne maulika mAnA hai aura unakA punarnirmANa kiyA hai / jaise a0 4 zlo0 23; 5, 56-58; 5, 65, 66 ; 6, 52-56 ; 7, 42-43 ; 7, 65 Adi nItimaMjarI ora sarvAnukramaNI kI SaDguruziSyapraNItA TIkA meM milate haiM, ataH ina meM maulikatA ho sakatI hai / d y uddharaNoM ke viSaya meM yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jina graMthoM meM uddhara milate haiM vaha tulanAtmaka rIti se saMpAdita ho cuke haiM yA nahIM / yadi nahIM to unake pAThAntaroM ko avazya dekhanA cAhie / saMbhava hai ina pAThAMtaroM meM se hI koI pATha maulika ho / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAcIna lekhaka anya pustakoM ko prAyaH apanI smRti se hI uddhRta karate the aura una ko mUlapaMkti se milAne kA prayatna na karate the / ataH aise uddharaNoM kA mahattva itanA adhika nahIM / paraMtu siddhAMta graMthoM meM uddharaNoM ko sAvadhAnatA se grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA, isalie yaha adhika vizvasanIya hote haiM / subhASita-saMgraha yadi saMpAdanIya kRti ke kucha avataraNa kisI subhASita-saMgraha meM milate hoM, to vaha saMgraha saMpAdana meM yathocita sahAyatA de sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha saMgraha prastuta pratha kI upalabdha pratiyoM se prAyaH adhika prAcIna hotA hai / kucha subhASita saMgraha yaha haiM - saMskRta - kavIndravacanasamuccaya ( dazavIM zatAbdI vikrama ) ; Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 18 ) zrIvaradAsa kI sadukti ( sUkti ) karNAmRta (vi0 saM0 1262 ); jalhaNa kI saduktimuktAvalI (vi0 saM0 1304); zArGgadharapaddhati (vi0 saM0 1420) aadi|| prAkRta-hAla kI sattasaI ; municandra kA gAthAkoza (vi0 saM0 1176 ); jayavallabha kA vajAlagga ; samayasundara kI gAthAsahasrI (vi0 saM: 1687) aa.d|| bhASAMtara yA anuvAda-kisI zabda vAkya yA pustaka ke AdhAra para dUsarI bhASA meM likhe hue zabda, vAkya, pustaka Adi ko anuvAda yA bhASAntara kahate haiN| anuvAda se anUdita aura anadita se anuvAda graMthoM ke saMpAdana meM paryApta sahAyatA milatI hai / jaba yaha anuvAda prastuta graMtha kI upalabdha pratiyoM se prAcIna ho, to yaha saMpAdana-sAmagrI kA eka anupekSaNIya aura mahattvapUrNa aMga bana jAtA hai / ___ bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kA sAhitya bahudhA saMskRta bhASA meM thaa| isa ke anuvAda cInI tathA tibbatI bhASAoM meM ati prAcIna kAla meM ho cuke the| ataH ina anUdita graMthoM ke saMpAdana meM anuvAdoM kA pracura prayoga kiyA jAtA hai jaise jaoNnasTana ne azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita meM kiyA hai| isI prakAra mahAbhArata ke gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM kie hue bhASA anuvAda talagU tathA jAvA kI bhASA meM milate haiM / ina kA prayoga mahAbhArata ke saMpAdana meM pUnA vAloM ne kiyA hai| kaI sthAnoM para ina anuvAdoM ne saMpAdakoM dvArA aMgIkRta pATha ko prAmANika siddha kiyA hai| . anUdina paraMtu aba anupalabdha racanA ke punarnirmANa meM anuvAda hI kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai jaise kumAradAsa kA jAnakIharaNa jo cirakAla se bhArata meM lupta ho cukA thA / isa kA saMskRta saMskaraNa laMkA kI bhASA (Simhalese) ke sabdazaH anuvAda ke AdhAra para nikalA thA / azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita ke sarga hai ke 26-37 zlokoM kA kucha aMza truTita ho gayA thA / isakA punarnirmANa jaoNnasTana ne tibbatI anuvAda ke AdhAra para kiyA hai / TIkA, TippanI, bhASya, vRtti Adi__ TIkAoM meM prAyaH pratIka (graMtha kI paMkti yA zloka kA aMza ) ko uddhata karake usa kA artha aura mUla vyAkhyA dI jAtI hai / ina pratIkoM se usa graMtha ke tAtkAlika pAThoM kA patA cala sakatA hai / kaI bAra TIkAkAra apane samaya meM upalabdha pratiyoM kA milAna kara ke samyak yA samIcIna pATha grahaNa kara lete the aura 1. dekho mahAbhArata udyogaparvan (pUnA 1640), bhUmikA pR0 22 / 2. Da 0 I0 eca0 jaoNnasTana saMpAdita buddhacarita ( lAhaura, 1635), bhUmikA pR08| Aho I Shrutgyanam

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( 16 ) dUsare pATha kA nirdeza kara dete the / kahIM kahIM to tyakta pATha ke sAtha asamyak, apapAThaH, prAyazaH pAThaH, arvAcInaH pAThaH, pramAdapAThaH Adi zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai'| kaI bAra TIkAkAra pATha kI samIcInatA ko bhI siddha karate the / saMpAdana meM TIkA Adi kA prayoga bar3I sAvadhAnI se karanA cAhie | jahAM kisI prakaraNa para TokA na milatI ho vahAM yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki vaha prakaraNa prastuta graMtha meM thA hI nahIM, kyoMki ho sakatA hai ki TIkAkAra ne usa ko sugama samajha kara chor3a diyA ho / yadi vaha prakaraNa kaThina ho to aisA samajha lene meM Apatti nahIM / kakanItiprakaraNa para devavo kI TIkA kA abhAva hai paraMtu nIlakaMTha tathA arjunamizra ne vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai| yaha prakaraNa hai kAfI kaThina aura mahAbhArata kI zAradA tathA kAzmIrI dhArAoM meM milatA bhI nhiiN| isalie isa ko prakSepa mAnane meM doSa nahIM / nirukta ke durgaNItA bhASya meM nirukta kA pATha akSaraza: milatA hai, ataH isa se nirukta ke pATha-nirNaya meM bar3I sahAyatA milatI hai" / sAra graMtha sAra se mUla aura mUla se sAra graMtha ke saMpAdana meM yathocita sahAyatA milatI hai| kAzmIrI kavi kSemeMdra kI bhAratamaMjarI mahAbhArata kI kAzmIrI dhArA kA sAramAtra hai, ata: yaha gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM kazmIra prAMta meM mahAbhArata kI kyA paristhiti thI isa para prakAza DAlatI hai / isI kavi kI rAmAyaNamaMjarI, abhinaMda kA kAdambarIkathAsAra Adi aneka sAra graMtha haiM / anukaraNa graMtha anukaraNa graMtha aura anukRta graMtha eka dUsare ke pATha - sudhAra meM pracura sahAyatA dete haiN| kSemeMdra ne padyabaddha kAdambarI likhate samaya bANa kI kAdambarI kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| kisI zloka ke aMtima pAda yA Tukar3e ke AdhAra para pUrA zloka banAne ko samasyA pUrti kahate haiM / isa rIti se graMtha bhI banAe jA sakate haiN| kAlidAsa ke mahA0 udyoga0 bhU0 pR0 15 DA0 lakSmaNasvarUpa saMpAdita nirukta ( lAhaura, (620) bhUmikA pR0 45 / 2. pI0 ke0 goDe kA lekha, vUlanara komemorezana vAlyUma ( lAhaura, 640 ) / 3. mahA0 bambaI saMskaraNa, pUrva 1 ; adhyAya 140, pUnA saMskaraNa parva 1, pariziSTa 1,81 / 4. mahA0 1, bhUmikA pR0 25 / DA0 lakSmaNa svarUpa saMpAdita nirukta, bhUmikA pR0 44 / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 20 ) meghadUta kAvya kI samasyA-pUrti ke rUpa meM jinasena ne eka svataMtra graMtha 'pArvAbhyudaya' kI racanA kii| samAna pATha mahAbhArata, purANa Adi kaI graMtha kisI vyakti vizeSa kI kRti nahIM pratyuta kisI saMpradAya, AmnAya yA zAkhA ke guruoM kI kaI pIr3hiyoM dvArA nirmita hue haiN| aise graMthoM meM prAyaH samAna vRtta, pATha, prakaraNa Adi milate haiM jo saMpAdana meM paryApta sahAyatA dete haiN| mahAbhArata (parva 1, 62-) meM AyA huA zakuMtalopAkhyAna padmapurANa meM bhI milatA hai / purANoM meM Ae hue samAna prakaraNoM ko kirphala (Kirfel) ne 'DAsa purANaM paMca lakSaNaM meM saMgRhIta kiyA hai / kisI graMthakAra ke anya graMtha nIce uddhRta kie gae saMdarbha se yaha spaSTa ho jAe gA ki kisI racanA ke saMpAdana meM usI thakAra ke anya graMthoM kA paryavalokana kaise sahAyatA detA hai| " gosvAmI (tulasIdAsa) jI kI vANI kA tathya jitanA unhIM ke graMthoM dvArA samajhA jA sakatA hai utanA aura kisI prakAra se nhiiN| kisI bhI zabda, vAkya yA bhAva kA gosvAmI jI ne aikAntika prayoga nahIM kiyA hai| kisI na kisI dUsare sthAna se usa kI puSTi, usa kA samarthana aura spaSTIkaraNa avazya hotA hai / yadi dhyAnapUrvaka milAna kiyA jAya to gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI ne sabhI prakaraNoM kA upakrama aura upasaMhAra bar3I hI suMdaratA se kiyA hai| eka prakAra ke vastuvarNana meM bhinna bhinna sthaloM para zabdoM kI kucha aisI samAnatA rakha dI hai ki jina para dRSTi na rakhane se loga bhaTaka jAte haiM / kahIM kahIM to eka graMtha kA bhAva dUsare graMtha kI sahAyatA se adhika spaSTa hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie nIce rAmacaritamAnasa ke kucha sthala die jAte haiM jahAM milAna na karane ke kAraNa logoM ko dhokhA huA hai aura pATha meM gar3abar3I kI gaI hai| (1) sakai uThAi sarAsara meru / sou tehi sabhA gaeu kari pheru / 1 / 291 / 7 sara+asura bANAsura-isa artha ko na samajha kara bahuta logoM ne 'surAsura' pATha kara diyA hai / yadi nimnalikhita avataraNoM para dhyAna diyA gayA hotA to 'sarAsura' aisA suMdara AlaMkArika zabda na badalA jaataa| rAvana bAna mahA bhaTa bhAre / dekhi sarAsana gavahiM sidhAre / jina ke kachu bicAra mana mAhIM / cApa samIpa mahopa na jaahiiN| 1 / 246 / 2 Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 21 ) rAvana bAma chuA nahiM cApA / hAre sakala bhUpa kari dApA / 1 / 255 / 3 (2) ora nibAhu bhApa bhAI / kari pitu mAtu sujana sevakAI / 2 / 151 / 5 'ora nibAhu' kA artha hotA hai aMta taka nibAhanA / isa kA pATha logoM ne aura nibAhu' vA 'ara nibAhu' badala diyA hai / nimnalikhita avataraNoM para dhyAna na dene se yaha bhUla huI hai / sevaka hama svAmI sinAhU / hou nAta yaha ora nibAhU | 2 | 23 | 6 pranatapAla pAlahiM satra kAhU / deva duhU disi ora nibAhU / 2 / 313 | 4 ( pada-padma garIba nivAja ke / ) dekhiauM jAi pAi locana phala hita sura sAdhu samAja I gaI hara ora nirAhaka sAnaka bigare sAja ke // gItAvalI ( suMdara kAMDa ) pada saM0 26 (moM pai to na kaddU hai AI / ) ora nivAhi bhI bivi bhAyapa calyau laSana so bhAI / gItAvalI (laMkA kAMDa) pada saM0 6 saranAgata Arata pranatani ko dai dai abhaya pada ora nibAhaiM / kari AIM, karihaiM karatI haiM tulasIdAsa dAsani para chA haiM | gI0 (uttara kAMDa) pada saM0 13 dukhita dekhi saMtana ko socai jani mana mAhU~ / tose pasu pA~vara pAtakI parihare na sarana gae raghubara ora nibAhU / vinayapatrikA pada saM0 275 ... (5) soi sisupana soi sobhA soi kRpAla raghubIra | bhuvana bhuvana dekhata phirauM prerita moha samIra // 7 / 81 'samIra' pATha logoM ne badala kara 'sarIra' kara diyA hai| preraNA karane kA guNa samIra kA hai, yathA Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 22 ) puni bahu bidhi galAni jiyamAnI / aba jaga jAi bhajauM cakrapAnI / aisehi kari bicAra cupa sAdhI / prasava pavana prereu apraadhii| prereu jo parama pracaMDa mAruta kaSTa nAnA te sahyau / so jJAna dhyAna birAga anubhava jAtanA pAvaka dahyau / vinayapatrikA pada 136 (5)" tIsarA adhyAya pratiyoM kA milAna saMpAdaka ko cAhie ki jo sAmagrI mila sakatI ho use ikaTThA kare / pratilipiyoM kA sUkSma avalokana kre| una kI vyaktigata vizeSatAoM kI dekha bhAla kre| yaha dekhe ki una kI kauna kauna sI bAta maulika yA prAcInatama pATha ke nirNaya meM sahAyatA de sakatI hai / isa prakAra kI jAMca ko pratiyoM kA milAna kahate haiN| milAna se hameM yaha patA calatA hai ki amuka prati kI kauna kauna sI bAta usa ke Adarza meM vidyamAna thI / saba pratiyoM kA nirIkSaNa aura milAna kara cukane para prastuta paMtha ke maulika athavA prAcInatama pATha kA nizcaya karane ke nimitta saMpAdaka prAmANika aura vizvasanIya sAmagrI ko judA kre| vaha isa sAmagrI kA bAra bAra sUkSma avalokana kare aura isI ke AdhAra para mUlapATha kA nizcaya kre| pratyeka prati kA sAdhAraNa rUpa kisI pATha ke nizcaya meM vizeSa sahAyatA detA hai| kisI graMtha kI 'ka' aura 'kha' do pratiyAM haiM / isa ke paraspara milAna se yadi jJAta ho ki jahAM ina meM pAThabheda hai vahAM 'kha' kI apekSA 'ka' meM zuddha, maulika evaM saMbhava pAThoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai, to 'ka' ke pATha 'kha' ke pAThoM se prAyaH adhika prAmANika aura vizvasanIya hoNge| . paraMtu yaha niyama sarvathA siddha nahIM kyoMki jo pratiyAM prAya: azuddha hotI haiM una meM bhI kahIM kahIM zuddha aura maulika pATha ho sakate haiN| aura zuddha pAThoM vAlI pratiyoM meM azuddha aura dRSita pATha milate haiM / pizala ke zAkuMtala (dUsarA saMskaraNa) meM prayukta B prati prAya: azuddha pAThoM se bharI par3I hai jaise 'AyuSmAna' ke sthAna para nirarthaka 'AmuSmAna ' Adi / isa meM maulika pAThoM kI kamI hai| phira bhI isa meM kahIM kahIM 1. nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA, vaizAkha 1666 meM 'zaMbhunArAyaNa caube ' kA 'mAnasa-pATha bheda' nAmaka lekha, pR0 3-7 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 23 ) maulika pATha milate haiM jaise 1, 4/5 meM ' ahiNI du' ke sthAna para isa prati meM 'ahiarIadu' pATha hai jo zAkuMtala kI dakSiNI dhArA meM bhI milatA hai / ataH yaha pATha maulika hai| ___ yaha dekhanA Avazyaka hai ki kisI prati meM sArA pATha samAna rUpa se likhA gayA hai yA ki nhiiN| ho sakatA hai ki eka hI prati ke bhinna bhinna bhAga bhinna bhinna AdarzoM ke AdhAra para eka yA aneka lipikAroM dvArA lipikRta hoM / yaha prAyaH mahAbhArata, purANa, pRthvIrAjarAso Adi bRhatkAya graMthoM meM adhika saMbhava hotA hai| isa se sArI prati kI vizvasanIyatA aura prAmANikatA samAna nahIM rahatI / aisI paristhiti meM bhinna bhinna bhAgoM kI vizvasanIyatA kA judA judA nirNaya karanA par3atA hai / kaI bAra aisA hotA hai ki Adarza ke kucha patre guma ho cuke hote haiM yA usa meM kucha pATha upalabdha na ho to bhI lipikAra ina lupta aMzoM ko kisI dUsare Adarza ke AdhAra para pUrA kara sakatA hai| isa se bhI sArI prati kI rizvasana yatA eka sI nahIM rhtii| dekhane meM AtA hai ki pratilipi hama taka apane asalI rUpa meM nahIM pahuMcatI / prAyaH isa meM azuddhiyoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA hotA hai / isa ke pATha ko kAMTA choTA hotA hai / yaha zodhana svayaM prati kA lipikAra, racayitA yA koI anya vidvAna karatA thaa| yadi eka hI prati ko kaI zodhakoM ne zuddha kiyA ho to bhinna bhinna zuddhiyoM kI vizvasanIyatA meM aMtara hogaa| kaI bAra to aisA bhI hotA hai ki zodhaka apanI ora se to vidvattA dikhalAne kA prayatna karatA hai paraMtu vAstava meM vaha zuddha pATha ko azuddha kara detA hai| isalie hameM bhalI prakAra jAna lenA cAhie ki prati meM kauna kauna se hAthoM ne kAma kiyA hai| isI lie isa bAta kA nirNaya karanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki zodhana se pahale prati meM kyA pATha thA / akasara dekhA jAtA hai ki zodhanIya prati meM jo pATha anya pratiyoM se bhinna ho, zodhaka prAyaH usa ko haTA kara upalabdha pratiyoM ke sAdhAraNa pATha ko rakha detA hai, cAhe pahalA pATha zuddha hI kyoM na ho| lipikAla pratilipiyoM kI tulanAtmaka vizvasanIyatA kI jAMca kAfI hada taka una ke lipikAla para bhI nirbhara hotI hai| isalie hameM saMpAdanIya graMtha kI jitanI pratiyAM upalabdha hoM una ko una ke lipikAla ke anusAra kramabaddha kara lenA cAhie / yorupa meM pratiyoM kA lipikAla prAyaH nahIM diyA hotA, isalie unakA krama unakI lipi, Ahol Shrutgyanam

