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Buddhist System of Education
59
watch on all his works. An Upajjhāya should always be solicitious for the well-being of the Saddhiviharika as a father is for his son. If a Saddhiviharika fell ill and was not fit to carry on his duty to serve him, ap Upajjhāya should nurse him till he would become fit. The remaining duties of an Upajjhāya are similar to those of a Saddhivihärika.
If an Upajjhaya had gone away from the monastery to practise meditation in a solitary place, or had given up his monkhood, or had joined another order, an Acariya was then allowed to instruct a Saddhivihárika so that there might not be any interruption in his study. It should be mentioned here that an Upajjhāya was not allogether lost to his Saddhivihärika. An Upajjhāya not only conferred the Pabbajja on a novice but also arranged for his Upasampadā. He had to train the novice also in the function and duties of a monk.
The duties and obligations of an Antevāsika towards his Acariya and vice-versa agree closely with those of a Saddhivihārika towards his Upajjhāya and vice-versa.
From the Mahāvaggal we learn that there were rules for the expulsion of a novice by his preceptor for his improper conduct. This kind of punishment is technically known in Pali as Panamita. The preceptor would ask the novice to go out from his room with his robes and bowl forthwith and neither to come near him nor to serve him any longer. But the preceptor must express his resentment both in words and gesture. Otherwise his order would be invalid. If the novice confessed his guilt and begged his pardon the preceptor should pardon him. He was then taken in and all the privileges he used to enjoy before were restored. If the preceptor did not pardon him he would be guilty of committing the Dukkata offence. In the Mahayagga are also enumerated the five cases of expulsion of a novice by the preceptor :If there does not come to be much affection for his preceptor, if there does not come to be much faith (in him), if there does not come to be much sense of shame (towards hini), if there does not come to be much respect for bim), if there does not coine to be much development (under him).
Monks usually spent most of their time in meditation in the monastery. The little time that remained was devoted to the well-being of the country, and the Sangha. They were further to teach the young novice the rules ol etiquette and monastic discipline and help him in his
1. Vinayapitak 1, Vol. I. pp. 53-55
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