Some Aspects of Jainism in Eastern India

Author(s): Pranabananda Jash
Publisher: Munshiram Manoharlal Publisher's Pvt Ltd New Delhi

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Some Aspects of Jainism in Eastern India
**Beglar, ASI, vol. III; Qureshi, Ancient Monuments of Bihar and Orissa, see Bhagalpur section.
23 ASI, AR, 1905-6, pp. 25-26. SIASI, I. pp. 55-56; XVI, p. 6; B.C. Law, HAGI, p. 265. 25 Jaina-sutras, part I, Introduction, XI. *8B C. Law, Rajagrha in Ancient Literature, MASI, no. 58. 27 ASI, AR, 1 05-6, p. 98. 28 ASI, AR, 1925-26, pp. 12511. 29Ibid., 1905-6, p. 98, fn. 1; 1925-26, pp. 125ff. 30 Sumangala-vilāsini, 1.35. 31 Mahāvastu, III.56. 32 Cunningham, Ancient Geography of India, p. 537. 330.P. Shah, Studies in Jaina Art, pp. 17-18.
3'In the Buddhist Tantric terminology the word Vajra signifies 'holy; so Vajrabhiimi means holyland. Sarat Chandra Das in his Autobiography writes: "I learnt the meaning of the following names: Darjeeling (a purely Tibetan name formed of two words, Dorje, meaning thunder or Vajra; and ling, land or Bhumi) signifying 'the thunder-land' or Vajra-Bhumi." Indian Studies: Past and Present, IX, 1967-68, p. 259, sn. 4.
85N.L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India. 36 Jaina Harivamsa-purāna, p. 717; C.J. Shah, op. cit., p. 26. 37 ASI, p. 74; XVI, p. 118; B.C. Law, HGAI, p. 116.
38P.C. Nahar, Tirthapāvāpuri (1925); ASI, Reports, vols. VIII & XI; B.C. Law, Geographical Essays, p. 210.
39Mrs. S. Stevenson, op. cit., p. 72. 400.P. Shah, Studies in Jaina Art, p. 13.
41J BORS, XXII, pp. 130-32, Pls. I-IV, Stylistically this image is analogous to the mutilated red stone statues from Harappa (J. Marshall, Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization, I, Pl. X, a-d). The Harappan style is also found on a bronze statue of Pārsvanātha belonging to the first century BC which is now in the Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay. The provenance of this statue is unknown. U.P. Shah, op. cit, pp. 8-9.
42N. Kumar, Images of Patna, 1971, pp. 18-19. 43JBORS, XXV.2, pp. 12011.
45/J, 1969, April, pp. 132f. Similar treatment had been made by the people of Rādha in North Bengal.
450' Malies, District Gazetteer of Singhbhum, 1906. 46D.R. Patil, The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar, p. 356. 47 Ibid., pp. 347-49. 48 Bihar and Orissa District Gazatteer, 1917, p. 201; ASI Report, 1920-21, p. 35; DR. Patil (The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar, p. 659) gives a list of places for the Jaina temples.
4The Upaśrayas ‘are separate buildings erected by each sect for their monks and nuns. An upāśraya is a large bare hall without bathrooms and cooking places furnished only with wooden beds'. Stevenson, Modern Jainism, p. 38.
50 According to Bh dravāhi-carita by Ratnanandi, Brhat-Kathākośa by Harişena and Rijavali by Devacandra. Bhadravahu, the author of the Kalpa-sutra, was a man of Pundravardhana in North Bengal; and Jambusyāmi who assisted the