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( 24 ) lekhana-sAmagrI Adi ke AdhAra para nizcita karanA par3atA hai' / paraMtu bhArata meM yaha dazA itanI zocanIya nhiiN| yahAM para lipikAla adhikatara pratiyoM meM diyA hotA hai| kaI pratiyoM meM Adarza kA kAla bhI diyA hotA hai| yadi koI prati aMta meM truTeta yA khaMDita ho to avazya isa ke nizcaya meM kaThinAI par3atI hai / taba lipi, lekhana-sAmagrI Adi ke AdhAra para ina kA lipikAla nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai / lipikAla prati ke aMta meM dI huI lipikAra kI prazasti yA puSpikA meM diyA hotA hai jisa meM vaha apanA vyaktigata vRttAMta bhI detA hai / prati jitanI prAcIna hogI, usa kI vizvasanIyatA bhI utanI hI adhika hogii| paraMtu kahIM kahIM yaha niyama lAgU nahIM hotA, kyoMki ho sakatA hai ki koI arvAcIna prati 'ga' kisI ati prAcIna Adarza 'kha' ke AdhAra para likhita ho| dUsarI aura pratiyAM 'ja', 'jha', 'ba' bhI hoM jo isa se hoM to prAcInatara, paraMtu jina kA Adarza 'cha' pahalI prati ke Adarza 'kha' se kama prAcIna ho / aisI avasthA meM arvAcIna prati 'ga' dUsarI 'ja' 'jha' Adi prAcIna pratiyoM se adhika vizvasanIya ho sakatI hai| yaha bAta nimnalikhita citra se bhalI prakAra spaSTa ho jaavegii| ka (10) kha (11) ca (11) ga (16) ja (14) jha (15) ba (15) (noTa-isa citra meM 'ka', 'kha' Adi akSara pratiyoM ke nAma haiM aura (10), (11) Adi aMka pratiyoM ke lipikAla kI zatAbdiyAM haiN|) ___ yadi hara eka lipikAra pAMca prati zata azuddhiyAM kare, to 'ga' 60.25 prati zata aura 'ja' 85.75 pratizata aura 'jha' tathA 'a' to 815 pratizata zuddha hoNgii| isa se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki 'ja', 'jha', aura 'ba' kI apekSA 'ga' adhika! vizvasanIya hai / lipikAla-nirdhAraNa jaba pratiyoM ke lipikAla kA niAzcata jJAna na ho, to una kA paraspara saMbaMdha 5, hAla- kampainiana Tu klAsikala TaiksTasa, pR0 128 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 25 ) nirdhArita karane meM kaThinAI hotI hai| aisI paristhiti meM ina ke saMbaMdha jAMcane ke sAdhAraNa niyama yaha haiM (1) pATha-lopa aura pATha-vyatyaya-jaba aneka pratiyoM meM pATha-lopa athavA pAThavyatyaya samAna rUpa se ho to una pratiyoM kA pArasparika sambandha ghaniSTha hotA hai / ina meM se lopa to adhika prAmANika hai kyoMki yaha bAta prAyaH saMbhava nahIM hotI ki aneka pratiyoM meM eka hI pATha lupta ho gayA ho| yaha bhI nahIM hotA ki kisI prati meM anya pratiyoM kA milAna karake pATha lopa kiyA gayA ho| isa se yaha bhI siddha ho sakatA hai ki eka prati dUsarI prati kA Adarza hai| isI prakAra aneka pratiyoM meM samAna pAThavyatyaya bhI una ke lipikAroM ne apane Adarza se hI liyA hotA hai ! (2) aba aneka pratiyoM meM vizeSa pAThoM kA svarUpa samAna ho yA una pratiyoM ko vizeSatAeM samAna hoM, to una meM paraspara sambandha hotA hai / maeNkaDonaeNla ne bRddevatA ke saMskaraNa meM jina pratiyoM kA prayoga kiyA una meM se 'h', 'm', 'n' au 'd' paraspara saMbaddha haiM kyoMki una saba ke anta meM "amoghanandanazikSAyAM lakSaNasya virodho'pi .........zaunakakArikAyAmuktam"--yaha pATha samAna rUpa se milanA hai jo anya pratiyoM meM nahIM miltaa| isI prakAra ina meM bRhaddevatA se hI saMkalita "atha vaizvadevasUkte devatAvicAra: -bhinne sUkte vadedeva ca" ( 1. 20 ) Adi kucha uddharaNa samAna rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| (3) aba aAdarza aura pratilipi donoM upalabdha hoM to unake nirIkSaNa se yaha saMbaMdha jJAta ho jAtA hai| yadi eka prati meM kucha aisI vicitra azuddhiyAM hoM jina kA samAdhAna kisI anya prati ke avalokana se ho jAe to dUsarI prati pahalI kA Adarza hotI hai| prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki do pratiyoM kA paraspara saMbaMdha itanA zuddha aura sarala nahIM hotA jitanA ki hama Upara mAnate rahe haiN| yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki koI prati kisI eka hI Adarza ke AdhAra para likhita ho| saMbhava hai ki lipikAra ne dUsarI pratiyoM kI sahAyatA lekara apane pATha banAe hoM / isI kAraNa jo pratiyAM aMtata: eka hI mUlAdarza se likhita hoM una meM bhI prAyaH pUrNa samAnatA nahIM hotii| una meM kucha na kucha aMtara anya AdarzoM ke kAraNa A jAtA hai / isa se jJAta huA ki pratiyoM kA paraspara saMbaMdha do prakAra kA hai-zuddha aura saMkINa / 1. e0 e0 maeNkDaunala saMpAdita bRhaddevatA, bhAga 1, bhUmikA pR0 13-14 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 26 ) zuddha saMbaMdha zuddha saMbaMdha se hamArA abhiprAya usa saMbaMdha se hai jo aisI do pratiyoM meM ho jo kevala eka hI Adarza ke AdhAra para likhita hoM, yA jaba una meM eka Adarza ho aura dUsarI usa kI pratilipi / ina pratiyoM ke lipi karane meM Adarza ke atirikta anya kisI prati se sahAyatA nahIM lI hotii| udAharaNa-kisI racanA kI sAta pratiyAM upalabdha hai jinake nAma ka, kha, ga, gha, Ga, ca, cha haiM / yadi ina meM se ka aura zeSa 6 pratiyoM meM koI vizeSa samAnatA na ho to ka ina saba se bhinna hogA / yadi ina 6 pratiyoM meM se kha, ga, gha, Ga paraspara bahuta milatI ho paraMtu ka aura ca, cha se kAfI bhinna hoM, aura isI prakAra yadi ca, cha Apasa meM milatI hoM, to hama kaha sakate haiM ki ka akelI hai, kha, ga, gha, Ga eka gaNa yA vaMza kI haiM aura ca, cha dUsare kI / ina pratiyoM ke nirIkSaNa se jJAta huA ki kha, ga, gha, Ga eka hI kAlpanika Adarza "ya" ke AdhAra para likhita haiM aura ca cha anya kisI kAlpanika Adarza "ra" ke| hama pahale batalA cuke haiM ki likhate samaya prati meM azuddhiyAM A jAtI haiM, ataH pratilipi kI zuddhi Adarza kI zuddhi se kama hotI hai| kyoMki "ya" kha, ga, gha, Ga kA Adarza hai isalie 'ya" ke pATha ina ke pAThoM kI apekSA adhika zuddha, adhika prAcIna aura adhika prAmANika hoNge| kha, ga,gha,Ga ke milAna se "ya" ke pAThoM kA punarnirmANa ho sakatA hai| yadi "ya" upalabdha hotA to hama dekha sakate the ki "ya" ke pATha vAstava meM kha ga gha Ga meM se kisI eka prati ke pAThoM se adhika zuddha, prAcIna aura prAmANika haiN| aura hama kha ga gha Ga ke lipikAroM kI kucha azuddhiyoM kA samAdhAna bhI kara sakate the / isI prakAra "ra" ke pATha ca, cha meM se kisI eka prati ke pAThoM se adhika zuddha, prAcIna aura prAmANika hoMge / yadi kha ga,gha, Ga pratiyoM meM kha, ga paraspara bahuta milatI hoM aura ghula-maryAdA bhI na chor3atI hoM to kha, ga kisI kAlpanika Adarza "la" kI pratilipiyAM hoNgii| ata: "la" ke pATha kha, ga meM se kisI eka ke pAThoM se adhika zuddha, prAcIna aura prAmANika hoNge| ___ yadi ka aura kAlpanika Adarza "ya,'ra' kA paraspara saMbaMdha spaSTa jhalake to vaha kisI anya kAlpanika Adarza "va" para Azrita hoNge| ataH "va" ke pATha ka,"ya,ra," kI apekSA adhika zuddha, prAcIna aura prAmANika hoNge| yaha "va" ina saba pratiyoM kA mUla-srota hogaa| isa ko upalabdha saba pratiyoM kA kAlpanika mUlAdarza kaheMge haiM / 'ka, ya, ra," ( kha, ga, gha,Ga,ca,cha ) ke AdhAra para "va" kA punarnirmANa ho sakatA hai| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 27 ) nimnalikhita citra ina pratiyoM ke paraspara saMbaMdha ko sUcita karatA hai va (kAlpanika mUlAdarza ) ya (kAlAnika Adarza) ra (kAlpanika Adarza) la (kAlpanika Adarza) isa udAharaNa kI saba pratiyoM kA paraspara saMbaMdha zuddha hai-vaha saba kisI eka kAlpanika mUlAdarza ke AdhAra para likhita haiM / saMkIrNa saMbaMdha uparyukta udAharaNa meM hamane kalpanA kI thI ki "ya" gaNa kI kisI prati meM "ra" gaNa ke vizeSa pATha nahIM Ate aura isI prakAra "ra" gaNa kI pratiyoM meM 'ya" gaNa ke vizeSa pATha nahIM milte| paraMtu vAstava meM aisA nahIM hotaa| kisI prati kI pAThaparamparA usake saba bhAgoM meM samAna nahIM hotii| jaba eka prati eka hI Adarza ke AdhAra para likhita nahIM hotI pratyuta aneka AdarzoM ke AdhAra para lipikRta hotI hai to aisI avasthA meM pratiyoM ke paraspara saMbaMdha ko saMkIrga kahate haiM / nimnalikhita citra se yaha spaSTa ho jaaegaa| va ( kAlpanika mUlAdarza , ya / (kAlpanika Adarza ) ra (kAlpanika | Adarza ) la (kAlpanika Adarza) isa citra meM ka,kha,ga,gha,Ga,ca,cha kA paraspara saMbaMdha to zuddha hai / paraMtu ka aura kha ke AdhAra para pa aura U aura ca ke AdhAra para pha lipikRta haiM ata: pa, pha kA paraspara saMkIrNa saMbaMdha hai| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 28 ) saMkara ke bar3hane ke sAtha sAtha usa kA sulajhAnA bhI kaThina hotA jAtA hai / isa se pratiyoM meM zuddhatA evaM azuddhatA kA samAveza to avazya hotA hai paraMtu isa bAta kA nirNaya sarala nahIM ki kisa prati meM isake kAraNa kitanI zuddhatA aura kitanI azuddhatA AI hai| saMkIrNa prati ko likhate samaya lipikAra ke sAmane kaI pAThAMtara upasthita hote haiN| ina meM se lipikAra apanI buddhi ke anusAra pATha cuna letA hai / paraMtu lipikAroM kI vidvattA prAya: kama hI hotI hai, isalie unakA cunAva sadA zuddha nahIM ho sakatA jaba ki vidvAn zodhaka bhI pUrI taraha zodhana nahIM kara pAte / ata: saMkara prAyaH pATha-azuddhi ko bar3hAtA hai| phira bhI saMkIrNa pratiyoM kI apanI mahattA hotI hai| jaba kisI saMkIrNa prati ke aneka AdarzoM meM se koI eka Adarza lu ho cukA ho to isI saMkIrNa prati ke AdhAra para usa lupta Adarza ke pAThoM kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| paMcataMtra kI pUrNabhadrIya dhAga meM kucha pATha evaM sthala aise haiM jina ke AdhAra para harTala aura ijarTana usa meM paMcataMtra kI eka lupta dhArA kI puTa mAnate haiN| paMcataMtra kI saMkIrNa dhArAeM-paMcataMtra kI kucha dhArAeM saMkIrNa saMbaMdha kA acchA udAharaNa haiN| paMcataMtra punarnimANa meM ijarTana' paMcataMtra kI nimnalikhita dhArAeM mAnatA hai - 1. taMtrAkhyAyikA, sAdhAraNa athavA pracalita paMcataMtra tathA pUrNabhadrIya paMcataMtra / 2. dakSiNI aura nepAlI paMcataMtra, tathA hitopadeza / 3. somadeva kA kathAsaritsAgara aura kSemeMdra kI bRhatkathAmaMjaro, jo bRhatkathA kI do bhinna dhArAeM haiN| (4) pahalavI bhASAMtara / ina dhArAoM kA citra isa prakAra hai| 1. harTala ne taMtrAkhyAyikA meM kaI pATha-sudhAra kie, paraMtu ijarTana ke matAnusAra vaha nahIM hone cAhieM / una meM se vaha kucha sudhAroM ko hI ThIka mAnatA hai / dekho paMcataMtra rIkansTrakTiDa bhAga 2, pRSTha 260-263 / 2. vahI, adhyAya 2 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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*mUla paMcataMtra * uttarapazcimI *mUlataMtrAkhyAyikA *mUla dakSiNI paMcataMtra bRhatkathA *mUla pahalavI paMcataMtra ) somadeva *mRla pracalita paMcataMtra dakSiNI paMcataMtra *mUla nepAlI paMcataMtra pahalavI paMcataMtra ( 3 taMtrAkhyAyikA / Aho ! Shrutgyanam pracalita pacataMtra nepAlI paMcataMtra prAcIna mIrika anuvAda arabI anuvAda hitopadeza pUra bhadra kSemeMdra [noTa- yaha cihna * kAlpanika dhArAoM kA sUcaka hai /

