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PIOTR BALCEROWICZ
SOME REMARKS ON THE NAYA METHOD
59
"Purandara' denotes a destroyer of strongholds etc., in the same manner as words like 'Indra', 'por' or 'man' have different denotata".
The issue is further elaborated by Pujyapada Devanandin (SSI,1.33 $ 247, p. 103) who takes the etymological viewpoint to deal, firstly, with homonyms out of several possible meanings of one and the same expression, in a given context we select the meaning which is current and widely accepted in the society. For instance, the word 'go' denoles a cow in accordance with the convention, even though it might theoretically refer to any 'walking creature', as a derivative of Vgam, or 'speech', as a derivative of the root Vgai, etc. When differentiating between various synonyms denoting a cow, we use the term 'go' of the derivation that corresponds to popular usage. Furthermore, what is crucial, this viewpoint forms a basis for distinguishing among a range of synonyms in correspondence to their etymologies. Thirdly, out of several meanings a word could hypothetically convey in accordance with its etymology, only the well-known conventional meaning of an expression is selected. Irrespective of minor interpretative differences, Pojyapada Devanandin agrees that the etymulogical viewpoint distinguishes between meanings on the basis of etymology or convention.
The factual viewpoint (evant-hita, ithan-bhava) functions with reference to the narrowest possible context in case of any expression. It lies down the rule according to which, out of a series of synonyms, we select such a term in a given context which describes its denotatum in the present state in the closest possible way, for instance, the appellations 'Indra', 'Sakra' and 'Purandara' can be applied to the god only when he either is actually displaying his sovereign authority (indana), or is exhibiting his might (sakana) or is destroying a stronghold, respectively. In other words, according to this viewpoint we may apply only such a term with regard to a phenomenon which describes this phenomenon in its present condition most adequately or the etymology or grammatical derivation of which corresponds most closely to the present state of an object it refers to the factual viewpoint means the grasping of the meaning mutually dependent on subtle momentary manifestation (of an object and the meaning of the word denoting it, but only (in case of these (present objects grasped by the etymological viewpoint)
"See NAV 29.20 p. 451); parvava-sabda wibhinndriha, pratiwbhakta vipanti nimittakatwil thaw w prativibhakta-vyutpantiimitakás te te bhinndrihah, watendrughafu.purwy-Vabda wibhinnária/h-Speech elements that are synonyms have different objects (denolata), because they have the factor (accountable for their grainmutical formation individually (sc. in every individual case) distinct. In this world, whatever speech clements have the factor accountable for their grammatical formation individually distinct, they have also different objects (denotata), for instance such) speech elements like "Indra", "pot", "man" have different meanings.
Ssi 1.33 $ 247, p. 103.4: gaur ir avansado veg-adisy artheu vurtamanah pašā abhiridhah. "The term "go" applicable to lit. present in) [various things such as speech (derived from the root Vgai is conventionally applied to an animal."
ssi 1.33 $247, p. 103.4-6 athavaartha-gat-arthuh anda-pravogur tatraikasvárthasydikena gatarthatat parayu-saNa pravogo'nurhakah sabda-bhedas ced asti artha-bhedendpy avusvahhavitavyum illor else, the use of words aims al (sc. Icads to the understanding of the meaning. Since one meaning has its mcaning understood through fonly one word, the use of synonymous words is meaningless. If there is difference in words, there must also be necessarily the difference in meaning."
SSI 1.33 $247, p. 103.77-8: athawa w atabhirudhah sa futra samet abhimukhvendrohanár samahirudhah.
Cr. the exposition in the same spirit in TBV 1.3 (Nava-mimasa), p. 313.15 21: eka-samjna-samahhirohaná somabhirudhus i dha wiha Ml wiruddha-lingadi wagad bhavate vastu tatka sama-bhedad api tatha Misantri-bhedah prawojana-vasat
sariketa-kurirbhir vidhivale na wasanitavi anvarha anawasthaprasakleh tato wa wante vastunah svábhidhyakah Nablas lawanto rihu-lhedah pratyarthan subdu-nivesar ndikasyrthasvanekend bhidhanam wuktim ili 'ghajah kuah kumbhah' ili vecanabhedad bhinna evarthah. krivd-Sabdarvar vi sarva-sabdánari surve pyanvarthaeva wicakah tato 'ghafale' kulite 'kaw bhati' ili cakriwi-laksana-nimitta-bhedar naimittikenapy arthena bhinnena hávam ili ghatan ily ukte kutah 'kutahiti pratipallih tena tad-arthusvanabhihiturva
* CC SSi 1.33 and NAV 29. Similarly, the word 'go' (as the derivative of Vgame) may be used in consonance with the factual viewpoint with reference to a cow only when the animal is actually walking
* TS 1.35 p. 34.6 7: teşām eva (-sampratānām arthānām) vyanjanarthayor anyonyepekşdirtha.gráirvan eram-hhaitaiti. In the same spirit TS 1.35 p. 32.18:
vyanjanarthayor evan-huta ill. -'The factual viewpoint (refers to the momentary manifestation for an object) and to the meaning of the word denoting it:' and NAV 29.13 (p. 442):
W v artamana-kala-bhavi vyuipattinimittam adhikriva sahdäh pravurtante ndovutheti mununte far-sangha-ghairah khalv evan-hhuta iti - *The factual (viewpoint), however, as one should realise, is combined out of a conglomeration of foutlooks that) maintain that specch elements function by taking account of the factor accountable for the grammatical formation and existing in the present point of time, not otherwise, as well as NAV 29.27 (p. 471): ... kvacil talkala-varti-wutpattinimindeksaveri. ..(they are used to denote) certain other objects (dencata) depending on the factors accountable for their grammatical formation that occur at their point of time (sc. when the speech elements are ultered).
