Portrait of Jain Religion

Author(s): Narendra Jain
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy

Page 49

Kaya-klesha (penance, voluntarily tolerating physiucal pain) and Sanlinata (staying in a forlorn place and using minimum space). 6 internal austerities comprising prayashchitta (repentance or remorse), Vinay (humility), Veyavachcham (self-less service to monks, nuns and the needy), Swaddhyaya (study of religious scriptures), Dhyana (meditation), and Kayotsarga (giving up physical activities and staying absorbed in the soul).
10 virtues comprising Kshama (forgiveness), Mardava (humility), Arjava (straightforwardness), Saucha (purity), Satya (truth), Samyam (restraint), Tapa (austerities and penance), Tyag (renunciation, Akinchan (non-possessiveness) and Bramhacharya (celibacy).
5 Achar (codes of conduct) comprising Darshanachar (codes of perception), Gyanachar (codes of knowle4dge), Charritrachar (codes of conduct), Tapachar (codes of penance), and Viryachar (codes of energy).
6 Avashyaks (essential duties) comprising Devapuja, Gurupasti, Swaddhyaya, Samyam, Tapa, and Dana.
3 Guptis (controls) comprising mano gupti (control over mind), Vachan gupti (control over speech). Kaya gupti (control over body).
UPADHYAYAS
There are 25 attributes of Upadhyayas relating to their knowledge of scriptures and canonical texts. They are listed separately by Digambars and Swhetambars relating to the scriptures recognized by them respectively.
SADHUS AND SADHAVIS
There are 27 attributes of ascetics. Listing differs, but again in essence the attributes are common to both Digambar and Shwetambar sects. The most salient attributes are the five major vows (MAHAVRATA). Illustrative listing is as follows:
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A Portrait of Jain Religion