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kSemeMdra saMkIrNa hai, kyoMki isa meM taMtrAkhyAyikA kI puTa spaSTa pratIta hotI hai / ataH jaba isake pATha dhArA naM0 2 aura 4 ke pAThoM se milate haiM tabhI mahattvapUrNa haiM : java naM0 1 se milate haiM taba nahIM / pUrNabhadra kA paMcataMtra bhI saMkIrNa hai kyoMki isa meM paMcataMtra kI eka pAMcavIM dhArA se sahAyatA lI gaI hai jo aba svataMtra rUpa meM alabhya hai / isa alabhya dhArA kA anya dhArAoM se itanA hI saMbaMdha hai ki ina saba kA mUla-srota eka hai / isa dhArA ko harTala' prAkRtamayI mAnatA hai kyoMki pUrNabhadra meM kaI sthala aise haiM jo taMtrAkhyAyikA aura pracalita paMcataMtra se bhinna haiM aura ina sthaloM kI bhASA para prAkRta kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| prAkRta-prabhAva ke udAharaNa - vaNijAraka (pR073, paMkti 14); svapimi lamaH ( 122, 18); araghaTTa kheTayamAna (224, 38) saMprahAra ( 166, 2); caMdramatI (148,4); daMDapAzika, daMDapAzaka ke sthAna para (147, 12.16 ; 151,2-6) Adi Adi / ho sakatA hai ki harTala kA yaha mata mAnya na ho aura yaha alabhya dhArA jaina saMskRta meM ho / kyoMki jainoM dvArA praNIta saMskRta graMthoM kI bhASA ( jaina saMskRta / ke adhyayana ne siddha kara diyA hai ki isa meM prAkRta-prabhAva Adi kaI apanI hI vizeSatAeM haiM jo sAdhAraNa saMskRta meM nahIM haiN| paraMtu yaha nizcita hai ki pUrNabhadra kA paMcataMtra paMcataMtra kI pAMcavIM dhArA kI sattA ko pramANita karatA hai aura usa dhArA ke lie isa kA apanA mahatva hai| pratieM hama taka kisa paristhiti meM pahuMcI haiN| kisI graMtha ke saMpAdana meM usa kI upalabdha pratieM hama taka kisa paristhiti meM pahuMcI haiM, una kI saMkhyA aura vizeSatAeM kyA hai - ina saba bAtoM se bhI saMpAdaka ke kArya meM aMtara par3a jAtA hai / ina bAtoM ke anusAra nimnalikhita paristhitiyAM upasthita hotI haiM (1) jaba kisI racanA kI eka hI prati upalabdha ho / (2) jaba kisI racanA kI samAna pATha-paramparA vAlI aneka pratiyAM upalabdha hoN| (3) jaba kisI racanA kI bhinna bhinna pATha-paramparA kI aneka pratiyAM hoN| 1. harTala saMpAdita pUrNabhadra kA paMcataMtra, bhAga 2, 14, 19-20 pR0 / 2. fesTazrIphTa jekaba vAkaranAgala meM blUmafIlDa kA lekha pR0 220-30; haTala-oNna di liTrecara zrApha di zvetAMbara jainaz2a; lekhaka dvArA saMpAdita citrasenapadmAvatIcaritra, bhUmikA, pR0 23-30 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 31 ) (1) eka prati jaba saMpAdanIya kRti kI kevala eka hI prati milatI ho, to saMpAdaka kA kartavya hai ki usa prati ko dhyAna pUrvaka par3he aura jahAM taka saMbhava ho usa ke zuddha rUpa meM hI usa ke pAThoM ko upasthita kare / isa ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha usa kA bAra bAra sUkSma nirIkSaNa kare, usa kA pUrA pUrA paricaya prApta kare / adhikatara yaha bAta zilAlekhoM aura tAmrapatroM ke viSaya meM lAgU hotI hai / madhya eziyA se bauddha pustakoM ke jo aMza mile haiM una kI prAya: eka eka hI prati upalabdha huI hai / kaI pustakeM bhI eka hI prati ke AdhAra para hama taka pahuMcI haiM, jaise vizvanAtha kA kozakalpataru, nAnyadeva kA bhArata bhASya, pRthvIrAjavijaya Adi / (2) samAna pATha - paramparA kI aneka pratiyAM jaba saMpAdanIya kRti kI samAna pATha-paramparA vAlI aneka pratiyAM vidyamAna hoM, to una ke pArasparika saMbaMdha ke parijJAna se pahale una ke AdarzoM aura kAlpanika mUlAdarza kA patA lagAyA jAtA hai 1 (ka) jaba saba pratiyAM kA mUlAdarza upalabdha ho to saMpAdaka kA kArya sarala ho jAtA hai| aisI paristhiti meM pratilipiyoM kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai| isa se saMpAdaka ko kevala eka mUlAdarza para hI Azrita honA par3atA hai| paraMtu jahAM pratilipi hone ke pazcAt mUlAdarza kA kucha bhAga naSTa bhraSTa ho cukA ho, to hameM usa naSTa bhAga ke lie pratilipiyoM kI sahAyatA lenI par3egI / (kha) jaba mUlAdarza vidyamAna na ho, paraMtu usa kI sattA ke bAhya pramANa maujUda hoM, to pahale mUlAdarza kA punarnirmANa karanA caahie| rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI kI baMbaI brAMca kI pRthvIrAjarAso kI prati naM B. D. 274 ke avalokana se spaSTa jJAta ho jAtA hai ki isa kA Adarza amuka prati thI kyoMki isa meM kaI sthAnoM para samayoM kI aMtima prazastiyoM ko likhA huA hai jo ki isa ke Adarza meM vidyamAna thIM / (ga) jaba kisI mUlAdarza ke astitva ko siddha karane vAle bAhya pramANa to vidyamAna na hoM paraMtu pratiyoM kI pATha- samAnatA se anumAna ho sake ki yaha saba eka hI mUlAdarza ke AdhAra para likhita haiM to isa prakAra ke mUlAdarza ko kAlpanika yA anumita mUlAdarza kahate haiM / RgarthadIpikA ke saMpAdana meM prayukta P, D, M vyapadeza kI tInoM pratiyoM meM se koI bhI eka dusare kI pratilipi nahIM aura na hI koI Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 32 ) bAhya pramANa yaha siddha karatA hai ki vaha saba eka hI mUlAdarza kI pratiyAM haiN| una ke pAThoM kI samAnatA ke kAraNa hI una ko eka kAlpanika mUlAdarza ke AdhAra para likhita mAnA hai' / (3) bhinna pATha - paramparA kI aneka pratiyAM jaba saMpAdanIya kRti kI bhinna bhinna pATha paramparA vAlI aneka pratiyAM upalabdha hoM, to unake pAThabheda ke kAraNoM kA vivecana bhI karanA cAhie jo isa taraha ho sakatA hai(ka) kyA pATha-bheda strayaM racayitA dvArA huA hai ? yadi racayitA svayaM apanI mUla prati kA zodhana kare to usa prati meM kahIM kahIM do do yA adhika pATha ho jAveMge / ina meM se eka to mUla pATha meM hogA aura dUsare zuddha pATha hAzie meM yA paMktiyoM ke bIca likhe hoNge| isa mUla prati se pratilipi karate samaya eka lipikAra eka pATha ko le sakatA hai, to dUsarA dUsare pATha ko / isa prakAra vaha pratiyAM eka Adarza kI pratilipiyAM hote hue bhI bhinna bhinna pATha - paramparA ko dhAraNa karaleMgI / bhavabhUti' ke viSaya meM bhAMDArakara aura ToDaramala kA mata hai ki usa ne svayaM mAlatImAdhava aura mahAvIracarita kI mUla pratiyoM ko zodhA hai / isa kAraNa upalabdha pratiyoM meM kahIM kahIM pATha-bheda ho ge| mAlatImAdhava ke saMpAdana meM bhAMDArakara ne ha pratiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| yadi kisI pATha vizeSa ke lie ina pratiyoM ke do gaNa banate haiM - K1, K2, N, C aura A, B, Bh, C, D, to kisI dUsare pATha ke lie isa prakAra do gaNa bana jAte haiM - A, B, C, D, K, N, aura Bh, K2, OI udAharaNa - mAlatImAdhava aMka 1 / paM0 / 12 kalyANAnAM tvamasi mahasAM bhAjanaM vizvamarte (A, B, D, K1, N) kalyANAnAM tvamiha mahasAM IziSe tvaM vidhatte (Bh, K2, O) kalyANAnAM tvamasi mahasAM IziSe tvaM vidhatte (C) isase jJAta hotA hai ki bhinna bhinna pAThoM ke lie bhinna bhinna gaNa bana jAte haiM / isa kA samAdhAna saMkIrNa saMbaMdha ke AdhAra para ho sakatA hai, paraMtu adhika saMbhava yahI hai ki kavi ne svayaM apanI mUlaprati kA zodhana kiyA thA kyoMki samaya graMtha meM prAyaH yahI paristhiti dekhane meM AtI hai / bhavabhUti dvArA zodhita mUlaprati se eka lipikAra ne eka pATha liyA to dUsare ne dUsarA aura isa taraha pATha bheda utpanna ho gayA / 1. DA0 lakSmaNa svarUpa saMpAdita bhAga 1, pR0 40 / 2. dekho Upara, adhyAya 2, TippaNa naM0 5 aura 6 | 3. bhAMDArakara saMpAdita mAlatImAdhava, bhUmikA, pR0 6 / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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(kha) kyA pATha-paramparA meM bheda sthAna-bheda se utpanna ho gayA hai ? yaha bAta gamAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi bRhatkAya graMthoM ke viSaya meM prAyaH satya hotI hai, vizeSataH jaba vaha graMtha samaSTi-racita ho| mahAbhArata kI uttarI, dakSiNI, kAzmIrI, nevArI (nepAlI), baMgAlI Adi dhArAeM prasiddha haiM / ToDaramala' ne mahAvIracarita, kI do zAkhAeM mAnI haiM-utsarI aura dkssinnii| vaha uttarI zAkhA ko svayaM bhavabhUti dvArA zodhita mAnatA hai, aura dakSiNI ko zodhana se pUrva rUpa meM jo kevala pahale pAMca aMkoM taka hI thaa| phira bhI dakSiNI zAkhA meM kahIM kahIM bahuta acche pATha milate haiN| ToDaramala de. matAnusAra isa kA kAraNa yaha thA ki dakSiNI vidvAnoM ne bhavabhUti ke mUla pATha kA saMzodhana kara liyA thA kyoMki dakSiNa kucha kAla taka vidvattA kA bhArI keMdra rhaa| (ga) kyA pATha-bheda kA kAraNa racayitA yA anya vyaktiyoM dvArA zodhana ke atirikta kucha aura hai ? kaI bAra mulAdarza meM aneka pATha sthita hote haiN| jaise kisI pAThaka ne apanI prati meM AsAnI ke lie zabdArtha aura anya TippaNa likha lieisa taraha usa prati meM eka pATha ke sthAna para do do yA tIna tIna pATha mAlUma par3egeM yA do do samAnArtha zabda ikaTThe mileMge, jisa se punarukti ho jAegI / yadi yaha prati pratilipiyoM ke lie Adarza bane to pATha-bheda kA kAraNa bana jaaegii| (gha) lopa, prakSepa, saMkSepa, parivartana Adi se bhI kisI racanA kI pAThaparamparAoM meM bheda par3a sakatA hai / cauthA adhyAya pratiyoM meM doSa aura una ke kAraNa saMpAdanIya kRti ke saMbaMdha meM upalabdha sAmagro ke sUkSma avalokana aura milAna se prAyaH isa bAta kA parijhAna prApta hotA hai ki kauna kauna sI sAmagrI lipikAla tathA anya vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa vizvasanIya hai| isake AdhAra para prAcInatama pATha kA punarnirmANa kiyA jAsakatA hai / yaha punanirmita pATha racayitA kI maulika kRti ke kAphI nikaTa hotA hai / isameM kucha pATha aise raha jAte hai jo apane maulika rUpa meM nahIM hote / ina pAThoM kI saMkhyA racanA vizeSa ke viSaya, bhASA Adi aura usa kI pratiyoM ke itihAsa ke anusAra nyUnAdhika hotI hai| ina ko sAdhAraNatayA 'daSita pATha' 1. mahAvIra carita, bhUmikA pR06 / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 34 ) kahate haiN| saMpAdita pATha meM dUSeta pAThoM kA samAveza karane se pahale hameM yaha socanA cAhie ki kisI prakAra ina ko zuddha kiyA yA sudhArA bhI jA sakatA hai| isa bAta ke lie Avazyaka hai ki upalabdha pratiyoM ke doSoM aura una ko paidA karane vAle kAraNoM kA nirNaya ho / bAhya doSa___ kucha doSa aise hote haiM jina kA saMbaMdha prati ke bAhya rUpa Adi se hotA hai / prati ke satata prayoga se aura namI Adi ke prabhAva se prami kI lipimaddhama par3a jAtI hai aura kaI sthaloM meM bilakucha miTa jAtI hai / yadi prati pustaka rUpa meM hai aura tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, kAg2az2a Adi para likhita hai, to isa ke patroM ke kinAre truTita ho sakate haiM / ataH patre kI paMktiyo ke Adima aura aMtima bhAga naSTa ho jAte haiM / yadi prati ke patre khule hoM to ina meM se kucha guma ho sakate haiM aura kucha ulaTa pulaTa ho sakate haiN| zilAlekhna mI RtuoM ke virodhI prAdhAtoM ko sahate sahate ghina jAte hai / jaba isa taraha kAfI pATha STa ho cukA ho to saMpAdaka ke pAsa isa ke punarnimaNi kA koI sAdhana nahIM / paraMtu vadi ina ke saMbaMdha meM sahAyaka sAmagro upalabdha ho to isa kA punarnimANa bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / prAyaH choTo choTo RTeyoM ko to saMpAdaka svayaM ho ThIka kara letA hai| AMtarika dona kucha dApa upalabdha pATha meM ho upasthita hote haiN| ina doSoM kA mukhya kAraNa lipikAra hotA hai; paraMtu kahIM kahIM zodhaka bhI hotA hai / ina doSoM kA jAnane ka lie hameM cAhie ki kisI vizeSa deza, kAla, liApa, viSaya Adi kI una pratiyoM kA sUkSma avalokana kareM jina ke Adarza bhI vidyamAna hoM aura ina ke AdhAra para sAdhAraNa doSoM kA vivecana kreN| isa se samAna deza, kAla, lipi, viSaya Adi ko pratiyoM ke doSA kA samAdhAna Thoka rIti se ho skegaa| 1. dekho-eyasya ya kulihiyadoso na dAyako suyaharehiM / kiMtu jo ceva eyassa puvAyariso Asi tattheva katthA silogo katthai silogaddhaM katthai payakkharaM katthai akkharapaMtiyA tasthai panagapuTTiya (yA) katthai be tini pannagANi evamAi bahugaMdhaM pAraMgaliyaM ti / mahAnizIthasUtra ke eka hasta lekha se-Diskriptiba kaiTaeNlaoNga zrApha daga vamaTa kAlekSanaja mApha mainuskrisa DipojiTeDa eTa di bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca insTicyUTa, bhAga 17, 2, pR0 32 / / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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ina doSoM ke kaI bheda haiM (1) lipi bhrama ___ ( 35 ) prAyaH hara lipi meM kucha varNa aura akSara aise hote haiM, jinakI AkRti meM bheda bahuta kama hotA hai / aise samAna varNoM yA akSaroM ko likhate samaya lipikAra eka ke sthAna para dUsare ko likha sakatA hai| Adarza meM yadi eka varNa yA akSara ho to lipikAra usake sthAna para usake samAna AkRti vAle va mathavA akSara ko samajha kara dUsare ko likha sakatA hai| kisI lipi meM kauna kauna se varNa yA akSara samAna AkRti vAle haiM, isa bAta kA jJAna lipi vijJAna ke kSetra meM sammilita hai / paraMtu yahAM para isa ke kucha udAharaNa dete haiM-- 4 , udAharaNa -- devanAgarI meM pa, ya, gha, dha; kha, rava; bha, ma Adi kA viparyaya ho sakatA hai| jaise tulasI - rAmAyaNa' 1 / 28 / 3 ' bhori ' mori ' / jainoM dvArA prayukta devanAgarI meM ina akSaroM meM samAnatA hai| - ba aura ca ttha aura cdra tha aura gha; b aura jjha, Da, cha, Tu, aura DU | ToDaramala saMpAdita mahAvIra carita stha, ccha - 'svasthAya' ( 1, 1 ) ke sthAna E prati meM 'svacchAya' / U o, ma - 'mahAdoso' (2, 13 / 14 ) ke sthAna para B prati meM 'mahAdAso' pa, ya - ' vAkya niSyaMda' (1, 4) ke sthAna para E, K, B, pratiyoM meM '0 niSpada' / , pa - 'kalpApAya' ( 3, 40 ) ke sthAna para Md, Mt, My pratiyoM meM kalyANAya / prastuta lipi aura bhASA kA yathocita jJAna na hone se bhI lipikAra azuddhiyAM kara sakatA hai, jaise paMcataMtra' kI Bh prati meM 'bho vijJA 3 ' (218, 12, 13 ) ke sthAna para 'bho vila bho bila bho bila' milatA hai / isa prati ke lipikAra ko isa bAta kA jJAna na hogA ki yahAM ' 3 ' svara ke plutatva kA nirdeza karatA hai aura yahAM 1. tulasI - rAmAyaNa ke udAharaNa nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA 47, 1 ke AdhAra para haiN| 2. nATaka ke gadya bhAga kA saMketa usake pUrvApara zlokoM kI saMkhyA se kiyA hai, jaise 2, 13 / 14 kA artha hai dUsarA aMka 13 aura 14 zlokoM ke bIca kA gadya bhAga / harTala saMpAdita pUrNabhadra kA paMcataMtra | Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 36 ) para isa vAkya meM pluti kA prayoga 'dUrAddhRte gha' (pANini 8, 2, 84 ) ke anusAra dRra se bulAne ke lie huA hai| isa prati ke Adarza meM 'bho bila 3' pATha hogA jisa ke sthAna para 'bho bila bho bila bho bila' likha denA koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM kyoMki '2', prAyaH duharAne ke lie AtA hI hai, jaise 'bho 2 ' = 'bho bho'| java koI prati eka lipi ke Adarza para se kisI anya lipi meM likhI gaI ho, aura Adarza kI lipi meM pratilipi kI lipi ke akSaroM se milate julate paraMtu bhinna uccAraNa vAle akSara hoM, to usa prati meM aise samAna akSaroM kA ulaTa phera kAphrI ho sakatA haiN| udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adiparva ke zAradA mAdarza S' se devanAgarI meM liTikRta K, prati meM yaha doSa prAyaH dRSTigocara hotA hai kyoMki zAradA aura devanAgarI lipiyoM ke kucha akSaroM meM bahuta samAnatA hai| jaise-sa,ma (zA0 saMkule 7 nA0 maMkule) ;ta, u aura tha pa (zA0 tathA 7 nA0 uSA) ; R, da (zA0 RdhyA 7 nA0 dhyA); ma, za (zA0 prakAmaM7 sA0 prakAzaM); ca, za (zA. pAMcAlIM 7 nA0 pAMzAlI); ta, tu (zA0 aArtasvaraM 7 nA0 mAtu0); ta, tu (zA0 sattamaH 7 nA0 satumaH) aadi| isI prakAra jaina devanAgarI ke Adarza se pracalita devanAgarI meM likhate samaya bha ke sthAna para ta, kkha ke sthAna para raka Adi ho jAte haiN| isa saraNI kA anusaraNa karate hue kisI lipi ke samAna AkRti vAle alaroM ko, aura bhinna bhinna lipiyoM ke paraspara samAna akSaroM kI vistRta sUciyAM tayyAra kI jA sakatI haiN| (2) zabda-bhrama ___ yadi kisI bhASA meM kucha zabda aise hoM jo paraspara milate julate hoM paraMtu jina ke artha meM bheda ho, to lipikAra aise zabdoM meM hera phera kara sakatA haiN| udAharaNa-tulasI rAmAyaNa (1 / 261 / 7 ) 'marAsura' ( =bANAsura ), 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 pratiyoM meM 'suraasur'| (3) lopa lopa ke mukhyatayA do kAraNa hote haiM (ka) lipikAra kI asAvadhAnatA aura lekha pramAda -isa kAraNa se to kisI bhI akSara, mAtrA, zabdAMza, zabda, vAkya, zloka, pRSTha Adi kA lopa ho sakatA hai| 1. bhUmikA pR0 11 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 37 ) udAharaNa-mahAvIra varita 2 6 / 10 abhicaraMni, E prati meM acaraMti hai ; (2, 13 / 14) mahAdoso, B, prati meM mahAdAso hai / citrasenapAvatI-caritra" (548) saMjamaMmi ya gAriyaM' Z 'ya' kA lopa hai / isI ko Z prati meM zlo0 383 chUTa gayA hai| (kha) akSA, zabda Adi kI samAnatA seakSara-samAnatA ke kAraNa do samAna akSaroM meM se eka chUTa jAtA hai / udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi (103, 13) 'abhyasUyayAm', K D,DIA_5 meM 'abhyasUyAm' hai| mahAvIracarita (2,71 =) 'lolaloayo', I meM 'lola ayo' ; ( 3, 18 / 19 ) pASaNDakANDIra, B, meM pAkhaNDIra ; ( 3, 16 / 20) prasavapAMsana, E meM prasavAsana / zabda-samAnatA ke kAraNa lipikAra ko AMkha kiso zabda se usa ke samAnarUpa vAle anya zabda para jA Tikato hai jo usa se pare ho / isa se bIca ke zabda chuTa jAte hai| yaha sAdhAraNa doSa hai| udAharaNa-nirukta' meM 'sordevAnasRjata tatsurANAM suratvam / zrasorasurAnasRjata sadasurANAm .........' ko libate samaya C, prati ke lipikAra kI AMkha prathama amRjata se Age vAle amRjana para pahuMca gaI / pariNAmasvarUpa 'tatsurANAM suratvam / asora-surAn' chUTa gayA / (6, 22) sthUraM rAva: zatAzvaM kuraMgaspa diviSTiSu / (RV. VIII. 4. 19) sthUraH samAtritamAtro mahAnbhavati' ko likhate samaya C, prati ke lipekAra kI dRSTi sthUraM' se tallamAna 'tthUraH' para jA par3o aura madhyasthita 'rAdha: zatAzvaM kuraMgasya diviSTiSu' kA lora ho gyaa| (4) Agama mAtrA, akSara, zabda Adi ke bar3ha jAne kA Agama kahate haiN| udAharaNa-mahAvIra carita ( 1, 2 ) ' mahApuruSasaMrambho' B, meM 'mahApuruSasamArambho' hai| (5) abhyAsakisI akSara, zabdAMza, zabda vAkya Adi ke duharAe jAne ko abhyAsa kahate haiN| 1. lekhaka dvArA saMpAdita / 2. DA. lakSmaNa svarUpa sNpaadi| / bhUmi kA pR0 40 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 3 ) udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi0 (57, 21 ) * hAsyarUpeNa' K, prati meM hAmya hAmya rUpeNa ( hAsya hAsya rUpeNa ) kA azuddha rUpa hai| .... nirukta 2, 28 utasya vAjI kSipaNi turaNyAta grIvAyAM baddho api kakSa zrAsani / kratuM dadhikrA............' ko likhate samaya CS prati ke lipikAra kI dRSTa ' kratuM likhane ke pazcAta phira ' bAjo para' calI gaI aura vAjo kSipaNiM turaNyati prIvAyAM baddho dubArA likhA gyaa| nirukta 6, 8 'gRhNAsi karmA vA' Mi meM duharAyA gayA hai| (6) vyatyayaakSara, zabda Adi ke paraspara ulaTa phera ko vyatyaya kahate haiN| udAharaNa-mahAvIra carita 3,37 'jJAnena cAnyo,' Mt, Md meM 'jJAne ca nAnyo' / (1,13 / 14) 'maithilasya rAjarSeH', T, xT, meM 'rAmarSe maithilasya / kilAnyata,T, anyat kila / 3, 18 / 16 Mt 'are re anaDvana puruSAdhama', Mg re puruSAdhama anaDavan / mahAbhArata Adi0 (1, 23) uttarI zAkhA meM 'maharSeH pUjitasyeha sa loke mahAtmanaH' =dakSiNI zAkhA meM 'maharSeH sarvalokeSu pUjitasya mhaatmnH'| (62,1) uttarI 'tataH pratIpo rAjA sa' =da0 'pratIpastu tato rAjA' / isI prakAra paMttiyoM kA vyatyaya bhI ho sakatA hai / i. doSa kI utpatti prAyaH aise hotI hai ki likhate sAya kisI lipikAra se kucha paMktiyAM chUTa gaI / apane lekha meM kAMTa-chAMTa se bacane ke lie lupta pATha ko panne para anyatra likha diyA / isa prati ko Adarza mAna kara likhane vAlA isa pATha ko ucita sthAna para na rakha kara azuddha sthAna para likha sakatA hai| isa se usa prati ko AdarzabhUta mAnane vAlI pratilipiyoM meM sadA ke lie paMktivyatyaya ho jaaegaa| udAharaNa-karpUramaMjarI prathama aMka, T prati meM dUsare aura cauthe zlokoM kA vyatyaya hai| (7) samAnArthazabdAMvaranyAsa kisI zabda athavA zabda-samUha ke sthAna para samAna artha vAle kisI anya zabda athavA zabda-samUha ke likhe jAne ko samAnArthazabdAMtaranyAsa kahate haiM / 1. sTena kono saMpAdita, pR0 1 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 36 ) udAharaNa-paMcataMtra ( 1, 4) 'mahilAropyaM nAma nagaram', A prati meM 'pramadAropyaM nAma nagarapa' / mahAbhArata Adi parva' meM roSa, kopa, krodha, RSi, muni; dvija, vipra; narezvara, narottama, narAdhipa, nararSabha; uvAca tadanaMtaraM, punarevAbhyabhASata; ni:zvasaMtaM yA nAgaM, zvasaMtamiva pannagam ityAdi kA vyatyaya / / ___ isI prakAra viparItArtha rAbdAMtaranyAsa bhI ho sakatA hai| (8) hAzie ke zabdoM, TippaNoM Adi kA mUlapATha meM samAveza par3hate samaya pAThaka yA zodhaka apanI prati ke hAzie meM TippaNa, avataraNa Adi likha lete the| aisI prati ko Adarza mAnakara likhane vAlA inako bhI mUlapATha kA aMga samajha kara pustaka meM hI likha sakatA hai| udAharaNa-saMdezarAsaka kI prati ( naM0 181-82 pUnA kI bhAMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca insTicyUTa ) meM kucha chandoM kI paribhASAeM mUla pATha meM hI likhI haiN| hariSeNa viracita dhammaparikkhA kI ambAle vAlI prati' meM zabdArthoM ko mUla pATha meM milA diyA hai jo isa racanA kI anya pratiyoM meM nahIM haiM / saMbhava hai yaha hAzie Adi sehI mUla paMkti meM Ae hoN| ___ (9) vAkya ke anya zabdoM ke prabhAva se kisI zabda ke rUpa meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi0 (66, 8 ) 'pAhUya dAnaM kanyAnAM guNavadbhyaH smRtaM budhaiH / ' T, prati meM 'budhaiH' ke prabhAva se 'guNavadbhiH' hai / rAmAyaNa' ( 1, 12, 8) 'tvaM gatirhi mato mama', As meM 'hi matirmama / ( 1, 16, 2) 'vRtaH zatasahasreNa vAnarANAM tarasvinAm, A, (K) meM 'sailezva' pATha hai, jo 'vAnarANAM' ke bahuvacana ke prabhAva se vikRta huA hai| (10) vicAra-vibhrama se bhapane sAmane ke lekhya pATha ko dekha kara lipikAra ko koI anya bAta sUjha jAtI hai aura vaha lekhya pATha ko bhUla kara apane vicAroM ko likha detA hai| udAharaNa-nirakta ( 2, 26 ) devo'nayatsavitA / mupANi: klyaannpaanniH| 1- bhUmikA pR0 37 / 2-isake paricaya ke lie dekho 'jaina vidyA' aMka 2, pR0 55-62 [hiMdI] : 3-rAmAyaNa ke udAharaNa kAtra se uddhRta kie haiN| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 40 ) pANiH paNAyateH pUjAkarmaNaH / pragRhya pANI devAnpUjayanti / tasya vayaM prasave yAma urvoH|' 'devo'nayatsavitA' Rgveda (2, 33, 6) kA prathama pAda hai| C, ke lipikAra ko uttarapAda yAda thA ataH usane prathama pAda ko likhakara uttarapAda ko hI likha ddaalaa| pariNAma svarUpa C, prati meM 'kalyANApANi .....pUjayanti' lupta ho gyaa| mahAbhArata udyoga (127, 26 ) 'vazyendriyaM jitAmAtyam' pATha hai| (127, 22 ke 'vijitAtmA' aura (127, 27 ) ke 'ajitAtmA' kI smRti se K, D, T, G, F. pratiyoM meM 'vazyendriyaM jitAtmAnam' pATha ho gyaa| (11) dhvani athavA uccAraNa se pRthvIrAja rAso kI kaI pratiyoM meM anunAsikatA kA prayoga bahuta milatA hai jaise nAma, rAma .. ... yaha isa lie ho sakatA hai ki ina prasiyoM ke lipikAra kI dhvani meM anunAsikatA hogI / isI prakAra kaI pratiyoM meM 'va', 'ba' kA bheda bahuta kama hotA hai - kaI pratiyoM meM kevala 'va' milatA hai aura kaI meM kevala 'ba' / baMgAlI meM 'va' nahIM isalie baMgAliyoM dvArA likhita saMskRta bhASA meM bhI 'ba' kA prayoga hotA hai, 'jha' kA uccAraNa kaI pradezoM meM 'gya' ke samAna hai, ata: kaI pratiyoM meM isake sthAna para 'gya' milatA hai jaise--tulasI rAmAyaNa ( 1, 17 ) jJAna, prati naM0 1,2, 3 meM gyAna hai| (12) bhASA kI aniyamitatA se prAkRta, apabhraMza, hiMdI Adi bhASAeM itanI niyamita nahIM haiM jitanI saMskRta / ata: ina kI pratiyoM meM varNa vinyAsa samAna rUpa se nahIM milatA-arthAt eka hI zabda bhinna minna prakAra se likhA jAtA hai| udAharaNa--tulasI gamAyaNa (1 / 220 / 1) yahu, vaha, yeha; (1 / 228 / 1) dui, dou; (2 / 50) dUmara, dUsari; ( 2 / 115 / 1 ) sunA eu, sunAyehu, sunAyeu / (13) bhASA-vyatyaya hindI bhASA kI pratiyoM meM mUla meM prayukta saMskRta zabdoM kA prAMtIya tathA tadbhava rUpa milatA hai| udAharaNa--tulasI rAmAyaNa (1 / 10, 'grAmya', 4, 5 meM prAma'; (3 / 10 / 10) 'kamArI,' 7 meM 'kuMArI'; aAdi / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 41 ) isI prakAra tadbhava tathA prAMtIya zabdoM ke sthAna para saMskRta rUpa milate haiN| udAharaNa-tulasI rAmAyaNa ( 3 / 32 / 5) 'sata' 1, 2, 3, 6 meM 'satya'; (5 / 54 ) viTAsi, 4 meM vikaTAsya Adi / (14) parivartana _ (ka) jahAM saMdhi saMbhava ho paraMtu mUlapATha meM na ho, yA jahAM saMdhi saMbhava na ho paraMtu AbhAsa aisA ho ki saMdhi ho sakatI hai, vahAM saMskRta pustakoM kI praptiyoM meM prAyaH ca, hi, api Adi pUrakoM ke prayoga se saMdhi kI prApti kA abhAva kiyA milatA hai| udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi0 (2,150) 'yatra rAjJA ulUkasya', K. V1 B D (B. DI: ke atirikta) pratiyoM meM 'yatra rAjJA jhulUkasya' / (2, 212) ' tata Azrama vAsAkhyaM',kaI pratiyoM meM 'satazcAzrama', 'tatazcAzramavAsazca', pATha haiN| mahAbhArata udyoga (30, 6) uttarI dhArA 'prAcAryAzca Rtvijo' --dakSiNI dhArA prAcAryAzcApya tvijo' ; (33, 35) u0 'anAhUtaH pravisati apRSTho' - 'anAhUtaH saMpravizedapRSTo' ; (CE,S) da0 'madhuparka ca upahRtya' - u0 'madhuparka cApyudakaM ca' ; ( 136, 36) u0 'kRSNa asminyajJe' ---da0 'kRSNa tasminyajJe' / (kha) vyAkaraNa Adi ke azuddha prayogoM ko sudhAranA / udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi--(2, 160) ye ca vartanti'-pAThAMtara 'vartante ye ca', 'ye vartante ca' ; (2,63) -- haraNaM gRhya saMprApte'-pAThAMtara -- gRhItvA haraNaM prApte', 'dattvA cAharaNaM tasmai' ; (7, 26) 'pulomasya'-pAThAMtara 'pulomnastu', 'pulomnazca', 'pulomnotha' / mahAbhArata udyoga0 (86, 16) u0 'vyathito vimanAbhavat'-da0 'vimanA vyathi. tobhavat' ; (38, 8) 'apakRtvA'-'apakRtya / (ga) ArSa, asAdhAraNa athavA kaThina prayogoM kA dUra karanA / udAharaNa - mahAbhArata udyoga0 (34, 38) u0 'apAcInAni'-da. 'apanItAni' ; (7, 28) u0 'kRSNaM cApahRtaM jJAtvA yuddhAn mene jitaM jayam'da0 'kRSNaM cApi mahAbAhumAmantrya bharatarSabha' / tulasI rAmAyaNa (1 / 344 / 3) 'tanu dhari dhari dasaratha gRha chAe'-3-8 meM '...Ae' ; (3 / 21 / 5) ' mana DolA'-4, 5 'mati DolI'; (7 / 75 ) ati saisava-6 'ati sai saba' ; 4, 5 'atisaya saba' ; 7 'atizaya sukhada' ; (7 / 867) 'akhila bisva yaha mora upAyA~6 meM 'akhila bisva yaha mama upajAyA' / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 42 ) (gha) chaMdobhaMga ko dUra krnaa| udAharaNa - mahAbhArata udyoga0 (20, 20 ) "vinatAM viSaNNavadanAM'-pAThAMtara 'viSaNNarUpAM vinatA', 'vinatAM dInavadanA', viSaNNavadanAM kadrUH ; (62, 4) 'karavANi kiM te kalyANi'--'kiM te karomi kalyANi', 'kiM te kalyANi karavai', 'karavANi kimdyaah'| mahAbhArata udyoga0 (7, 13 ) da0 mayA tu dRSTaH prathamaM kuntIputro dhanaMjayaH u0 'dRSTastu prathamaM rAjanmayA pArtho dhanaMjayaH' u0' abhivAdayanti vRddhAMzca ;da0 'abhivAdayate vRddhAn' ; da0 'dayito'si rAjankRSNasya --u0 priyo'si......| (15). prakSepa kisI racanA meM jAna bUjha kara pATha par3hAne ko prakSepa kahate haiN| zabda, vAkya aura zloka ke prakSepa se lekara bar3e avataraNoM aura sargoM taka kA prakSepa dRSTigocara hotA hai / isakA kAraNa prAyaH karake zodhaka yA pAThaka hotA hai| (ka) kisI vastu kI saMkhyA sUcI meM Adhikya / udAharaNa-nirukta ( 2, 6) B dhArA meM 'vRkSo vrazcanAt / niyatAmImayat ... 'hai| A dhArA meM 'vRkSo vrazcanAt / vRtvA kSAM tisstthtiitivaa| kSA kSiyatenivAsakarmaNaH / niyatAmImayat ... ... ...' hai| (2, 13) B dhArA meM 'sUryamAditeyamevama' hai| A dhArA meM 'sUrya mAditeyamaditeH putramevam' hai| mahAbhArata Adi0 adhyAya 64 meM dakSiNadhArA meM vidyAoM kI sUcI lambI kara dI hai - 7586 'zabdacchandoniruktajJaiH kAlajJAnavizAradaiH / dravyakarmaguNajJaizca kAryakAraNavedibhiH / / jalpavAdavitaNDahAsapranthasamAzritaiH / nAnAzAstreSu mukhyaizca zuzrAva svanamIritam / / ' ( kha ) kisI vizeSa dRzya Adi ke prastuta varNana ko vistRna krnaa| udAharaNa-pRthvIrAjarAso kI kaI pratiyoM meM yuddha, vivAha Adi kA varNana anya kaI pratiyoM kI apekSA adhika vistRta hai| mahAbhArata Adi0, pariziSTa 1, 78 meM yuddha-varNana ko vistRta kiyA hai-30 meM 2 paMktiyAM, da0 meM 116 paMktiyAM haiN| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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(ga) AkhyAna, yuddha, vivAha Adi ko kaI bAra varNana karanA / udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi0 da0 meM kRSNa aura dhRSTadyumna ke janma kA adbhuta vRttAMta adhyAya 155 aura pariziSTa 1,76 meM duharAyA hai| pRthvIrAja rAso kI kaI pratiyoM meM pRthvIrAja ke yuddhoM, vivAhoM, AkheToM Adi kA varNana bAra bAra kiyA haiM, paraMtu anya pratiyoM meM yaha varNana itanI bAra nahIM aate| (gha) ucita sthAna para sadukti kA prayoga krnaa| mahAbhArata Adi0 ko dakSiNI dhArA meM nimnalikhita zloka haiM jo uttarI dhArA meM nahIM haiM565* anyathA santamAtmAnamanyathA satsu bhASate / ___ sa pApenAvRto mUrkhastena AtmApahArakaH / 605* pitA rakSati kaumAre bhartA rakSati yauvane / putrastu sthavire bhAve na strI svAtantryamarhati / 1186* putraM vA kila pautraM vA kAsAMcid bhrAtaraM tathA / rahasIha naraM dRSTvA yonirutiladyate tataH / Adi / (Ga) saiddhAMtika avataraNoM kA DAlanA / udAharaNa-rAmAnuja' AmnAya meM pracalita rAmAyaNa (R1) meM 5, 27, 20-32 milatA hai jo anyatra nahIM miltaa| (ca) Adarza ke truTita aMzoM ko pUrA karane ke nimitta / udAharaNa-buddhacarita ko prAcIna prati truTita thI / isa se pratilipi karate samaya amRtAnaMda ne truTita aMzoM ko Apa pUrA kara diyA / (gha) pUrvApara virodha ko dUra karane ke lie| udAharaNa-mahAbhArata Adi0 ( pariziSTa 1,80) = bambaI saMskaraNa a0 136 meM yudhiSThira ko yuvarAjapada para niyukti aura arjuna kA apane guru se yuddha karane kA prAyazcitta prakSepa haiN| (ja) nATakoM ko raMgamaMca para khelate samaya naTa naTI apanI paristhiti ke anukUla kucha na kucha parivartana kara lete the| saMbhava hai ki isI kAraNa se kAlidAsa ke zAkuMtala ke kaI pATha bheda ho gae hoN| 1. kAtre pR0 62 / 2. jAnasTana saMpAdita buddha-carita, bhAga 1, bhUmikA pR08 / Aho I Shrutgyanam

