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K. Bruhn
Ludwig Alsdorf's Studies in the Arya
of the fourteen chapters he discussed, A. could detect årya verses. If we add that the kryl.s were by no means always in the centre of his chapter analyses, one can understand that A.'s studies as selected by us are concerned with several subjects, with the áry and with Uttaradhyayana, with the dry and with the akhyana problem, with the áry and with Jaina dogmatics, and with Uttaradhyayana in general. This state of affairs requires special bibliographical efforts. Generally speaking, we treat all Uttaradhyayana studies by A., and all the individual parts of these studies, in the same manner; they may be relevant to the aryl or not.
We are not concerned with the history of Uttaradhyayana studies, but the names of E. LEUMANN, H. JACOBI, J. CHARPENTIER, and W. SCHUBRING should be mentioned. A.'s critical attitude towards CHARPENTIER is evident from more than one passage. Even then it must be admitted that all four scholars paved the way for A.'s work. It should be added that the Jaina-Agama-Series edition of Utt. (JAS 15.1977, see CAILLAT Cr. 235) did not and obviously could not take A.'s studies into account.
Aryl or no åry, most of A.'s Utt. studies are concerned with general problems, or develop special issues into general ones. We have followed A's intentions by highlighting the general observations instead of enumerating all details. Furthermore, on the basis of the Jaina Concordance in Berlin (pp. 17-18), and as a part of our short bibliographies (p. 19 etc.), we have given verse parallels for verses quoted by A. in his treatment of the "seven dogmatic chapters" (pp. 23-38). These parallels help to trace tracts, which occur in different versions (infra) and which might call for more extensive studies. Therefore, the present paper is also a sort of test for the place of the Jaina Concordance in future research. (Refer for the Concordance to BRUIN/ TRIPATHI Co: 68-69, and to TRIPATHI Bi.) It is not likely that the Concordance (which could have been used by A. after its completion in c. 1970) forces us to revise A.'s conclusions in many cases. On the contrary, later studies by other authors tend to confirm his findings in a striking manner. Previous studies in a number of texts and perhaps also a "sixth sense" enabled A. to find most of the parallel verses which he needed without using any tools. However, even A. might have made additions and improvements, had the Concordance with its c. 50 000 cards been consulted by him. The cards are not only helpful for the normal Jainologist, they also await the interest of the more specialized scholar.
It is obvious that A.'s interest in the arya was a side effect of his interest in early forms of narrative literature (akhyana problem) at the beginning. He took interest in narrative forms where the skeleton" was separate from the "flesh". This interest primarily involved the way in which the skeleton" was preserved in an early metrical form, and thus early canonized, whereas the "flesh" existed in a more variable form (oral literature, literary prose, later metres) which was only fixed at a later date.
The standard examples outside Jaina literature were the Vedic akhyānas (samvada.s) and the Pali Jataka.s. It seems that A. entered this field of research in 1957 when he published an article on Chapter 13 of Utt. which contained the well-known story of Citta and Sambhūta. A similar, but much longer paper on Nami followed in 1962 (pp. 20-21 infra), and in his article on the akhyana problem, published about two years later, ALSDORF refers to the Nami paper, stating: "The Jain material thus confirms the existence of the old literary type called ākhyāna by Oldenberg" (p. 46). But at that time it was already obvious that A. viewed the āryā material from more than one angle. Metre being one of his earliest fields of specialization, he had by now discovered that metrical analysis was an excellent instrument for textual criticism in the case of a text like Uttaradhyayana, which demonstrated the transition from earlier metres, mainly sloka, to the āryā metre. This new insight was reflected in a paper which appeared in the same year as A.'s article on Nami (St, 1962), and which formed the basis for his later Uttaradhyayana studies (Ut, 1966). "Transition" implies not only combination of śloka and äryä päda.s in one and the same verse but also metrical ambiguity of one and the same päda. Such conditions necessitated philological intuition combined with a thorough knowledge of the metre (rigidity of the arya versus relative flexibility of the sloka). A. was an expert in both respects: He possessed both "Einfühlung und Erfahrung" (Pa: 6-7). Expressed in quantitative terms, he isolated about 130 āryā.s in the whole of Utt. However, what mattered was not the greater or lesser number of arya.s (only some virtually discovered" by A.) but the general analysis of the transitional text material.
Onp. 7 of Ut, ALSDORF states that "109" out of the "about 130" Arya.s traced in Urt. are found in "seven of the dogmatic and disciplinary chapters of the last third of Utt." (pp. 6 and 7). He adds: "of these 109 stanzas, I have so far been able to trace 46 in younger texts such as the PANNAVANA, PINDA- and OHA-NUJUTTI, AURAPACCAKKHĀNA, and MARANASAMAHI." (Capitals ours.) "Younger" means in this case: younger than Utt. i.e. Urt. before the intrusion of the arya.s). It is from these and other younger texts that the 109 äryä.s of Utt. have been taken (ALSDORF Ut: 8). In other words: all seven dogmatic chapters contain not only arya.s, but ärya.s for which A. could partially trace parallels in works of the younger literary stratum. A. is here entering an immense literary field, Niryukti.s, Bhasya.s et alia, Svetambara and Digambara texts, a field which we would like to call "late canonical and postcanonical verse (1.c. dryd) literature" (L.V.L.). Furthermore, he is to some extent continuing LEUMANN's studies in the internal structure of this material. Urtarādhyayana itself is an early canonical text with L.V.L. material embedded in seven of its c. thirty-four metrical chapters. "Arya detection" and "metrical restitution of aryl.s, to use A's terms, require considerable experience, but observations of this type answer to clear
