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poo : HT/Far Cr-PHR/3884
India. Occasionally, important and unpublished bronze and terracotta specimens are also referred in order to cover certain other angles substantiate the conclusions.
The available books and articles on Vyantara Devatās are much less than desired. Gopinath Rao's 'Element of Hindu Iconography' ( 1914 ) and the Development of Hindu Iconography ( 1956 ) of J. N. Banerjee are considered as pioneering works on the subject. These two books supply the basic information about the semi-divine beings but they do not give the multidimensional information with one should be acquainted with. Gopinath Rao does not supply any information about Vidyādharas and his observations on Gandharvas are found to be summed up rather hurriedly in two pages. Banerjee has given important information about Garuda, Vidyādhara and Gandharvas with particular reference to their iconography but the archaeological evidences of these images are not sufficiently brought forth and the same holds good about the literary evidences to study the etymological meaning, genealogy and characteristics of these semi-divine beings. Sáme is the case with the works of other scholars like A. Grunwedel's 'Buddhist Art in India' ( 1901 ), A. K. Maitra's article on 'Garuda', The Carrier of Vişnu. In Bengal and Java, Rupam," Vol. 1, No.1 ( 1920 ), N. K. Bhattasali's 'Iconography of Buddhist and Brahmanical Sculptures in the Dacca Museum' (1929), M. M. Nagar's article Two Garuda Images in Mathura Museum' published in the Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society, Vol. XXVIII ( 1942 ), B. Bhattacharya's 'The Buddhist Iconography' ( 1958 ), A. Danielou's 'Hindu Polytheism' (1964), S. A. Dange's 'Legends in the Mahābhārata' ( 1969 ), H. D. Smith's 'A Source Book of Vaişpava Iconography' ( 1969 ), 'The Evolution of the Suparna Saga. In the 'Mahabharata', an article of Mahesh Mehta, published in the Journal of the Oriental Institute, Baroda, Vol. 21, 1971, N. P. Joshi's articles 'Early Traditions of Brahmanical Inconography' published in the Jounal of India Museum, Vol. XXI (1973), B. C. Bhattacharya's 'The Jaina Iconography (1974), C. Sivaramamurti's 'Birds and Animals in Indian Sculpture' (1974), 'Animals in Indian Sculptures' of K. Bharatha Iyer ( 1977 ), D.C. Bhattacharya 'Iconography of Composite Images' ( 1980 ), Nanditha Krishna's The Art and Inconography of Vişnu-Narāyaṇa' ( 1980), R. Champaka Lakshmi's Vaişpava Iconography in the Tamil Country' ( 1981 ), P. Pal's 'Hindu Religion and
Iconography'. According to Tantra-sära' ( 1981 ), G. C. Tripathi's Vaidika Jain Education International For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