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( 44 ) pAcavAM adhyAya punarnimANa upalabdha mUla aura sahAyaka sAmagrI ke nirIkSaNa aura vivecana se hama kAlpanika mUlAdarza ke pATha kA anumAna kara sakate haiM / yahI prAcInatapa pATha hai jisa taka hama pahuMca sakate haiM / isa prAcInatama pATha ke svarUpa ko mAlUma karanA usa kA punanirmANa kahalAtA hai| isa punarnirmita pATha aura racayitA ke maulika pATha ke bIca kaI pratilipiyoM kA aMtara ho sakatA hai jo aba viluma ho cukI hoM / ina pratiyoM ke lipikAroM ne bhI maulika pATha meM avazya vikAra utpanna kiyA hogA / isa lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki yaha pATha maulika pATha se milatA julatA ho / prAyaH karake yaha pATha kisI bhI upalabdha prati ke pATha se thor3A bahuta bhinna hogA / hama nizcita rUpa se yaha bhI nahIM kaha sakate ki yaha pATha saba se uttama hai / paraMtu yaha upalabdha pratiyoM ke pAThoM se prAcIna hogA kyoMki yahI to ina satra kA AdhArabhUta hai| isa meM lipikAra kI azudviyoM kA aura aprAmANika zodhana kA itanA sthAna nahIM, jitanA ki upalabdha pratiyoM meM hotA hai / punarnirmita pATha aura maulika pATha ke bIca itane lipikAroM aura zodhakoM kA hastakSepa nahIM jitanoM kA upalabdha pratiyoM ke pATha aura maulika pATha ke boca hotA hai kyoMki kAlpanika mUtAdarza yA isa punarnimita pATha se upalabdha pratiyoM taka pATha kaI lipikAroM tathA zodhakoM ke hAtha se gujara kara AtA hai| inhoM ne prastuta pATha para apanI chApa chor3I hotI hai| ina ke astitva kA jJAna pratiyoM ke nirIkSaNa se prApta ho jAtA hai / ata: yaha pATha upalabdha pratiyoM ke pAThoM se adhika zuddha hogA aura maulika ke adhika nikaTa hogaa| punarnirmANa kI vidhi kAlpanika mUlAdarza ke punarnirmANa kI vidhi nimnalikhita udAharaNa se spaSTa ho jaaeNgii| ___ eka saMpAdanIya graMtha kI ATha pratiyAM upalabdha huI-ka kha ga gha Ga ca cha ja / ina ke pAThoM ke vivecana aura milAna se patA calA ki ina meM se ka kha ga gha Ga pratiyoM kA eka gaNa banatA hai aura ca cha ja kA dUsarA g| / arthAt ka kha ga gha Ga kAlpanika Adarza " ya" ke AdhAra para likhita haiM aura zeSa " ra " ke / ina ke nirIkSaNa se patA lagA ki "ya" gaNa ke tIna upagaNa ho sakate haiM-ka kha, ga gha, Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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aura cha / Ga akelA hai / ka kha kA kAlpanika Adarza " la" hai aura ina meM se bhI kha ka kI pratilipi hai / aura ga gha kA kAlpanika Adarza "va" hai / ina saba pratiyoM kA mUla srota kAlpanika mUlAdarza "za" hai| ina pratiyoM ke paraspara saMbaMdha kA citra isa prakAra banatA hai| mUla kRti (za) ( kAlpanika mUlAdarza ) 'ca cha kha isa udAharaNa meM saba pratiyoM ko asaMkIrNa mAnA hai| yadi yaha nizcita hai ki kha ka kI pratilipi hai, to pATha-punarnirmANa meM isa kI upekSA ho sakatI hai| isa kA prayoga kevala una sthaloM meM kiyA jAegA jahAM kha ke lipikRta hone ke bAda ka truTita ho gayA ho / ata: aba ka ga gha Ga ca cha ja aura ucita sthala para kha) pratiyoM ke AdhAra para kAlpanika mUlAdarza "za" kA punarnirmANa karanA hai| (1) jo pATha saba pratiyoM meM samAna rUpa se vidyamAna hai, vahI "za" kA pATha hai| yaha saMpAdana kA mUla siddhAMta hai ki saba pratiyoM kA samAna pATha maulika pATha hai| (2) yadi "ya" gaNa meM eka pATha hai aura "ra' gaNa meM dUsarA, to hama nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kaha sakate ki "za" kA pATha kauna sA thA / yaha donoM pATha maulika ho sakate haiM / hama kisI pATha ko kevala isa lie maulika nahIM mAna sakate ki usa pATha ko dhAraNa karane vAlI pratiyoM kI saMkhyA na dhAraNa karane vAlI pratiyoM se adhika hai, aura na hI isa lie ki "ya" gaNa ke upagaNoM meM vaha pATha samAna rUpa se milatA hai| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 46 ) 'pratiyoM kI saMkhyA nahIM dekhI jAtI, una kI vizvasanIyatA kI jAMca kI jAtI hai'yaha saMpAdana kA anya mUla siddhAMta hai / udAharaNa-mAlatImAdhava ke saMskaraNa meM bhAMDArakara ne aMka 3 zloka 7 ke pUrvapAda kA pATha N prati ke AdhAra para 'skhalayati vacanaM te srasayatyaMgamaMgama' mAnA hai| zeSa ATha pratiyoM meM samAna pATha thA 'skhala pati vavanaM te saMzrayatyaMgamaMga' / isa kA kAraNa hai ki N prati kA pATha jagaddhara kI TIkA meM bhI milatA hai / ataH bahu saMkhyaka pratiyoM ke pATha ko bhI tyAjya samajhanA pdd'aa| ____ yadi ina do ( yA aneka ) pAThoM meM se bhASA, lipi Adi ke kAraNa kisI eka pATha kA zeSa pATha vikRta rUpa ho sakate hoM to yaha pATha mUla pATha hai| udAharaNa 1-yadi "ya" gaNa kI pratiyAM uttara bhArata kI lipiyoM meM likhita hoM aura "ra" gaNa kI dakSiNa bhArata kI lipiyoM meM hoM, aura yadi "ya" gaNa meM pATha 'dhiSThitA' ho aura "ra" gaNa meM 'viSThitA', to 'dhiSThitA' mUla pATha ho sakatA hai kyoMki viSThitA' lipi-bhrama se 'dhiSThitA' kA vikRta rUpa ho sakatA hai| uttara bhArata kI prAcIna lipiyoM meM 'dha' aura 'va' kI AkRti samAna hotI thI / isa prasaMga se eka aura bAta bhI jJAta hotI hai ki 'ra' gaNa kA kAlpanika Adarza uttara bhArata kI lipi meM thA yA vaha uttara bhArata kI lipi ke kisI Adarza kI pratilipi thA / ataH racanA uttara se dakSiNa ko gaI thii| udAharaNa 2-yadi saba pratiyAM zAradA lipi ke Adarza ke AdhAra para devanAgarI lipi meM likhI gaI hoM ardhAt 'za' zAradA lipi meM ho, aura yadi 'ya' gaNa meM upA' aura 'ra' gaNa meM 'tathA' pATha hoM, to 'tathA' mUla pATha hogA kyoMki zAradA lipi ke 'ta' aura 'tha' devanAgarI lipi ke 'u' aura 'Sa' se milatI julatI AkRti vAle hote haiN| (3) yadi 'ya' gaNa kI pratiyoM meM pATha-bheda ho, arthAt 'va' gaNa kA pATha Ga aura 'la' gaNa ke sama pATha se bhinna ho, to (ya) gaNa meM do pATha ho gae / ina meM se koI eka ( mAna lo ki (va) gaNa kA ) pATha (ra, gaNa kI pratiyoM ke pATha se milanA hai to (ya) kA pATha (ra) (va) ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kiyA jAegA na ki Ga, (la) ke AdhAra para / (va) aura (ra) kI pATha samAnatA kA samAdhAna una dhArAoM ke saMkara aura Akasmika sarUpatA ke atirikta isa bAta se ho sakatA hai ki (va) meM (ya) aura (ra) kA sAdhAraNa pATha arthAt (za) kA pATha milatA hai / aisI avasthA meM Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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Da aura (la) ke pATha ko apapATha, azuddha yA aniSTa pATha kahate haiM / yaha grAhya nhiiN| ___ isa vidhi se do prakAra kA lAbha hai / pahalA to yaha ki kucha pAThAMtara chor3e jA sakate haiM, aura dUsarA yaha ki kAlpanika mUladarza (za) ke kucha aise pAThoM kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai jo saba pratiyoM kA sAdhAraNa pATha na hoN| kAlpanika Adarza aura mUlAdarza kA punarnirmANa bhinna bhinna kAlpanika AdarzoM aura mUlAdarza ke punanirmANa kI vidhi nimnalikhita hai / pratiyoM ke saMketa saba Upara vAle citra hI ke anusAra haiN| (1) (va ) kA punarnirmANa isa prakAra ho sakatA haiga gha ke sama pATha (va) ke pATha haiN| yadi ga aura gha meM pATha-bheda hai aura ina meM eka pATha (ya) gaNa kI zeSa pratiyoM se milatA hai, to vaha ( va ) kA pATha hai / kyoMki kaI bhinna paramparA vAlI pratiyoM ke sama pAThoM kA AdhAra mUla pATha (za ) ho sakatA hai, isalie ga gha kI vyaktigata azuddhiyAM ( va ) ke punarnirmANa meM sahAyaka nahIM ho sktiiN| isI prakAra yadi ga gha meM pATha-bheda hai aura ina meM se koI eka pATha (ra) gaNa yA usa kI kisI prati se milatA hai, to vahI (va) kA pATha hai| yadi ga gha ke pATha na paraspara milate hoM aura na hI anya kisI prati se, to hama nahIM kaha sakate ki kaunasA pATha (va) kA hai, ata: isa kA pATha saMdigdha raha jAtA hai / (2)(la) kA punarnirmANa bhI Upara vAlI vidhi se ka, Ga (va) aura ( ra) ke milAna se hogaa| isa meM usI prakAra nizcaya yA sandeha vidyamAna rheNge| (3) (ya) kA punarnirmANa uparyukta niyamoM ke anusAra Ga, (la) (va) (ra) ke AdhAra para hogaa| (4) (ra) kA punarnirmANa isa prakAra hogAca cha ja ke sama pATha (ra) ke pATha haiN| yadi ina pratiyoM meM pATha-bheda ho aura ina meM se koI eka pATha (ya) gaNa yA usa ke upagaNoM yA usa kI kisI prati ke pATha se milatA ho, to yaha samAna pATha hI (ra) kA pATha hogaa| isa pATha-samatA kA samAdhAna ina dhArAoM ke saMkara aura. Akasmika sarUpatA ke atirikta isI bAta se ho sakatA hai ki sama pATha hI (ra) kA pATha thA aura yahI ( za) kA pATha bhI thaa| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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/ 48 ) yadi ca cha ja ke pATha na paraspara milate hoM aura na hI anya kisI prati ke pATha se, to (ra) kA pATha saMdigdha raha jaaegaa| __ isa saba kA sAra yaha hai ki ka kha ga gha Ga ca cha ja pratiyoM meM se kisI eka prati meM upalabdha vaha pATha, jo dUsarI pratiyoM ke pATha se bhinna ho, ya) yA (ra) ke punanirmANa meM prAyaH sahAyatA nahIM kara sktaa| isalie isa ko apapATha mAna kara, isa kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai| yadi kAlpanika mUlAdarza (za) se (ya) aura (ra) ke atirikta anya dhArAeM bhI nikalatI hoM, to bhI (ya) (ra) Adi kA punarnirmANa Upara batalAI vidhi se hI hogaa| (5) kAlpanika mUlAdarza (za) kA punarnirmANa isa prakAra hogA(ya) (ra) ke punarnirmita samapATha (za) ke pATha hoNge| yadi ina meM pATha bheda ho, arthAt ( ya ) kA eka pATha ho aura (ra) kA dUsarA, to ina meM se koI sA bhI pATha (za) kA ho sakatA hai / yaha pATha saMdigdha rhegaa| paraMtu yadi vargoM ke AkAra Adi ke kAraNa eka pATha dUsara pATha kA vikRta rUpa ho sake, to dUsarA pATha hI mUla pATha hogaa| yadi (ya ) meM bhI pATha-bheda ho aura (ra) meM bhI, to ina meM se kinhIM do yA adhika pratiyoM kA sama pATha (za) kA pATha ho sakatA hai / yadi kisI bhI prati kA pATha dUsarI ke pATha se na mile to (za) kA pATha saMdigdha hogaa| (6) yadi kAlpanika mUlAdarza (za) se (ya) (ra) (ha) Adi aneka dhArAoM kA gama huA ho, to ( za) pATha kA punarnirmANa ina meM se kinhIM do yA adhika dhArAoM ke samapATha se hogA / parantu jaba ina dhArAoM meM bhinna bhinna pATha hoM, yA jaba kinhIM do yA adhika dhArAoM kI pATha-samAnatA Akasmika ho, yA paraspara milAna ke kAraNa ho to (za) kA pATha saMdigdha hogaa| (7) saMkIrNa dhArAoM ke AdhAra para (za ) kA punarnirmANa punarnirmANa ke viSaya meM Upara jo likhA gayA hai usa meM bhinna bhinna dhArAoM ko zuddha mAnA gayA hai / parantu prAyaH dekhane meM AtA hai ki dhArAeM zuddha nahIM hotI, una meM anya dhArAoM kA saMkara dRSTigocara hotA hai / (za) kI tIna dhArAeM haiM(ya) (ra) aura (ha) / yadi (ya) (ra', (ra) (ha), aura (ha) (ya) kA paraspara saMkara huA ho, to (ya) (ra) (ha meM se kisI eka dhArA ke pATha ko pAThAMtara mAnanA par3egA jo sAdhAraNa paristhiti meM grAhya nahIM hotaa| hama nahIM kaha sakate ki ina bhinna pAThoM meM kauna sA pATha maulika hai| ataH ina pAThoM kI mahattA punarnirmANa ke lie barAbara hai| Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 46 ) punanirmANa ke kucha niyama punarnirmANa meM pATha ko grahaNa karate samaya saba se pUrva yaha prazna uThatA hai ki 'kyA racayitA ne yahI pATha likhA thA ?' isa bAta kA nirNaya karate samaya hameM usa racayitA ke bhAva, bhASA, zailI Adi kA aura pUrvApara prasaMga kA dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai / hama yaha to kaha sakate haiM ki amuka pATha yahAM para ho hI nahIM sakatA, parantu yaha nizcaya pUrvaka nahIM kaha sakate ki yahAM para yahI pATha honA caahie| hama apanI samajha ke anusAra pATha ko grahaNa karate haiM / bhinna bhinna vidvAna bhinna bhinna nirNaya para pahuMca sakate haiM aura bhinna miH pATha ko maulika mAna sakate haiN| ina pAThoM ke aucitya kI paraspara tulanA kaise kI jAe ? ina meM se kauna sA pATha anya pAThoM se adhika ucita hai ? kisa ko prahaNa kareM ? ina praznoM kA uttara dene ke lie saMpAdaka ko cAhie ki saba pratiyoM ke upalabdha pAThoM para acchI taraha vicAra kare / yadi koI pATha arthahIna ho, pUrvApara virodhI ho, aprAsaMgika ho, vyAkaraNa Adi ke niyamoM kA ullaMghana karatA ho, racayitA kI vyaktigata vizeSatAoM ke anukUla na ho, punarukti ho, racayitA dvArA prayukta chaMdoM ke niyamoM ke pratikUla ho, prasaMga ko naSTa bhraSTa karatA ho, vicAradhArA meM aisI ar3acana DAlatA ho jisakA samAdhAna na ho sake, to hama nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki vaha pATha maulika nahIM, azuddha hai, dUSita hai| isako mUla pATha meM grahaNa nahIM kara skte| isakA sudhAra karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| yadi yaha doSa kisI prakAra bhI dUra na ho sake, to pATha ko ati daSita samajha kara chor3a denA par3atA hai| prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki ina dUSita pAThoM ke sthAna meM koI na koI aisA pATha rakhA jA sakatA hai / jo prastuta prakaraNa meM saMgata ho| isako sudhAra kahate haiM / pATha vahI ucita hai jo ThIka artha de, jo prakaraNa meM saMgata ho, racayitA ke bhAvoM ke anukUla ho, usa kI sAdhAraNa zailI aura bhASA ke pratikUla na ho, jisa se chaMdobhaMga na ho, vicAra-dhArA na TUTe, aura punarukti na ho / jo pATha ina saba bAtoM ko pUrA kare, use viSayAnusaMgata kahate haiN| usa ke isa guNa ko viSayAnusaMgati kahate haiN| prAcIna aura apracalita bhASAoM ke viSaya meM eka aura bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie / hama una ke zabdoM kA vaha artha lagA sakate haiM jo hamAre lie to saMtoSaprada ho, abhISTa ho parantu mUla racayitA ke lie aisA na ho| hama nahIM kaha Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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sakate ki use bhI hamArA artha hI abhISTa thaa| aba bhI dekhane meM AtA hai ki racayitA ke zabdoM ko na samajha kara yA kucha kA kucha samajha kara patra Adi ke saMpAdaka kaI sthAnoM para artha kA anartha kara dete haiM / hama kisI prAcIna racanA ko apanI bhASA, bhAva, zailI Adi ke niyamoM aura vicAroM se na jAMceM, apitu usa racanA ke samaya pracalita vicAra, bhAva, bhASA, zailI Adi ke niyamoM se jaaNceN| hameM isa bAta para vicAra karanA cAhie ki amuka racayitA ne yahAM para kyA likhA yA socA hogA yA vaha kyA likha yA soca sakatA thaa| sapAdaka ko isa bAta se koI vAstA nahIM ki usa racayitA ko yahAM para kyA likhanA yA socanA cAhie thaa| pATha aucitya ke viSaya meM eka yaha bAta bhI dekhanI par3atI hai ki upalabdha pratiyoM kA samapATha yA una ke saba pATha-bheda gRhIta pATha ke vikRta rUpa ho sakate ho, aura "lipikAroM meM yaha azuddhiyAM kaise kI", isa prazna kA uttara diyA jA sakatA ho / isa ke lie pichale adhyAya meM nirUpita doSa aura una ke kAraNoM kA parijJAna Avazyaka hai| jo pATha upalabdha pATha bhedoM kA mUla kAraNa ho sake usa pATha ko lekhAnusaMgata aura usa ke isa dharma ko lekhAnusaMgati kahate haiN| lekhAnusaMgati ke sambandha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki prastuta pATha upalabdha pratiyoM meM ho sakatA ho / udAharaNa-kisI racanA kI pratiyoM meM 'viSThitA' aura dhiSThitA pATha haiM, ina meM se kauna sA aisA zabda rakhA jAe jo viSayAnusaMgata bhI ho aura lekhAnusaMgata bhii| 'dhiSThitA' viSayAnusaMgata hai / yaha lekhAnusaMgata bhI hai kyoM ki uttara bhArata kI prAcIna lipiyoM meM 'dha' aura 'va' samAna AkRti vAle haiN| pratyeka pATha kI isa prakAra kI parIkSA ke pazcAt cAra pariNAma ho sakate haiM - svokRta, saMdeha, tyAga aura sudhAra / svIkRti-yadi saMpAdaka nizcayapUrvaka kaha sake ki amuka pATha racayitA ko abhISTa thA yA ho sakatA thA, to vaha use mUla pATha meM svIkAra karegA / isa ko svIkRti kahate haiN| pATha ko svIkRti meM vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya yaha bAta hai ki kaThina pATha prAyaH AsAna pAThoM se acche hote haiM, aura choTe pATha prAyaH lambe pAThoM se prAcIna hote haiM / 'kaThina' se hamArA abhiprAya lipikAra ke lie kaThiya' aura 'AsAna' se 'lipikAra ke lie AsAna hai| hama pahale batalA cuke haiM ki jisa pATha ko lipikAra nahIM samajhatA, use prAyaH vaha azuddha mAna kara apanI mati se sudhAra detA hai| parantu lipikAra ke sudhAra UparI hote haiM, vaha pATha kI taha taka nahIM pahuMcate / vaha upayukta Aho I Shrutgyanam

