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200 :: Structure and Functions of Soul in Jainism
as constituted of knowledge alone or bliss alone as Kundakunda did. The fallacy which Dr. Freud committed was that he took a partial truth to be the whole truth. The fault was felt by his successors, Alfred Adler and C.G. Jung. Adler replaced the sex-energy by a will-for-power, and widened the scope of the source of psychical functions. He holds that “the first problems of life are not sexual, but sex is a part of the life-problems. Mental disorders are not caused by the suppression of sexual desire but by being hampered by a style of life, a proper balance between the individual and the social drives.”'l “The sexual components cannot even be correctly estimated except in relation with the individual style of life."? This will-for-power or selfascendency is seen by him as more fundamental than the sexual energy. Though Adler gives a wider meaning to the source of psychical function, yet he suffers from onesidedness by holding the will-for-power as the only source of psychical functions. The Jaina takes Adler's self assertive impulse into consideration by enumerating pride as a subdivision of the deluding karma, when it is hampered by the power-obstructing karma. C.G. Jung felt the need of further widening the scope of the source of the psychical functions. He substituted will-to-live for the self assertive impulse, emphasizing thereby the fact that the ultimate source of psychical functions is the life energy only. In this respect he agrees with Schopenhaur and Bergson who propounded the conceptions of the will-to-live and the elan vital. Woodworth observes, “Jung used the term libido in an even broader sense than Freud, stripping it of its distinctively sexual character. He made it to include both Freud's libido and Adler's will-for-power, and in short the whole range of motives. He made it equivalent to Schopenhaur's will and Bergson's elan vital."3 Mc Dougall isolates the characteristic of goal-sseking in the life energy and holds life energy itself
1. Cf. R.S. Woodworth: Contemporary Schools of Psychology, pp. 194-95 2. A. Adler: Problems of Neurosis, p. 93 3. R.S. Woodworth: Contemporary Schools of Psychology, p. 199
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