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( 51 ) dikhAI dete haiM / vAstava meM vaha upayukta nahIM hote / hAzie Adi ke TippaNa mUla pATha meM Akara pATha ko lambA kara dete haiM / ata: lambe pATha kI apekSA choTe pATha prAyaH adhika zuddha, prAcIna aura maulika hote haiN| saMdeha-yadi saMpAdaka yaha nirNaya na kara pAe ki kauna sA pATha maulika hai, to isa avasthA ko saMdeha kI avasthA kahate haiN| saMdeha taba paidA hotA hai jaba viSayAnusaMgati ke kAraNa eka pATha prAmANika ho, parantu lekhAnusaMgati kisI anya pATha kI puSTi karatI ho, yA saMpAdaka ko svayaM isa bAta kA vizvAsa na ho ki usa ne saba sAmagrI kA prayoga kiyA hai| saMpAdaka prAyaH dUsarI prakAra ke saMdeha ko anubhUti to karatA hai parantu isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| saMpAdana meM saMdigdha pAThoM para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA hai| koI pATha 'saMdeha pUrvaka svIkRta' hai athavA 'saMdeha pUrvaka tyakta' hai, isa bAta kA bhI spaSTa nirdeza hotA hai| tyAga-jaba saMpAdaka ko yaha vizvAsa ho jAtA hai ki amuka pATha maulika nahIM, to vaha usa ko tyAga detA hai / aiso avasthA meM usa pATha ko yA to ur3A diyA jAtA hai yA braikaToM meM rakha diyA jAtA hai| sudhAra-jaba saMpAdaka isa nizcaya para pahuMce ki bhinna bhinna pAThoM meM se koI pATha bhI viSayAnusaMgata aura lekhAnusaMgata nahIM, to vaha usa pATha ko sudhArane kA prayatna karatA hai / sudhArA huA pATha viSayAnusaMgata bhI ho aura lekhAnusaMgata bhI / isa kA vizada vive vana agale adhyAya meM kiyA jaaegaa| Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 52 ) adhyAya 6 pATha-sudhAra sudhAra kI AvazyakatA hama Upara batalA cuke haiM ki punarnirmita pATha sadA maulika pATha se milatA julatA ho aisA nahIM hotA / usa meM kucha na kucha doSa hote haiM jo upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para dUra nahIM kie jA sakate / isa lie mUla pATha taka pahuMcane ke nimitta hameM aura Age jAnA par3atA hai / ina doSoM ko yathAzakti haTAne ke lie pATha-sudhAra karanA hogaa| mudhAra kI parIkSA-- __ saMpAdaka pUrNa nizcaya se nahIM kaha sakatA ki kisI dUSita pATha ko haTA kara isake sthAna para kaunasA dUsarA pATha rakhA jA sakatA hai / isa bAta ke lie use apanI buddhi aura jJAna para Azrita honA par3atA hai| bhinna bhinna vidvAn bhinna bhinna sudhAra upanyasta kara sakate haiM / isa lie yaha dekhanA hai ki ina meM se kauna sA sudhAra anya sudhAroM se adhika ucita hai ? kisa ko grahaNa kareM ? isa ke uttara meM hameM punaH pichalI donoM bAtoM arthAt viSayAnusaMgati aura lekhAnusaMgati para dhyAna denA hogA jina ke AdhAra para punarnirmANa meM aneka pAThAMtaroM meM se maulika pATha ko mAlUma kiyA thA, sudhAra ke sambandha meM bhI inhIM donoM bAtoM se parIkSA kI jAtI hai| sudhAra vahI upayukta hai jo viSayAnusaMgata bhI ho aura lekhAnusaMgata bhii| jo sudhAra ThIka artha de, prakaraNa meM saMgata ho, racayitA ke bhAvoM ke anukUla ho, usakI bhASA aura zailI ke pratikUla na ho, vaha viSayAnusaMgata hai| vaha sudhAra lekhAnusaMgata bhI ho, arthAt vaha upalabdha pratiyoM ke pATha bheda kA srota ho / yaha pATha bheda lipikAroM dvArA kaise utpanna huA, isa bAta kA samAdhAna kara ske| lekhAnusaMgati ke sambandha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki prastuta zodhya doSa upalabdha pratiyoM meM lipi-bhrama se utpanna huA ho jaise-kisI racanA kI pratiyoM meM 'viSTitA' pATha hai aura yaha artha nahIM detA / isa ke sthAna para kauna sA aisA zabda rakhA jAe jo viSayAnusaMgata bhI ho aura lekhAnusaMgata bhii| yahAM para 'dhiSTitA' lekhAnusaMgata hai kyoMki uttara bhArata kI prAcIna lipiyoM meM 'dha' aura 'va' samAna AkRti vAle hote haiM / yadi yaha zabda viSayAnusaMgata bhI ho to yaha grAhya hai| Aho I Shrutgyanam

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( 53 ) yadi koI sudhAra yogapadyena viSayAnusaMgata aura lekhAnusaMgata na ho, to yaha viSayAnusaMgata hai yA lekhAnusaMgata isa bAta ke anusAra isa kI prAhyatA meM antara par3a mAtA hai / jo sudhAra lekhAnusaMgata na ho parantu pUrNa rUpa se viSayAnumaMgata ho, vaha to prAya ho sakatA hai / jo lekhAnusaMgata to ho parantu viSayAnusaMgata na ho, vaha kadApi prahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isI lie to Avazyaka hai ki sampAdaka ko lipijJAna ke atirikta aura bhI bahuta kucha jAnanA jarUrI hai| use raciyatA kI bhASA, zailI, bhAva Adi kA vizeSa adhyayana karanA cAhie / saMpAdana-paddhatiyAM sampAdana meM sudhAra kA kyA sthAna hai, isa ke anusAra sampAdana-kArya kI do paddhatiyAM haiM-prAcIna aura navIna / prAcIna paddhati meM sudhAra ko koI sthAna nhiiN| isake anuyAyI prastuta pATha meM sudhAra kie binA hI yena kena prakAreNa artha lagAte haiN| vaha prastuta zabdoM se pUrvApara prasaMga dvArA jJAta artha ko nikAlane kA prayatna karate haiM, cAhe vaha artha una meM ho cAhe na ho / yadi vaha apane isa prayatna meM saphala nahIM hote, to vaha prastuta pATha ko dUSita yA azuddha prayoga mAna kara racayitA ke mAthe mar3ha dete haiN| vaha usa ko raciyatA kA asAdhAraNa prayoga yA usa kI vyaktigata vizeSatA batalAte haiN| isa meM sandeha nahIM ki dhuraMdhara vidvAn aura suprasiddha graMthakAra kI kRtiyoM meM bhI asAdhAraNa prayoga aura azuddhiyAM milatI haiN| isa kA yaha artha nahIM ki hama ina azuddhiyoM ko saMpAdita pATha meM jyoM kA tyoM chor3a deM-kevala yaha soca kara ki zAyada yaha pATha maulika ho / isa se racanA ko adhika hAni pahuMcane kI saMbhAvanA hai| ___ isa paddhati ke anusAra vahI pATha maulika ho sakatA hai jo pratiyoM Adi ke AdhAra para hama taka pahuMcA ho / sampAdaka yadi kahIM para sudhAra kare bhI, to isa ko TippaNoM meM yA pariziSTa meM rakhe / isa se pATha to avazya vahI rahegA jisa ke pramANa hamAre pAsa vidyamAna haiM parantu par3hane meM ar3acana pdd'egii| pade pade pAThaka ko artha samajhane ke nimitta ThaharanA par3egA aura apanI buddhi para jora denA hogaa| navIna paddhati ke anusAra azuddha pATha kA sudhAra karanA acchA hai parantu kliSTa kalpanA se kevala artha lagAnA acchA nahIM / sampAdaka mUla meM usa pATha ko degA jo viSayAnusaMgati aura lekhAnusaMgati ke paraspara taula se maulika siddha ho / mUlapATha se saMbaddha saba sAmagrI ko vaha tulanAtmaka TippaNoM meM degaa| hara bAra upasthita pATha kI hI jAMca karegA, vaha yaha nahIM dekhegA ki anyatra usane kyA nirNaya kiyA thaa| Ahol Shrutgyanam

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( 54 ) .. isa meM saMdigdha pAThoM ko vizeSa rUpa se dikhalAnA hotA hai koI pATha 'sandehapUrvaka svIkRta' hai yA 'sandeha pUrvaka tyakta', isa bAta kA saMketa bhI rahatA hai| zodhaka ko prAyaH apanI buddhi se kAma lenA cAhie / usa ke lie isa bAta kA koI mahattva nahIM ki kisI pATha ko pUrvavartI saMpAdaka yA saMpAdakoM ne grahaNa kara rakhA hai / hama yaha nahIM jAna sakate ki unhoM ne kisI pATha ko nijI UhApoha se apanAyA thA yA pahale sampAdakoM ke vicAroM se prabhAvAnvita ho kara / ata: aba taka koI sampAdaka kisI pATha kI maulikatA ko svayaM siddha na kara le, vaha use mUla pATha meM na rkhe| isa bAta kA nirNaya karanA bar3A kaThina hai ki lipikAra kI bajAe mUla racayitA ke mAthe kauna kauna sI azuddhiyAM mar3hI jAyeM / isa viSaya meM koI utsarga niyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / paristhiti ke anusAra hI nirNaya karanA cAhie / yadi mUla prati upalabdha na ho to hama lipikAra aura racayitA ke dRSTi mUlaka doSoM meM bheda nahIM kara sakate / vAstava meM yaha lipikAra ke hI doSa hote haiM kyoMki yadi racayitA mUla prati ko svayaM likhe to vahI usakA lipikAra hai| __yadi racayitA ne kahIM jAna bUjha kara azuddha pATha kA prayoga kiyA ho, to usa kA sudhAra nahIM karanA caahie| saMdigdha pATha kaI vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki saMdigdha pATha kA nirNaya na karake use jyoM kA tyoM chor3a denA caahie| yaha siddhAMta AsAnI se prayukta kiyA jA sakatA hai parantu mAnava svabhAva ke kAraNa isa kA pariNAma acchA nahIM hotaa| prAcIna sAhitya usa kI azuddhiyoM ko dUra karane ke lie nahIM par3hA jAtA, vastutaH usa se Ananda liyA jAtA hai / pAThaka ko use samajhane meM jitanA kaSTa hogA utanA hI vaha use kama pddh'egaa| yadi usa dUSita pATha ko mUla meM rahane diyA jAe jisa kA sudhAra ho sake aura jisa kA zodhita rUpa aisA artha de sake jo pUrvApara prasaMga dvArA AkAMkSita ho, to dvividha pariNAma hotA hai| prathama, usa saMdarbha kA abhiprAya hI pAThaka ke mastiSka se dUra ho jAyagA kyoMki vaha use samajhane kA kAfI parizrama na kregaa| isa kA artha yaha hogA ki pAThaka ke lie usa kA abhAva prAya ho jaaegaa| dUsare, pAThaka Age pIche ke zabdoM ke vAstavika artha ko tor3a mor3a kara usa saMdarbha se pUrvApara prasaMga dvArA vAMchita artha ko prApta kara legA / artha to nikala AyA parantu isa se pAThaka ko hAni hotI hai / vaha usa pATha ke artha ko samyag rUpa se nahIM jAna pAtA, ata: jaba Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 55 ) phira kabhI use samAna pATha milatA hai to usa ke mastiSka meM azuddhi aura saMdeha kI lahara daur3a jAtI hai| artha aura sudhAra prAcIna paddhati ke anuyAyiyoM meM yaha kamaz2orI hai ki vaha sudhAra kI apekSA artha lagAne ko hI acchA samajhate haiM cAhe vaha kitanI hI kliSTa kalpanA se lge| isa paddhati ke kaI vidvAnoM ne to yahAM taka kahA hai ki kisI pATha kA artha lagA denA usake sudhAra se adhika mahattva-pUrNa aura prazaMsanIya hai / dUsarI paddhati ke vidvAna isa ke bilakula viparIta haiN| vaha kahate haiM ki sudhAra hI sampAdaka kA kArya-kSetra hai, kliSTa kalpanA se artha lagAnA nahIM / vAstava meM donoM paristhitiyAM ThIka nhiiN| sudhAra aura kliSTa kalpanA donoM ne hI kisI pUrva aspaSTa pATha para prakAza DAlanA hai| parantu sudhAra kaThina kArya hai, isa lie yaha arika prazaMsanIya hai / sudhAra bhI vahI ucita hai jo prastuta saMdarbha ke sAdhAraNa aura saMgata artha ke sAtha cle| prAcIna paddhati ke vidvAnoM kA parama dhyeya yaha rahA hai ki jo pATha jisa rUpa meM hama taka pahuMcA hai usa kI usI rUpa meM rakSA karanI caahie| vaha isa bAta meM kisI hada taka ThIka bhI hai kyoMki yadi sudhAra kI bAgaDora DhIlI chor3a dI jAe, to yaha pATha ko kucha kA kucha banA degA / kucha hI pIDhiyoM meM isa bAta kA nizcaya karanA asambhavaprAya ho jAegA ki kauna sA pATha maulika thaa| yahI dazA Aja hamAre prAcIna sAhitya kI hai / isa para aneka sudhArakoM ke hAtha laga cuke hue haiN| ata: sampAdaka ko mUla pATha kA jJAna prApta karane ke nimitta ghora parizrama karanA par3atA hai| mahAbhArata aura sudhAra bhAMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca insTicyUTa pUnA dvArA saMpAdita aura prakAzita mahAbhArata Adi parva meM sudhAra bahuta kama kie gae haiM-sAta ATha sahasra zlokoM meM kevala 35 pAThoM kA sudhAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI zabdoM kA, vAkyoM kA nahIM / sudhAra prAyaH aise haiM jina se pUrvApara saMgata artha meM pharaka nahIM pdd'aa| jahAM sandeha rahA vahAM bhI upalabdha pratiyoM ke kisI na kisI sArthaka pAThAMtara ko hI grahaNa kiyA hai| isa bAta para dhyAna nahIM diyA ki vaha artha pUrNatayA saMtoSaprada hai, aura maulika hai yA nhiiN| isa kA kAraNa yaha hai ki hameM mahAbhArata kAla kI paristhiti aura usa samaya pracalita vyAkaraNa Adi ke prayogoM kA pUrNa jJAna nahIM / hama nizcaya pUrvaka nahIM kaha sakate ki sAre kA sArA mahAbhArata eka hI bhASA aura eka hI zailI meM likhA gayA thA / hameM upasthita zabdoM se artha lagAnA cAhie / jaba artha na lage, tabhI sudhAra kI ora agrasara honA Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 56 ) cAhie / jaba pratiyoM meM paraspara virodha ho, to virodha ko dUra karanA hI sudhAra kA kArya-kSetra hai / parantu jaba pratiyoM meM pAThaikya ho to sudhAra kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / mahAbhArata meM sudhAra ke ina siddhAMtoM kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaba nepAla se mahAbhArata ke Adiparva kI prAcInatama upalabdha prati milI aura isa kA avalokana kiyA gayA to mahAbhArata ke sudhAra pacAsa pratizata ThIka utare' / vyakti-racita sAhitya aura sudhAra -- 1 vyakti-racita sAhitya ke viSaya meM yaha bAta sarvathA lAgU nahIM hotI / vahAM paristhiti bhinna hai / kisI racayitA kI kRtiyoM meM jo maulika pATha upalabdha hoM, unake AdhAra para hama usa kI zailI, bhASA, bhAva, vicAra Adi kA adhyayana kara sakate haiN| saMbhava hai hameM koI samAna saMdarbha hI mila jAveM / ina zuddha aura maulika saMdarbhoM ke parijJAna se ima ucita sudhAra kara sakate haiM / samAna saMdarbhoM kI anupasthiti meM hama racayitA sambandhI apane vicAroM ke anusAra do pAThAMtaroM meM se eka ko apanAyeMge / yaha sambhava hai ki jisa pATha ko hama cunate haiM, vaha maulika na ho / zAyada racayitA ko dUsarA pAThAMtara hI abhISTa ho aura usa samaya vahI usa ke lie santoSaprada ho / sambhava hai vaha kisI aise bhAva yA vicAra ko sUcita karatA ho jise samajhane meM Aja hama asamartha haiN| jaba pAThAMtaroM ke viSaya meM yaha bAta hai to sudhAra ke viSaya meM to kabhI nizcaya nahIM ho sakatA / ucita vidhi - isa lie sabase acchI vidhi to yahI hai ki hama ina donoM paddhatiyoM ke bIca ke mArga para caleM / hameM cAhie ki pahale prastuta saMdarbha ko upalabdha pAThAMtaroM kI sahAyatA se samajhane kA prayatna kreN| jaba hameM nizcaya ho jAe ki pATha dUSita hai, taba viSayAnusaMgati aura lekhAnusaMgati kI parIkSA se upayukta sudhAra kara leM / yadi koI prAcIna samAna pATha yA prayoga mila jAe to hamArA prayatna nizcita rUpa se saphala hai / anyathA bhI hameM kAfI hada taka nizcaya ho sakatA hai ki hamArA sudhAra upayukta hai / 1 bhUmikA pR0 62-64 Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 57 ) pariziSTa 1 pratiyoM ke milAna kI rIti pratiyoM kA milAna bar3I sAvadhAnI aura mehanata kA kAma hai / pahale upalabdha sAmagrI meM se saba se adhika prAmANika aura zuddha prati kA nirdhAraNa karanA cAhiye / phira zlokabaddha grantha ke eka eka pAda, zlokArtha yA zloka ko, aura gadya grantha ke eka eka choTe aMza ko jo kAgaz2a para eka paMkti meM A sake, pRthaka 2 kAgaz2a kI zIToM para likhanA cAhiye / zITa ke donoM ora hAziyA rahanA cAhiye ! bAyeM hAziye meM milAna vAlI pratiyoM ke nambara ABC Adi aura dAyeM hAziye meM prakSipta Adi pATha yA anya TippanI likhanI cAhiye / kAgaz2oM para mukhya prati kA samaya pATha utArA jAyagA aura milAna vAlI pratiyoM kA kevala pAThAMtara yA bheda dikhAyA jAyagA / zIToM kI saMkhyA saMpAdya grantha ke parimANa para, aura zIToM kI laMbAI milAna vAlI pratiyoM kI saMkhyA para nirbhara haiM / yadi zIToM para cAra- khAnA lakIreM khicI hoM to milAna meM suvidhA aura zuddhatA rahegI kyoMki isa taraha pAThAMtara kA pratyeka akSara apane mUla akSara ke nIce 2 AtA jAyagA / zeSa bAtoM meM saMpAdaka ko paristhiti ke anusAra apanI buddhi se kAma lenA cAhiye / pUne se mahAbhArata kA jo saMskaraNa nikala rahA hai usake tayyAra karane meM samagra pATha ke lie kama se kama dasa pratiyAM milAI gaI haiM / bahuta se parvoM ke liye bIsa pratiyoM kA, kucha ke liye tIsa aura cAlIsa pratiyoM kA, aura Adi parva ke pahale do adhyAyoM ke liye sATha pratiyoM kA milAna kiyA gayA kyoMki isI ke AdhAra para mahAbhArata ke saMpAdana - siddhAnta Azrita haiM / milAna karane ke liye eka prati kA sArA pATha eka eka zloka karake eka eka zITa para utArA gyaa| milAna ke pazcAt dUsare vyaktiyoM ne una kA punarIkSaNa kiyA* / * mahAbhArata, Adi parva - aMgrez2I upodghAta - pRSTha IV-V Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 58 ) milAna kI zIToM kA namUnA zITa naM. 1 tInoM pratiyoM meM samAna pATha zITa naM0 / 1 AtA su ji aMgai 100 3 C Adds mella bet.ima zITa naM03 bhaNu li ko lau so ma hu jo bva Na ton zITa naM.4 aNNa ho mu ya gha le jasu sa vavaNe . A hch C aha RAdds masAgi | bet. sa-va,appa rently a gloss on savavaNe yaha milAna hariSeNa kRta " dhammaparikkhA ' kI pratiyoM kA hai / A B pratiyeM bhANDArakara insTicyUTa kI haiM aura C ambAlA zahara ke jaina bhaMDAra kii| pATha dUsarI sandhi ke dUsare patte kA hai / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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pariziSTa 2 prAcIna lekhana-sAmagrI kAvyamImAMsA meM kavi ke upakaraNa kI carcA karate hue rAjazekhara ne kahA hai 'tasya sampuTikA saphalakakhaTikA, samudkaH, salekhanIyakamaSIbhA janAni tADapatrANi bhUrjatvaco vA, salohakaraTakAni tAladalAni, susammRSTA bhittayaH satatasinnahitAH syuH| isa se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki usa kAla meM tADapatra, bhojapatra, phala aura sammRSTa bhitti Adi para likhane kI paripATI thii| isI prakAra yoginItaMtra meM vRkSoM ke pattoM ke atirikta dhAtu ke prayoga kA bhI ullekha hai| adyAvadhi jisa jisa sAmagrI para lekha mile haiM, vaha ninalikhita hai (1) tAr3apatra-tAr3a vRkSa dakSiNa bhArata meM samudra taTa ke pradezoM meM adhika hotA hai| pustaka likhane ke liye jo tADapatra kAma meM Ate the una ko sukhA kara pAnI meM ubAlate yA bhigo rakhate the| ina ko punaH sukhA kara zaMkha, kaur3e, cikane patthara Adi se ghoMTate the| ina kI laMbAI eka se tIna phuTa taka aura caur3AI eka se cAra iMca taka hotI hai| __ pazcimI aura uttarI bhArata vAle ina para syAhI se likhate the parantu ur3IsA aura dakSiNa ke loga una para tIkhe aura gola mukha kI zalAkA ko dabA kara akSara kuredate the| phira patroM para kAjala phirA kara akSara kAle kara dete the| kama lambAI ke patroM ke madhya 1. kAvya mImAMsA ( bar3odA saMskaraNa ) pR0 50 / 2. bhAga 3, paTala 7 meM nimnalikhita zloka Ate haiM jo zabdakalpadrama meM se 'pustaka' zabda ke varNana se uddhRta kie haiM : "bhUrje vA tejapatre vA tAle vA tADipatrake / aguruNApi devezi ! pustakaM kArayet priye ! // sambhave svarNapatre ca tAmrapatre ca zaGkari / anyavRkSatvaci devi ! tathA ketakipatrake // mArtaNDapatre raupye bA vaTapatre varAnane ! / anyapatre vasudale likhitvA yaH samabhyaset / sa durgatimavApnoti dhanahAnirbhaved dhruvam // " Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 60 ) meM eka, aura adhika lambAI vAloM ke do-madhya se kucha antara para dAI aura bAI ora eka eka-chidra kiye jAte the / ina chidroM meM sUtra piro kara gAMTha de dete the| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hyanacsAMga likhatA hai ki likhane ke lie tADapatra kA prayoga sAre bhArata meM hotA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha isa samaya se bhI bahuta pUrva bhArata meM pracalita thA, kyoMki takSazilA se prathama zatAbdI kA eka tAmrapatra milA hai jisa kA AkAra tAr3apatra se milatA hai| tAr3apatroM para syAhI se likhI huI pustakoM meM saba se purAnA azvaghoSa ke do nATakoM kA truTita aMza hai jo dUsarI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kA lipikRta hai| gaoNDaphre saMgraha ke kucha tAr3apatra cauthI zatAbdI meM likhe pratIta hote haiN| jApAna ke horiyUz2i vihAra meM surakSita 'prajJApAramitAhRdayasUtra' aura 'uSNISavijayadhAraNI' nAmaka bauddha graMtha chaThI zatAbdI ke Asa pAsa lipibaddha kiye gae the / gyArahavIM zatAbdI aura usa ke pIche ke to aneka tAr3apatrIya pustakeM gujarAta, rAjapUtAnA, nepAla Adi pradezoM meM vidyamAna haiM / lohazalAkA se utkIrNa tAr3apatroM kI pustakeM paMdrahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva kI nahIM milii| (2) bhUtvacA-isa ko bhUrjapatra yA bhojapatra bhI kahate haiN| yaha 'bhUrja' nAmaka vRkSa kI bhItarI chAla hai, jo himAlaya parvata para pracuratA se hotA hai| isa ke atirikta 'ugra' Adi anya vRkSoM kI chAla para bhI likhate the parantu bahuta kama / vRkSatvacA kA prayoga prAcIna kAla meM pAzcAtya dezoM meM bhI hotA thA kyoMki grIka aura laiTina bhASAoM meM chAla-sUcaka zabda -biblosa (biblos) aura lIva (libre) hI pustaka-sUcaka zabda bana ge| grIka lekhaka karTiyasa (Curtius) ne likhA hai ki sikandara ke AkramaNa ke samaya bhArata meM bhoja vRkSa kI chAla para likhA jAtA thaa| alaberUnI likhatA hai ki "madhya aura uttarIya bhArata meM loga tUz2a vRkSa ko chAla kA prayoga karate haiN|......is vRkSa ko bhUrja kahate haiM / ve loga isa kA eka gaz2a lambA aura hAtha ko khUba phailAI huI uMgaliyoM jitanA, yA usase kucha kama caur3A Tukar3A lete haiM, aura ise aneka rItiyoM se taiyAra karate haiN| ve ise cikanAte aura khUba ghoMTate haiM jisa se yaha dRr3ha aura snigdha bana jAtA hai / taba ve isa para likhate hai|" bhojapatroM para likhI saba se prAcIna pustaka madhya eziyA se milI hai jo kharoSThI lipi kA dhammapada hai aura jo dUsaro yA tosarI zatAbdI meM lipi kiyA gayA 1. "alaberUnI kA bhArata" (hindI), bhAga 2, pR086-7 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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hogaa| saMyuktAgamasUtra' cauthI zatAbdI kA hai| tatpazcAt gaoNDaphre saMgraha kI apUrNa pratiyAM aura bauvara (chaTI za0) aura bakhazAlI ( AThavIM za0) pratiyAM haiN| ina ke anantara kAzmIra hastalekha haiM jo aba saMsAra ke prasiddha pustakAlayoM meM surakSita haiN| yaha prAya: paMdrahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva ke nahIM milate / (3) kapar3A-isa ko saMskRta bhASA meM paTa, paTikA, yA kArpAsika paTa kahate haiM / lekhana-sAmagrI ke rUpa meM isa kA ullekha smRtiyoM' aura sAtavAhana ke samakAlIna kaI zilAlekhoM meM milatA hai| dakSiNa meM likhane ke lie isa kA prayoga aba bhI hotA hai| kapar3e kA prayoga jainoM meM bahulatA se milatA hai| byUlara ko jaisalamera meM cInAMzu para jaina AgamoM kI sUco milI thii| aura pITarasana ne likhA hai ki pATaNa ke eka jaina bhaMDAra meM zrI prabhasUriviracita 'dharmavidhi' nAmaka pustaka, udayasiMha kI vRtti sahita, 25 iMca caur3e kapar3e ke 22 patroM para saM0 1418 kA lipikRta vidyamAna hai| bar3odA ke jaina bhaMDAra meM 'jayaprAbhRta' kapar3e para likhA milatA hai| kapar3e para vijJaptiyAM bhI likhI jAtI thIM jina ko hamane bar3odA meM DA0 hIrAnanda jI zAstrI ke nijI saMgraha meM dekhA hai| __ oriyaMTala kAleja ke bhUtapUrva prinsipala sara oNrala sTAina ko madhya eziyA se bhI aneka prakAra ke kapar3oM para lekha mile the| (4) lakar3I kA pATA aura pATI-lalitavistara', jAtaka' Adi bauddha graMthoM meM lakar3I kI pATiyoM phalaka) kA ullekha hai / zAkyamuni ko akSarAraMbha ke samaya caMdana kI pATI dI gaI thii| vidyArthI apane apane phalaka pAThazAlA meM le jAte aura vahAM una para likhate the| ___ raMgIna phalakoM para lipikRta pustakeM brahmadeza meM bahuta milatI haiM aura AsAma bhI eka pustaka milI hai jo boDaleana pustakAlaya meM surakSita hai| 1. dattvA bhUmi nibandhaM vA kRtvA lekhyantu kArayet / AgAmibhadranRpatiH parijJAnAya pArthivaH / paTe vA tAmrapaTTe vA samudroparicihnitam // (mitAkSarA, adhyAya 1, 316, 317) 2. kAtre, pR05| 3. lalitavistara adhyAya 10 ( aMgrejI anuvAda ) pR0 181-85 / 4. kaTAhaka jaatk| Aho I Shrutgyanam

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(5) dhAtu-likhane ke lie sonA, cAMdI, kAMsI, pItala, tAMbA, lohA Adi aneka dhAtuoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| sone aura cAMdI kA prayoga bahuta kama hotA thA paraMtu tAMbe kA bahuta adhik| rAjAoM tathA sAmaMto kI ora se maMdira, maTha, brAhmaNa, sAdhu Adi ko dAna meM die hue gAMva, kheta, kUpa Adi kI sanadeM tAMbe para khudavA kara dI jAtI thIM / ina ko dAnapatra, tAmrapatra, tAmrazAsana, yA zAsanapatra kahate haiM / dAnapatroM ko racanA dAnI svayaM karatA yA kisI vidvAn se karAtA thaa| phira usa lekhya ko suMdara akSara likhane vAlA lekhaka syAhI se tAMbe ke patroM para likhatA aura sunAra, ThaTherA yA luhAra use khodatA thaa| ___ ina patroM kI laMbAI aura caur3AI lekhya, lekhanI Adi para nirbhara hotI thii| ina kA AkAra tAr3a, bhoja Adi Adarza patroM ke anusAra hotA thA / laMbe tAmrapatra prAyaH dakSiNa meM milate haiM kyoMki vahAM tAr3apatroM kA prayoga bahuta hotA thaa| yadi eka hI dAnapatra do yA adhika tAmrapatroM para khudA ho to ina ko tAMbe ke eka yA do challoM se jor3A jAtA thaa| kabhI kabhI isa challe kI saMdhi para rAjamudrA bhI lagAI jAtI thii| suvarNapatroM kA ullekha jAtakoM' meM milatA haiM-ina para loga apane kuTuMba saMbaMdhI viSayoM, rAjakIya zAsanoM aura dharma niyamoM ko khudavAte the / takSazilA ke gaMgU nAmaka stUpa se kharoSThI lipi ke lekha vAlA, aura brahmadeza se aneka suvarNapatra prApta hue haiN| rajatapatra takSazilA aura bhaTTiyolU se mile haiM / jaina maMdiroM meM cAMdI ke gaTTe aura yaMtra milate haiM jina para 'namaskAra maMtra' khudA rahatA hai| buddhakAlIna tAmrazAsanoM kA jJAna fAhiyAna ke lekhoM se hotA hai| tAMbe aura pItala ko jaina mUrtiyoM para bhI lekha milate haiM / (6) carma-yorapa aura araba Adi dezoM meM prAcInakAla meM camar3e para likhA jAtA thA / paraMtu bhArata ke loga ise apavitra mAnate haiM isalie isa kA prayoga yahAM zAyada hI hotA hogaa| phira bhI carma para likhane ke udAharaNa milate haiN| subaMdhu ne apanI 'vAsavadattA' meM aMdhere AkAza meM camakate hue tAroM ko sthAyI se kAle kie hue camar3e para caMdramA rUpI khar3iyA se banAe hue zUnyabinduoM se upamA dI hai| 1. kaeha, ruru, kurudhamma aura tesakuna nAma ke jAtaka / 2. vizvaM gaNayato vidhAtuH zazikaThinI aNDena tamomaSIzyAme'jina iva nabhasi saMsArasyAtizUnyatvAcchUnya bindava iva-hAla saMpAdita vAsavadattA, pR0 182 / Aho I Shrutgyanam

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( 63 ) 'sTrebo' ne likhA hai ki AgasTasa sIz2ara ( mRtyu vikrama saM0 71 ) ko bhArata se carma para eka lekha AyA thA / sTAina ko madhya eziyA se carma para kharoSThI lipi ke lekha mile the aura byUlara ko jaisa mera ke 'bRhat jJAnakoza' nAmaka jaina bhaNDAra meM hastalekhoM ke sAtha alikhita carmapatra bhI milA thA / (7) pASANa - prAcIna kAla se bhArata meM kaI prakAra kA pASANa likhane ke kAma AtA thA / isa para aneka rAjakIya zAsana aura kucha graMtha mile haiN| bIjolyA ( rAjapUtAnA ) se zilAoM para utkIrNa 'unnatazikhara purANa' aura ajamera se vipraharAja caturtha aura usake rAja kavi somezvara dvArA racita do nATakoM ( harakelinATaka aura lalitavigraharAjanATaka ) ke aMza mile haiN| (8) IToM para khude hue bauddha sUtra uttara-pazcima prAMta meM mile haiN| kaccI IMToM para akSara utkIrNa karake una ko pakAyA jAtA thA / mahiMjodar3o, har3appA, nAlaMdA, pATaliputra Adi sthAnoM se miTTI kI muddAe aura pAtra mile haiM jina para lekha khude haiM / (6) kAg2az2a ( kArpAsapatra ) -- kahate haiM ki pahile pahila cIna vAloM ne saM0 162 meM kArAz2a banAyA / paraMtu vicarkasa' apane vyaktigata anubhava se likhatA hai ki "hiMdustAna ke loga rUI ko kUTa kara likhane ke lie kAg2az2a banAte haiM / " TabyUlara Adi kaI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yorapa kI nAIM bhArata meM bhI kAg2az2a kA pracAra musalamAnoM ne kiyA thA / paraMtu ina ke Ane se pUrva ke bhAratIya sAhitya meM kucha ullekha aise milate haiM jina ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhArata 1. maeNrkiDala -- enzaMTa iMDiyA aiz2a DiskrAibDa bAi sTrebo, pR0 71 / 2. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA pR0 150 kA TippaNa naM0 6 / 3. bhArata para AkramaNa karane vAle yavana bAdazAha sikaMdara kA nirkasa eka senApati thA / vaha una ke sAtha paMjAba meM rahA aura vApasI para bhI vahI senApati thA / usa ne AkramaNa kA vistRta vRttAMta likhA thA jisa kA sAra eriana ne apanI iMDikA nAmaka pustaka meM diyA hai / 4. isa viSaya meM maiksamUlara likhatA hai ki 'nirkasa kahatA hai - bhAratavAsI rUI se kAg2az2a banAnA jAnate the' ( dekho - hisTarI oNpha enzaMTa saMskRta liTrecara pR0 367), aura byUlara kA prAzaya haiM "acchI taraha kUTa kara tayyAra kiye hue rUI ke kapar3oM ke "paTa" (iMDiyana peliyomAfI pR0 68 ) jo bhramapUrNa hai kyoMki paTa aba taka banate haiM aura vaha sarvathA kUTa kara nahIM banAe aate| nirkasa kA abhiprAya kAgaz2oM se hI hai | ( bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR0 144 kA TipaNa 3 ) | Aho! Shrutgyanam

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meM kAg2az2a kA pracAra thA / dhArA ke rAjA bhoja ke samaya meM likhI gaI 'prazastiprakAzikA' meM aura vararucipraNIta 'patrakaumudI' meM batalAyA gayA hai ki rAjakIya patroM kI kaise taha kI jAe, kitanA hAziyA chor3anA cAhie, bAI ora ke nicale kinAre ko thor3A sA kATanA cAhie, pichale pRSTha para 'zrI' zabda aneka bAra likhanA cAhie -yaha saba aisI bAteM haiM jina kA saMbaMdha tAr3a yA bhoja yA dhAtu ke patroM se nahIM ho sakatA pratyuta kAg2az2a se hI ho sakatA hai| desI kAgaz2a cikane na hone se pakkI syAhI una ke Ara pAra phaila jAtI thI isalie una para gehUM yA cAvala ke ATe kI patalI leI lagA kara aura usa ko sukhA kara, zaMkha Adi se ghoMTa lete the / isa se kAgaz2a cikane aura komala ho jAte the| kabhI kabhI leI meM saMkhiyA yA haritAla bhI DAla dete the / isa se kAgaz2a ko kIr3A nahIM lagatA thaa| jaina lekhakoM ne kAgaz2a kI pustakeM likhane meM tAr3apatroM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai, kyoMki kAg2az2a kI purAnI pustakoM ke pratyeka patre kA madhya bhAga bahudhA khAlI chor3A huA milatA hai / caudahavIM zatAbdI kI likhI huI kucha pratiyoM meM pratyeka panne aura Upara nIce kI pATiyoM meM cheda kie hue bhI dekhane meM Ate haiN| ___bhArata meM kAgaz2a kI prAcInatama pustakeM terahavI zatAbdI kI milatI haiM, parantu madhya eziyA meM bhAratIya guptalipi kI cAra pustakeM aura kucha saMskRta pustakeM milI haiM jo laga bhaga pAMcavIM zatAbdI kI haiM / kaI vidvAna inako na bhAratIya kAg2az2a para aura na bhArata meM likhI huI mAnate haiM / syAhI (mapI) bhArata meM nAnA varNoM kI syAhI kA prayoga huA milatA hai jaise kAlI, lAla, pIlI, harI, suvarNamayI, rajatamayI Adi / ina ke banAne kI vidhi nimnalikhita hai| 1. zabdakalpadruma meM 'patra' zabda ke vivaraNa meM uddhRta patraM tu triguNIkRtya Uddharve tu dviguNaM tyajet / zeSabhAge likhedvarNAn gadyapadyAdisaMyutAn // dakSiNe patrakoNasya adhastAcchedayet sudhiiH| ekAGgalapramANena rAjapatrasya caiva hi // 2. gafa-peparz2a rileTiMga Tu di kolekSana aMDa prez2arvezana oNfa di rikArDaz2ane oNfa enzaMTa saMskRta liTrecara oNfa iMDiyA, pR0 16 / 3. bhAratIya prAcInalipimAlA, pR0 145 aura usI pRSTa kA TippaNa 1 / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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( 64 ) kAlI syAhI' - kAgaz2a para likhane kI kAlI syAhI do prakAra kI hotI -pakkI aura kaccI / pakkI syAhI se pustakeM likhI jAtI haiM aura kaccI se sAdhAraNa kAma liyA jAtA hai / pakkI syAhI banAne ke lie miTTI kI iMDiyA meM jala aura pIpala kI pisI huI lAkha ko DAla kara Aga para rakha dete haiN| phira isa meM pisA huA suhAgA aura lodha milAte haiM / jaba yaha mizrita padArtha kAgaja para lAla lakIra dene lage to ise utAra kara chAna lete haiM / isa ko alatA (alaktaka ) kahate haiM / phira tiloM ke tela ke dIpaka ke kAjala ko bArIka kapar3e meM bAMdha kara, isa meM phirAte rahate haiM jaba taka ki usa se kAle akSara banane na laga jAveM / kI syAhI kAjala, katthA, bIjAbora aura goMda ko milA kara banAI jAtI hai| bhojapatra para likhane kI syAhI bAdAma ke chilakoM ke kAyaloM ko gomUtra meM ubAla kara banAte haiM / lAla syAhI' - eka to calatA, jisa kI nirmANa vidhi kAlI syAhI ke vivaraNa meM batalAI gaI hai, lAla syAhI ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai aura dUsare goMda ke pAnI meM gholA huA iiMgalU | harI, pIlI Adi syAhI sUkhe hare raMga ko goMda ke pAnI meM harI, haritAka se pIlI aura jaMgAla se jaMgAlI syAhI bhI lekhaka loga kevala haritAla kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / sone aura cAMdI kI syAhI' - sone aura cAMdI ke varakoM ko goMda ke pAnI meM ghoMTa kara suvarNamayI aura rajatamayI syAhiyAM banAI jAtI thIM / ina syAhiyoM se likhane ke pahale patre kAle yA lAla raMga se raMge jAte the| kalama se likha kara patroM ko kaur3I yA akIka Adi se ghoMTate the jisa se akSara camaka pakar3a lete the / prayoga kI prAcInatA - mahiMjodar3o se eka khokhalA pAtra milA hai jisa ko maike Adi vidvAn maSIpAtra mAnate haiN| nirkasa aura karTiyasa ke lekhoM se bhI patA calatA hai ki bhArata meM vikrama se tIna sau varSa pUrva bhI syAhI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / madhya eziyA se prApta kharoSThI lipi ke lekha syAhI se likhe hue haiM-ina ke AdhAra para nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI meM syAhI se likhA jAtA thA / syAhI kA prAcInatama lekha sAMcI ke eka stUpa se nikalA hai jo kama se 1 bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA pR0 154-6 Aho! Shrutgyanam ghola kara banAte haiM /

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( 66 ) kama vikrama se pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI kA hogA / ajaMtA kI guhAoM meM vividha varNoM ke lekha aura citra milate haiN| hastalikhita pustakoM meM vaidika svaroM ke cihna, adhyAya- samApti kI puSpikA, 'bhagavAnuvAca', 'RSiruvAca' Adi vAkya, virAma Adi cihna prAyaH raMgIna syAhiyoM se likhe jAte the / jaina pustakoM meM ina kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se milatA hai / patre ke dAeM aura bAeM hAzie kI do do khar3I lakIreM prAya: alatA yA hiMgalU se lagAI jAtI thIM / jina akSaroM yA zabdoM ko kATanA hotA thA una para Ama taura para haritAla phera dete the / jaina pustakoM ke likhane meM sone aura cAMdI kI syAhiyoM kA prayoga bhI kAfI milatA hai| 1 syAhI saMbaMdhI eka AkhyAna -- dvitIya rAjataraMgiNI' kA kartA jonarAja apane hI eka mukaddame kI bAbata likhatA hai ki mere dAdA ne dasa prastha bhUmi meM se eka prastha becI thI / usa kI mRtyu ke pazcAt kharIdane vAle dasoM prastha jabaradastI bhogate rahe aura vikraya patra meM 'bhUprasthamekaM vikrItaM' kA bhUprasthadazakaM vikrItaM' kara liyA / maiMne jaba rAja sabhA meM mukaddamA kriyA to rAjA ne vikraya patra ko pAnI meM DAla diyA jisa se naI syAhI ke akSara to dhula gae parantu purAnI ke raha ge| isa se spaSTa hai ki syAhI kI sahAyatA se usa rAjA ne pUrNa rUpa se nyAya kiyA / kalama ( lekhanI ) - syAhI se pustakeM likhane ke lie nar3a yA bAMsa kI lekhaniyAM kAma meM AtI thiiN| ajaMtA kI guhAoM ke raMgIna citra mahIna bAloM kI kUrvikA (vartikA, yA tUlikA ) se likhe gae hoNge| dakSiNa meM tAr3apatroM para tIkhe gola mukha vAlI dhAtu zalAkA dvArA akSara utkIrNa kie jAte the / 1. dekho zloka 800-807 / 2. 'ma' se pUrva lagane vAlI rekhA rUpa 'e' kI mAtrA ko 'da' aura 'ma' ko 'za' banAne se vikrayapatra meM yaha parivartana ho pAyA / yaha isa lie sambhava thA ki zAradA Adi prAcIna lipiyoM meM 'e' ke lie par3I mAtrA kA prayoga hotA thA jo vyaMjana se pUrva choTI yA bar3I khar3I lakIra ke rUpa meM lagatI thI- isa kA 'da' AsAnI se bana sakatA hai - aura 'ma' ke Upara sira kI lakIra nahIM lagatI parantu 'za' meM lagatI haiM, isa lie sira kI lakIra bhara dene se 'za' bana gayA / Aho! Shrutgyanam

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yoginItaMtra' ke anusAra bAMsa kI kalameM aura kAMsI kI silAiyo acchI nahIM hotI; parantu nala ( arthAta kAne ) kI lekhanI tathA sone, tAMbe aura retya kI silAiyAM acchI hotI haiN| rekhA-pATI--kAg2az2a para sIdhI lakIroM ke nizAna DAlane ke liye yaha lakar3I yA gatte kI pATI hotI hai jisa para yatheSTa antara para dhAge kase yA cipakAe hote haiN| pariziSTa 3 sUcI-sAhitya jaba se pAzcAtya loga bhArata meM Ae tabhI se vaha bhAratIya sAhitya ko ekatrita karane aura usake adhyayana meM laga ge| cembarja, maikaeNnz2I Adi kaI vidvAnoM ne vyaktigata pustaka-saMgraha banAe jina meM se kaI meM to saMskRta hastalikhita pustakoM kI saMkhyA sahasroM taka bahuMca gaI thI / bhArata aura videza meM isa saMgRhIta sAhitya kA sUcI-nirmANa hone lagA / isa prakAra sAhitya ke isa aMga kI nIMva pdd'ii| isa samaya kI chapI huI kucha sUciyAM nimnalikhita haiM - ___san 1807 --sara viliyama aura leDI jonz2a dvArA rAyala sosAyaTI ko bheMTa kie gae saMskRta tathA anya prAcya hastalekhoM kI sUcI ( sara viliyama jonja ke varksa bhAga 13, pR0 401-15, laMdana, 1807 ) / san 1828-DiskripTiva kaiTaeNlAga Apha di oriyaMTala mainuskripaTasa kolekTiDa bAi di leTa laiTineMTa karnala kolina maikaeNnz2I, kalakattA / 1. bhAga 3, paTala 7; zabdakalpadrama meM lekhanI' ke vivaraNa meM uddhRta "vaMzasUcyA likhedvarNa tasya hAnirbhaved dhruvam / tAmrasUcyA tu vibhavo bhavena tatkSayo bhavet / / mahAlakSmIrbhavennityaM suvarNasya zalAkayA / bRhannalasya sUcyA vai mativRddhiH prajAyate // tathA agnimayairdevi putrapautradhanAgamaH / " agnimyshcitrkaasstthmyaiH| "retyena vipulA lakSmI: kAMsyena maraNaM bhavet / / " Aho I Shrutgyanam

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san 1838-sUcI pustaka, kalakattA / - san 1846-ATo boTaliMka dvArA nirmita ezyATika myUz2iyama kI sUcI, seMTa piittrjbrg| san 1857-61-madrAsa borDa Apha egjAminarz2a ke pustakAlaya ke prAcya hastalekhoM kI sUciyAM, madrAsa, 1857, 1861 / san 1865-bAra0 roTa dvArA nirmita sUcI ( jarmana bhASA meM ) / saMskRta sAhitya kI eka pUrNa aura bRhat sUcI kI mahattA kA anubhava karate hue lAhaura ke prasiddha paM0 rAdhA kRSNa ne bhArata sarakAra ko eka patra likhA jisa meM isa bAta kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA ki bhArata tathA yorapa meM upalabdha sAre saMskRta sAhitya kI vistRta aura sarvAMgapUrNa sUcI kA nirmANa kiyA jAe / isa ke phalasvarUpa bhArata sarakAra ne isa kArya ke nimitta prati varSa kucha dhana lagAne kA nirNaya kiyaa| isa kA vyaya ina bAtoM ke lie nizcita huprA -(1) hastalekhoM kA kharIdanA, (2) jo hastalekha kharIde na jA sakeM una kI pratilipi karavAnA, (3) saMskRta sAhitya kI khoja aura sUcI nirmANa, aura (4) eziyATika sosAyaTI oNpha baMgAla ko usake sAhitya prakAzana kArya meM sahAyatA denA / yaha dhana baMgAla bambaI aura madrAsa prAMtoM meM bAMTa diyA gyaa| isa AyojanA ke anusAra jo sUciyAM chapI una meM se kucha nIce dI AtI haiM : baMgAla-- rAjendralAla mitra-noTisiz2a aAfa saMskRta mainuskripTasa, 6 bhAga, kalakattA, 1871-1818 / 3 bhAga-1600, 1604, 1607 / mitra ne nepAla ke bauddha hastalekhoM kI aura bIkAnera darabAra lAibrerI kI bhI sUciyAM banAI thiiN| devIprasAda-avadha prAMta kI saMskRta hastalikhita pratiyoM kI sUciyAM, alAhAbAda, 1878-1863 / hara prasAda zAstrI-noTisiz2a Afa saMskRta mainuskripTsa 10, 11 bhAga 1860, 65, dUsarI sirIz2a 4 bhAga, kalakattA 1818-1611 / riporTa phAra di sarca Afa saMskRta mainuskripTsa, 1815-1600, 1606 / inhoMne san 1605 meM nepAla darabAra kI lAibrerI ke tAr3apatra aura kAgaz2a ke pranthoM kI sUcI banAI / bambaI epha0 kIlhorna ne 186 meM dakSiNa bhAga ke, 1874 meM madhya pradeza ke, 1881 meM sarakAra dvArA kharIde hue, aura 1884 meM vizrAmabAga pUnA ke hastalikhita pranyoM kI sUciyAM tayyAra kii| Aho I Shrutgyanam

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mI0 byUlara-gujarAta, kAThiyAvAr3a, kaccha, siMdha aura khAnadeza ke vyaktigata pustakAlayoM ke hastalekhoM kI sUciyAM, 4 bhAga 1871-73 / riporTa Ana di riz2alTasa Afa di sarca fAra saMskRta mainuskripTasa, 1872, 1874, 1875 / kAzmIra, rAjapUtAnA aura madhya pradeza meM saMskRta hastalekhoM kI khoja kA pariNAma, 1877 / pI0 pITarasana-bambaI prAMta meM saMskRta hasta lekhoM kI khoja para riporTa, cha bhAga, 1883,84,87,64, 66, 6 / alavara darabAra lAibrerI ko sUcI sam 1812 / / bhAMDArakara -a riporTa Ana di sarca Afa saMskRta mainuskrinTsa, 1882, 84, 87,64 aura 17 / vyaktigata pustakasaMgrahoM ke saMskRta hastalekhoM kI sUcI 1833 / vizrAmabAga, pUnA kI sUcI, bhAga 2, 1834 / madrAsa guSTAva AparTa -lisTsa Apha saMskRna mainuskripTama ina prAiveTa lAibrerIz2a Apha sadarna madrAsa, 1-80, 1885 / i. hulza -dakSiNa bhArata ke saMskRta hastalekhoM kI riporTa, 1865 aura 1603 / paMjAba--- kAzInAtha kueTe - 1876, 1880 aura 1882 kI ripoTeM / san 1600 ke laga bhaga se isa kArya meM bhArata sarakAra kA itanA hastakSepa na rahA jitanA parale thaa| aba isa silasile ko vizvavidyAlayoM tathA anya vidvatsabhAoM ne jArI rakhA aura nimnalikhita sUciyAM tayyAra huI DiskripTiva kaiTaoNlAga Apha saMskRta mainuskripTsa ina di gavarmeMTa oriyaMTala mainuskripTsa lAibrerI, madrAsa-bhAga 1 upabhAga 1 ema0 zeSagiri zAstrI, bhAga 1 upabhAga 2-3 ema0 zeSagiri zAstrI aura ema0 raMgAcArya, bhAga 2-15 aura 58 ema0 raMgAcAya, bhAga 16, 17 aura 16 ema0 raMgAcArya aura esa0 kupyu svAmI zAstrI bhAga 20-27 esa0 kuppusvAmI zAstrI dvArA praNIta / madrAsa se traivArSika riporTa bhI prakAzita hotI haiN| a kaiTalAga Apha saMskRta mainuskripTsa akAyarDa phAra di gavarmeMTa saMskRta lAibrerI, sarasvatI bhavana, kAzI, 1867-1616 / isI ko vivaraNAtmaka sUcI bhAga 1, 1623 / Aho ! Shrutgyanam

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( 70 ) bhAMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca insTicyUTa pUnA ke sUcIpatra, bhAga 1, 1616; 2, 1638; 12, 1636; 13, 1640; 14, 1637, 16, 1636; 15, 1635, 1636, 1640 / "eziyATikasosAyaTI Apha baMgAla kA vivaraNAtmaka sUcIpatra bhAga 1, 1617; 2 aura 4, 1623; 3 aura 5, 1625, 6, 1631; 7. 1634; aura 8, 1636 / mithilA ke hastalekhoM kI vivaraNAtmaka sUcI paTanA, 1627 aura 1632 / rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI kI bambaI zAkhA kI sUcI, bhAga 1-4, 1625-30 / sarasvatI mahala lAibrerI, taMjora, ke saMskRta hastalekhoM kI sUcI, 16 bhAga / paMjAba yunivarsiTI lAibrerI kI sUcI lAhaura, 2631, 1942 / paMjAba jaina bhaMDAroM kI sUcI, lAhaura 1636 / baDodA se bar3odA seMTrala lAibrerI, jesalamera aura pATaNa ke jaina bhaMDAroM ke hastalekhoM kI sUciyAM prakAzita huI, 1625, 1623, 1637 / ina ke atirikta videza se bhI bahuta sI sUciyAM prakAzita huI haiM-jaise iMglaiMDa meM AksaforDa, kembrija, laMDana se sUciyAM nikalI haiN| 1635 meM kItha aura Taumasa ne iNDiyA Aphisa lAibrerI ke saMskRta aura prAkRta hastalekhoM kI sUcI banAI jo bRhatkAya aura vivaraNAtmaka hai / isI prakAra jarmanI, phrAMsa, rUsa, amarIkA Adi dezoM se bhI sUciyAM prakAzita ho cukI haiN| ___ san 1961 taka jitanI sUciyAM chapI thIM unake AdhAra para auSTa ne eka bRhata sUcI tayyAra kI jisa kA nAma kaiTaeNlogasa "kaiTaeNlogarama' hai / isameM graMthoM ke nAma akArAdikrama se die haiN| graMtha nAma ke sAtha jina sUciyoM meM vaha graMtha vanita ho unakA ullekha bhI kara diyA hai| 1866 aura 1603 meM isa graMtha ke do pariziSTa bhI nikale jina meM isa kAlAMtara meM upalabdha aura jJAta graMthoM kA samAveza kiyA gyaa| ina pariziSToM ke sAtha graMthakAroM kI sUciyAM bhI haiN| mUla kaiTaeNlogasa kaiTelogarama ko prakAzita hue 50 se adhika varSa ho cuke haiM aura isa ke do bhAga pariziSTa rUpa se nikala cuke haiM / isa antara meM bahuta sA sAhitya upalabdha ho cukA hai aura bahuta sI sUciyAM bhI bana cukI haiM / ataH pichale dinoM madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya ne eka naba kaiTaeNlogasa kaiTaeNlogarama ke nirmANa kI AyojanA kI hai jisakA namUnA 1637 meM chapA thaa| prAMtIya jAgRti ke sAtha sAtha prAMtIya sAhityoM kI khoja prArambha huI aura una kI sUciyAM prakAzita huI / yahAM para hiMdI sAhitya kI khoja kI riporToM kA ullekha karanA anucita na hogA / 1600 se lekara 1606 taka to vArSika riporTa, aura 1906 ke pazcAt traivArSika riporTa nikalIM / ina kA nirmANa zyAmasundara dAsa, mizrabandhu, hIrAlAla Adi mahAnubhAvoM dvArA huA thaa| yaha lekha oriyanaeTala kAleja megajIna navambara 1942 kI krama saMkhyA 71 meM chapa cukA hai| Aho! Shrutgyanam

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paM0 zrIkRSNa dIkSita ke prabandha se, bAmbebe maiMzIna presa, mohanalAla roDa lAhaura meM chapA / Aho ! Shrutgyanam